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{{Main|Chicago-style politics (meme)}} |
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According to McCutcheon and Mark, the phrase "Chicago-style politics" took on "new resonance" in the political campaign advertisements of Republican presidential candidate [[John McCain]] when Democratic US Senator [[Barack Obama]] of [[Chicago, Illinois]] ran for President in 2008.<ref name=dogwhistles>{{cite book |title=Dog Whistles, Walk-Backs, and Washington Handshakes: Decoding the Jargon, Slang, and Bluster of American Political Speech |first1=Chuck |last1=McCutcheon |authorlink2=David Mark (journalist) |first2=David |last2=Mark |authorlink3=Jeff Greenfield |first3=Jeff |last3=Greenfield |isbn=978-1611687002 |date=2014 |page=72}}</ref> McCain's political campaign said Obama practiced Chicago-style politics.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=A Form of Political Flattery? |last=Leibovich |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Leibovich |date=September 27, 2008 |page=A14 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE2DD103CF934A1575AC0A96E9C8B63 |accessdate=September 4, 2015}}</ref> In August 2009, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[political consulting|political consultant]] [[Karl Rove]] wrote, in an [[op-ed]] in [[The Wall Street Journal]] in opposition to the Obama administration's health care reform effort, that threats were in the spirit of "Chicago-style politics,"<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Obama Targets Medicare Advantage |last=Rove |first=Karl |authorlink=Karl Rove |date=August 27, 2009 |page=A13}}</ref> and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[John Boehner]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Ohio]]) said during a weekly press briefing in October of 2009 that "Chicago-style politics" were "shutting the American people out and demonizing their opponents" in reference to the Obama administration's health care reform effort.<ref name=dogwhistles/><ref name=Silva>{{cite news |last=Silva |first=Mark |date=23 October 2009 |url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/10/obamas_chicagostyle_politics_b.html |title=Obama's Chicago-style politics:' Boehner |work=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Boehner Statement on the White House & Democrats "Chicago-Style Politics" |accessdate=September 1, 2015 |url=http://www.speaker.gov/press-release/boehner-statement-white-house-democrats%E2%80%99-%E2%80%9Cchicago-style-politics%E2%80%9D |date=October 21, 2009 |publisher=Speaker Boehner's Press Office}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Lynn |last=Sweet |authorlink=Lynn Sweet |accessdate=September 1, 2015 |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=news%2F12D5C718C8375138&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=NewsBank&req_dat=C23BE832E46446E3AEC1CCAEBDEAF5AE |title=Those from City of Big Shoulders shrug at 'Chicago-style' insult - Slams of Windy City politics 'hype,' 'not fair' |date=January 20, 2010}}</ref> |
According to McCutcheon and Mark, the phrase "Chicago-style politics" took on "new resonance" in the political campaign advertisements of Republican presidential candidate [[John McCain]] when Democratic US Senator [[Barack Obama]] of [[Chicago, Illinois]] ran for President in 2008.<ref name=dogwhistles>{{cite book |title=Dog Whistles, Walk-Backs, and Washington Handshakes: Decoding the Jargon, Slang, and Bluster of American Political Speech |first1=Chuck |last1=McCutcheon |authorlink2=David Mark (journalist) |first2=David |last2=Mark |authorlink3=Jeff Greenfield |first3=Jeff |last3=Greenfield |isbn=978-1611687002 |date=2014 |page=72}}</ref> McCain's political campaign said Obama practiced Chicago-style politics.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=A Form of Political Flattery? |last=Leibovich |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Leibovich |date=September 27, 2008 |page=A14 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE2DD103CF934A1575AC0A96E9C8B63 |accessdate=September 4, 2015}}</ref> In August 2009, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[political consulting|political consultant]] [[Karl Rove]] wrote, in an [[op-ed]] in [[The Wall Street Journal]] in opposition to the Obama administration's health care reform effort, that threats were in the spirit of "Chicago-style politics,"<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Obama Targets Medicare Advantage |last=Rove |first=Karl |authorlink=Karl Rove |date=August 27, 2009 |page=A13}}</ref> and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[John Boehner]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Ohio]]) said during a weekly press briefing in October of 2009 that "Chicago-style politics" were "shutting the American people out and demonizing their opponents" in reference to the Obama administration's health care reform effort.<ref name=dogwhistles/><ref name=Silva>{{cite news |last=Silva |first=Mark |date=23 October 2009 |url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/10/obamas_chicagostyle_politics_b.html |title=Obama's Chicago-style politics:' Boehner |work=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Boehner Statement on the White House & Democrats "Chicago-Style Politics" |accessdate=September 1, 2015 |url=http://www.speaker.gov/press-release/boehner-statement-white-house-democrats%E2%80%99-%E2%80%9Cchicago-style-politics%E2%80%9D |date=October 21, 2009 |publisher=Speaker Boehner's Press Office}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Lynn |last=Sweet |authorlink=Lynn Sweet |accessdate=September 1, 2015 |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=news%2F12D5C718C8375138&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=NewsBank&req_dat=C23BE832E46446E3AEC1CCAEBDEAF5AE |title=Those from City of Big Shoulders shrug at 'Chicago-style' insult - Slams of Windy City politics 'hype,' 'not fair' |date=January 20, 2010}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 16:54, 12 September 2015
Chicago-style politics is a phrase which has been used to refer to the city of Chicago, Illinois' history of political corruption. It has been used to refer to the Democratic Party-dominated machine, or "boss," politics of Chicago during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century,[1] as well as to the administration of Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley,[2][3][4][5] and to Chicago's history of political corruption more generally.[6] More recently, the phrase was used by Republican Party politicians and activists during the 2008 Presidential Election and 2012 Presidential Election campaigns against Barack Obama, who had lived in Chicago since 1985.[7]
The phrase has also has been used in recent years to characterize a supposedly offensive “tough, take-no-prisoners approach to politics”.[8]
Origins and meaning
Journalists Chuck McCutcheon and David Mark have described the phrase "Chicago politics" as a reference to the "unsavory and even corrupt" aspects of politics in Chicago, and noted that in the heyday of the Chicago machine, this included patronage, nepotism, and "activities that regularly drew the attention of federal prosecutors." According to McCutcheon and Mark, Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley's tenure as mayor "is often considered Chicago-style politics at its worst."[7]
The term "Chicago-style politics" was used as a shorthand for political corruption as early as the 1970s. In 1970, for example, Chicago Tribune reporter Humbert Nelli suggested in a historical profile of early twentieth-century mafia boss Anthony D'Andrea that Andrea had possessed all the qualities necessary to excel at "Chicago-style politics" - namely, the need to be "cynical, vicious, corrupt, pragmatic and well connected with criminal elements."[9]
Nelli had been referring to the politics of Chicago around 1910, but the phrase was also used to describe contemporary Chicago politics during the 1970s. In 1977, for example, Chicago Tribune reporter Stanley Ziemba described "charges of corrupt patronage systems, mob influence, and political clout and reprisals" as the hallmarks of "Chicago-style politics" while reporting on civic elections in Chicago's suburbs.[10]
Reporters have often used the term in this way since the 1970s. In 2003, for example, Seattle Weekly editor David Brewster, said that "Chicago-style politics" were "coming to Seattle" in reference to a local scandal over campaign contributions, defining the phrase as "this whole muscling-the-opposition, reward-your-friends and punish-your-enemies, tough-guy politics."[11]
Use in 2008 and 2012 elections
According to McCutcheon and Mark, the phrase "Chicago-style politics" took on "new resonance" in the political campaign advertisements of Republican presidential candidate John McCain when Democratic US Senator Barack Obama of Chicago, Illinois ran for President in 2008.[12] McCain's political campaign said Obama practiced Chicago-style politics.[13] In August 2009, Republican political consultant Karl Rove wrote, in an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal in opposition to the Obama administration's health care reform effort, that threats were in the spirit of "Chicago-style politics,"[14] and Speaker of the House John Boehner (R-Ohio) said during a weekly press briefing in October of 2009 that "Chicago-style politics" were "shutting the American people out and demonizing their opponents" in reference to the Obama administration's health care reform effort.[12][15][16][17]
Republican presidential primary candidate Mitt Romney introduced the phrase into the rhetoric of the 2012 presidential campaign[12][18][19][20] when he described a recess appointment by President Obama as "Chicago-style politics at its worst."[21][22] Romney supporters used "Chicago" as an epithet and referred disdainfully to "Chicago-style politics."[23] Former Republican National Committee chair Ed Gillespie, for example, said the 2012 Obama campaign engaged in "classic Chicago-style politics,"[18][24][25] mentioning the phrase at least three times in a conference call with reporters.[19]
Republicans' use of the phrase in 2008 and 2012 attracted considerable media attention. According to Jacob Weisberg of Slate magazine, for example, the phrase was "mainly" a way for Mitt Romney to "call Obama corrupt without coming out and saying so".[12][2]. The Chicago Tribune characterized the refrain as an attempt to discredit Obama through "guilt by geography," saying "...Chicago has seen a goodly share of high- and low-profile officials and operatives shipped off to prison over the decades, and Republicans would like to prod voters into thinking that some of that dirt surely must have rubbed off on Obama."[18]
Drake University professor of political science Dennis Goldford, an expert on presidential politics, suggested that Republicans were using the phrase to imply that Obama was a product of a outdated large urban political organization based on unethical behavior and the use of force.[18] Several commentators noted that there was no evidence that Obama had ever been involved in political corruption, and James Warren wrote in The Atlantic magazine that "even if you buy into the Fox News caricature of slimy government and practitioners, Obama was never a product of the system."[20][12]
See also
References
- ^ Flanagan, Maureen. Reiff, Janince; Keating, Ann Durkin; Grossman, James (eds.). "Politics". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago History Museum, The Newberry Library, and Northwestern University. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
- ^ a b
Weisberg, Jacob (23 Jul 2012). Slate Magazine http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/the_big_idea/2012/07/mitt_romney_s_campaign_is_attempting_to_link_barack_obama_to_the_corruption_of_chicago_style_politics_of_a_different_era_.html. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
{{cite news}}
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(help) Cite error: The named reference "ChicagoStyle" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ Nicola Mann, "The Death And Resurrection of Chicago's Public Housing in the American Visual Imagination," Doctoral Dissertation, University of Rochester, 2011.
- "Unlike other U.S. cities like New York City, Chicago never benefited from a reformist Mayor such as Fiorello LaGuardia. Instead, for the past forty-five years, Chicago has been beholden to the so-called Chicago-style politics of Richard J. Daley and his son Richard M. Daley. This one-party/one-family made the city vulnerable to corruption..."
- ^ John N. Kotre, The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: Andrew Greeley and American Catholicism, 1950-1975.
- ^ Raphael Sonenshein (2004). The City at Stake: Secession, Reform, and Battle for Los Angeles. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–. ISBN 0-691-11590-7.
- ^ F. Richard Ciccone; Richard F. Ciccone (1 March 2000). Chicago and the American Century. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-8092-2329-9.
- ^ a b Chuck McCutcheon; David Mark (2 September 2014). Dog Whistles, Walk-Backs, and Washington Handshakes: Decoding the Jargon, Slang, and Bluster of American Political Speech. ForeEdge from University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-61168-603-6.
- ^ MacAskill, Ewen (4 June 2010). "Republicans accuse White House of 'Chicago-style politics'". The Guardian.
- ^ Nelli, H, "Anthony D'andrea's first and last hurrah," Chicago Tribune, December 6, 1970.
- ^ Ziemba, S., "Crime, cronyism: New suburb issues," Chicago Tribune, April 17, 1977.
- ^ Kershaw, Sarah (August 27, 2003). "A Tale of Sex, Money and Politics, in 'Mayberry'". The New York Times. p. A11. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e McCutcheon, Chuck; Mark, David; Greenfield, Jeff (2014). Dog Whistles, Walk-Backs, and Washington Handshakes: Decoding the Jargon, Slang, and Bluster of American Political Speech. p. 72. ISBN 978-1611687002.
- ^ Leibovich, Mark (September 27, 2008). "A Form of Political Flattery?". The New York Times. p. A14. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ Rove, Karl (August 27, 2009). "Obama Targets Medicare Advantage". The Wall Street Journal. p. A13.
- ^ Silva, Mark (23 October 2009). "Obama's Chicago-style politics:' Boehner". Chicago Tribune.[dead link]
- ^ "Boehner Statement on the White House & Democrats "Chicago-Style Politics"". Speaker Boehner's Press Office. October 21, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ^ Sweet, Lynn (January 20, 2010). "Those from City of Big Shoulders shrug at 'Chicago-style' insult - Slams of Windy City politics 'hype,' 'not fair'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ^ a b c d Secter, Bob; Pearson, Rick (July 20, 2012). "GOP uses association with Chicago against Obama; 'Chicago-style politics' enters lexicon of presidential campaign". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ^ a b Sweet, Lynn (July 17, 2012). "Romney's 'Chicago-style' attack". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ^ a b Warren, James (January 6, 2012). "'Chicago-Style Politics at Its Worst'? Fact-Checking Romney's Jab at Obama". Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
- ^ Cooper, Helene (January 6, 2012). "Obama Tactic: Jab Congress To Hurt Rivals". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ Trumbull, Mark (January 5, 2012). "Romney, Santorum bash Obama recess appointment. Why that could backfire". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 12.
- ^ Leibovich, Mark (August 29, 2012). "Feel the Loathing on the Campaign Trail". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Shear, Michael D. (July 17, 2012). "Obama and Romney Step Up Accusations on Jobs". The New York Times. p. A16. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
- ^ Kendall, Brent; Devlin, Barrett (July 15, 2012). "Fight Over Romney's Bain Tenure Thunders On". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 5, 2015.