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Some metal parts in e-cigarettes contact the e-liquid and may contaminate it with metals<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014>{{cite journal|last1=Farsalinos|first1=K. E.|last2=Polosa|first2=R.|title=Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review|journal=Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety|volume=5|issue=2|year=2014|pages=67–86|issn=2042-0986|doi=10.1177/2042098614524430|pmc=4110871|pmid=25083263}}</ref> in concentrations far below levels permitted in inhaled medicines.<ref name=Hajek2014/> Tin, cadmium, nickel, lead,<ref name=Rom2014>{{cite journal|last1=Rom|first1=Oren|last2=Pecorelli|first2=Alessandra|last3=Valacchi|first3=Giuseppe|last4=Reznick|first4=Abraham Z.|title=Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|year=2014|pages=n/a–n/a|issn=00778923|doi=10.1111/nyas.12609|pmid=25557889}}</ref> aluminum,<ref name=Grana2014/> copper,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> silver,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> iron,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> mercury,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=SA|first1=Meo|last2=SA|first2=Al Asiri|title=Effects of electronic cigarette smoking on human health|url=http://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/3315-3319.pdf|journal=Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci|volume=18|issue=21|year=2014|pages=3315-9|pmid=25487945}}</ref> and chromium have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Cheng2014/> The nickel and chromium [[nanoparticle]]s in the vapor may have came from the e-cigarette [[heating element]].<ref name=Grana2014/> The metals have been found in trace amounts in the vapor, although some of them at higher amounts than traditional [[cigarette]]s.<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> Silicate particles were found in the vapor.<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> |
Some metal parts in e-cigarettes contact the e-liquid and may contaminate it with metals<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014>{{cite journal|last1=Farsalinos|first1=K. E.|last2=Polosa|first2=R.|title=Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review|journal=Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety|volume=5|issue=2|year=2014|pages=67–86|issn=2042-0986|doi=10.1177/2042098614524430|pmc=4110871|pmid=25083263}}</ref> in concentrations far below levels permitted in inhaled medicines.<ref name=Hajek2014/> Tin, cadmium, nickel, lead,<ref name=Rom2014>{{cite journal|last1=Rom|first1=Oren|last2=Pecorelli|first2=Alessandra|last3=Valacchi|first3=Giuseppe|last4=Reznick|first4=Abraham Z.|title=Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|year=2014|pages=n/a–n/a|issn=00778923|doi=10.1111/nyas.12609|pmid=25557889}}</ref> aluminum,<ref name=Grana2014/> copper,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> silver,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> iron,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> mercury,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=SA|first1=Meo|last2=SA|first2=Al Asiri|title=Effects of electronic cigarette smoking on human health|url=http://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/3315-3319.pdf|journal=Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci|volume=18|issue=21|year=2014|pages=3315-9|pmid=25487945}}</ref> and chromium have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Cheng2014/> The nickel and chromium [[nanoparticle]]s in the vapor may have came from the e-cigarette [[heating element]].<ref name=Grana2014/> The metals have been found in trace amounts in the vapor, although some of them at higher amounts than traditional [[cigarette]]s.<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> Silicate particles were found in the vapor.<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> |
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Many chemicals including [[carbonyl compounds]] such as [[formaldehyde]], [[acetaldehyde]], [[acrolein]], and [[glyoxal]] can inadvertently be produced when the [[nichrome wire]] that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid.<ref name=Bekki2014>{{cite journal|last1=Bekki|first1=Kanae|last2=Uchiyama|first2=Shigehisa|last3=Ohta|first3=Kazushi|last4=Inaba|first4=Yohei|last5=Nakagome|first5=Hideki|last6=Kunugita|first6=Naoki|title=Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=11|issue=11|year=2014|pages=11192–11200|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph111111192|pmid=25353061}}</ref |
Many chemicals including [[carbonyl compounds]] such as [[formaldehyde]], [[acetaldehyde]], [[acrolein]], and [[glyoxal]] can inadvertently be produced when the [[nichrome wire]] that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid.<ref name=Bekki2014>{{cite journal|last1=Bekki|first1=Kanae|last2=Uchiyama|first2=Shigehisa|last3=Ohta|first3=Kazushi|last4=Inaba|first4=Yohei|last5=Nakagome|first5=Hideki|last6=Kunugita|first6=Naoki|title=Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=11|issue=11|year=2014|pages=11192–11200|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph111111192|pmid=25353061}}</ref> |
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[[Tobacco-specific nitrosamines]] (TSNAs) such as [[NNK]] and [[N-Nitrosonornicotine]] and tobacco-specific impurities have been found in the vapor at very low levels,<ref name=Rom2014/> comparable to amounts found in [[nicotine replacement products]].<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> Trace amounts of [[toluene]],<ref name=Rom2014/> [[xylene]],<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]s,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> [[aldehyde]]s, [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs), and tobacco alkaloids has been found in the vapor.<ref name=Cheng2014>{{cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}</ref> |
[[Tobacco-specific nitrosamines]] (TSNAs) such as [[NNK]] and [[N-Nitrosonornicotine]] and tobacco-specific impurities have been found in the vapor at very low levels,<ref name=Rom2014/> comparable to amounts found in [[nicotine replacement products]].<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> Trace amounts of [[toluene]],<ref name=Rom2014/> [[xylene]],<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]s,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> [[aldehyde]]s, [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs), and tobacco alkaloids has been found in the vapor.<ref name=Cheng2014>{{cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}</ref> |
Revision as of 19:15, 4 July 2015
Various levels of chemicals have been found in the aerosol from electronic cigarettes.[1]
Chemicals
In e-cigarettes a liquid is heated to a temperature of about 55°C to create an aerosolized vapor.[2] The vapor contains similar chemicals to the e-liquid which vary in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers.[3][4] The vapor usually contains nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, flavors and aroma transporters.[5] The vapor may also contain tiny amounts of toxicants, carcinogens, and heavy metals.[6][5] Contamination with various chemicals has been identified.[3] Some products contained trace amounts of the drugs tadalafil and rimonabant.[3]
Some metal parts in e-cigarettes contact the e-liquid and may contaminate it with metals[7] in concentrations far below levels permitted in inhaled medicines.[5] Tin, cadmium, nickel, lead,[1] aluminum,[6] copper,[7] silver,[7] iron,[7] mercury,[8] and chromium have been found in the vapor.[4] The nickel and chromium nanoparticles in the vapor may have came from the e-cigarette heating element.[6] The metals have been found in trace amounts in the vapor, although some of them at higher amounts than traditional cigarettes.[7] Silicate particles were found in the vapor.[7]
Many chemicals including carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and glyoxal can inadvertently be produced when the nichrome wire that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid.[9]
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) such as NNK and N-Nitrosonornicotine and tobacco-specific impurities have been found in the vapor at very low levels,[1] comparable to amounts found in nicotine replacement products.[7] Trace amounts of toluene,[1] xylene,[7] polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,[7] aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and tobacco alkaloids has been found in the vapor.[4]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Rom, Oren; Pecorelli, Alessandra; Valacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/nyas.12609. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 25557889.
- ^ Oh, Anne Y.; Kacker, Ashutosh (December 2014). "Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke". The Laryngoscope. 124 (12): 2702–2706. doi:10.1002/lary.24750. PMID 25302452.
- ^ a b c Bertholon, J.F.; Becquemin, M.H.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Dautzenberg, B. (2013). "Electronic Cigarettes: A Short Review". Respiration. 86: 433–8. doi:10.1159/000353253. ISSN 1423-0356. PMID 24080743.
- ^ a b c Cheng, T. (2014). "Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes". Tobacco Control. 23 (Supplement 2): ii11–ii17. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995255. PMID 24732157.
- ^ a b c Hajek, P; Etter, JF; Benowitz, N; Eissenberg, T; McRobbie, H (31 July 2014). "Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit" (PDF). Addiction (Abingdon, England). 109 (11): 1801–10. doi:10.1111/add.12659. PMID 25078252.
- ^ a b c Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Farsalinos, K. E.; Polosa, R. (2014). "Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review". Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 5 (2): 67–86. doi:10.1177/2042098614524430. ISSN 2042-0986. PMC 4110871. PMID 25083263.
- ^ SA, Meo; SA, Al Asiri (2014). "Effects of electronic cigarette smoking on human health" (PDF). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 18 (21): 3315–9. PMID 25487945.
- ^ Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014). "Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (11): 11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 25353061.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
External links
- Media related to Electronic cigarettes at Wikimedia Commons