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:''For the concentration camp located near a village with a similar name, Chełmno nad Nerem, see [[Chełmno extermination camp]].'' |
:''For the concentration camp located near a village with a similar name, Chełmno nad Nerem, see [[Chełmno extermination camp]].'' |
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'''Chełmno''' [{{IPA-pl|'|h|e|U|m|n|o}}] (older {{lang-en|Culm}}; {{Audio-de|Kulm|Kulm.ogg}}) is a town in northern [[Poland]] with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capital of [[Chełmno Land]] (Culmerland). Situated in the [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship]] since 1999, Chełmno was previously in [[Toruń Voivodeship]] (1975–1998), near the [[Vistula]] river. The name |
'''Chełmno''' [{{IPA-pl|'|h|e|U|m|n|o}}] (older {{lang-en|Culm}}; {{Audio-de|Kulm|Kulm.ogg}}) is a town in northern [[Poland]] with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capital of [[Chełmno Land]] (Culmerland). Situated in the [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship]] since 1999, Chełmno was previously in [[Toruń Voivodeship]] (1975–1998), near the [[Vistula]] river. The name is of Old Slavic origin and conatins the root meaning "hill" ("chełm", in new Polish: "wzgórze") and the ending "-no". This word is a cognate of an English word for "hill" and similar words in other related languages. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[Image:Chelmno wieza Mestwina.jpg|thumb|Tower of Mestwin (Wieża Mestwina), a former Teutonic Order watchtower, considered the oldest surviving building in Chełmno]] |
[[Image:Chelmno wieza Mestwina.jpg|thumb|Tower of Mestwin (Wieża Mestwina), a former Teutonic Order watchtower, considered the oldest surviving building in Chełmno]] |
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The first written mention of Chełmno is known from a document allegedly issued in 1065 by Duke [[Boleslaus II of Poland]] for the [[Benedictine]] monastery in [[Mogilno]] |
The first written mention of Chełmno is known from a document allegedly issued in 1065 by Duke [[Boleslaus II of Poland]] for the [[Benedictine]] monastery in [[Mogilno]]. In 1226 Duke [[Konrad I of Masovia|Konrad I]] of [[Masovia]] invited the [[Teutonic Knights]] to Chełmno Land (''Kulmerland''). In 1233 Chełmno was granted city rights known as "[[Kulm law]]" (renewed in 1251), the model system for over 200 Polish towns. The town grew prosperous as a member of the mercantile [[Hanseatic League]]. Chełmno and Chełmno Land were part of the Teutonic Knights' state until 1466, when after the [[Thirteen Years' War]] Chełmno was incorporated back into Poland and made the capital of [[Chełmno Voivodeship]]. |
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In 1772, following the [[Partitions of Poland|First Partition of Poland]], |
In 1772, following the [[Partitions of Poland|First Partition of Poland]], Chełmno was taken over by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. Between 1807 and 1815 Chełmno was part of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]], returning to Prussia at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. |
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Chełmno returned to Poland in 1920 following [[World War I]]. During the [[interwar period]] the town experienced renewed economic growth. The city had a mixed German/Polish population during most of his history. At the turn of the century (from 19th to 20th century) the city was about one-third [[Germans|German]] and two-thirds [[Poles|Polish]]. |
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When [[World War II]] broke out in 1939, [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] authorities murdered 5,000 Polish civilians upon taking control of the territory.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The atrocities took place in Klamry, Małe Czyste, Podwiesk, Plutowo, Dąbrowa Chełmińska, and Wielkie Łunawy, while many other Poles were executed in forests.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The rest of the Polish population was expelled to the [[General Government]] in line with the German policy of [[Lebensraum]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Polish [[Polish Secret State|resistance groups]] such as Polska Żyje ("Poland Lives"), Rota, Grunwald, and Szare Szeregi were also active in the area. |
When [[World War II]] broke out in 1939, [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] authorities murdered 5,000 Polish civilians upon taking control of the territory.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The atrocities took place in Klamry, Małe Czyste, Podwiesk, Plutowo, Dąbrowa Chełmińska, and Wielkie Łunawy, while many other Poles were executed in forests.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The rest of the Polish population was expelled to the [[General Government]] in line with the German policy of [[Lebensraum]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Polish [[Polish Secret State|resistance groups]] such as Polska Żyje ("Poland Lives"), Rota, Grunwald, and Szare Szeregi were also active in the area. |
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===Historical names === |
===Historical names === |
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* ''Culm'' |
* ''Culm'' was the German name, officially used between 1772 and 1807 and again between 1815 and 1920. During the nazi occupation in World War II, the town was called ''Kulm''. The town also has been known as ''Culm'' in English, but Chełmno is now more commonly used.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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==Main sights== |
==Main sights== |
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==Notable residents== |
==Notable residents== |
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{{commons|Chełmno}} |
{{commons|Chełmno}} |
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* [[Christian of Oliva]] 1215 first bishop of Prussia had his seat at Culm |
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* [[Hans Dominik]] (1870–1910), colonial officer |
* [[Hans Dominik]] (1870–1910), colonial officer |
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* [[Friedrich Fülleborn]] (1866–1933), physician and tropical disease specialist |
* [[Friedrich Fülleborn]] (1866–1933), physician and tropical disease specialist |
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* [[Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki]] (1665-1734), composer and priest |
* [[Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki]] (1665-1734), composer and priest |
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* [[Heinz Guderian]] (1888-1954), '' |
* [[Heinz Guderian]] (1888-1954), ''blitzkrieg'' and tank theorist |
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* [[Hermann Löns]] (1866-1914), writer |
* [[Hermann Löns]] (1866-1914), writer |
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* [[Ernst Wilhelm Lotz]] (1890–1914), writer |
* [[Ernst Wilhelm Lotz]] (1890–1914), writer |
Revision as of 12:18, 29 May 2008
Chełmno | |
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Country | Poland |
Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
County | Chełmno County |
Gmina | Chełmno (urban gmina) |
Area | |
• Total | 13.56 km2 (5.24 sq mi) |
Elevation | 75 m (246 ft) |
Population (2006) | |
• Total | 20,388 |
• Density | 1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi) |
Postal code | 86-200 |
Website | http://www.chelmno.pl |
- For the concentration camp located near a village with a similar name, Chełmno nad Nerem, see Chełmno extermination camp.
Chełmno [Polish pronunciation: ['] ] (older English: Culm; German: ) is a town in northern Poland with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capital of Chełmno Land (Culmerland). Situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, Chełmno was previously in Toruń Voivodeship (1975–1998), near the Vistula river. The name is of Old Slavic origin and conatins the root meaning "hill" ("chełm", in new Polish: "wzgórze") and the ending "-no". This word is a cognate of an English word for "hill" and similar words in other related languages.
History
The first written mention of Chełmno is known from a document allegedly issued in 1065 by Duke Boleslaus II of Poland for the Benedictine monastery in Mogilno. In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to Chełmno Land (Kulmerland). In 1233 Chełmno was granted city rights known as "Kulm law" (renewed in 1251), the model system for over 200 Polish towns. The town grew prosperous as a member of the mercantile Hanseatic League. Chełmno and Chełmno Land were part of the Teutonic Knights' state until 1466, when after the Thirteen Years' War Chełmno was incorporated back into Poland and made the capital of Chełmno Voivodeship.
In 1772, following the First Partition of Poland, Chełmno was taken over by the Kingdom of Prussia. Between 1807 and 1815 Chełmno was part of the Duchy of Warsaw, returning to Prussia at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
Chełmno returned to Poland in 1920 following World War I. During the interwar period the town experienced renewed economic growth. The city had a mixed German/Polish population during most of his history. At the turn of the century (from 19th to 20th century) the city was about one-third German and two-thirds Polish.
When World War II broke out in 1939, Nazi German authorities murdered 5,000 Polish civilians upon taking control of the territory.[citation needed] The atrocities took place in Klamry, Małe Czyste, Podwiesk, Plutowo, Dąbrowa Chełmińska, and Wielkie Łunawy, while many other Poles were executed in forests.[citation needed] The rest of the Polish population was expelled to the General Government in line with the German policy of Lebensraum.[citation needed] Polish resistance groups such as Polska Żyje ("Poland Lives"), Rota, Grunwald, and Szare Szeregi were also active in the area. On 25 January 1945 German forces set fire to several buildings in the city, including a hospital, a railway terminal, and a brewery, while retreating (see scorched earth).
Historical names
- Culm was the German name, officially used between 1772 and 1807 and again between 1815 and 1920. During the nazi occupation in World War II, the town was called Kulm. The town also has been known as Culm in English, but Chełmno is now more commonly used.[citation needed]
Main sights
Chełmno has a well-preserved medieval center, with five Gothic churches and a beautiful Renaissance town hall in the middle of the market square.
- Gothic churches:
- Church of St Mary, former main parochial church of town, built 1280-1320 (with St. Valentine relic)
- Church of SS Jacob and Nicholas, former Franciscan church, from 14th c., rebuild in 19 c.
- Church of SS Peter and Paul, former Dominican church, from 13-14th c. rebuild in 18 and 19th c.
- Church of SS John the Baptist and Johns the Evangelist, former Benedictine and Cictercian nuns' church, with monastery, built 1290-1330
- Church of Holy Ghost, from 1280-90
- Town hall, whose oldest part comes from the end of the 13th century, rebuilt in manneristic style (under Italian influence) in 1567-1572
- City walls which surround whole city, preserved almost as a whole, with watch towers and Grudziądzka Gate
Notable residents
- Hans Dominik (1870–1910), colonial officer
- Friedrich Fülleborn (1866–1933), physician and tropical disease specialist
- Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki (1665-1734), composer and priest
- Heinz Guderian (1888-1954), blitzkrieg and tank theorist
- Hermann Löns (1866-1914), writer
- Ernst Wilhelm Lotz (1890–1914), writer
- Michael Otto (born 1943), entrepreneur
- Franciszek Raszeja (1896–1942), doctor
- Leon Raszeja (1901–1939), lawyer
- Maksymilian Raszeja (1889–1939), theologian
- Albrecht Theodor Emil Graf von Roon, Prussian soldier and politician, Prime Minister of Prussia
- Ludwik Rydygier (1850-1920), doctor
- Georg Salzberger (1882–1975), Jewish rabbi
- Kurt Schumacher (1895-1952), politician
- Max Stirner (1806-1856), philosopher
53°22′N 18°25′E / 53.367°N 18.417°E