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On December 29, 2012, several eyewitnesses saw a fireball, <ref name='Fossils'> {{cite journal | title = Fossil Diatoms in a New Carbonaceous Meteorite | journal = [[Journal of Cosmology]] | date = 10 January 2013 | first = Chandra | last = Wickramasinghe | coauthors = J. Wallis, D.H. Wallis, and Anil Samaranayake | volume = 22 | url = http://journalofcosmology.com/JOC21/PoloaruwaERR.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2013-01-15}}</ref> <ref name='cometary origin'> {{cite journal | title = On the cometary origin of the Polonnaruwa meteorite | journal = [[Journal of Cosmology]] | date = 13 January 2013 | first = Chandra | last = Wickramasinghe | coauthors = J. Wallis, D.H. Wallis, M.K. Wallis, S. Al-Mufti, J.T. Wickramasinghe, Anil Samaranayake and K. Wickramarathne | volume = 21 | issue = 38 | url = http://journalofcosmology.com/JOC21/Polonn2.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2013-01-16}}</ref> in [[Polonnaruwa|Polonnaruwa Province]], Sri Lanka at 18:30 PM on December 29, 2012. The green fireball was observed to disintegrate into fragments that fell to the earth near the villages of Aralaganwila and Dimbulagala and in a rice field near [[Dalukkane]]. The inferred NE to SW trajectory was determined{{who|date=August 2013}} from eyewitness observations and a distribution of stones recovered from a strewn field of >10 km. Police records indicate "reports of low level burn injuries from immediate contact with the fallen stones and subsequent reports of a strong aroma". <ref name='Fossils'></ref> Witnesses reported that the newly fallen stones had a strong odour of tar. Local police officials immediately collected samples and submitting them to the Medical Research Institute of the Ministry of Health in Colombo, Sri Lanka. |
On December 29, 2012, several eyewitnesses saw a fireball, <ref name='Fossils'> {{cite journal | title = Fossil Diatoms in a New Carbonaceous Meteorite | journal = [[Journal of Cosmology]] | date = 10 January 2013 | first = Chandra | last = Wickramasinghe | coauthors = J. Wallis, D.H. Wallis, and Anil Samaranayake | volume = 22 | url = http://journalofcosmology.com/JOC21/PoloaruwaERR.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2013-01-15}}</ref> <ref name='cometary origin'> {{cite journal | title = On the cometary origin of the Polonnaruwa meteorite | journal = [[Journal of Cosmology]] | date = 13 January 2013 | first = Chandra | last = Wickramasinghe | coauthors = J. Wallis, D.H. Wallis, M.K. Wallis, S. Al-Mufti, J.T. Wickramasinghe, Anil Samaranayake and K. Wickramarathne | volume = 21 | issue = 38 | url = http://journalofcosmology.com/JOC21/Polonn2.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2013-01-16}}</ref> in [[Polonnaruwa|Polonnaruwa Province]], Sri Lanka at 18:30 PM on December 29, 2012. The green fireball was observed to disintegrate into fragments that fell to the earth near the villages of Aralaganwila and Dimbulagala and in a rice field near [[Dalukkane]]. The inferred NE to SW trajectory was determined{{who|date=August 2013}} from eyewitness observations and a distribution of stones recovered from a strewn field of >10 km. Police records indicate "reports of low level burn injuries from immediate contact with the fallen stones and subsequent reports of a strong aroma". <ref name='Fossils'></ref> Witnesses reported that the newly fallen stones had a strong odour of tar. Local police officials immediately collected samples and submitting them to the Medical Research Institute of the Ministry of Health in Colombo, Sri Lanka. |
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The rocks were subsequently sent to the University of Cardiff in Wales for analysis. In the period January to March 2013, five papers were published outlining various results from teams in the UK, USA and Germany. <ref name='Walter'> {{cite news | first = Walter Jayawardhana | title = Polonnaruwa meteorite with evidence of life from outer space described the most important find in 500 years | date = 13 January 2013 | url = http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2013/01/13/polonnaruwa-meteorite-with-evidence-of-life-from-outer-space-described-the-most-important-find-in-500-years/ | work = LankaWeb | accessdate = 2013-01-15}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2013}}<ref name='authenticity'> {{cite journal | title = Authenticity of the life-bearing Polonnaruwa meteorite | journal = [[Journal of Cosmology]] | date = 4 February 2013 | first = N.C. | last = N.C. Wickramasinghe | coauthors = J. Wallis, N. Miyake, Anthony Oldroyd, D.H. Wallis, Anil Samaranayake, K. Wickramarathne , Richard B. Hoover and M.K. Wallis | url = http://journalofcosmology.com/JOC21/Polonnaruwa5R.pdf | accessdate = 2013-02-04}}</ref>{{ |
The rocks were subsequently sent to the University of Cardiff in Wales for analysis. In the period January to March 2013, five papers were published outlining various results from teams in the UK, USA and Germany<ref name='Fossils'></ref><ref name=21-37>{{cite journal|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Chandra|coauthors=J. Wallis, D.H. Wallis, Anil Samaranayake|title=Fossil Diatoms in a new Carbonaceous Meteorite|journal=Journal of Cosmology|date=10 Jan 2013|year=2013|volume=21|issue=37|url=http://www.buckingham.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Polonnaruwa-meteorite.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> . <ref name='Walter'> {{cite news | first = Walter Jayawardhana | title = Polonnaruwa meteorite with evidence of life from outer space described the most important find in 500 years | date = 13 January 2013 | url = http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2013/01/13/polonnaruwa-meteorite-with-evidence-of-life-from-outer-space-described-the-most-important-find-in-500-years/ | work = LankaWeb | accessdate = 2013-01-15}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2013}}<ref name='authenticity'> {{cite journal | title = Authenticity of the life-bearing Polonnaruwa meteorite | journal = [[Journal of Cosmology]] | date = 4 February 2013 | first = N.C. | last = N.C. Wickramasinghe | coauthors = J. Wallis, N. Miyake, Anthony Oldroyd, D.H. Wallis, Anil Samaranayake, K. Wickramarathne , Richard B. Hoover and M.K. Wallis | url = http://journalofcosmology.com/JOC21/Polonnaruwa5R.pdf | accessdate = 2013-02-04}}</ref> <ref name=21-39>{{cite journal|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Chandra|coauthors=J. Wallis, N. Miyake, Anthony Oldroyd, D.H. Wallis, Anil Samaranayake and K. Wickramarathne, Richard B. Hoover, M.K. Wallis|title=AUTHENTICITY OF THE LIFE-BEARING POLONNARUWA METEORITE|journal=Journal of Cosmology|date=4 Feb 2013|year=2013|volume=21|issue=39 |http://journalofcosmology.com/JOC21/Polonnaruwa5R.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> <ref name=21-40>{{cite journal|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Chandra|coauthors=Anil Samaranayake, K. Wickramarathne, D.H. Wallis, M.K. Wallis, Norimune Miyake, S.J. Coulson, Richard B. Hoover, Carl H. Gibson and Jamie Wallis|title=LIVING DIATOMS IN THE POLONNARUWA METEORITE - POSSIBLE LINK TO RED AND YELLOW RAIN|journal=Journal of Cosmology|date=8 Feb 2013|year=2013|volume=21|issue=40|url=http://journalofcosmology.com/JOC21/Polonnaruwa6F1.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> <ref name=22-2>{{cite journal|last=Wallis|first=Jamie|coauthors=Nori Miyake, Richard B. Hoover, Andrew Oldroyd, Darryl H. Wallis, Anil Samaranayake, K. Wickramasinghe, M.K. Wallis, Carl H. Gibson, and N.C. Wickramasinghe|title=The Polonnaruwa Meteorite - Oxygen Isotope, Crystalline and Biological Composition|journal=Journal of Cosmology|date=5 March 2013|year=2013|volume=22|issue=2|url=http://journalofcosmology.com/JOC22/Paper22(2).pdf|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> <ref name=Huru> {{cite news | title = Meteors from outer space made definitive land fall in Aralaganwila says Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe | date = 29 April 2013 | url = http://www.hirunews.lk/58032 | work = Hiru News | accessdate = 2013-04-30}}</ref> instead being created by lightning strikes on Earth.<ref name='Peradeniya University'> {{cite news | title = Aralaganwila stones are not meteors; says Peradeniya University. | date = 14 January | url = http://hirunews.lk/goldfmnews/51379 | work = Hiru FM News | accessdate = 2013-01-18}}</ref> |
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Wickramasinghe and collaborators responded, using [[X-ray diffraction]], [[oxygen]] [[isotope analysis]], and [[scanning electron microscope]] observations, in a March 2013 paper asserting that the rocks they found were indeed meteorites.<ref name=P-Meteorite>{{cite journal|last=Wallis|first=Jamie|coauthors=Nori Miyake, Richard B. Hoover, Andrew Oldroyd, Daryl H. Wallis, Anil Samaranayake, K. Wickramarathne, M.K. Wallis, Carl H. Gibson, N. C. Wickramasinghe|title=The Polonnaruwa Meteorite : Oxygen Isotope, Crystalline and Biological Composition|journal=Journal of Cosmology|date=5 March 2013|year=2013|month=March|volume=22|issue=2|accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref> Wickramasinghe has since submitted further analyses to the [[Meteoritical Society]] with the aim to have Polonnaruwa recognized as a "known meteorite", but the society has not yet made a decision.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} |
Wickramasinghe and collaborators responded, using [[X-ray diffraction]], [[oxygen]] [[isotope analysis]], and [[scanning electron microscope]] observations, in a March 2013 paper asserting that the rocks they found were indeed meteorites.<ref name=P-Meteorite>{{cite journal|last=Wallis|first=Jamie|coauthors=Nori Miyake, Richard B. Hoover, Andrew Oldroyd, Daryl H. Wallis, Anil Samaranayake, K. Wickramarathne, M.K. Wallis, Carl H. Gibson, N. C. Wickramasinghe|title=The Polonnaruwa Meteorite : Oxygen Isotope, Crystalline and Biological Composition|journal=Journal of Cosmology|date=5 March 2013|year=2013|month=March|volume=22|issue=2|accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref> Wickramasinghe has since submitted further analyses to the [[Meteoritical Society]] with the aim to have Polonnaruwa recognized as a "known meteorite", but the society has not yet made a decision.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} |
Revision as of 20:52, 6 August 2013
Chandra Wickramasinghe | |
---|---|
Born | Nalin Chandra Wickramasinghe 20 January 1939 |
Citizenship | British |
Alma mater | Royal College, Colombo University of Ceylon (BSc) Cambridge University (PhD, ScD) |
Known for | Organic composition of cosmic dust |
Awards | Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge University (1963–1973) Vidya Jyothi (1992) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Astrobiology Astronomy Mathematics |
Institutions | Cambridge University University College Cardiff University of Cardiff University of Buckingham |
Doctoral advisor | Fred Hoyle |
Nalin Chandra Wickramasinghe (born 20 January 1939) is a Sri Lankan-born British mathematician, astronomer[1] and astrobiologist. He is currently Professor and Director of the Buckingham Centre for Astrobiology at the University of Buckingham, a post he has held since 2011.[2] Chandra Wickramasinghe is a communicator and a popularizer of science. He has written over 24 books about astrophysics and related topics; he has made frequent appearances on radio, television and film, and he writes extensive online blogs and articles.
His research interests include the interstellar medium, infrared astronomy, light scattering theory, applications of solid-state physics to astronomy, the early Solar System, comets, astrochemistry, the origin of life and astrobiology. A student and collaborator of Fred Hoyle, the pair worked jointly for over 40 years[3] as influential proponents of panspermia.[4][5] In 1974 they proposed the hypothesis that some dust in interstellar space was largely organic, which Wickramasinghe later proved to be correct.[6]
He is currently a consultant team member of the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission which will arrive at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014.[7] He is also making further identifications of spectral features in comets and in the interstellar medium.
More recently, Wickramasinghe has hypothesized that elementary living organisms like the lichen-forming alga spores present in the red rain in Kerala are of extraterrestrial origin,[8] and that pathogens as the SARS virus also arrived on Earth from deep space carried in asteroids and comets.[9] However, these speculations lack support from the scientific community and are at times published in the fringe Journal of Cosmology.
In his role as media communicator, he has appeared on BBC Horizon, UK Channel 5 and the History Channel. He has recently been featured on a Discovery Channel program on "Red Rain" which will be aired in the fall of 2013.[10][11] He has a long association with Daisaku Ikeda, president of the Buddhist sect Soka Gakkai International, that led to the publication of a best-selling dialogue with him, first in Japanese and later in English, on the topic of Space and Eternal Life.[12]
Education and career
Wickramasinghe studied at Royal College, Colombo, the University of Ceylon (where he graduated in 1960 with a BSc First Class Honours in mathematics), and at Trinity College and Jesus College, Cambridge, where he obtained his PhD and ScD degrees.[13] Following his education, Wickramasinghe was a Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge from 1963 to 1973, until he became professor of applied mathematics and astronomy at University College Cardiff. Wickramasinghe was a consultant and advisor to the President of Sri Lanka from 1982 to 1984, and played a key role in founding the Institute of Fundamental Studies in Sri Lanka.
After fifteen years at University College Cardiff, Wickramasinghe took an equivalent position in the University of Cardiff, a post he held from 1990 until 2006.[14] After retirement in 2006, he incubated the Cardiff Center for Astrobiology as a special project reporting to the President of the University. In 2011 the project closed down, losing its funding in a series of UK educational cut backs. After this event Wickramasinghe was offered the opportunity to move to the University of Buckingham as Director of the Buckingham Centre for Astrobiology, University of Buckingham where he has been since 2011. He maintains his part-time position as a UK Professor at Cardiff University.
Research
In 1960 he commenced work in Cambridge on his PhD degree under the supervision of the late Sir Fred Hoyle, and published his first scientific paper "On Graphite Particles as Interstellar Grains” in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1962.[15] He was awarded a PhD degree in Mathematics in 1963 and was elected a Fellow of Jesus College Cambridge in the same year. In the following year he was appointed a Staff Member of the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge. Here he continued to work on the nature of interstellar dust, publishing many papers in this field,[16] that led to a shift of emphasis in astronomy from inorganic dust models to organic grains.
Wickramasinghe published the first definitive book on Interstellar Grains in 1967.[17] He has made many contributions to this field, publishing over 350 papers in peer-reviewed journals, over 75 of which are in Nature. In 1974 he first proposed the hypothesis that some dust in interstellar space was largely organic,[18] which Wickramasinghe later proved to be correct.[19] Hoyle and Wickramasinghe further contended that extraterrestrial life forms continue to enter the Earth's atmosphere, and may be responsible for epidemic outbreaks, new diseases, and the genetic novelty necessary for macroevolution.[20]
Chandra Wickramasinghe had the longest-running collaboration with Fred Hoyle and is responsible for forging a link between biology and astronomy in the late 1970s. Their publications on books and papers[16] arguing for panspermia and a cosmic hypothesis of life are nevertheless controversial. Summarizing his career, Wickramasinghe stated:
My most significant astronomical contribution was to develop the theory of organic grains in comets and in the interstellar medium. This was done during the 1970s and 1980s, and it is now accepted by everyone almost without remembering its origins! I feel I also played a part in the birth of the science of astrobiology.
Hoyle–Wickramasinghe model of panspermia
Throughout his career, Wickramasinghe, along with his collaborator Fred Hoyle, has advanced panspermia, the belief that life on Earth is, at least in part, of extraterrestrial origin. The basic propositions[21][22] [23] of the Hoyle–Wickramasinghe model of panspermia include the assumptions that dormant viruses and dessicated nucleic acids can survive unprotected in space;[24] that small bodies such as asteroids and comets can protect the "seeds of life", including nucleic acids,[25][26] [27] living, fossilized, or dormant life, cellular[28][29] or non-cellular;[25][26][27][30][28][31][32][33] and that the collisions of asteroids, comets, and moons have the potential to spread these seeds of life throughout an individual stellar system and then onward to others.[33][30] The most contentious issue around the Hoyle–Wickramasinghe model of the panspermia hypothesis is the corollary of their first two propositions that viruses and bacteria continue to enter the Earth's atmosphere from space, and are hence responsible for many major epidemics throughout history.[34][35] [36]
Towards the end of their collaboration, Wickramasinghe and Hoyle hypothesized that abiogenesis occurred close to the Galactic Center before panspermia carried life throughout that galaxy,[37] and stated a belief that such a process could occur in many galaxies throughout the Universe.[38] .
Detection of living cells in the stratosphere
On the 20 January 2001 the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) conducted a balloon flight from Hyderabad, India to collect stratospheric dust from a height of 41 km with a view to testing for the presence of living cells. The collaborators on this project included a team of UK scientists led by Wickramasinghe. In a paper presented at a SPIE conference in San Diego in 2002 the detection of evidence for viable microorganisms from 41 km above the Earth's surface was presented.[39] However, the experiment did not present evidence as to whether the findings are incoming microbes from space rather than microbes carried up to 41 km from the surface of the Earth.
In 2005 the ISRO group carried out a second stratospheric sampling experiment from 41 km altitude and reported the isolation of three new species of bacteria including one that they named Janibacter hoylei sp.nov. in honour of Fred Hoyle.[40] However, these facts do not prove that bacteria on Earth originated in the cosmic environment. Samplings of the stratosphere have also been carried out by Yang et al. (2005,[41] 2009[42]). During the experiment strains of highly radiation-resistant Deinococcus bacterium were detected at heights up to 35 km. Nevertheless these authors have abstained from linking these discoveries to panspermia. Wickramasinghe was also involved in coordinating analyses of the red rain in Kerala in collaborations with Godfrey Louis.[43]
Extraterrestrial pathogens
Hoyle and Wickramasinghe have advanced the argument that various outbreaks of illnesses on Earth are of extraterrestrial origins, including the 1918 flu pandemic and certain outbreaks of polio and mad cow disease. For the 1918 flu pandemic they hypothesized that cometary dust brought the virus to Earth simultaneously at multiple locations—a view almost universally dismissed by external experts on this pandemic.[44]
On May 24, 2003 The Lancet published a letter from Wickramasinghe,[45] jointly signed by Milton Wainwright and Jayant Narlikar, in which they hypothesized that the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) could be extraterrestrial in origin and not originated from chickens. The Lancet subsequently published three responses to this letter, showing that the hypothesis was not evidence-based, and casting doubts on the quality of the experiments referenced by Wickramasinghe in his letter.[46][47][48] A 2008 encyclopedia notes that "Like other claims linking terrestrial disease to extraterrestrial pathogens, this proposal was rejected by the greater research community."[44]. In a comprehensive review of the subject Gabriela Segura commented that[49] "the concept of astral bodies grazing the Earth's atmosphere or impacting Earth directly, depositing microbes and viruses on Earth which may combine with Earthly microbes producing new strains of viruses and contributing to evolution and diseases, is daunting to say the least."
Polonnaruwa
On December 29, 2012, several eyewitnesses saw a fireball, [50] [51] in Polonnaruwa Province, Sri Lanka at 18:30 PM on December 29, 2012. The green fireball was observed to disintegrate into fragments that fell to the earth near the villages of Aralaganwila and Dimbulagala and in a rice field near Dalukkane. The inferred NE to SW trajectory was determined[who?] from eyewitness observations and a distribution of stones recovered from a strewn field of >10 km. Police records indicate "reports of low level burn injuries from immediate contact with the fallen stones and subsequent reports of a strong aroma". [50] Witnesses reported that the newly fallen stones had a strong odour of tar. Local police officials immediately collected samples and submitting them to the Medical Research Institute of the Ministry of Health in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
The rocks were subsequently sent to the University of Cardiff in Wales for analysis. In the period January to March 2013, five papers were published outlining various results from teams in the UK, USA and Germany[50][52] . [53][failed verification][54] [55] [56] [57] [58] instead being created by lightning strikes on Earth.[59]
Wickramasinghe and collaborators responded, using X-ray diffraction, oxygen isotope analysis, and scanning electron microscope observations, in a March 2013 paper asserting that the rocks they found were indeed meteorites.[60] Wickramasinghe has since submitted further analyses to the Meteoritical Society with the aim to have Polonnaruwa recognized as a "known meteorite", but the society has not yet made a decision.[citation needed]
Participation in the creation-evolution debate
Wickramasinghe and his mentor Fred Hoyle have also used their data to argue in favor of cosmic ancestry, [61][62][63][64][65][66] and against the idea of life emerging from inanimate objects by evolution.[67]
Once again the Universe gives the appearance of being biologically constructed, and on this occasion on a truly vast scale. Once again those who consider such thoughts to be too outlandish to be taken seriously will continue to do so. While we ourselves shall continue to take the view that those who believe they can match the complexities of the Universe by simple experiments in their laboratories will continue to be disappointed.
Wickramasinghe attempts to present scientific evidence to support the notion of cosmic ancestry and "the possibility of high intelligence in the Universe and of many increasing levels of intelligence converging toward a God as an ideal limit." [68]
During the 1981 scientific creationist trial in Arkansas, Wickramasinghe was the only scientist testifying for the defense, which in turn was supporting creationism.[67][69] In addition, he wrote that the Archaeopteryx fossil finding is a forgery, a charge that the expert scientific community considers an "absurd" and "ignorant" statement.[70][71]
Honours and awards
- Commonwealth Scholar at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1960-1963
- Powell Prize for English Verse, Trinity College, 1961
- Vidya Jyothi from the President of Sri Lanka, 1992
- Honorary DLitt, Sōka University (Japan), 1996
- Doctor of Science (honoris causa), University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, 2004
Books
- Interstellar Grains (Chapman & Hall, London, 1967)[17]
- Light Scattering Functions for Small Particles with Applications in Astronomy (Wiley, New York, 1973)[72]
- Solid-State Astrophysics (ed. with D.J. Morgan) (D. Reidel, Boston, 1975)
- Interstellar Matter (with F.D. Khan & P.G. Mezger) (Swiss Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1974)[73]
- The Cosmic Laboratory (University College of Cardiff, 1975)[74]
- Lifecloud: The Origin of Life in the Universe (with Fred Hoyle) (J.M. Dent, London, 1978)
- Diseases from Space (with Fred Hoyle) (J.M. Dent, London, 1979)[75]
- Origin of Life (with Fred Hoyle) (University College Cardiff Press, 1979)[76]
- Space Travellers: The Bringers of Life (with Fred Hoyle) (University College Cardiff Press, 1981)
- Evolution from Space (with Fred Hoyle) (J.M. Dent, London, 1981) ISBN 978-0-460-04535-3
- Is Life an Astronomical Phenomenon? (University College Cardiff Press, 1982) ISBN 9780906449493
- Why Neo-Darwinism Does Not Work (with Fred Hoyle) (University College Cardiff Press, 1982) ISBN 9780906449509
- Proofs that Life is Cosmic (with Fred Hoyle) (Institute of Fundamental Studies, Sri Lanka, Memoirs no.1, 1982)[77]
- From Grains to Bacteria (with Fred Hoyle) (University College Cardiff Press, 1984) ISBN 9780906449646
- Fundamental Studies and the Future of Science (ed.) (University College Cardiff Press, 1984) ISBN 9780906449578
- Living Comets (with Fred Hoyle) (University College Cardiff Press, 1985) ISBN 9780906449790
- Archaeopteryx, the Primordial Bird (with Fred Hoyle) (Christopher Davies, Swansea, 1986) ISBN 9780715406656
- The Theory of Cosmic Grains (with Fred Hoyle) (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991) ISBN 9780792311898
- Life on Mars? The Case for a Cosmic Heritage (with Fred Hoyle) (Clinical Press, Bristol, 1997) ISBN 9781854570413
- Astronomical Origins of Life: Steps towards Panspermia (with Fred Hoyle) (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2000) ISBN 9780792360810
- Cosmic Dragons: Life and Death on Our Planet (Souvenir Press, London, 2001) ISBN 9780285636064
- Fred Hoyle’s Universe (ed. with G. Burbidge and J. Narlikar) (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2003) ISBN 9781402014154
- A Journey with Fred Hoyle (World Scientific, Singapore, 2005) ISBN 9789812565792
- Comets and the Origin of Life (with J. Wickramasinghe and W. Napier) (World Scientific, Hackensack NJ, 2010) ISBN 9789812814005
- A Journey with Fred Hoyle, Second Edition (World Scientific, Singapore, April 2013) ISBN 9789814436120
Articles
- Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1962. On graphite particles as interstellar grains, Mon.Not.Roy.Astr.Soc. 124, 417-433[15]
- Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1969. Interstellar Grains, Nature 223, 450-462 doi:10.1038/223459a0
- Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1974. Formaldehyde polymers in interstellar space, Nature 252, 462-463[78]
- Wickramasinghe, N.C., Hoyle, F., Brooks, J. and Shaw, G., 1977. Prebiotic polymers and infrared spectra of galactic sources, Nature 269, 674-676 doi:10.1038/269674a0
- Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1977. Identification of the λ2,200A interstellar absorption feature, Nature 270, 323-324[78]
- Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1977. Primitive grain clumps and organic compounds in carbonaceous chondrites, Nature, 264, 45-46[79]
- Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1977. Polysaccharides and infrared spectra of galactic sources, Nature 268, 610-612[80]
- Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1979. On the nature of interstellar grains, Astrophysics and Space Science 66, 77-90 doi:10.1007/BF00648361
- Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1979. Biochemical chromophores and the interstellar extinction at ultraviolet wavelengths, Astrophysics and Space Science 65, 241-244 doi:10.1007/BF00643503
- Hoyle, F., Wickramasinghe, N.C., S. Al-Mufti et al., 1982. Infrared spectroscopy over the 2.9-3.9μm waveband in biochemistry and astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Science 83, 405-409 doi:10.1023/A:1002417307802
- Hoyle, F., Wickramasinghe, N.C., S. Al-Mufti, 1982. Organo-siliceous biomolecules and the infrared spectrum of the Trapezium nebula, Astrophysics and Space Science 86, 63-69 doi:10.1007/BF00651830
- Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1983. Bacterial life in space, Nature 306, 420 doi:10.1038/306420a0
- Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1986. The case for life as a cosmic phenomenon, Nature 322, 509-511[81]
- Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1990. Influenza – evidence against contagion, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 83. 258-261[82]
- Napier, W.M., Wickramasinghe, J.T, Wickramasinghe, N.C., 2007. The origin of life in comets, International Journal of Astrobiology 6(4), 321-323 doi:10.1017/S1473550407003941
- Rauf, K. and Wickramasinghe, C., 2010. Evidence for biodegradation products in the interstellar medium, International Journal of Astrobiology 9(1), 29-34 doi:10.1017/S1473550409990334
- Wickramasinghe, N. C., 2010. The astrobiological case for our cosmic ancestry, International Journal of Astrobiology 9(2), 119–129 doi:10.1017/S1473550409990413
- Wickramasinghe, N.C., Wallis, J., Wallis, D.H., Schild, R.E. and Gibson, C.H., 2012. Life-bearing planets in the solar vicinity, Astrophysics and Space Science 341.2, 295-9 DOI: 10.1007/s10509-012-1092-8
- Chandra Wickramasinghe, A Journey with Fred Hoyle: The Search for Cosmic Life, World Scientific Publishing, 2005, ISBN 981-238-912-1
- Janaki Wickramasinghe, Chandra Wickramasinghe and William Napier, Comets and the Origin of Life, World Scientific Publishing, 2009, ISBN 981-256-635-X
- Chandra Wickramasinghe and Daisaku Ikeda, Space and Eternal Life, Journeyman Press, 1998, ISBN 1-85172-060-X
References
- ^ Chown, Marcus (9 April 2005). "The Scientific Legacy of Fred Hoyle". NewScientist. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
- ^ BCAB. "The Buckingham Centre for Astrobiology (BCAB)". Retrieved 16 July 2013.
- ^ Wickramasinghe, Chandra (2013). A Journey with Fred Hoyle. New York: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. ISBN 978-981-4436-12-0.
- ^ Napier, W.M. (2007). "Pollination of exoplanets by nebulae". Int.J.Astrobiol. 6 (3): 223–228.
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(help) - ^ Line, M.A. (2007). "Panspermia in the context of the timing of the origin of life and microbial phylogeny". Int. J. Astrobiol. 3. 6: 249–254.
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requires|url=
(help) - ^ Wickramasinghe, D. T. & Allen, D. A. The 3.4-µm interstellar absorption feature. Nature 287, 518−519 (1980). Allen, D. A. & Wickramasinghe, D. T. Diffuse interstellar absorption bands between 2.9 and 4.0 µm. Nature 294, 239−240 (1981). Wickramasinghe, D. T. & Allen, D. A. Three components of 3–4 μm absorption bands. Astrophys. Space Sci. 97, 369−378 (1983).
- ^ Wickramasinghe, Chandra. "Rosetta Mission". Rosetta Radio Science Investigations. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
- ^ Wickramasinghe, Chandra (10 January 2013). "Fossil Diatoms in a new Carbonaceous Meteorite". Journal of Cosmology. 21 (37).
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
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|doi=10.1017/S1473550410000157
instead. - ^ "Altimatrix Consulting". Retrieved 16 July 2013.
- ^ Connor, Steve (2011-03-01). "We're all aliens... how humans began life in outer space". The Independent. The Independent.
- ^ Ikeda, Daisaku (1998). Space and Eternal Life: A Dialogue Between Chandra Wickramasinghe and Daisaku Ikeda. Journeyman Press. ISBN 9781851720613.
- ^ "Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe — University of Buckingham". Buckingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
- ^ "BBC News". UK National News Service. 7 September 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
- ^ a b "This Week's Citation Classic" (PDF). ISI Current Contents. 1986-06-02. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
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- ^ a b "Interstellar grains (Book, 1967)". [WorldCat.org] . Retrieved 2013-01-18.
- ^ Nature, vol: 252, 462, 1974; and Nature,Vol 268, 610, 1977.
- ^ Wickramasinghe, D. T. & Allen, D. A. The 3.4-µm interstellar absorption feature. Nature 287, 518−519 (1980). Allen, D. A. & Wickramasinghe, D. T. Diffuse interstellar absorption bands between 2.9 and 4.0 µm. Nature 294, 239−240 (1981). Wickramasinghe, D. T. & Allen, D. A. Three components of 3–4 μm absorption bands. Astrophys. Space Sci. 97, 369−378 (1983).
- ^ Fred Hoyle, Chandra Wickramasinghe and John Watson (1986). Viruses from Space and Related Matters. University College Cardiff Press.
- ^ Rauf, K (2010). "Evidence for biodegradation products in the interstellar medium". Int.J.Astrobiol. 9 (1): 29–34.
{{cite journal}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Wickramasinghe, C. (2010). "The astrobiological case for our cosmic ancestry". International Journal of Astrobiology. 9 (2): 119–129.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Wickramasinghe, C. (2011). "Bacterial morphologies supporting cometary panspermia: a reappraisal". International Journal of Astrobiology. 10 (1): 25–30.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Secker, Jeff (26 Jul 1996). "Astrophysical and Biological Constraints on Radiopanspermia" (PDF). arXiv.org. PMID 11540166. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
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: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b Hoyle, Fred (1985). Living Comets. Cardiff: University College, Cardiff Press.
- ^ a b Wickramasinghe, Chandra (June 2011). "Viva Panspermia". The Observatory.
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:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ a b Wesson, P (2010). "Panspermia, Past and Present: Astrophysical and Biophysical Conditions for the Dissemination of Life in Space". Sp. Sci.Rev. 1-4. 156: 239–252.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ a b Hoyle, Fred (1982). "Proofs that Life is Cosmic" (PDF). Mem. Inst. Fund. Studies Sri Lanka. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Hoyle, Fred (1986). "The case for life as a cosmic phenomenon". Nature. 322 (509).
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Napier, W.M. (2004). "A mechanism for interstellar panspermia". Mon. Not.R. astr. Soc. 348: 46–51.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Hoyle, Fred (1981). Evolution from Space. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.
- ^ Hoyle, Fred (1981). Comets - a vehicle for panspermia. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Co. p. 227.
- ^ a b Wallis, M.K. (2004). "Interstellar transfer of planetary microbiota". Mon. Not.R. astr. Soc. 348: 52–57.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Hoyle, Fred (1979). Diseases from Space. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.
- ^ Hoyle, Fred (1990). "Influenza – evidence against contagion". J.Roy.Soc.Med.,. 83: 258–261.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Hoyle, Fred (2000). Astronomical Origins of Life: Steps towards Panspermia. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
- ^ Wickramasinghe, Chandra (1998). "MILLER-UREY SYNTHESIS IN THE NUCLEI OF GALAXIES". Astrophys. Space Sci. 259: 99–103.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Hoyle, Fred (1999). ASTRONOMICAL ORIGINS OF LIFE; STEPS TOWARDS PANSPERMIA. Kluwer Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-7923-6081-0.
- ^ Melanie J. Harris, N.C. Wickramasinghe, David Lloyd et al., Proc SPIE, vol 4495, p192)
- ^ Shivaji, S., Chaturvedi, P., Begum, Z. et al, 2009. Janibacter hoylei sp.nov., Bacillus isronensis sp.nov. and Bacillus aryabhattai sp.nov. isolated from cryotubes used for collecting air from the upper atmosphere, Int.J.Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59, 2977-2986 doi:10.1099/ijs.0.002527-0
- ^ Yang, Y., Yokobori, S., Kawaguchi, J., et al, 2005. Investigation of cultivable microorganisms in the stratosphere collected by using a balloon in 2005, JAXA Research Development Report, JAXA-RR-08-001, 35-42
- ^ Yang, Y.; Yokobori, S.; Yamagishi, A. (2009). "Assessing panspermia hypothesis by microorganisms collected in the high altitude atmosphere" (PDF). Biol. Sci. Space. 23 (3): 151–163.
- ^ Red rain in Kerala
- ^ a b Joseph Patrick Byrne (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues. ABC-CLIO. pp. 454–455. ISBN 978-0-313-34102-1.
- ^ Wickramasinghe, C (2003 May 24). "SARS—a clue to its origins?". Lancet. 361 (9371): 1832. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13440-X. PMID 12781581.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Willerslev, E (2003 Aug 2). "Panspermia--true or false?". Lancet. 362 (9381): 406, author reply 407–8. PMID 12907025.
{{cite journal}}
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Bhargava, PM (2003 Aug 2). "Panspermia--true or false?". Lancet. 362 (9381): 407, author reply 407–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14041-X. PMID 12907028.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ Ponce de Leon, S (2003 Aug 2). "Panspermia--true or false?". Lancet. 362 (9381): 406–7, author reply 407-8. PMID 12907026.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Segura, M.D., Gabriela (07 May 2011). "New Light on the Black Death: The Viral and Cosmic Connection". The Dot Connector Magazine. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ a b c Wickramasinghe, Chandra (10 January 2013). "Fossil Diatoms in a New Carbonaceous Meteorite" (PDF). Journal of Cosmology. 22. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
{{cite journal}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Wickramasinghe, Chandra (13 January 2013). "On the cometary origin of the Polonnaruwa meteorite" (PDF). Journal of Cosmology. 21 (38). Retrieved 2013-01-16.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Wickramasinghe, Chandra (10 Jan 2013). "Fossil Diatoms in a new Carbonaceous Meteorite" (PDF). Journal of Cosmology. 21 (37). Retrieved 6 August 2013.
{{cite journal}}
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "Polonnaruwa meteorite with evidence of life from outer space described the most important find in 500 years". LankaWeb. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
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(help) - ^ N.C. Wickramasinghe, N.C. (4 February 2013). "Authenticity of the life-bearing Polonnaruwa meteorite" (PDF). Journal of Cosmology. Retrieved 2013-02-04.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Wickramasinghe, Chandra (4 Feb 2013). "AUTHENTICITY OF THE LIFE-BEARING POLONNARUWA METEORITE". Journal of Cosmology. 21 (39).
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Text "http://journalofcosmology.com/JOC21/Polonnaruwa5R.pdf" ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Wickramasinghe, Chandra (8 Feb 2013). "LIVING DIATOMS IN THE POLONNARUWA METEORITE - POSSIBLE LINK TO RED AND YELLOW RAIN" (PDF). Journal of Cosmology. 21 (40). Retrieved 6 August 2013.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Wallis, Jamie (5 March 2013). "The Polonnaruwa Meteorite - Oxygen Isotope, Crystalline and Biological Composition" (PDF). Journal of Cosmology. 22 (2). Retrieved 6 August 2013.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "Meteors from outer space made definitive land fall in Aralaganwila says Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe". Hiru News. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
- ^ "Aralaganwila stones are not meteors; says Peradeniya University". Hiru FM News. 14 January. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Wallis, Jamie (5 March 2013). "The Polonnaruwa Meteorite : Oxygen Isotope, Crystalline and Biological Composition". Journal of Cosmology. 22 (2).
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:|access-date=
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Creationism versus Darwinism. Published in Darwinism, Design, and Public Education, Michigan State University Press, 2003 ISBN 978-0870136757
- ^ Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe. Evolution from Space: A Theory of Cosmic Creationism, Touchstone, 1984 ISBN 0-671-49263-2
- ^ Wickramasinghe and Hoyle, Our Place in the Cosmos: The Unfinished Revolution, J.M. Dent & Sons, 1993 ISBN 978-0460860840
- ^ Fred Hoyle, Evolution From Space (The Omni Lecture) and Other Papers on the Origin of Life, (Enslow; Hillside, NJ; 1982 ISBN 978-0894900839
- ^ Figures don't Lie but Creationists Figure. By Alec Grynspan ( 9 November 1997)
- ^ Gangappa, Rajkumar; Wickramasinghe; Wainwright; Kumar; Louis (29 Aug 2010). Hoover, Richard B; Levin, Gilbert V; Rozanov, Alexei Y; Davies, Paul C. W (eds.). "Growth and replication of red rain cells at 121°C and their red fluorescence" (PDF). ArXiv.org. Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology XIII. 7819: 18. Bibcode:2010SPIE.7819E..18G. doi:10.1117/12.876393. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=
(help) - ^ a b Fred Hoyle; Chandra Wickramasinghe (1986). Archaeopteryx, the Primordial Bird: A Case of Fossil Forgery. Christopher Davies. p. 135. ISBN 0715406655.
- ^ Fry, Iris, Emergence of Life on Earth: A Historical and Scientific Overview, Rutgers University Press, 2000 ISBN 978-0813527406
- ^ Phy-Olsen, Allene, Evolution, Creationism, and Intelligent Design, Greenwood, 2010, pp 74-75 ISBN 978-0313378416
- ^ Charig, A. J. (1986). "Archaeopteryx is not a forgery". Science. 232 (4750): 622–626. Bibcode:1986Sci...232..622C. doi:10.1126/science.232.4750.622. PMID 17781413.
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "A Case of Fossil Forgery?". AskWhy. 18 November 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
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- ^ "Proofs that life is Cosmic (Book, 1982)". [WorldCat.org] . Retrieved 2013-01-18.
- ^ a b Wickramasinghe, N. C. "Formaldehyde polymers in interstellar Space" (PDF). Cosmology Science Publishers. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
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(help) - ^ F., Hoyle; N. C., Wickramasinghe (1976-11-04). "Primitive grain clumps and organic compounds in carbonaceous chondrites" (PDF). Nature. 264. Nature Publishing Group. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
- ^ F., Hoyle; N. C., Wickramasinghe (1977-08-18). "Polysaccharides and infrared spectra of galactic sources" (PDF). Nature. 268. Nature Publishing Group. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
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- ^ Hoyle, F.; Wickramasinghe, N. C. (1990). "Influenza-evidence against contagion: discussion paper". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83 (4). Royal Society of Medicine: 258–261. PMC 1292615. PMID 2342043.
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External links
- Buckingham Centre for Astrobiology (BCAB)
- Review of Space and Eternal Life
- A panspermic view of life Interview with N. Chandra Wickramasinghe
- Star treatment for astronomer
- Professor Wickramasinghe Bio
- 'Life from space' expert loses funding
- Professor Wickramasinghe's profile at the University of Buckingham
- Biography in Debrett's People of Today
- Scintilla Issue 1(1997) ‘Speech’; ‘Monsoon’; ‘The Chase’; ‘Evening’
- Interviews