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#REDIRECT [[Suret language]] |
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{{pp-semi-indef}} |
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{{R with Wikidata item}} |
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{{Infobox language |
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|name = Chaldean Neo-Aramaic |
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|altname = Sūreṯ |
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|nativename = <span dir="rtl">ܣܘܪܝܬ</span> |
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|pronunciation = [[Help:IPA for Aramaic|[ˈsu:rɪtʰ]]] |
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|states= [[Iraq]], [[Turkey]] |
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|region=[[Mosul]], [[Ninawa]]; now also [[Baghdad]] and [[Basra]] |
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|speakers= 241,610 |
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|date=2019 |
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|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cld|title=Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> |
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|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic |
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|fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]] |
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|fam3=[[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] |
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|fam4=[[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]] |
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|fam5=[[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] |
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|fam6=[[Eastern Aramaic languages|Eastern Aramaic]] |
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|fam7=[[Northeastern Neo-Aramaic|Northeastern]] |
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|script=[[Syriac alphabet|Syriac]] |
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|iso3=cld |
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|image= Sureth.png |
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|imagesize=150px |
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|imagecaption= '''Sūret''' written in Syriac <br>(Madnḥaya script) |
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|glotto=chal1275 |
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|glottorefname=Chaldean Neo-Aramaic |
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}} |
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'''Chaldean Neo-Aramaic''', or simply '''Chaldean''', is a [[Northeastern Neo-Aramaic]] language<ref>[[Arthur John Maclean|Maclean, Arthur John]] (1895). ''Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, northwest Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul''. Cambridge University Press, London.</ref> spoken throughout a large region stretching from the [[Nineveh plains]], in northern Iraq, together with parts of southeastern Turkey. |
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Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is [[mutual intelligibility|closely related]] to [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]], where it is considered a dialect of that language. Most [[Assyrian_people|Assyrians]] in Iraq, Iran and the Khabour River Valley in Syria speak either the Chaldean Neo-Aramaic or Assyrian Neo-Aramaic variety, two varieties of ''Suret''. Despite the two terms seeming to indicate a separate religious or even ethnic identity, both dialects or languages and their native speakers originate from and are indigenous to the same [[Upper Mesopotamia]]n region (what was [[Assyria]] between the 9th century BC and 7th century BC).<ref>Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Northeastern Neo-Aramaic". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</ref><ref>Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List</ref><ref>Khan 2008, pp. 6</ref> |
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== History == |
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[[File:Assyrian Gospel 1.jpg|thumb|260px|An 18th-century Assyrian Gospel Book from the [[Urmia]] region of [[Iran]].]] |
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[[Imperial Aramaic]] was adopted as the second language of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] by [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] in the 8th century BC in account of the mostly Aramaic population in areas conquered west of the Euphrates. On the Western periphery of Assyria there had been widespread Aramean-[[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] bilingualism at least since the mid-9th century BC. Aramaic would supplant Akkadian throughout the entire empire.<ref>[http://aramaic-dem.org/English/History/ON%20THE%20ROLE%20OF%20ARAMAIC%20IN%20THE%20ASSYRIAN%20EMPIRE%20-%20Hayim%20Tadmor%20.pdf]</ref> |
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Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is one of a number of modern [[Northeastern Aramaic languages]] spoken by Syriac Christians native to the northern region of [[Iraq]] from [[Kirkuk]] through the [[Nineveh plains]], [[Irbil]] and [[Mosul]] to [[Dohuk]], [[Urmia]] in northwestern [[Iran]], northeastern [[Syria]] (particularly the [[Al Hasakah]] region) and in southeast [[Turkey]], particularly [[Hakkari]], [[Bohtan]], [[Harran]], [[Tur Abdin]], [[Mardin]] and [[Diyarbakir]]. The [[Assyrian Christian]] dialects have been heavily influenced by [[Classical Syriac]], the literary language of the [[Church of the East]] and the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] in antiquity. Therefore, Christian Neo-Aramaic has a dual heritage: literary [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and colloquial [[Neo-Assyrian]] [[Eastern Aramaic]]. The closely related dialects are often collectively called ''Soureth'', or ''Syriac ''in [[Iraqi Arabic]]. |
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[[Jews]] and [[Mandeans]] speak different dialects of Aramaic that are often mutually unintelligible. |
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==Dialects== |
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[[File:Chaldeandialect.ogg|thumb|right|Sample of the standard Chaldean dialect. The frequent usage of /ħ/ and /ʕ/ makes it similar sounding to the [[Western Aramaic]] languages (voice by Bishop Amel Shamon Nona).]] |
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Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic originate in the [[Nineveh Plains]] and [[Upper Mesopotamia]], a region which was an integral part of ancient Assyria between the 9th century BC and 7th century BC. Chaldean (Assyrian) Neo-Aramaic bears a resemblance to the Assyrian tribal dialects of [[Tyari]] and [[Barwari|Barwar]] in the [[Hakkari Province]], although the Assyrian dialects do not use the [[Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]]s /ħ/ and /ʕ/. |
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[[List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Loanwords]] of Arabic, Persian and Kurdish origin exist in the language, as with Assyrian. |
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==Phonology== |
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===Consonants=== |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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|+ Table of Chaldean Neo-Aramaic consonant phonemes |
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|- |
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! rowspan=2 colspan=2| |
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! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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! colspan=4|[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
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! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] |
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! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] |
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! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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|- |
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! colspan=2|<small>plain</small> || colspan=2|<small>[[pharyngealization|emphatic]]</small> |
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|- align=center |
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! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|m}} |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | ||style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|n}} |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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|- align=center |
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! colspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|b}} |
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| colspan=2| |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|tˤ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | |
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| colspan=2| |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|k}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|ɡ}} |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|q}} || style="border-left: 0;" | |
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| colspan=2| |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|ʔ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | |
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|- align=center |
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! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
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! <small>[[sibilant]]</small> |
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| colspan=2| |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|s}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|z}} |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|sˤ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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|- align=center |
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! <small>non-sibilant</small> |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|f}} || style="border-left: 0;" | |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|θ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|ð}} |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|x}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|ɣ}} |
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| colspan=2| |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|ħ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|ʕ}} |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|h}} || style="border-left: 0;" | |
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|- align=center |
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! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|w}} |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|l}} |
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| colspan=2| |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|j}} |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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|- align=center |
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! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] |
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| colspan=2| |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|r}} |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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| colspan=2| |
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|} |
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*The Chaldean dialects are generally characterised by the presence of the fricatives {{IPA|/θ/}} (''th'') and {{IPA|/ð/}} (''dh'') which correspond to {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}, respectively, in other Assyrian dialects (excluding the [[Tyari]] dialect). However, the standard or educational form of Chaldean would realize the consonants {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} as {{IPA|/tˤ/}}. |
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*Most Chaldean Neo-Aramaic varieties would use the phoneme of {{IPA|/f/}}, which corresponds to {{IPA|/p/}} in most of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic dialects (excluding the Tyari dialect). |
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*In some Chaldean dialects {{IPA|/r/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|ɹ}}. In others, it is either a [[Tap consonant|tap]] {{IPAblink|ɾ}} or a [[Trill consonant|trill]] {{IPAblink|r}}. |
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*Unlike in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, the [[guttural]] sounds of {{IPAblink|ʕ}} and {{IPAblink|ħ}} are used predominantly in Chaldean varieties; this is a feature also seen in other [[Northeastern Neo-Aramaic]] languages.<ref>*Beyer, Klaus (1986). ''The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions''. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. {{ISBN|3-525-53573-2}}.</ref> |
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===Vowels=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |
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|- |
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! |
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! Front |
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! Central |
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! Back |
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|- |
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! Close |
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| {{IPA link|i}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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! Mid |
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| {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
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| {{IPA link|ə}} |
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| {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
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|- |
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! Open |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|ä|a}} |
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| {{IPA link|ɑ}} |
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|} |
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==Script== |
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Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is written in the ''Madenhaya'' version of the [[Syriac alphabet]], which is also used for classical Syriac. The ''School of Alqosh'' produced religious poetry in the colloquial Neo-Aramaic rather than classical Syriac in the 17th century prior to the founding of the Chaldean Catholic Church and the naming of the dialect as ''Chaldean Neo-Aramaic'', and the Dominican Press in [[Mosul]] has produced a number of books in the language. [[Romanization of Syriac]] may be used to transliterate the Syriac script into [[Latin script|Latin]]. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Aramaic language]] |
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*[[Eastern Aramaic languages]] |
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*[[Syriac language]] |
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*[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]] |
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*[[Chaldean Catholic Church]] |
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*[[Syriac Orthodox Church]] |
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*[[Syriac Christianity]] |
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*[[Syriac alphabet]] |
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*[[Terms for Syriac Christians]] |
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*[[Name of Syria]] |
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*[[List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]] |
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*[[Chaldea]] |
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*[[Babylonia]] |
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== Notes == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== References == |
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* [[Wolfhart Heinrichs|Heinrichs, Wolfhart]] (ed.) (1990). ''Studies in Neo-Aramaic''. Scholars Press: Atlanta, Georgia. {{ISBN|1-55540-430-8}}. |
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* [[Arthur John Maclean|Maclean, Arthur John]] (1895). ''Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul''. Cambridge University Press, London. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Low Winter Sun#Cast|Dani Khalil]] - a Chaldean homicide detective in ''Low Winter Sun'' |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chaldeanneoaramaic.htm Eastern Syriac script for Chaldean Neo-Aramaic] at ''Omniglot'' |
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* [http://semarch.uni-hd.de/dokumentgruppen.php4?ST_ID=5&DT_ID=42 Semitisches Tonarchiv: Dokumentgruppe "Aramäisch/Neuostaramäisch (christl.)" (text in German)]. |
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{{Neo-Aramaic}} |
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{{Assyrian topics}} |
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[[Category:Eastern Aramaic languages]] |
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[[Category:Neo-Aramaic languages]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Iraq]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Iran]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Syriac languages]] |
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[[Category:Endangered Afroasiatic languages]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Kurdistan]] |
Latest revision as of 14:18, 1 February 2023
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