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{{Short description|Subdiscipline of chemistry}} |
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'''Carbohydrate chemistry''' is a subdiscipline of [[chemistry]] primarily concerned with the synthesis, structure, and function of [[carbohydrate]]s. Due to the general structure of carbohydrates, their synthesis is often preoccupied with the selective formation of glycosidic linkages and the selective reaction of hydroxyl groups; as a result, it relies heavily on the use of [[protecting groups]]. |
'''Carbohydrate chemistry''' is a subdiscipline of [[chemistry]] primarily concerned with the detection, synthesis, structure, and function of [[carbohydrate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Klaus |last1=Ruppersberg |first2=Hanne |last2=Rautenstrauch |first3=Stefan |last3=Thomsen |title=Know Thy Carbs! Safer Carbohydrate Detection Methods for School Labs – Part 1 |journal=ChemistryViews |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=5 April 2022 |doi=10.1002/chemv.202200022 |s2cid=247988541 |url=}}</ref> Due to the general structure of carbohydrates, their synthesis is often preoccupied with the selective formation of glycosidic linkages and the selective reaction of hydroxyl groups; as a result, it relies heavily on the use of [[protecting groups]]. |
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==Monosaccharides== |
==Monosaccharides== |
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==Carbohydrate synthesis== |
==Carbohydrate synthesis== |
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{{Main|Carbohydrate synthesis}} |
{{Main|Carbohydrate synthesis}} |
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[[Carbohydrate synthesis]] is a sub-field of [[organic chemistry]] concerned specifically with the generation of natural and unnatural [[carbohydrate]] structures. This can include the synthesis of [[monosaccharide]] residues or structures containing more than one monosaccharide, known as [[oligosaccharides]]. |
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==Glycosidic bond formation== |
==Glycosidic bond formation== |
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==Protecting groups== |
==Protecting groups== |
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* [[Carbohydrate acetalisation]] |
* [[Carbohydrate acetalisation]] |
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* [[Trimethylsilyl]] |
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* [[Benzyl]] Ether |
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* para-methoxybenzyl ether |
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==Oligosaccharides== |
==Oligosaccharides== |
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* [[Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation]] |
* [[Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation]] |
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* [[Amadori rearrangement]] |
* [[Amadori rearrangement]] |
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* [[Nef reaction]] |
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* [[Wohl degradation]] |
* [[Wohl degradation]] |
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* [[Tipson-Cohen reaction]] |
* [[Tipson-Cohen reaction]] |
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==Functions of carbohydrates== |
==Functions of carbohydrates== |
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Carbohydrates have |
Carbohydrates have four major functions within the body: |
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# Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of [[glucose]] |
# Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of [[glucose]] |
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# Avoiding the [[Amino acid catabolism|breakdown of amino acids]] for energy |
# Avoiding the [[Amino acid catabolism|breakdown of amino acids]] for energy |
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# Avoiding [[ketosis]] from the breakdown of fatty acids |
# Avoiding [[ketosis]] from the breakdown of fatty acids |
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# Cellular and recognition |
# Cellular and protein recognition |
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# [[Dietary fiber]] |
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===Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of glucose=== |
===Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of glucose=== |
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{{main|Glycoprotein|Major histocompatibility complex|ABO blood group system|Antibody}} |
{{main|Glycoprotein|Major histocompatibility complex|ABO blood group system|Antibody}} |
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Glycoprotein [[hormone]]s may be removed by the liver from the bloodstream when the passage of time causes the breaking-off of carbohydrates from the glycoproteins.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} |
Glycoprotein [[hormone]]s may be removed by the liver from the bloodstream when the passage of time causes the breaking-off of carbohydrates from the glycoproteins.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} |
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===Dietary fiber=== |
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{{main|Dietary fiber}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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===Carbohydrate |
===Carbohydrate structure=== |
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* [[Carbohydrate]] |
* [[Carbohydrate]] |
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* [[Carbohydrate |
* [[Carbohydrate conformation]] |
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* [[Monosaccharide]] |
* [[Monosaccharide]] |
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* [[Polysaccharide]] |
* [[Polysaccharide]] |
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===Carbohydrate function |
===Carbohydrate function and biology=== |
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* [[Glycobiology]] |
* [[Glycobiology]] |
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* [[Glycomics]] |
* [[Glycomics]] |
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* [[Organic synthesis]] |
* [[Organic synthesis]] |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* {{Commons category-inline}} |
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* [http://www.sparknotes.com/health/carbohydrates/section2.rhtml Functions of Carbohydrates] |
* [http://www.sparknotes.com/health/carbohydrates/section2.rhtml Functions of Carbohydrates] |
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[[Category:Carbohydrate chemistry| ]] |
[[Category:Carbohydrate chemistry| ]] |
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[[Category:Carbohydrates]] |
[[Category:Carbohydrates]] |
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[[Category:Chemical synthesis]] |
[[Category:Chemical synthesis]] |
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{{Organic-chem-stub}} |
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{{Biochem-stub}} |
Latest revision as of 12:45, 31 March 2024
Carbohydrate chemistry is a subdiscipline of chemistry primarily concerned with the detection, synthesis, structure, and function of carbohydrates.[1] Due to the general structure of carbohydrates, their synthesis is often preoccupied with the selective formation of glycosidic linkages and the selective reaction of hydroxyl groups; as a result, it relies heavily on the use of protecting groups.
Monosaccharides
Individual saccharide residues are termed monosaccharides.
Carbohydrate synthesis
Carbohydrate synthesis is a sub-field of organic chemistry concerned specifically with the generation of natural and unnatural carbohydrate structures. This can include the synthesis of monosaccharide residues or structures containing more than one monosaccharide, known as oligosaccharides.
Glycosidic bond formation
Protecting groups
- Carbohydrate acetalisation
- Trimethylsilyl
- Benzyl Ether
- para-methoxybenzyl ether
Oligosaccharides
Reactions of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are reactants in many organic reactions. For example:
- Cyanohydrin reaction
- Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation
- Amadori rearrangement
- Wohl degradation
- Tipson-Cohen reaction
- Ferrier rearrangement
- Ferrier II reaction
Functions of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates have four major functions within the body:
- Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of glucose
- Avoiding the breakdown of amino acids for energy
- Avoiding ketosis from the breakdown of fatty acids
- Cellular and protein recognition
Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of glucose
Avoiding the breakdown of amino acids for energy
Avoiding ketosis from the breakdown of fatty acids
Cellular and protein recognition
Glycoprotein hormones may be removed by the liver from the bloodstream when the passage of time causes the breaking-off of carbohydrates from the glycoproteins.[citation needed]
See also
Carbohydrate structure
- Anomeric effect
- Carbohydrate
- Carbohydrate conformation
- Disaccharide
- Glycosidic bond
- Monosaccharide
- Polysaccharide
Carbohydrate function and biology
References
- ^ Ruppersberg, Klaus; Rautenstrauch, Hanne; Thomsen, Stefan (5 April 2022). "Know Thy Carbs! Safer Carbohydrate Detection Methods for School Labs – Part 1". ChemistryViews. doi:10.1002/chemv.202200022. S2CID 247988541.
External links
- Media related to Carbohydrate chemistry at Wikimedia Commons
- Functions of Carbohydrates