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Captain Richard Tappin Claridge, F.S.A. (b. ca 1797[1]/1799[2][a] - d.?), was born in Farnborough, Warwickshire[2] the son of James and Hannah Claridge,[1][2] and descendent of church minister and subsequent Quaker, Richard Claridge. Rev. James Claridge was himself a curate in the Established Church.[2]
Richard Tappin Claridge is himself best known for his prominent promotion of hydropathy, now known as hydrotherapy, in the 1840s. It was also known as the Cold Water system or Cold Water cure.[b] Claridge is widely credited with introducing the methods of Vincent Priessnitz to England, thus initiating the populist movement of the time.[3][c] Indeed, much of what is popularly known about Priessnitz in the English-speaking world comes from two seminal publications: Claridge's Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practiced by Vincent Priessnitz... (1842 & 1843),[4][5][6] and Richard Metcalfe's Life of Vincent Priessnitz (1898),[7] with Metcalfe himself drawing on Claridge.
Claridge was a man of independent means, who had attended Priessnitz's establishment at Graefenberg along with his wife, a nanny and two young children, the oldest of which was a daughter, then aged four.[4][5][6] He claimed that his promotion of hydropathy was "completely philanthropic. Having gained my own health and saved the life of my daughter at Graefenberg, and having witnessed most astounding cures there”, he wanted to promote this system.[8]
Before his prominence as a hydropathy promoter, Claridge tried his hand in other fields. This included a partnership as a boot and shoe-maker, with the partnership dissolving on February 7 1824.[9][10] [11] And as a wine merchant, through at least May 1824 to August 1825, and where early on, he found himself as a potential creditor of a bankrupt[12][13][14]
However, it was another field where Claridge first became prominent, namely that of pioneering the use of asphalt paving in the United Kingdom, which he embarked on after returning from a tour of Europe in 1836.[15][16] He also served with the Middlesex Militia, attaining the rank of captain,[2] before resigning in 1854.[17]
Before Hydropathy
In 1836, prior to his involvement in the promotion of hydropathy, Claridge journeyed through Europe, making notes along the way, from which he published his first known work in 1837, titled A Guide Along the Danube..., for which he wrote the preface on May 1st 1837, at Venice.[18] This was a tour guide for travel down the Danube, made possible by recent socio-political developments and "the establishment of steam navigation throughout the entire length of the Danube, the Black Sea, the Bosphorous, the Arhipeligo, and the Adriatic," which "converted what was hitherto a journey of toil and danger into one of unmixed pleasure and enjoyment".[19]
On June 10th 1837, Bent's Monthly Literary Advertiser carried a brief advertisement announcing the pending release of the book by "Richard T. Claridge, Esq.", with the announcement comprising the book's lengthy title, and noting "Observations on the recent political and social changes in Turkey and Greece.[20] A second edition, with numerous additions, was published in 1839, which Claridge states was prompted by "very favourable reception" of the first edition.[21] One review described it as appearing to convey, "in a concise manner, the necessary directions for a traveller to make a very interesting and instructive tour at the least possible expenditure of both time and money".[22] The second edition incorporated a range of new material, including:
in addition to the voyage down the Danube, and the tour of Constantinople, Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, &c., the route from Paris to the Mediterannean, via Marseilles and Malta - the route from Paris to Ancona, via Geneva and Milan - the routes from Paris to Munich, via Nancy, Strasbourg, Badenbaden; and via Metz and Frankfort - the route from Munich to Venice and Trieste, via the Tyrol - the routes from London to the Rhine and the Danube - and the route from Alexandria to Cairo, &c., on the way to India.[23]
In these publications, Claridge was not yet known as Captain, a title which he only commenced using from the publication of Hydropathy in 1842 onwards. In 1839, Claridge was promoted from Gentleman to Lieutenant in the Royal Westminster Middlesex Regiment of Militia,[24] then in 1842 he was promoted to Captain,[25] before eventually resigning on 24 June 1854.[17] In the meantime, between his 1836 tour of the European Continent, and his hydropathic adventures from the 1840s onwards, Claridge embarked on some pioneering business ventures in asphalt pavement, obtaining some patents, and setting up a company.[16]
Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company
The first asphalt patent in Britain was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834.[26] But it was Claridge's efforts that were to give the industry impetus. On 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge (then a "Salisbury Street, gentleman") patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement,[16][27] having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain.[28] In 1838, Claridge (listed as a gent of 8 Regent St., Middlesex)[29] obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 he sought to extend the duration of all three patents.[26][30][31][32] He formed Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France",[33] and "laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall".[34] Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks,[33][35] "and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". [35] "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company[36] (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry".[31] Per response to a query on Claridge, "in 1839, the offices of the company were at Stangate, Westminster, as appears in an advertisement in the Athenaeum of 4 May, 1838, p.342".[35]
Although asphalt use took off in the 1830s, Mechanic's Magazine noted the existence of a pamphlet from 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys" stating he had discovered large quantities of asphaltum in the vicinity of Neufchatel, and that prior to his discovery, asphaltum was only known to exist in the Dead Sea. Mechanics Magazine added "we wonder, by-the-bye, no 'Dead Sea Asphalt Company' has yet made its appearance in the market", and wondering whether the lack of such a market take-off in two centuries hinted at limitations of the product.[37] Nevertheless, "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production".[38][39] Indeed in 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity over asphalt, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 1800s.[40][41][42] On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the priority of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s"[38]
In the 1870s, Claridge's company took over asphalt production at Pyrimont Wharf, in Cubitt Town. "The manufacturing process employed at Cubitt Town involved the heating of bituminous limestone in six large uncovered cauldrons, producing vapours considered offensive by many local residents. The material was employed predominantly for covering and protecting the foundations of buildings. It was employed, for example, at the Tobacco Stores at the Victoria Docks."[43][44]
Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company ceased operating in 1917,[45][43] after becoming insolvent following the failure of a joint venture entered into in 1914. [46] This case itself is sometimes cited in corporate law, as an early example of exemption from legal liability where the directors of a company sought and obtained legal advice in good faith.[47][48][49]
Apart from the asphalt patents, on 26 April 1842, a composition called "oropholithe" was patented by Claridge and two others, namely Richard Hodgson, and Raoul Armand Joseph Jean Comte de la Chatre (patent #9331).[16][50][51] This was a composition used "in preparing fabrics for covering floors, roofs, and other surfaces", which involved coating the fabric on one side for dry applications, or both sides "for roofs and other surfaces exposed to wet and damp".[51]
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Hydropathy and beyond
Claridge wrote a number of works, but his best known, and most widely cited publication was Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practiced by Vincent Priessnitz.... The work itself provides an indication of impact and popularity of hydropathy at the time. It was first published in 1842, with the preface to the first edition dated January 21st 1842.[d] In his preface to the third edition, dated May 23rd 1842, Claridge noted that the book had "excited considerable attention". It reached its third edition "in the short space of three months", and in that time, "several imperfect extracts in the form of Pamphlets" appeared, and the Hydropathic Society was formed,[52] on 17 March 1842,[53] "at the rooms of the Society of Arts, Adelphi".[54][55][e] The fifth edition contains an advertisement (which remained in subsequent editions), stating "it is little more than nine months since the first announcement of the work appeared; and during that brief period of time, five editions, of one thousand copies each, and eight editions of an Abstract, have passed through the press; besides which, several unauthorised publications, in the form of pamphlets, extracted from the work, have been sold in great numbers". With growing popularity among the public, some favourable publications written by a few medical practitioners, and several hydropathic establishments fully operational, Claridge declared that "the year 1842 may be considered as a new era in the mode of curing disease in this country".[56]
Claridge reports that his attention was first seriously drawn to the subject of hydropathy by an officer of marines at Venice, who “Seeing me attacked by rheumatism and head-ache, to both of which complaints I have been subject for the greater part of my life, my friend strongly advised me, in the winter of 1840, to follow his example", and go to Priessnitz's establishment at Graefenberg. This he did, but not before being confined to his bed "for nearly two months", after arriving at Florence in Rome.[57] He stayed at Graefenberg for three months, “during which time the health of that part of my family who were subjected to the treatment was perfectly established; we acquired the habit of living more moderately, of taking more exercise, of drinking more water, and of using it more freely in external ablutions than we were accustomed to; and, I may add, that we have learned how to allay pain". [58] During his time at Graefenberg, Claridge made notes, which would form the foundation of his 1842 Hydropathy book, from his own experiences, his observations of other patients' experiences, and of the methods employed, from his discussions with Priessnitz and other patients. He also collected statistics on patient numbers and break-down by nationality, up to the beginning of September 1841.[59]
Claridge and his family returned to England in November 1841, and stayed at a hotel in Thames Street, until they found lodgings in Weymouth St., where, on 6th January 1842, the cook at the house was alleged to have stolen a quantity of continental lace belonging to Claridge's wife and daughter. The cook was indicted again for theft of other items on 14th February. Both cases were heard on 28th February 1842, and the cook was found not guilty.[60][61]
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Hydropathy promotion and responses
Following his return to England, Claridge "set about promoting hydropathy in Britain, at London in 1842, and then further afield in the following year with lecture tours in Ireland and Scotland in 1843",[62] with his 10 week tour in Ireland including Limerick, Cork, Wexford, Dublin and Belfast.[63] Claridge states "The leading papers reviewed my work favourably; my lectures in England, Ireland, and Scotland met with serious attention; and baths and wash-houses resulted from a lecture I gave in Edinburgh".[64]
Some other Englishmen preceded Claridge to Graefenberg, although not many. One of these was Dr. James Wilson, who himself, along with Dr James Manby Gully, operated a water cure establishment at Malvern. While acknowledging in an 1843 publication that Claridge did much to promote hydrotherapy, Wilson states that "I had been a considerable time at Graefenberg", and that Claridge "came to Graefenberg some time after I had been there".[65] Nevertheless, in an earlier 1842 publication, Wilson wrote with some praise of Claridge, stating:
I have read Mr Claridge's work on the 'Cold Water Cure', and I think I ought to notice it. As a non-professional man, it does him infinite credit; he has collected a considerable body of evidence from the works of professional as well as non-professional men, and it will always be read with interest by the advocates of this system. Such men as Mr Claridge ought not to be abused, for he could have no pocket motive in its production; all that can be said is that he is a little enthusiastic in these matters - a little enthusiasm does a great deal of good sometimes, when the motives are such as Mr Claridge's.[66]
Similarly, Sir John E. Eardley-Wilmot, in his Tribute to Hydropathy, praised Claridge for his “for his strenuous exertions in the cause”, to which every hydropathist “owes a deep debt of gratitude”.[67] But not everyone wrote favourably, or even kindly, about Claridge and his promotion of hydropathy. One satirical review of Claridge's Hydropathy, playing on both German and English language (e.g. bad=bath in German, but bad in English - see image of hydropathic applications at Graefenberg), summed up the enthusiastic promotion of Priessnitz's water cure thus:
it has been our good fortune, since reading Claridge on Hydropathy, to see a sick drake avail himself of the “Cold Water Cure” at the dispensary in St. James’s-park. First in waddling in, he took a Fuss-Bad; then he took a Sitz-bad, and then, turning his curly tail up into the air, he took a Kopf-Bad. Lastly, he rose almost upright on his latter end, and made such a triumphant flapping with his wings, that we really expected he was going to shout “Priessnitz for ever!” But no such thing. He only cried, “Quack! Quack! Quack![68][f]
Moreover, in 1843, doctor Thomas J. Graham wrote somehwat triumphantly that after returning from Graefenberg, "one of the most zealous Hydropathists in this country - a gentleman who in his common conversation speaks most contemptuously of everything but cold water as a remedy for disease", sought his advice for mouth ulcers and bronchial complaints "from which his favourite Cold Water Cure could not deliver him!." Dr Graham "prescribed for him a vegetable alternative, and was favoured thereby to cure him perfectly within six weeks". In a footnote, Graham states "This was no less of a Hydropathist than Captain Claridge".[69]
Nevertheless, Claridge and others continued their efforts, and the hydropathic movement gained considerable interest.[70] Surveying the publications on hydropathy from 1820 up to 1850, Metcalfe lists 69 authors of English works, and two Water-cure journals - one in London (from 1847) and one in America (from 1845). He also listed 136 authors of German works, 48 of French works, 43 of Latin works, and nine in other languages.[71] Hydropathic establishments also flourished. In Europe, hydropathy was already well established at the time of Claridge's first visit: In his Hydropathy book, he listed 47 known establishments as at 1840.[72] By October 1845, Claridge noted that "in Germany, there are at least fifty; France, Switzerland, the Tyrol, Hungary, Russia, Ireland, Scotland, all have their institutions, and England counts at least twenty, besides private individuals who are introducing it into their practice; and to show its dissemination, it is only necessary to state that at Graefenberg, at this moment, there are amongst the visitors some of the leading nobles of England, Russia, Poland, Austria and Italy".[73] A 1997 review of the hydropathic movement states: "At the peak of the movement in the late nineteenth century there were over fifty hydropathic hotels in Britain, of which the best-known were Smedley's at Matlock in Derbyshire and Ben Rhydding near Leeds. Scotland, however, was over-represented with over twenty", while Ireland had one.[74]
There were a number of efforts towards sanitary reform in the nineteenth century, and the hydropathy movement is credited with contributing to this. "There can be no doubt that the Bath and Washhouse Movement received a great stimulus through the introduction of Hydropathy into this country, and the consequent dissemination of the curative virtues of water appliances, and sanitary reformers saw the necessity of personal cleanliness in order to ensure perfect health".[75] Metcalfe notes that it was the attention drawn by the publication of Claridge's work "followed by others", that drew attention to hydropathy, "and gave a further stimulus to the movement which resulted in the passing of the Baths and Washhouses Act of Sir George Grey, in 1846, himself a zealous advocate of hydropathy". [75] A series of statutes followed, which became known collectively as "The Baths and Wash-houses Acts 1846 to 1896".[76][77][78] This was an important milestone in the improvment of sanitary conditions and public health in those times,[40][79] with early, strong support for the promotion of public baths and washhouses from prominent advocates of sanitary reform such as Erasmus Wilson, who applauded the establishment of Public Baths and Wash-houses, as “amongst the noblest of the institutions…as they are one of the greatest discoveries of the present age”.[80] Claridge himself was an early advocate, dating back to a lecture he gave in Edinburgh in 1843.[2] Claridge's Scottish lecture tours highlight overlap of yet another movement with that of hydropathy, namely that of the temperance movement, with both the temperance and hydropathy movements feeding off each other.[62]
Claridge revisited Graefenberg, from where in July 1845, he wrote a letter to the New York Tribune, which was reproduced in New York's Water Cure Journal in May 1846.[73] And in October 1845, Claridge was one of 124 signatories in an address to Arch-Duke Franz Carl, extolling the virtues of Vincent Priessnitz and his methods.[81] He sent another letter from Graefenberg on 4 March 1846, this time to an American acquaintance. In this wide-ranging letter, amongst other things he commends the progress of the Water-Cure in America, and describes the progress in Great Britain, including the growth of washhouses. He also comments on some of the criticism against him and other hydropathy proponents, and discusses a book by Dr Erasmus Wilson. He also aknowledges the antiquity of hydropathy, and the work of his predecessors, such as "Dr Sir John Floyer", and his work Febrifugum Magnum, and Dr James Currie. On the antiquity of hydropathy, Claridge addresses some of his critics, stating that "we are not urging its novelty, but its UTILITY" (p.2, emphases in original text), and praises Priessnitz for bringing it to the fore again.[82]
Hydropathy in the United States of America
In the United States of America, the first hydropathic facility has been attributed to Joel Shew (1816-1855), in 1843[83] or 1844,[84][85] and to Russell Thatcher Trall ('R.T. Trall'. 1812-1877)[86] in 1844.[87] Metcalfe credits Dr Charles Munde with the first facility,[88] although this is not supported by Munde himself, or by historical evidence now available. Munde describes himself as becoming familiar with Priessnitz' methods around 1836, and later migrating from Germany, where he treated scarlet fever cases in Dresden during the winter of 1845-46.[89][90][91][g] Munde's son recalls that the family went to the area now called Florence, Massachusetts "in the early fifties", after his father had struggled "for nearly a year in New York in search of a practice". A blind colored man named David Ruggles had previously set up a water cure practice, and after his death in 1849, Charles Munde learned "of the opportunity to take up his favorite method", which led him to pick up where Ruggles left off, thence to the naming of Florence,[92] and accordingly, the name of the Florence Water Cure, also called the Munde Water Cure.[93][94]
Following its introduction to the U.S., hydrotherapy, as it later became known, was employed by John Harvey Kellogg at Battle Creek Sanitarium, which opened in 1866. However, "the crude, but thoroughgoing methods of the original system of Priessnitz, which prospered among the hardy mountaineers of Austrian Silesia, were much too strenuous for more delicately organized and pampered American invalids. This fact, together with the crass empiricism which characterised the use of water in the first half of the last century, when water-cures were for a time almost a fad, brought water into general disrepute as a curative means, and greatly hindered the scientific development of this invaluable agent".[95]
Hydropathy marketing disputed, not its principles or mechanisms
Kellogg's comments echo that of earlier medical commentators, who took issue not with the underlying principles hydropathy, nor the mechanisms which were not yet fully understood, but with the way in which it was promoted, and indeed, marketed. For example, in November 1881, the British Medical Journal noted that hydropathy was a specific instance, or "particular case", of general principles of thermodynamics. That is, "the application of heat and cold in general", as it applies to physiology, mediated by hydropathy. What was at issue was "that the application of such rules having in general received so special a form has led to forms of treatment called by certain special and almost sectarian names, and too often associated with certain places", and worse, "with the use of certain special, though quite common, waters". Indeed, while the underlying principles of hydropathy "certainly do belong to the general practice of medicine" it had,
through the advertising of public companies and other even more objectionable practices, come to be associated in the public mind with so much mysticism as almost to justify the accusation of quackery and delusion. Yet this is happily dying out; and, no doubt, as the education of the public increases, it will tend to disappear altogether, especially if broad principles be kept steadily before the public rather than narrow and isolated details".[96]
One writer noted that "it is manifest that a great remedial power lies unutilized in a genuine hydropathy, and it calls urgently for earnest study and research", and "Not, be it observed, that hydropathy is a water treatment after all, but that water is the medium for the application of heat and cold to the body". Its utility in that application was not in dispute. Rather, there was a lack of data from reliable scientific investigation into phyisiological mechanisms, and the means "by which the effects of hydropathy can be measured and controlled".
Probably however, nothing has done more to repel earnest research than the suspicion of quackery which taints the practice that ordinariliy goes by this name. Huge establishments can only be made to pay by full houses well kept up, and this is found as a rule to require that their calling be magnified in ways which are at once too special and popular to be scientific and genuine.[97]
The British Medical Journal concurred with this writer on all counts, noting that there were "simple generalisations" that could be deduced regarding the effects of heat and cold on physiological processes, and lamenting the lack of such generalisations by "therapeutical authorities", let alone scientific investigations.[98]
Since then, there has been considerable research and advances in the understanding of underlying physiological mechanisms, including those of circulation and thermoregulation,[99][100][101] and their application to hydrotherapy.[95][102][103]
Known Publications by Claridge
This list comprises known publications that have not been utilised in this article. Publications that have been utilised are listed in the Further reading section, so are not duplicated here. The main reason for non-utilisation is that the works themselves have not been located. These titles can be found by various searches, but apart from the Spanish translation, the primary source here is Metcalfe,[7] who lists all of Claridge's publications so far referred to in this article.
- Facts and Evidence in Support of Hydropathy. London: James Madden and Co. 1844.
- Cholera: its Prevention and Cure by Hydropathy, with Observations on the Treatment of Colic, Diarrhoea, and Dysentery. London. 1849.
- Familiar Guide to Hydropathy. London: James Madden and Co. 1849.
- Hidropathia o cura por medico del agua fria, segun la practica de Vincente Priessnitz. Buenos Aires: Imprinta Americana. 1850. Retrieved 2009-11-07. Spanish translation of the English book.
Further reading
- Claridge, Esq. R.T. (1837). A Guide Along the Danube, from Vienna to Constantinople, Smyrna, Athens, The Morea, The Ionian Islands, and Venice. From the notes of a journey, made in the year 1836. With Maps of the Route. London: F.C. Westley. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- Claridge, Esq. R.T. (1839). A Guide Down the Danube, from Paris to Marseilles, Ancona, Trieste, Venice, Munich, Strasburg; and from Constantinople, Smyrna, Athens, The Morea, and the Ionian Islands. Also, the Route to India by way of Egypt (New ed.). London: F.C. Westley; and Madden & Co. Retrieved 2009-11-01. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1842). Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practiced by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria (3rd ed.). London: James Madden and Co. Retrieved 2009-10-29. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843). Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practiced by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria (5th ed.). London: James Madden and Co. Hardcopy edition.
- Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843). Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practiced by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria (8th ed.). London: James Madden and Co. Retrieved 2009-10-29. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1849). Every Man His Own Doctor; The Cold Water, Tepid Water, and Friction Cure, as applicable to every disease to which the human frame is subject. And also to The Cure of Disease in Horses and Cattle. London: James Madden and Co. Retrieved 2009-10-29. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org). Note the pagination is close, but not exactly the same, as the American edition.
- Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1849). Every Man His Own Doctor; The Cold Water, Tepid Water, and Friction Cure, as applicable to every disease to which the human frame is subject. And also to The Cure of Disease in Horses and Cattle. New York: John Wiley. Retrieved 2009-10-29. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org). Note the pagination is close, but not exactly the same, as the English edition.
- Durie, Dr Alastair (Paper given on Tuesday 27th November 2001). "Almost twins by birth: Hydropathy, temperance and the Scottish churches 1840-1914". The Scottish Church History Society. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
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- Metcalfe, Richard (1898). Life of Vincent Priessnitz, Founder of Hydropathy. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd. Retrieved 3 December 2009. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- Unsigned article (1910). "Hydropathy". In … (ed.). The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. XIV. London: The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. pp. 165–166. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
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has numeric name (help). Note, the encyclopaedia lists authors for signed articles, but the Hydropathy article is listed amongst those that are unsigned.
Notes
a. ^ It is difficult to resolve the birth year discrepancies without access to a copy of original documents, although the IGI record looks specific, whereas the biographical sketch clearly includes indirect sources for some of its information (which does match collateral sources already cited in this article). However, a range of collateral information leaves no doubt that they refer to the same person.
b. ^ Hydropathy, Cold Water system, and Cold Water cure, were essentially synonymous in that era, with publications under those titles all referring to the same legacy, namely Priessnitz, and - for U.K. publications - often also Claridge. So searches for publications from that period would need to try all three variations to capture relevant works.
c. ^ The Encylopaedia Britannica (11th ed.) states that Claridge introduced hydropathy to England in 1840. However, Claridge describes himself as first paying attention to hydropathy in the winter of 1840, following which he was confined to bed for nearly two months before proceeding to Graefenberg, where he stayed for three months. From his comments on page 81, it is evident that he was at Graefenberg sometime around September 1841. Claridge himself cites 1842 as the year in which "a new era" commenced.
d. ^ The preface to the first edition remained in all known subsequent editions, including the third (which had it's own additional preface), the fifth, and the eighth (both of which contain only the preface from the first edition)
e.' ^ The pagination for the text of the fifth and eighth editions are the same, so where practical, citations will be from the eighth, since that is available online. The only visible differences between the fifth and eighth editions are that the fifth includes two additions at either end of the book, not affecting the pagination. These are, the inclusion of a hand-written letter at the front, and at the back, "Critical notices of Captain Claridge's Hydropathy."
f. ^ At least some hydropathy proponents appreciated the humour in this, as evidenced it being quoted in the humour section of the 1849 Water-Cure Journal.[104] Light-hearted satire about the water cure was also engaged in by a theatrical group.[105]
g. ^ Munde operated the Florence Water-Cure, at Florence, Massachussets (see preface in his 1857 book, p.vi). He previously migrated from Germany at an unknown date. However, in his text, he does cite a case he dealt with in Dresden in the winter of 1845-46. His own familiarity with Priessnitz's methods date back to circa 1836, when he was "almost a novice in Priessnitz's practice". "During an epidemic of scarlatina" in the city of Freiberg, two of his children, boys aged about 5 and 8, contracted the disease (p.65). Two Internet Archive texts are available, each with missing pages at the front. All pages are covered between the two online texts. Alternatively, the full text is available on the Project Gutenberg site.[89]
References
- ^ a b "Claridge Christening date". IGI Individual Record. Retrieved December 10 2009.
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(help) - ^ a b c d e f "Biographical Sketch of Captain Claridge". The Journal of Health. Vol. Vol. 2. 1847. pp. 127–130. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
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has extra text (help). Free snippet views available, from which much of the biographical sketch can be gleaned, including overlapping snippets, by broad use of varied search terms. - ^ Unsigned article (1910). "Hydropathy". In … (ed.). The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. XIV. London: The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. pp. 165–166. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
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has numeric name (help) Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org) - ^ a b Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1842). Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practiced by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria (3rd ed.). London: James Madden and Co. Retrieved 2009-10-29. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ a b Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843). Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practiced by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria (5th ed.). London: James Madden and Co.
- ^ a b Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843). Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practiced by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria (8th ed.). London: James Madden and Co. Retrieved 2009-10-29. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ a b Metcalfe, Richard (1898). Life of Vincent Priessnitz, Founder of Hydropathy. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd. Retrieved 3 December 2009. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1849). Every Man His Own Doctor; The Cold Water, Tepid Water, and Friction Cure, as applicable to every disease to which the human frame is subject. And also to The Cure of Disease in Horses and Cattle. London: James Madden and Co. pp. iv-v (p.iv of American edition). Retrieved 2009-10-29. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ "Boot and Shoe-making partnership dissolved". The London Gazette (Issue No.17999): p.217. 1824. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
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ignored (help) - ^ "Partnerships dissolved in and near London". The Law Advertiser. Vol.2 (Issue No.7): p.52. 1824. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
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ignored (help) - ^ "Notice to creditors of bootmaking partnership". The London Gazette (Issue No.18363): p.1121. 1827. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
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:|number=
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ignored (help) - ^ "Bankruptcy of Charles Barnett". The London Gazette (Issue No.18025): p.752. 1824. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
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:|number=
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ignored (help) - ^ "Claridge as potential creditor of bankrupt Charles Barnett". The Law Advertiser. Vol.2 (Issue No.20): p.157. 1824. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
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ignored (help) - ^ "Insurance documents MS 11936/504/1035227 25 August 1825". The National Archives (UK): Access to Archives database. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
- ^ "Query about R.T. Claridge, Esq". Notes and Queries: A medium of intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, etc. Ninth series. Vol. Volume XI, January–June, 1903 (9th S. XI, July 25, 1903). London: John C. Francis. 1904. p. 30.
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:|volume=
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ignored (help) - ^ a b c d "Comments on asphalt patents of R.T. Claridge, Esq (response to query". Notes and Queries: A medium of intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, etc. Ninth series. Vol. Volume XII, July–December, 1903 (9th S. XII, July 4, 1903). London: John C. Francis. 1904. pp. 18–19.
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ignored (help) Writer is replying to note or query from previous publication, cited as 9th S. xi. 30 - ^ a b "Claridge resigns from '3rd or Royal Westminster Light Infantry of Middlesex Militia'". The London Gazette. 1854. p. 1993.
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ignored (help) - ^ Claridge, Esq. R.T. (1837). A Guide Along the Danube, from Vienna to Constantinople, Smyrna, Athens, The Morea, The Ionian Islands, and Venice. From the notes of a journey, made in the year 1836. With Maps of the Route. London: F.C. Westley. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ Claridge, R.T., Esq (1837) p.v
- ^ "Advertisement of pending release of 1837 book by Richard T. Claridge, Esq.". Bent's Monthly Literary Advertiser and Register of Engravings, Works on the Fine Arts, &c. London. 1837. p. 70.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help) - ^ Claridge, Esq. R.T. (1839). A Guide Down the Danube, from Paris to Marseilles, Ancona, Trieste, Venice, Munich, Strasburg; and from Constantinople, Smyrna, Athens, The Morea, and the Ionian Islands. Also, the Route to India by way of Egypt (New ed.). London: F.C. Westley; and Madden & Co. p. v. Retrieved 2009-11-01. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ "Review of Claridge's 1837 'Guide Along the Danube'". The Civil Engineer and Architects Journal. Vol. Vol. 1. London. p. 19. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
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ignored (help) Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org). Alternative viewing at: http://books.google.com/books?id=sQ5AAAAAYAAJ&pg - ^ Claridge, R.T., Esq (1839) p.v in preface to second edition, dated July 25th 1839
- ^ "Claridge promoted - Gent. to Lieutenant in Royal Westminster Middlesex Regiment of Militia". The London Gazette. 1839. p. 1968.
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: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ "Claridge promoted - Lieutenant to Captain in Royal Westminster Regiment of Middlesex Militia". The London Gazette. 1842. p. 1629.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ a b Miles, Lewis (2000). "Section 10.6: Damp Proofing". in Australian Building: A Cultural Investigation (PDF). p. 10.06.1. Retrieved 2009-11-11.. Note: different sections of Miles' online work were written in different years, as evidenced at the top of each page (not including the heading page of each section). This particular section appears to have been written in 2000
- ^ "Specification of the Patent granted to Richard Tappin Claridge, of the County of Middlesex, for a Mastic Cement, or Composition applicable to Paving and Road making, covering Buildings and various purposes". Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania and Mechanics' Register. Vol. Vol. 22. London. pp. 414–418. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
{{cite book}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ "Obituary of Frederick Walter Simms". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. XXVI. London: Strangeways & Walden: pp.120–121. November 1865 – June 1866. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
:|pages=
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(help)CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ "Claridge's Scottish and Irish Patents in 1838". The Mechanic's magazine, museum, register, journal and gazette. Vol. 29. London: W.A. Robertson. 1838. pp. 64, 128.
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ignored (help) - ^ "Claridge's UK Patents in 1837 & 1838". The London Gazette. 1851. p. 489.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help) - ^ a b Hobhouse, Hermione (General Editor) (1994). "British History Online". 'Northern Millwall: Tooke Town', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs. pp. 423–433 (see text at refs 169 & 170). Retrieved 2009-11-08.
{{cite book}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ Claridge's Scottish and Irish Patents in 1838 (April 7th-29th September 1838), pp.vii, viii, 64, 128
- ^ a b "Joint Stock Companies (description of asphalte use by Claridge's company)". The Civil Engineer and Architects Journal. Vol. Vol. 1. London. p. 199. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
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:|volume=
has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org). Alternative viewing at: http://books.google.com/books?id=sQ5AAAAAYAAJ&pg - ^ Miles, Lewis (2000), pp.10.06.1-2
- ^ a b c Comments on asphalt patents of R.T. Claridge, Esq (1904), p.18
- ^ "Directory listing for Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company as at 1842". Robson's London Directory, Street Key, Classification of Trades, and Royal Court Guide and Peerage (23rd ed.). London: Robson and Co. For 1842. p. 470. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|year=
(help) Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org) - ^ "Nothing New under the Sun (on French asphaltum use in 1621)". The Mechanic's magazine, museum, register, journal and gazette. Vol. 29. London: W.A. Robertson. 1838. p. 176.
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: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ a b Miles, Lewis (2000), p.10.06.2
- ^ "1838 bitumen UK uses by Robinson's and Claridge's companies, & the Bastenne company". The Mechanic's magazine, museum, register, journal and gazette. Vol. 29. London: W.A. Robertson. 1838. p. 448.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ a b Gerhard, W.M. Paul (1908). Modern Baths and Bath Houses (1st ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
{{cite book}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=
(help) - ^ Allsop, Robert Owen (1890). The Turkish Bath: Its Design and Construction; with chapters on the adaptation of the bath to the private house, the institution, and the training stable. London: E. & F.N. Spon. Retrieved 2009-11-16. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ Abraham, Herbert (1938). Asphalts and Allied Substances: Their Occurence, Modes of Production, Uses in the Arts, and Methods of Testing (4th ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. Retrieved 2009-11-16. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ a b Hobhouse, Hermione (General Editor) (1994). "British History Online". 'Cubitt Town: Riverside area: from Newcastle Drawdock to Cubitt Town Pier', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs. pp. 528-532 (see text at refs 507 & 510). Retrieved 2009-11-08.
{{cite book}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ Plymouth Wharf Residents Association. "History of Plymouth and Pyrimont Wharf areas". Retrieved 15 December 2009.
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: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=
(help); Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co. winds up 10 November 1917". The London Gazette. 1917. p. 11863.
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ignored (help) - ^ "Company Directors and Officers: Indemnification, Relief and Insurance. Discussion Paper No.9" (PDF), Companies and Securities Law Reform Committee, australian Government Takeovers Panel, April 1989, p. 46
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: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Christensen, Lee (1999). "A Receiver And Manager's Duties On Realisation Of A Corporation's Assets". E LAW: Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law. Vol.6 (Issue No.3). Perth, Australia: Murdoch University: paragraph 40, note 45. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
{{cite journal}}
:|number=
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ignored (help) - ^ KOH, Pearlie (2003). "An Issue of Absolution - Section 391 of the Companies Act" (PDF). Singapore Academy of Law Journal. Vol.15. Singapore: Singapore Management University: p.319. See footnote 72. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
{{cite journal}}
:|page=
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(help) - ^ Sankhla , Kapil (2009). "Liability of Director in India-The Companies Act 1956 Primer". Singapore Academy of Law Journal. New Delhi, India: Shankla & Associates: See paragraph beginning with highlighted words "The Act". Retrieved 15 December 2009.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (help) - ^ "Patent, with related papers, granted to the Comte de la Chatre, Richard Tappin Claridge of Weymouth Street (Mx), gent and Richard Hodgson of Salisbury Street, Strand (Mx), gent, for improvements in preparing fabrics to be used in covering roofs, floors and other surfaces ('Oropholithe') HD 2127/C/5 1842-1843". Suffolk Record Office, Bury St Edmunds Branch: Material relating to property of the Rawlison, Wenyeve and Carmac families of Suffolk. The National Archives (UK): Access to Archives database. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
- ^ a b Newton, W, ed. (1843), "Oropholithe patent of Raoul Armand Joseph Jean Comte de la Chatre, Richard Tappin Claridge, & Richard Hodgson", The London Journal of Arts and Sciences; and Repertory of Patent Inventions, Vol.22, London: Office for Patents: pp.214-215, retrieved 24 November 2009
{{citation}}
:|pages=
has extra text (help);|volume=
has extra text (help) - ^ Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1842), p.iii
- ^ Hydropathic Society of London (1842). "First Report of the Hydropathic Society of London". In Joel Shew & F.D. Peirson (eds.) (ed.). The Water-Cure Journal. Vol. vol.1-2 1845-1846 Dec-Nov. New York: report reproduced in November 15 1846 volume. pp. 177–184. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
{{cite book}}
:|editor=
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ignored (help) - ^ Claridge (1843, 5th ed.), p.v
- ^ Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843, 8th ed.), p.v
- ^ Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843, 8th ed), p.viii
- ^ Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843, 8th ed), pp.18-19
- ^ Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843, 8th ed), p.27
- ^ Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843), pp.80-82.
- ^ "Case of alleged theft from Claridge on 6 January 1842". The Proceedings of the Old Bailey: London's central criminal court, 1674-1913. 1842. p. 953. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ "Case of alleged theft from Claridge on 14 February 1842". The Proceedings of the Old Bailey: London's central criminal court, 1674-1913. 1842. p. 954. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help) - ^ a b Durie, Dr Alastair (Paper given on Tuesday 27th November 2001). "Almost twins by birth: Hydropathy, temperance and the Scottish churches 1840-1914". The Scottish Church History Society. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Beirne, Peter. The Ennis Turkish Baths 1869 – 1878. County Cork Library. p. see note 11. Retrieved 2009-10-30. Originally published in The Other Clare vol. 32 (2008) pp 12-17
- ^ Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1849), p.iii
- ^ Wilson, M.D., James (1843). "A Prospectus of the Water Cure Establishment at Malvern, Under the professional management of James Wilson, M.D., & James M. Gully, M.D.". in The Dangers of the Water Cure, and its Efficacy Examined and Compared with those of the Drug Treatment of Diseases; and an Explanation of its Principles and Practice; with an account of Cases Treated at Malvern, and a Prospectus of the Water Cure Establishment at That Place. London: Cunningham & Mortimer. pp. 9-10 (n223-n224 in online page field). Retrieved 2009-11-02.
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: Unknown parameter|coauthor=
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suggested) (help) Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org) Note: the prospectus is at the back of the book, with its own preface by Wilson, and its own new pagination - ^ Wilson, James (1842). The Water-Cure. A Practical Treatise on the Cure of Diseases by Water, Air, Exercise, and Diet: being a New Mode of restoring Injured Constitutions to Robust Health, for the Radical Cure of Dyspeptic, Nervous, and Liver Complaints, Tic-Douloureux, Gout, and Rheumatism, Scrofula, Syphilis, and their Consequences, Diseases Peculiar to Women and Children, Fevers, Inflammations (4th ed.). London: John Churchill. p. xxvi. Retrieved 2009-11-04. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ Eardley-Wilmot, Sir John E (1855). A Tribute to Hydropathy (3rd ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longman and Roberts. Retrieved 2009-11-09. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ Thomas Hood, ed. (1842). "Review of Hydropathy, or The Cold Water Cure, as Practiced by Vincent Priessnitz, by R.T. Claridge, Esq.". The Monthly Magazine and Humourist. Vol. 64. London: Henry Colburn. p. 435.
- ^ Graham, Dr Thomas J (1843). A Few Pages on Hydropathy, or The Cold Water System. London: W.E. Painter. p. 5. Retrieved 2009-10-29. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ Bradley, James (2003), Cold cure: Hydrotherapy had exotic origins, but became a firm favourite of the Victorian elite, Wellcome Trust: News and Features, retrieved November 17, 2009
- ^ Metcalfe, Richard (1898) pp.204-208
- ^ Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843), Chapter XX. List of Hydropathic Establishments up to the end of the year 1840. pp.333-336 (n331-n334 in electronic page field).
- ^ a b Claridge, R.T. (1845). "A Letter from Capt. Claridge to the New-York Tribune". In Joel Shew (ed.) (ed.). The Water-Cure Journal. Vol. vol.1-2 1845-1846 Dec-Nov. New York: letter reproduced in May 1846 volume. pp. 161–164. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
{{cite book}}
:|editor=
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ignored (help) - ^ Bradley, James; Dupree, Mageurite; Durie, Alastair (1997), "Taking the Water Cure: The Hydropathic Movement in Scotland, 1840-1940" (PDF), Business and Economic History, 26 (2): 426–437, retrieved 2009-11-17 p.426
- ^ a b Metcalfe, Richard (1877). "Chapter IV Re-Introduction of the Turkish Bath, with Observations on the Vapour Bath". in Sanitus Sanitum et omnia Sanitus. Vol. Vol.1. London: The Co-operative Printing Co. p. 101. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
{{cite book}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help) Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org) - ^ "'Action of Baths on the Human System': Sub-section in 'Baths' article". 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica (1911encyclopedia.org). Retrieved 2009-11-05.
- ^ "London Gazette listings for 'Baths and Wash-houses Act'". London Gazette. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
- ^ "Parliamentary Archives search portal for listings of 'Baths and Wash-houses Act'". Portcullis - Gateway to Parliamentary Archives. Retrieved 2009-11-05.. Typing (or copying-and-pasting) the phrase: Baths and Wash-houses reliably yields 10 lisings, including that for the original 1846 act and its amendment of the same year, along with other results.
- ^ Metcalfe, Richard (1877). The relevance pertaining to sanitary conditions and public health is scattered throughout the text.
- ^ Wilson, Erasmus (1849). On The Management of the Skin as a Means of Promoting and Preserving Health (3rd ed.). London: John Churchill. p. viii. Retrieved 2009-11-08. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ Earl of Litchfield; et al. (1845). "Translation of an address presented to Arch-Duke Franz Carl, on the occasion of his visit to Grafenberg". In Joel Shew (ed.) (ed.). The Water-cure journal. Vol. vol.1-2 1845-1846 Dec-Nov. New York: letter published in April 1846 volume. pp. 131–133. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
{{cite book}}
:|editor=
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has extra text (help); Explicit use of et al. in:|last=
(help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ Claridge, R.T. (1846). "A Letter from Graefenberg by Capt. Claridge". In Joel Shew (ed.) (ed.). The Water-Cure Journal. Vol. vol.1-2 1845-1846 Dec-Nov. New York: letter reproduced in June 1846 volume. pp. 1–7. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
{{cite book}}
:|editor=
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ignored (help) - ^ Whorton, James C (2002). Nature cures: The history of alternative medicine in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 89, 90. ISBN 0-19-514071-0. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthor=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Shew, Joel (biographical sketch)". Appletons' Cyclopedia of American Biography. Vol. V. Pickering-Sumter. New York: Appleton & Co. 1888. pp. 508–509.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Iacobbo, Michael (2004). Vegetarian America: A History. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 74. ISBN 0-2759-7519-3. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Horsell, William (1850). Hydropathy for the People: With Plain Observations of Drugs, Diet, Water, Air and Exercise. New York: Fowlers & Wells. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthor=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org) - ^ Trall, R.T., M.D. (1956 reprint). Drug Medicines (orig. 1862), The Hygienic System (1875) & Health Catechism (1875). Mokelumne Hill, California: Reprint by Health Research. p. 4. ISBN 0-7873-1200-2. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
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: Check date values in:|year=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Metcalfe, R. (1898), p.170
- ^ a b Munde, M.D., Charles (1857). Hydriatic Treatment of Scarlet Fever in its different forms: How to save, through a systematic application of the water-cure, many thousands of lives and healths, which now annually perish. New York: William Radde. Retrieved 2009-11-02. Full text at Gutenberg.org
- ^ Munde, M.D., Charles (1857). Hydriatic Treatment of Scarlet Fever in its different forms: How to save, through a systematic application of the water-cure, many thousands of lives and healths, which now annually perish. New York: William Radde. Retrieved 2009-11-02. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org). Easier to search, but missing p.vi of the preface, which names the Florence Water-Cure establishment. That page is present in the Gutenberg version.
- ^ Munde, M.D., Charles (1857). Hydriatic Treatment of Scarlet Fever in its different forms: How to save, through a systematic application of the water-cure, many thousands of lives and healths, which now annually perish. New York: William Radde. Retrieved 2009-11-02. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org). Alternative version which has p.vi present, but no other part of the preface.
- ^ "Obituary of Dr Erich Munde, son of Florence, Mass., founder, Dr Charles Munde". The New York Times. 1914. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
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ignored (help) (From New York Times archive). - ^ Munde, Paul F., M.D (1895). "The Munde Water Cure". In Charles A. Sheffeld (ed.) (ed.). The History of Florence, Massachusetts. Forence, Massachusetts: published by the editor. pp. 190–193. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
{{cite book}}
:|editor=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Full text at Internet Archives. - ^ Strimer, Steve (2006). "David Ruggles in Florence, Massachusetts". Retrieved 16 December 2009.
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
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ignored (help) - ^ a b Kellogg, J.H., M.D., Superintendent (1908). The Battle Creek Sanitarium System. History, Organisation, Methods. Michigan: Battle Creek. p. 73. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org) - ^ "Medicine at the Congress". British Medical Journal. 2: pp.784–785. 1881. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1089.784.
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:|pages=
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ignored (help). Online registration to access article is free. - ^ Crofts, H. Baptist (1883). "The Relation of Drugs to Medicine". in The British Quarterly Review. Vol. Vol. 78, American Edition. Philadelphia: The Leonard Scott Publishing Co. pp. 1-16 (n301-n316 in online page field). Retrieved 2009-11-05.
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:|volume=
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ignored (help) Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org) Quotations from p.9 - ^ "The Relation of Drugs to Medicine (review of Croft's article)". British Medical Journal. 2: pp.634-635. 1883. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1187.634.
{{cite journal}}
:|pages=
has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) Online registration to access article is free. - ^ Guyton, Arthur C. (1976). Textbook of Medical Physiology (5th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-4393-0.
- ^ Guyton, Arthur C. (1991). Textbook of Medical Physiology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-3994-1.
- ^ Guyton, Arthur C. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Thrash, Agatha (1981). Home Remedies: Hydrotherapy, Massage, Charcoal and Other Simple Treatments. Seale, Alabama: Thrash Publications. ISBN 0-942658-02-7.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Template:Harvard reference
- ^ "The Laughing Cure". The Water-Cure Journal and Herald of Reforms Vol.7-8. Vol. vol VII. New York: Fowlers and Wells. 1849. p. 126. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
{{cite book}}
:|volume=
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(help) - ^ The Larks (1897). The Shakespeare Water Cure: A Burlesque Comedy in Three Acts. New York: Harold Roorbach. Retrieved 6 December 2009. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)