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[[Image:Cablecar.zellamsee.500pix.jpg|thumb|Cable car at [[Zell am See]] in the Austrian Alps]] |
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{{transport}} |
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{{original research|date=July 2018}} |
{{original research|date=July 2018}} |
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[[File:Cablecar.zellamsee.500pix.jpg|thumb|Cable car at [[Zell am See]] in the Austrian Alps|alt=An Australian Alps cable car on a mountainside]] |
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{{transport}} |
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'''Cable transport''' is a broad class of [[transport]] modes that have [[Wire rope|cables]]. They transport passengers and goods, often in vehicles called [[cable car]]s. The cable may be driven or passive, and items may be moved by pulling, sliding, sailing, or by drives within the object being moved on '''cableways'''. The use of [[pulleys]] and balancing of loads moving up and down are common elements of cable transport. They are often used in mountainous areas where cable haulage can overcome large differences in elevation. |
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== Common modes of cable transport == |
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[[File:Cable Transport 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Portland Aerial Tram]]|alt=An aerial tram part of a cable car system in Portland]] |
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* Aerial transport, such as: |
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** [[Aerial tramway]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Hewitt |first=W. |title=The Bleichert System of Aerial Tramways: Reversible Aerial Tramways. Aerial Tramways of Special Design |publisher=Trenton Iron Company |year=1909 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRtDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP11 |access-date=July 9, 2018 |page=11}}</ref> |
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** [[Chairlift]]<ref>{{cite book |author=United States. Forest Service |title=Tahoe National Forest (N.F.), Sugar Bowl Ski Resort Master Plan: Environmental Impact Statement |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbI2AQAAMAAJ&pg=SA11-PA357 |access-date=July 9, 2018 |page=11–PA357}}</ref> |
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** [[Funitel]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Kenney, Jim |title=Firsthand Report: Squaw Valley – This Place Has the Goods |website=DCSki |url=http://www.dcski.com/articles/1378 |access-date=July 9, 2018}}</ref> |
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** [[Gondola lift]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=A.W. |last2=Secoy |first2=K. |last3=Jackson |first3=T. |title=The Global Canopy Handbook: Techniques of Access and Study in the Forest Roof |publisher=Global Canopy Programme |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-9542970-0-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqssAQAAMAAJ |access-date=July 9, 2018 |page=93}}</ref> |
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** [[Ski lift]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Skiing Heritage Journal |publisher=International Skiing History Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGEKnwu7ApEC&pg=PA26 |access-date=July 9, 2018 |page=26|date=June 2004}}</ref> |
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** [[Zip line]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=E. |title=Black & Decker The Complete Guide to Backyard Recreation Projects |publisher=Quarto Publishing Group USA |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61060-321-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVi5vYo9_BgC&pg=PA74 |access-date=July 9, 2018 |page=74}}</ref> |
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* Surface transport, such as: |
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** [[Cable railway]]s<ref name="cc">{{cite web |last1=Dailey |first1=Keli |title=Cable Car History |url=https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/muni/cable-cars/cable-car-history |publisher=SFMTA |accessdate=10 July 2018 |language=en |date=3 October 2017}}</ref> |
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** [[Cable car (railway)|Cable car]]<ref name="cc"/> |
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** [[Cable ferry]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Cable Ferries |url=https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/SNAME/72cc01e8-6276-4aca-89d4-5b56078ba47d/UploadedFiles/Design%20&%20Analysis%20of%20a%20Cable%20Ferry.pdf |accessdate=10 July 2018}}</ref> |
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** [[Funicular]]<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a funicular railway? |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/civil/question512.htm |website=HowStuffWorks |accessdate=10 July 2018 |language=en |date=14 November 2000}}</ref> |
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** [[Surface lift]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Aerial Tramways, Ski Lifts, and Tows: Description and Terminology |date=1975 |publisher=Forest Service |url=https://books.google.com/?id=MjNNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=surface+lift+description#v=onepage&q=surface%20lift%20description&f=false |accessdate=10 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* Vertical transport, such as: |
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** [[Elevator]]<ref>{{cite web |title=How Elevators Work |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/elevator3.htm |website=HowStuffWorks |accessdate=10 July 2018 |language=en |date=12 February 2002}}</ref> |
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== History == |
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Rope-drawn transport dates back to 250 BC as evidenced by illustrations of aerial ropeway transportation systems in [[South China]].<ref name=hoffman>{{cite web |url=http://www.mas.bg.ac.rs/_media/istrazivanje/fme/vol34/4/5._hoffmann_205-212.pdf |title=Recent Developments in Cable-Drawn Urban Transport Systems |accessdate=November 17, 2015 |publisher=mas.rs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oitaf.org/Kongress%202011/Referate/Marocchi.pdf |title=Early History |accessdate=July 9, 2018 |publisher=oitaf.org}}</ref> |
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=== Early aerial tramways === |
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[[File:MayflowerTramwayBucket.jpg|thumb|right|An aerial tramway used in mining, at the [[Shenandoah-Dives Mill]] in [[Silverton, Colorado]]]] |
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The first recorded mechanical ropeway was by Venetian [[Fausto Veranzio]] who designed a bi-cable passenger ropeway in 1616. The industry generally considers Dutchman [[Adam Wybe]] to have built the first operational system in 1644. The technology, which was further developed by the people living in the Alpine regions of Europe, progressed and expanded with the advent of wire rope and electric drive.<ref name=csm /> |
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The first use of [[wire rope]] for aerial tramways is disputed. American inventor [[Peter Cooper]] is one early claimant, constructing an aerial tramway using wire rope in [[Baltimore]] 1832, to move [[landfill]] materials. Though there is only partial evidence for the claimed 1832 tramway, Cooper was involved in many of such tramways built in the 1850s, and in 1853 he built a two-mile-long tramway to transport [[iron ore]] to his [[blast furnace]]s at [[Ringwood, New Jersey]].<ref name=highwire>{{cite book |title=Riding the Hire Wire |last=Trennert |first=Robert A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sW9AwAAQBAJ |date=2001 |publisher=University Press of Colorado|isbn=9781457109850 }}</ref> |
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'''Cable transport''' is a broad class of [[transport]] modes that have cables as the foundation for transporting things or people, often in vehicles called [[cable car]]s. The cable may be driven or passive; items may be moved by pulling, sliding, sailing, or by drives within the object being moved on '''cableways'''. The use of [[pulleys]] and balancing of loads going up and down are common elements of cable transport.They are also used in mountainous areas. |
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World War I motivated extensive use of military tramways for warfare between Italy and Austria.<ref name="csm">{{cite web |url=http://www.mines.edu/library/ropeway/about_ropeways.html |title=About Ropeways |publisher=Colorado School of Mines – Arthur Lakes Library |author=Information Center for Ropeway Studies |date=2006-03-17 |accessdate=2006-11-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904183704/http://www.mines.edu/library/ropeway/about_ropeways.html |archivedate=2006-09-04}}</ref> |
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Common modes of cable transport are: |
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During the industrial revolution, new forms of cable-hauled transportation systems were created including the use of steel cable to allow for greater load support and larger systems. [[Aerial tramway]]s were first used for commercial passenger haulage in the 1900s.<ref name=hoffman /> |
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*[[Aerial lift]]s, such as: |
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**[[Aerial tramway]] |
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**[[Chairlift]] |
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**[[Funitel]] |
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**[[Gondola lift]] |
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**[[Ski lift]] |
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**[[Zip line]] |
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*[[Surface lift]]s, such as: |
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**[[Cable railway]]s |
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**[[Cable car (railway)|Cable car]] |
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**[[Cable ferry]] |
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**[[Funicular]] |
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**[[Surface lift]] |
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*Vertical lifts, such as: |
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**[[Elevator]] |
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=== The first cable railways === |
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==History== |
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[[File:Special feature in Y Cymro on the Llechwedd slate quarry at Blaenau Ffestiniog (15367488824).jpg|thumb|right|A gravity incline in use in 1955 at [[Llechwedd quarry]] in [[Wales]]. Empty wagons are arriving at the top of the incline - the winding drum is in the shed in the background]] |
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[[File:Harvey Cable Car.jpg|thumb|right|A test run on the Westside and Yonkers Patent Railway Company line in 1867]] |
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[[File:LLOYD(1876) VIEW OF CLAY STREET SHOWING THE WIRE RAILROAD pg191.jpg|thumb|right|Hallidie's Clay Street Hill Railroad, the first successful cable railway running at street level]] |
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The earliest form of [[cable railway]] was the '''gravity incline''', which in its simplest form consists of two parallel [[Track (rail transport)|tracks]] laid on a steep gradient, with a single rope wound around a winding drum and connecting the trains of [[Railroad car|wagons]] on the tracks. Loaded wagons at the top of the incline are lowered down, their weight hauling empty wagons from the bottom. The winding drum has a [[brake]] to control the rate of travel of the wagons. The first use of a gravity incline isn't recorded, but the [[Penrhyn Railway|Llandegai Tramway]] at [[Bangor, Gwynedd|Bangor]] in North [[Wales]] was opened in 1798, and is one of the earliest examples using iron rails.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Alun John |title=The Slate Railways of Wales |date=2001 |publisher=Gwasg Carreg Gwalch |location=[[Llanrwst]] |isbn=978-0-86381-689-5 |ref=harv}}</ref> |
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The first '''cable-hauled street railway''' was the [[London and Blackwall Railway]], built in 1840, which used fibre to grip the haulage rope. This caused a series of technical and safety issues, which led to the adoption of [[steam locomotive]]s by 1848.<ref>{{cite web |title=The First Docklands Railway : The Story of the London and Blackwall Railway |url=https://isleofdogslife.wordpress.com/2016/07/13/the-first-docklands-railway-the-story-of-the-london-and-blackwall-railway/ |website=Isle of Dogs Life |accessdate=9 July 2018 |date=13 July 2016}}</ref> |
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Cable drawn transport has been known of since at least 250 B.C.<ref>http://www.mas.bg.ac.rs/_media/istrazivanje/fme/vol34/4/5._hoffmann_205-212.pdf Klaus Hoffmann ''Recent Developments in Cable-Drawn |
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Urban Transport Systems'' - 4/11/2006. Retrieved on 17/11/2015 |
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</ref> and received much attention during the industrial revolution. During said period of time, several new methods were thought of and implemented including the use of steel cable to allow for greater load support and larger systems. [[funicular|Funicular railways]] were instituted in San Francisco in 1872 and as attention grew, [[aerial tramway]]s became a greater focus shortly after but only coming into commercial use for passengers in the 1900s.<ref>http://www.mas.bg.ac.rs/_media/istrazivanje/fme/vol34/4/5._hoffmann_205-212.pdf Klaus Hoffmann ''Recent Developments in Cable-Drawn |
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Urban Transport Systems'' - 4/11/2006. Retrieved on 17/11/2015</ref> |
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The first '''[[Funicular]] railway''' was opened in [[Funiculars of Lyon|Lyon]] in 1862.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Funicular Railway |url=https://www.cremallerademontserrat.cat/content/pdf/montserratfunicularssantjoanhistory.pdf |accessdate=11 July 2018}}</ref> |
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===The first cable cars=== |
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The idea for a cable hauled street railway in California belonged to Benjamin Brooks, who was not able to accomplish it due to the lack of capital. Instead, Andrew Hallidie, a Scottish emigre, gave San Francisco the first effective and commercially successful route, using steel cables. Hallidie was a manufacturer of such cables. The system featured a man operated grip, which was able to start the carrier and stop it safely as well. The rope that was used allowed the independent use of more than one cable car at once and soon Hallidie`s concept was extended to the whole city of San Francisco. The carriers had a capacity of between 14 and 16 people but during the rush hours, they could fit between 24 and 26 passengers without any problems. The tickets cost about 5 cents, which was relatively expensive for back then but still seems unbelievable compared to the price today – approximately 5 dollars! |
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The [[IRT Ninth Avenue Line#West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway|Westside and Yonkers Patent Railway Company]] developed a '''cable-hauled [[elevated railway]]'''. This 3½ mile long line was proposed in 1866 and opened in 1868. It operated as a cable railway until 1871 when it was converted to use [[steam locomotive]]s.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1UPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA455 |page=455–456 |title=Report of the Public Commission for the First District of the State of New York |date=1907|author1=First District |first1=New York (State). Public Service Commission }}</ref> |
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Actually, from the historical point of view, the San Francisco Cable Car was implemented after the one in London and Blackwall Railway, built in 1840, but the technology that Andrew Hallidie suggested was far more practical and better and in a way similar to the systems in practice today. The London one used fiber, instead of steel ropes and collars to make the connection from the grip to the rope. This caused a series of technical and safety issues, which led to replacing the lines with steam vehicles by 1848. |
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The next development of the [[Cable car (railway)|cable car]] came in California. [[Andrew Smith Hallidie|Andrew Hallidie]], a Scottish emigre, gave [[San Francisco]] the first effective and commercially successful route, using steel cables, opening the [[Clay Street Hill Railroad]] on August 2, 1873.<ref>{{cite web |first=Joe |last=Thompson |date=1998–2004 |url=http://www.cable-car-guy.com/html/ccwho.html |title=Who Was Important in the History of the Cable Car?}}</ref> Hallidie was a manufacturer of steel cables. The system featured a human-operated grip, which was able to start and stop the car safely. The rope that was used allowed the multiple, independent cars to run on one line, and soon Hallidie`s concept was extended to multiple lines in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hughes |first1=Stephen L. |title=San Francisco Cable Car – the gripping tale of an aged compact |url=http://www.cablecarmuseum.org/archive/Library/road_track.html |website=www.cablecarmuseum.org |accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> |
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===More recent developments=== |
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The Westside and Yonkers railway opened in 1868.<ref>http://www.oitaf.org/Kongress%202011/Referate/Marocchi.pdf Andrea Marocchi. ''CABLEWAYS FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION: HISTORY, STATE OF THE |
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ART AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS''. Accessed 17/11/2015</ref> |
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The first cable railway outside the United Kingdom and the United States was the [[Dunedin cable tramway system|Roslyn Tramway]], which opened in 1881, in [[Dunedin]], [[New Zealand]]. America remained the country that made the greatest use of cable railways; by 1890 more than 500 miles of cable-hauled track had been laid, carrying over 1,000,000 passengers per year. However in 1890, electric tramways exceeded the cable hauled tramways in mileage, efficiency and speed.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESnBiR7vLPQC |title=World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictoral History in Victorian Engravings |last=Harter |first=Jim |publisher=JHU Press |date=2005|isbn=9780801880896 }}</ref> |
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More recent developments are being classified under the type of track that their design is based upon.{{cn|date=July 2018}} After the success of this operation, several other projects were initiated in New Zealand and Chicago. The social climate around pollution is allowing for a shift from cars back to the utilization of cable transport due to their advantages.{{cn|date=July 2018}} However, for many years they were a niche form of transportation used primarily in difficult-to-operate conditions for cars (such as on ski slopes as lifts). Now that Cable Transport Projects (CTP) are on the increase the social effects are beginning to become more significant.{{cn|date=July 2018}} |
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=== Early ski lifts === |
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==Social effects== |
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The ski lift was developed by [[James Michael Curran|James Curran]] in 1936. The co-owner of the [[Union Pacific Railroad]], [[William Averell Harriman]] owned America's first ski resort, [[Sun Valley, Idaho]]. He asked his design office to tackle the problem of lifting skiers to the top of the resort. Curran, a Union Pacific bridge designer, adapted a cable hoist he had designed for loading bananas in [[Honduras]] to create the first [[ski lift]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/magazine/who-made-that-ski-lift.html |title=Who Made That Ski Lift |publisher=New York Times |date=February 21, 2014 |last=Engber |first=Daniel}}</ref> |
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[[File:Línea Roja de Mi Teleférico en La Paz, Bolivia.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mi Teleférico|La Paz cable car system]] in Bolivia is both the longest and highest urban cable car network in the world.]] |
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There are a few notable '''advantages''' to using cable transport including:<ref>http://www.newgeography.com/content/001405-the-compelling-case-for-the-cable-car The Compelling Case For The Cable Car By Steven Dale Retrieved 24/11/2015</ref> |
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* Electric drive in a main drive station - The vehicles themselves operate without an engine. This significantly reduces construction and maintenance costs. |
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* Lightweight carriers. |
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* High safety – Accidents relating to cable transport are extremely rare. Over 10,000 CTPs transport billions of people each year yet cable transports have some the best safety records of any mode of transport. |
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* Reduced operator number – Cable cars require no drivers which reduce costs and increases safety. |
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* Reliability and efficiency – Modern cable transport has, on average, less than one minute wait times between vehicles. |
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* Energy Efficient – Due to cable transport’s use of gravity and counterbalancing, many systems generate are self-sufficient in terms of power during off-peak times. |
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* High speed – CTPs can travel up to 45 km/hr. In addition to this, by their very nature, they take the most direct route to their destinations and aren’t subject to delays such as traffic jams. |
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* Large capacity – An aerial CTP can transport up to 4,000 people in one direction per hour. Ground-based increases this to 10,000 people. |
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* Flexible – CTPs aren’t just limited to transporting people but have a variety of applications. For example, a system in Slovakia transports newly manufactured cars to and from a testing facility. |
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* No influence of the carrier - runway friction coefficient. |
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* Intrinsic safety against carrier collision along the line. |
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[[File:Cable Transport 2.jpg|thumb|The Portland Aerial Tram]] |
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=== |
=== More recent developments === |
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More recent developments are being classified under the type of track that their design is based upon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/UT05/UT05003FU.pdf |title=Classification by track |publisher=witpress.com |accessdate=July 9, 2018}}</ref> After the success of this operation, several other projects were initiated in New Zealand and Chicago. The social climate around pollution is allowing for a shift from cars back to the utilization of cable transport due to their advantages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oitaf.org/Kongress%202017/Referate/Marocchi%20Andrea.pdf |title=A new approach to urban transportation by cable |publisher=oitaf.org |accessdate=July 9, 2018}}</ref> However, for many years they were a niche form of transportation used primarily in difficult-to-operate conditions for cars (such as on ski slopes as lifts). Now that cable transport projects (CTP) are on the increase, the social effects are beginning to become more significant.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sss10.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/SSS10_Proceedings_131.pdf |title=Significant Social Effects |accessdate=July 9, 2018}}</ref> |
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== Social effects == |
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When these are offset against the advantages of using other modes of transport such as trains or cars, the volume of people to transport over a period of time and the start-up cost of the project must be considered. In areas with extensive road networks, personal vehicles offer greater flexibility and range. More remote places like mountainous regions and ski slopes may be difficult to link with roads and so a CTP is a much easier approach. A CTP system may also require fewer invasive changes to the local environment. |
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[[File:Línea Roja de Mi Teleférico en La Paz, Bolivia.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mi Teleférico|La Paz cable car system]] in Bolivia is both the longest and highest urban cable car network in the world.|alt=A large long cable car system in Bolivia]] |
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The use of Cable Transport is not limited to such rural locations as skiing resorts; it can be used in urban development areas. Their uses in urban areas include [[funicular|funicular railways]], [[gondola lift]]s <ref>http://www.oitaf.org/Kongress%202011/Referate/O'Connor%20-%20Dale%2001-2012.pdf RYAN O’CONNOR AND STEVEN DALE. ''URBAN GONDOLAS, AERIAL ROPEWAYS AND |
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PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: PAST MISTAKES & |
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FUTURE STRATEGIES''. Accessed 17/11/2015 |
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</ref> and [[aerial tramway]]s.<ref>http://abstracts.aetransport.org/paper/download/id/3618. Cécile Clément-Werny et al ''CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS |
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session: Local Public Transport - Different modes''. Retrieved [17/11/2015] |
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</ref> |
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=== Comparison with other transport types === |
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==Safety== |
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When compared to trains and cars, the volume of people to transport over time and the start-upcost of the project must be a consideration. In areas with extensive road networks, personal vehicles offer greater flexibility and range. Remote places like mountainous regions and ski slopes may be difficult to link with roads, making CTP a much easier approach. A CTP system may also need fewer invasive changes to the local environment. |
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Although Cable Transport technology has advanced to cope with various weather conditions, there are many cases where accidents still occur.<ref>http://gondolaproject.com/ Gondola Project. 16/11/2015. Retrieved [17/11/2015]</ref> However it still experiences the fewest number of injuries, deaths, etc. per 1000 passengers when compared with other forms of transports according to the GondolaProject. This is a further advantage of their use as public transport despite their limitations in capacity. Cable Cars experienced the lowest number of accidents, injuries and deaths in Switzerland during 2008-2009 according to the gondolaproject.<ref>http://gondolaproject.com/ Gondola Project. 16/11/2015. Retrieved [17/11/2015]</ref> However, the overall safety of cable transportation was reconsidered after a major tragedy involving cable cars occurred in Saint-Etienne en Devoluy, which killed 21 people in July 1999. Although the technology behind cable cars ensures the safety when using them, cable transportation – cable cars especially – are most commonly used in very hazardous conditions. These conditions include being at very high heights, usually above dangerous mountain or dense forest terrain and also in parts of the world that have extreme weather conditions such as high winds and snow. For some people this raises concerns about the risks using this type of transportation poses however, thousands of people use cable transportation daily without any issue around the world in all types of conditions, proving that the developments have made cable transportation one of the safest ways of transport with the fewest amount of casualties.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/382750.stm British broadcasting company (BBC) (1999). Retrieved 17/11/2015</ref> |
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The use of Cable Transport is not limited to such rural locations as skiing resorts; it can be used in urban development areas. Their uses in urban areas include [[funicular]] railways,<ref name="Faulks 1999 p. 66">{{cite book |last=Faulks |first=R.W. |title=International Transport: An Introduction to Current Practices and Future Trends |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8493-4083-3 |url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=uTC2Y56o1W8C&pg=PA66 |access-date=10 July 2018 |page=66}}</ref> [[gondola lift]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oitaf.org/Kongress%202011/Referate/O'Connor%20-%20Dale%2001-2012.pdf |title=Other uses of cable transport |accessdate=November 17, 2015 |publisher=oitaf.org}}</ref> and [[aerial tramway]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abstracts.aetransport.org/paper/download/id/3618 |title=CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS |accessdate=July 9, 2018 |publisher=aetransport.org}}</ref> |
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===Accidents=== |
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== Safety == |
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Although accidents involving cable transport are a rare occurrence, there have still been serious incidents: |
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* On Wednesday 25 July 2012, passengers of a tour cable car were stuck 90 meters high in the air as there was a power failure which caused the cart to suddenly stop over the river Thames in the gondolas. The fault happened at 11:45am and lasted roughly for 30 minutes. Luckily no passengers were injured however, at the time this was the first problem to ever hit the Emirates Airline. |
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* Nevis Range, near Fort William, Scotland, a cable car was reported to have derailed and crashed to the ground seriously injuring all 5 passengers on 13 July 2006. Another car on the same rail also slid back down the rails when the crash happened. Following the incident, 50 people were left stranded at the station whilst the staff and aid helped the passengers of the crashed car. |
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* The cable car accident in Cavalese, Italy which occurred on 9 March 1976 is considered the worst aerial lift accident in history. The car crashed off the rails and fell 200 meters down a mountain side, also crashing through a grassy meadow before coming to a halt. The tragedy caused the death of 43 people and four lift officials were jailed for charges regarding the accident <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/5177392.stm(13/06/2006) ''People injured in cable car crash '' [Accessed on 01/12/2015]</ref><ref>https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/passengers-stranded-90-metres-in-the-air-as-londons-new-cable-car-breaks-down-7976314.html# |
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(06/06/2012) ''Passengers stranded 90 metres in the air as London's new cable car breaks down'' [Accessed on 01/12/2015]</ref> |
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* The [[Kaprun disaster]] was a fire that occurred in an ascending train in the tunnel of the Gletscherbahn Kaprun 2 funicular in Kaprun, Austria, on 11 November 2000. The disaster claimed the lives of 155 people, leaving 12 survivors (10 Germans and two Austrians) from the burning train. It is considered as the worst cable car accident in history. |
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=== Accidents === |
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==Future of Cable Transport== |
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* On Wednesday 25 July 2012, passengers of a tour cable car were stuck 90 meters high in the air as there was a power failure which caused the cart to suddenly stop over the river Thames in the gondolas. The fault happened at 11:45{{nbsp}}am and lasted roughly for 30 minutes. Luckily no passengers were injured, however, at the time this was the first problem to ever hit the Emirates Airline.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/passengers-stranded-90-metres-in-the-air-as-londons-new-cable-car-breaks-down-7976314.html |title=Passengers stranded 90 meters in the air as Londons new cable car breaks down |publisher=standard.uk |accessdate=July 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-18985455 |title=Emirates Air Line Thames Cable Car breaks down |accessdate=July 9, 2018 |publisher=BBC.com}}</ref> |
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* Nevis Range, near Fort William, Scotland, a cable car was reported to have derailed and crashed to the ground seriously injuring all 5 passengers on 13 July 2006. Another car on the same rail also slid back down the rails when the crash happened. Following the incident, 50 people were left stranded at the station whilst the staff and aid helped the passengers of the crashed car.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gillan |first1=Audrey |title=Four hurt as cable car derails on Nevis range |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jul/14/travelnews.travel |website=the Guardian |accessdate=9 July 2018 |language=en |date=13 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Five injured in Highlands cable car accident |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/five-injured-in-highlands-cable-car-accident-1-466758 |publisher=scotsman.com |accessdate=9 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* The cable car accident in Cavalese, Italy which occurred on 9 March 1976 is considered the worst aerial lift accident in history. The car crashed off the rails and fell 200 meters down a mountainside, also crashing through a grassy meadow before coming to a halt. The tragedy caused the death of 43 people, and four lift officials were jailed for charges regarding the accident.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/5177392.stm |title=People injured in cable car crash |accessdate=January 12, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430151752/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/5177392.stm |archivedate=April 30, 2008}}</ref> |
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* On April 15, 1978, a Cable Car at [[Squaw Valley Ski Resort]] in California came off of one of its cables, dropping 75 feet and violently bouncing up. It collided cable which sheared through the car. Four people we killed and thirty-one were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tahoequarterly.com/winter-2014-2015/tram-car-trauma |title=California Cable Car incident |accessdate=July 9, 2018 |publisher=tahoequarterly.com}}</ref> |
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* The [[Kaprun disaster]] was a fire that occurred in an ascending train in the tunnel of the Gletscherbahn Kaprun 2 funicular in Kaprun, Austria, on 11 November 2000. The disaster claimed the lives of 155 people, leaving 12 survivors (10 Germans and two Austrians) from the burning train. It is one of the worst cable car accidents in history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.skimag.com/uncategorized/kaprun-funicular-accident-worst-in-history |title=Worst cable car accident in history |accessdate=July 9, 2018 |publisher=skimagazine.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3502265.stm |title=Kaprun Disaster |publisher=BBC.uk |accessdate=July 9, 2018}}</ref> |
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== References == |
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The future of the cable transport certainly looks promising, as the need for reducing the transportation costs and air pollution is rapidly growing. Also, it is necessary to take into consideration the various cable-[[people mover|APM]] (Automated People Mover) characteristics, because they possess different properties, suit different needs and therefore can be used to solve a variety of transportation issues. |
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<references /> |
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The cable system transport can be classified in the following way: |
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*Ski area cableways, with some stations, carriers and control system modifications. |
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*Shuttles running on a dedicated track with fixed grips or with haul rope loop switching at the stations, with standing or very slowly running cable and with no acceleration-deceleration device. |
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*Systems running on a dedicated track with detachable carriers and acceleration-deceleration devices in each station. |
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Of course, each of these instances are accompanied by certain advantages and limitations. The ski area cableways technology is a perfect solution when there is a large vertical drop or the cabins are required to cross obstacles such as rivers or lakes. However, the setback is the difficulty to design lines with numerous stations and corners, as well as the visual pollution of the towers. The shuttle systems impose the usage of a massive bridge, especially if the distance between the towers is wide. This implies the systems would consist of long cables and a lot of intermediate stations, which could result either in serious capacity decrease or in needs of vast carriers. The mini-metro technology does not pose such issues, as the carriers are way smaller and are able to cut corners, but the real problem is connected with the number of stations. The existing technology uses a large number of tires, belts, and gears for the execution of the acceleration, the deceleration and the actual process of driving. There are currently some developments about the future improvement of this type of cable transport, but it still remains a major issue to be resolved.<ref>https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/metrocables/dissemination/Davila-Daste-2012-UNEP.pdf Julio D. Dávila et al. ''Medellín’s aerial cable-cars: social inclusion and reduced emissions'' (Accessed 24/11/2015)</ref> |
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== Further reading == |
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==References== |
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* {{cite web |title=Cable cars: Danger in the skies |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=June 1, 1999 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/382750.stm |access-date=July 9, 2018}} |
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<references/> |
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* {{cite web |url=http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/Elevator_incidents |title=List of Elevator Incidents |accessdate=July 9, 2018 |publisher=Elevation wiki}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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{{Commons category|Cable transport}} |
{{Commons category|Cable transport}} |
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43T1p4CswYo Melbourne's cable trams] on [[YouTube]] |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43T1p4CswYo Melbourne's cable trams] on [[YouTube]] |
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1pjSKNfnG4 San Francisco's Cable Cars & Motor Cars; 1900-1940s |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1pjSKNfnG4 San Francisco's Cable Cars & Motor Cars; 1900-1940s – with 1906 Earthquake] on [[YouTube]] |
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/382750.stm World Cable Car's - Danger in the Skies] on [[BBC]] |
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[[Category:Cables]] |
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[[Category:Transport by mode]] |
[[Category:Transport by mode]] |
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[[Category:Transport]] |