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==Dervish revolt== |
==Dervish revolt== |
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{{main article|Dervish movement (Somali){{!}}Dervish movement}} |
{{main article|Dervish movement (Somali){{!}}Dervish movement}} |
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1912 was a tumultuous year for the Dhulbahante clans inhabiting Bohotle and the Ain valley. The clans of Bohotle being allies of the [[British Empire]], were set upon and attacked by Hassan and his Dervish army, forcing them to evacuate and seek refuge in [[Burao]], [[Berbera]] and [[Haud]] among the [[Isaaq]] clans. British colonial governor [[Horace Byatt]] reported that 800 [[Dhulbahante]] refugees arrived in [[Berbera]], but feared that they could not be protected nor fed properly, stating that only 300 native infantry and 200 [[King's African Rifles]] were in Berbera and insufficient to hold off a Dervish attack. Byatt also raised concerns for the Dhulbahante refugees en route to British controlled territory and the possibility of them being looted by hostile clans, particularly the Habr Yunis.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=t9MVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131&dq=Battle+of+dul+madoba#q=corfield |title= Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921 p.147|isbn= 9781783463800|last1= Irons|first1= Roy|date= 4 November 2013}}</ref> |
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[[Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay|Baron Ismay]]'s intelligence report on the Dervish raids on the Ali Gheri and the Dolbahanta clan's of Bohotle |
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According to James Hayes Sadler, the Farah Garad were the only clan who would remain unwaveringly steadfast and resolute in their loyalty to the ''Darawiish'' identity in spite of the threat of a British military onslaught:<ref>Official History of the Operations in Somaliland 1901 - 04, page 54, 1907</ref> |
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<blockquote>No important move was made till November 1911, when he successfully attacked the Ali gheri at Bohotleh. He followed this up in February 1912 with an attack on the Dolbahanta at Eildab, In this engagement our people lost all their stock and were reduced to starvation. They flocked to Berbera demanding to be supported. Yet another attack on Bohotleh in March resulted in the remaining Dolbahanta in that vicinity being looted and driven out. Bohotleh remained in Dervish hands.<ref>{{cite web|url= |
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{{Blockquote |
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http://www.kingscollections.org/exhibitions/archives/armies-abroad/dervish-state/establishment#Gallery[gallery1]/5/|title= King's College London, King's collection : Ismay's summary as Intelligence Officer (1916-1918) of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan|first=}}</ref></blockquote> |
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|text=It is, however, believed that, with the exception of the Ali Gheri and possibly '''other sections of the Girad Farah''', ... that a large seceding from his following may be expected when our expedition takes the field. |
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|author= James Hayes Sadler |
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}} |
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Bristish colonial administrator [[Douglas James Jardine|Sir Douglas Jardine]] describing the plight of the Dhulbahante writes : |
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In the oldest surviving work on Dervishes, Malcolm Mcneill states the two largest subclans in Buuhoodle, the [[Reer Khayre]] and [[Ararsame]], were the main opponents of European colonialism:<ref>In Pursuit of the Mad Mullah; Service and Sport in the Somali Protectorate , 1902, Malcolm McNeill </ref> |
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<blockquote> The most pitiful lot of all fell to certain sections of the Dolbahanta. Ousted from their ancestral grazing grounds by the Mullah's advance and bereft of all their stock, the remnants wandered like veritable Ishmaelites in the Ishaak country, deprived of Asylum and almost all access to the coast.''<ref> The Mad mullah of Somaliland, p.158</ref></blockquote> |
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{{Blockquote |
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|text=The two principal offenders were the Ali Gheri and the Arasama tribes, who had for a long time made the whole Dolbahanta country unsafe for Europeans without a large escort; it was now time to settle with them once and for all. |
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|author= Malcolm McNeill |
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}} |
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These conditions were not limited to the Dhulbahante only but encompassed the entire territory of British Somaliland Protectorate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCall |first1=Daniel F. |title=Eastern African History |date=1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bulhan |first1=Hussein Abdullahi |title=A Self-portrait of Somaliland: Rebuilding from the Ruins |date=1999 |pages=12}}</ref> The British retreat to coastal outposts left the interior country in a state of power vacuum that heralded a period acute distress, scarcity and violence that came to be known locally as ''Xaaraame Cune'' "time of eating filth". An estimated one third of the entire population of Somaliland perished during this period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=I. M |title=The Modern History of Somaliland |date=1965 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |pages=77}}</ref> |
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As a consequence of their anti-colonialism, 1200 Ararsame and Reer Khayre clansmen were killed and their livestock embezzled:<ref> Official History of the Operations in Somaliland 1901 - 04, 1907</ref> |
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{{Blockquote |
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|text=The total number of casualties inflicted on the enemy at McNeill's zariba and in the subsequent pursuit in the Ararsamah and the Ali Gheri country, and at Ferdiddin, cannot have fallen far short of some 1,200 men killed ... The camels were either given as compensation to the Ishak tribes who had been looted by the Mullah or were handed over to the men, with their how disposed consent, in lieu of pay, thus reducing the cost of the expedition. |
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|author= McNeill |
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}} |
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James Hayes Sadler stated that the primary base of Darawiish support came from Buuhoodle:<ref name="staats">Das Staatsarchiv: Sammlung der offiziellen Aktenstücke zur Aussenpolitik der Gegenwart ..., Volumes 65-66</ref> |
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{{Blockquote |
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|text=Unless we can soon operate with Abyssinia to suppress the Mullah, I shall have to create a diversion by moving with available forces, supported by tribal levies, to punish tribes who are Mullah's principal supporters round Bohotele. This could be safely done, as the eastern Ishak tribes are friendly and united. |
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|author= Sadler |
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}} |
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After the assassination of Darawiish prime minister [[Cabbaas Xuseen]] in early 1900, the Darawiish retired to Buuhoodle:<ref>The Mad Mullah of Somaliland, Douglas James Jardine</ref> |
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{{Blockquote |
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|text=the Abyssinians, after the Dervish attack on JigJigga, realising that the Mullah's movement challenged their sovereignty over the Mohammedan tribes in their Harrar province, had despatched a force of some 15,000 men to the western edge of the Haud. Alarmed at this development, the Mullah retired eastward into British territory to the Bohotle area, where he was assured of a welcome from his own kinsmen, the Dolbahanta. |
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|author= Jardine |
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}} |
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Eric Swayne stated that the people of Buuhoodle had "always proved to be the backbone" of adherence to ''[[Darawiishnimo]]''.<ref>Sessional Papers - Volume 69 - Page 27, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · 1902 </ref> |
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{{Blockquote |
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|text=He had attempted to combine the Ogaden against Mersin for them, but these tribes having been badly treated by him, would not now help, and Dolbahanta on the punishment of one of their outlying sections by the Abyssinians, the Mullah found himself compelled to retire eastward to Bohotle to our Dolbahanta tribes, his own kinsmen, who have always proved to be the backbone of his following. |
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|author= Eric Swayne |
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}} |
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According to a contemporaneous news report from The Marion Star, the Ali Gheri subclan of reer Khayre whom are a paramount clan in Buuhoodle, were the first people to adopt the Darawiish identity; as such, making the Ali Gheri or ''[[Reer Khayre]]'' the founders of the Darawiish:<ref>https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/296280296/</ref> |
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{{Blockquote |
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|text=By his marriage he extended his influence from Abyssinia, on the west, to the borders of Italian Somaliland, on the east. The Ali Gheri were his first followers. |
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|author= The Marion Star, rehash from British intelligence reports |
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}} |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
Revision as of 15:40, 5 June 2021
Buuhoodle
بوهودله | |
---|---|
City | |
Coordinates: 8°13′50″N 46°19′36″E / 8.23056°N 46.32667°E | |
Country | Somaliland |
Region | Togdheer |
District | Buuhoodle |
Population (2005)[1] | |
• Total | 38,428 |
Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
Buhoodle (Somali: Buuhoodle, Arabic: بووهودل), also known as Bohotle, is a city in the Togdheer region of Somaliland. It is a prominent border town for movements of goods to and from Somaliland and the Somali Region of Ethiopia. The surrounding district is rich in both livestock and fledgeling agriculture.
Overview
Buhoodle is located on the border between Somaliland and Ethiopia. It serves as a commercial hub for the movement of goods to and from Bosaso, Garowe, Las Anod, Galkayo, Wardheer, Burao, the surrounding area, and the Ogaden.
Buhoodle and its environs are disputed by the Somalian autonomous state of Puntland and Somaliland.[2] Somaliland troops entered the city in May 2010 but failed to gain support from the local civilians in the town [citation needed]. A brutal conflict left at least 100 dead on 190 wounded. Conflicts later flared up again the following year and the Somaliland troops entered the town once again.[3] The conflict was eventually resolved in early 2012, with the official withdrawal of Somaliland troops to a 50 km radius of the city's perimeter.[4]
In June 2014, the Puntland government launched a new tree-planting campaign in the state, with the regional Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism slated to plant 25,000 trees by the end of the year. Buuhoodle is among the 5 cities and towns earmarked for the reforestation initiative, which also include Garowe, Bosaso, Qardho, and Galkayo. The campaign is part of a broader partnership between the Puntland authorities and EU to set up various environmental protection measures in the region, with the aim of promoting reforestation and afforestation.[5]
Dervish revolt
1912 was a tumultuous year for the Dhulbahante clans inhabiting Bohotle and the Ain valley. The clans of Bohotle being allies of the British Empire, were set upon and attacked by Hassan and his Dervish army, forcing them to evacuate and seek refuge in Burao, Berbera and Haud among the Isaaq clans. British colonial governor Horace Byatt reported that 800 Dhulbahante refugees arrived in Berbera, but feared that they could not be protected nor fed properly, stating that only 300 native infantry and 200 King's African Rifles were in Berbera and insufficient to hold off a Dervish attack. Byatt also raised concerns for the Dhulbahante refugees en route to British controlled territory and the possibility of them being looted by hostile clans, particularly the Habr Yunis.[6]
Baron Ismay's intelligence report on the Dervish raids on the Ali Gheri and the Dolbahanta clan's of Bohotle
No important move was made till November 1911, when he successfully attacked the Ali gheri at Bohotleh. He followed this up in February 1912 with an attack on the Dolbahanta at Eildab, In this engagement our people lost all their stock and were reduced to starvation. They flocked to Berbera demanding to be supported. Yet another attack on Bohotleh in March resulted in the remaining Dolbahanta in that vicinity being looted and driven out. Bohotleh remained in Dervish hands.[7]
Bristish colonial administrator Sir Douglas Jardine describing the plight of the Dhulbahante writes :
The most pitiful lot of all fell to certain sections of the Dolbahanta. Ousted from their ancestral grazing grounds by the Mullah's advance and bereft of all their stock, the remnants wandered like veritable Ishmaelites in the Ishaak country, deprived of Asylum and almost all access to the coast.[8]
These conditions were not limited to the Dhulbahante only but encompassed the entire territory of British Somaliland Protectorate.[9][10] The British retreat to coastal outposts left the interior country in a state of power vacuum that heralded a period acute distress, scarcity and violence that came to be known locally as Xaaraame Cune "time of eating filth". An estimated one third of the entire population of Somaliland perished during this period.[11]
Demographics
The broader Buuhoodle District has a total population of 38,428[1] residents. Buuhoodle is primarily inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group, with the Dhulbahante especially well-represented.[12]
Education
Buuhoodle has a number of academic institutions. According to the Puntland Ministry of Education, there are 12 primary schools, 3 high schools and 2 universities in the Buuhoodle District. Among these are H/dh Abu-Bakar Sadiq, H/dh Al-Najax, H/dh Al-Furqan and so on [13] Secondary schools in the area include Howd and Samatar Bahman.[14] For Health Education, Buhodle College Of Health Science. For higher studies, Buuhoodle is served by the East Africa University (EAU). The institution opened a seventh branch in the town on 18 April 2012 to serve pupils from the Cayn region.[15]
Notable residents
- Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar – Vice President of Puntland
- Mohammed Abdullah Hassan – leader of the Dervish movement
- Saado Ali Warsame – Singer & MP in the Federal Parliament of Somalia
- Ismail Mire - Somali poet and Dervish movement general
- Ali Dhuh - Somali poet
- Saleban Essa Ahmed 'Xaglatoosiye' - Somaliland Minister of Health & former SSC militia leader
Notes
- ^ a b "Regions, districts, and their populations: Somalia 2005 (draft)" (PDF). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; 28 July 2017 suggested (help) - ^ "Puntland State". Puntland State Government. Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
- ^ "Dagaal ka dhacay Buuhoodle". BBC News Somali (in Somali). 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
- ^ "Somalia: Former Militia Leader Joins Somaliland Cabinet". Garowe Online. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "Somalia: World Environment Day celebrated in Puntland, Govt calls for tree plantation". Garowe Online. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ Irons, Roy (4 November 2013). Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921 p.147. ISBN 9781783463800.
- ^ "King's College London, King's collection : Ismay's summary as Intelligence Officer (1916-1918) of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan".
- ^ The Mad mullah of Somaliland, p.158
- ^ McCall, Daniel F. (1969). Eastern African History.
- ^ Bulhan, Hussein Abdullahi (1999). A Self-portrait of Somaliland: Rebuilding from the Ruins. p. 12.
- ^ Lewis, I. M (1965). The Modern History of Somaliland. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 77.
- ^ Diedrich Westermann, Edwin William Smith, Cyril Daryll Forde (2009). Africa, Volume 79, Issue 2. Oxford University Press. p. 266.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Puntland - Primary schools". Ministry of Education of Puntland. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
- ^ "Puntland - Secondary schools". Ministry of Education of Somalia. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
- ^ "Buhodle Campus". East Africa University. Retrieved 19 March 2014.