Rev. sock of multiple IP-vandal. |
146.232.75.208 (talk) what sock puppet, Im just at different places at different times - you people are continuing to ignore wiki rules in terms of including all signiicant views, so that it is NPOV?What is your problem? |
||
Line 453: | Line 453: | ||
{{Bulgarians}} |
{{Bulgarians}} |
||
The '''Bulgarians''' ({{lang-bg|българи}}, {{IPA-mk|ˈbɤɫɡɐri|pron}}) are a [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] people,<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA135&dq=bulgarians+south+slavic+people&hl=bg&ei=kPIOTYvSLIyOjAeVn6C9Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=bulgarians%20south%20slavic%20people&f=false One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, James Minahan, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0313309841, pp. 134-135.]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp|title=The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YbS9QmwDC58C&pg=PA308&dq=bulgarians+south+slavic&hl=bg&ei=NSI8Tb78D9yJ4gbWzbDLCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBjge#v=onepage&q=bulgarians%20south%20slavic&f=false|year=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472081493|page=308}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kopeček|first=Michal|editor=Balázs Trencsényi|title=Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945): texts and commentaries|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TpPWvubBL0MC&pg=PA240&dq=bulgarians+south+slavs&hl=bg&ei=yCI8TYicLsmz4gb9zYSXCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=bulgarians%20south%20slavs&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=9789637326608|page=240}}</ref>, who are generally associated with the [[Bulgaria|Republic of Bulgaria]] and the Bulgarian language. Emigration has resulted in Bulgarian minorities or immigrant communities in a number of other countries. |
The '''Bulgarians''' ({{lang-bg|българи}}, {{IPA-mk|ˈbɤɫɡɐri|pron}}) are a [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] people,<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA135&dq=bulgarians+south+slavic+people&hl=bg&ei=kPIOTYvSLIyOjAeVn6C9Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=bulgarians%20south%20slavic%20people&f=false One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, James Minahan, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0313309841, pp. 134-135.]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp|title=The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YbS9QmwDC58C&pg=PA308&dq=bulgarians+south+slavic&hl=bg&ei=NSI8Tb78D9yJ4gbWzbDLCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBjge#v=onepage&q=bulgarians%20south%20slavic&f=false|year=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472081493|page=308}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kopeček|first=Michal|editor=Balázs Trencsényi|title=Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945): texts and commentaries|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TpPWvubBL0MC&pg=PA240&dq=bulgarians+south+slavs&hl=bg&ei=yCI8TYicLsmz4gb9zYSXCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=bulgarians%20south%20slavs&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=9789637326608|page=240}}</ref>, either ethnically or linguistically and culturally, who are generally associated with the [[Bulgaria|Republic of Bulgaria]] and the Bulgarian language. Emigration has resulted in Bulgarian minorities or immigrant communities in a number of other countries. |
||
==Ethnogenesis== |
==Ethnogenesis== |
||
There are two main viewpoint on the Bulgarians' ethnogenesis. One is that they are descended primarily from Slavs and to a more minor degree from Bulgars<ref>http://thearchaeologicalbox.com/en/news/dna-analysis-reveals-pamir-origin-bulgarians</ref><ref>http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=117006</ref> and Thracians, while the other view is that they are mostly descended from the Bulgars, and to a lesser degree from the Thracians (while Slavic descent is negligible in this view). |
|||
The modern Bulgarians have descended from several main groups, which mixed in the [[Balkans]] during the 6th–10th century: [[Byzantines|Thraco-Byzantyne]] and [[Traco-Roman]] local population; [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] invaders, who gave their language to the modern Bulgarians; and the [[Bulgars]], from whom the [[ethnonym]] and the early statehood were inherited. |
|||
The ethnic contribution of the indigenous [[Thracians|Thracian]] and [[Daco]]-[[Getae|Getic]] population was determined by some recent genetic studies.<ref>[http://www.scribd.com/doc/326027/PaleomtDNA-analysis-and-population-genetic-aspects-of-old-Thracian-populations-from-SouthEast-of-Romania Paleo-MtDNA Analysis and population genetic aspects of old Thracian population from South-Eastern Romania]</ref> The ancient languages of the local people had already gone extinct before the arrival of the [[Slavs]], mostly due to [[Hellenization]] since the antiquity and to a lesser degree to [[Romanisation]] during Roman rule. Their cultural influence was highly reduced due to the repeated barbaric invasions on the Balkans during the early [[Middle Ages]] by [[Goths]], [[Celts]], [[Huns]], and [[Sarmatians]], accompanied by [[Byzantine]] influence and later [[slavicisation]]. The [[Celts]] had also expanded down the [[Danube]] river and its tributaries in 3rd century BC. They had established a state on part of the territory of modern Bulgaria with capital [[Tylis]], which they ruled for over a century. |
The ethnic contribution of the indigenous [[Thracians|Thracian]] and [[Daco]]-[[Getae|Getic]] population was determined by some recent genetic studies.<ref>[http://www.scribd.com/doc/326027/PaleomtDNA-analysis-and-population-genetic-aspects-of-old-Thracian-populations-from-SouthEast-of-Romania Paleo-MtDNA Analysis and population genetic aspects of old Thracian population from South-Eastern Romania]</ref> The ancient languages of the local people had already gone extinct before the arrival of the [[Slavs]], mostly due to [[Hellenization]] since the antiquity and to a lesser degree to [[Romanisation]] during Roman rule. Their cultural influence was highly reduced due to the repeated barbaric invasions on the Balkans during the early [[Middle Ages]] by [[Goths]], [[Celts]], [[Huns]], and [[Sarmatians]], accompanied by [[Byzantine]] influence and later [[slavicisation]]. The [[Celts]] had also expanded down the [[Danube]] river and its tributaries in 3rd century BC. They had established a state on part of the territory of modern Bulgaria with capital [[Tylis]], which they ruled for over a century. |
||
The Slavs emerged from their original homeland in the early 6th century, and spread to most of the eastern [[Central Europe]], Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus forming three main branches – the [[West Slavs]], the [[East Slavs]] and the [[South Slavs]]. |
The Slavs emerged from their original homeland in the early 6th century, and spread to most of the eastern [[Central Europe]], Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus forming three main branches – the [[West Slavs]], the [[East Slavs]] and the [[South Slavs]]. I one of the two views - the [[Slavs]] became part of the ancestors of the modern Bulgarians. Similar to the rest of their South Slavic neighbours,the Bulgarians are clearly separated from the tight DNA cluster typical for Western and Eastern Slavs. This phenomenon is explained by “the genetic contribution of the people who lived in the region before the Slavic expansion”.<ref>[http://dienekes.angeltowns.net/articles/fallmerayer Anthropological Evidence and the Fallmerayer Thesis]</ref> |
||
The [[Bulgars]] originally descended from [[Central Asia]] during the 2nd century, migrating into the North [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] [[steppe]].<ref>Образуване на българската държава. проф. Петър Петров (Издателство Наука и изкуство, София, 1981)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/da/da_2_2.htm Образуване на българската народност.проф. Димитър Ангелов (Издателство Наука и изкуство, “Векове”, София, 1971)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm A history of the First Bulgarian Empire.Prof. Steven Runciman (G. Bell & Sons, London 1930)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/vz1a/vz1a_a_1.html История на българската държава през средните векове Васил Н. Златарски (I изд. София 1918; II изд., Наука и изкуство, София 1970, под ред. на проф. Петър Хр. Петров)]</ref> Between 377 and 453 they took part in the [[Hun]]nic raids on [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Western Europe]]. After [[Attila]]'s death in 453, and the subsequent disintegration of the [[Hunnic Empire]], the Bulgar tribes dispersed mostly to the eastern and southeastern parts of Europe. In the late 7th century, some Bulgar tribes, led by [[Asparukh]] and others, led by [[Kouber]], permanently settled in the Balkans, and formed the ruling class of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] in 680–681. |
The [[Bulgars]] originally descended from [[Central Asia]] during the 2nd century, migrating into the North [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] [[steppe]].<ref>Образуване на българската държава. проф. Петър Петров (Издателство Наука и изкуство, София, 1981)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/da/da_2_2.htm Образуване на българската народност.проф. Димитър Ангелов (Издателство Наука и изкуство, “Векове”, София, 1971)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm A history of the First Bulgarian Empire.Prof. Steven Runciman (G. Bell & Sons, London 1930)]</ref><ref>[http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/vz1a/vz1a_a_1.html История на българската държава през средните векове Васил Н. Златарски (I изд. София 1918; II изд., Наука и изкуство, София 1970, под ред. на проф. Петър Хр. Петров)]</ref> Between 377 and 453 they took part in the [[Hun]]nic raids on [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Western Europe]]. After [[Attila]]'s death in 453, and the subsequent disintegration of the [[Hunnic Empire]], the Bulgar tribes dispersed mostly to the eastern and southeastern parts of Europe. In the late 7th century, some Bulgar tribes, led by [[Asparukh]] and others, led by [[Kouber]], permanently settled in the Balkans, and formed the ruling class of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] in 680–681. |
||
E-ISSN: 1534-6617, HLA Genes in the Chuvashian Population from European Russia: Admixture of Central European and Mediterranean Populations, pp. 375-392.</ref> |
|||
==Genetic origin== |
==Genetic origin== |
||
According to some 20th century researchers as [[William Z. Ripley]], [[Carleton S. Coon]] and [[Bertil Lundman]] the Bulgarians are predominantly [[Mediterranean race|Mediterranean people]], with unexplained Pre-Pontic, [[East Baltic race|East-Baltic]], and [[Nordic race|Nordic]] strains, whose roots go back to the [[Neolithic]].<ref>[http://carnby.altervista.org/troe/12-15.htm Races Of Europe, (Chapter XII, section 15)]</ref><ref>[http://carnby.altervista.org/lundraces/lundman-races2.htm Lundman, Bertil J. - The Races and Peoples of Europe, (Chapter: The Races and Peoples of Southeast Europe), New York: IAAEE. 1977.]</ref> As per 21st century studies of their [[DNA]] data, the genetic background of the Bulgarians has Eastern Mediterranean composition.<ref name="findarticles.com">[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200306/ai_n9288054/pg_5 HLA genes in the Chuvashian population from European Russia: Admixture of central European and Mediterranean populations - pg. 5]</ref> [[Genetic genealogy|Genetically]], modern Bulgarians are more closely related to other neighbouring [[Balkan]] populations ([[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]], Serbs, Romanians and Greeks) than to the rest of the [[European ethnic groups|Europeans]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12713147 Five polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein B gene in healthy Bulgarians.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria.PMID: 12713147]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12542743&dopt=Abstract HLA polymorphism in Bulgarians defined by high-resolution typing methods in comparison with other populations.]</ref><ref>[http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Rosser2000.pdf Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language]</ref> The Bulgarians also have similarities with other [[Mediterranean]] populations such as [[Sardinians]] and [[Crete|Cretans]].<ref>[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057003208.x Distributions of HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Bulgarians – contribution to understanding the origin of the population. M. Ivanova, P. Spassova, A. Michailova, E. Naumova. Division of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.]</ref><ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/8300nn2q37527183/ Bulgarian Bone Marrow Donors Registry—past and future directions - Asen Zlatev, Milena Ivanova, Snejina Michailova, Anastasia Mihaylova and Elissaveta Naumova, Central Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Published online: 2 June 2007]</ref> |
According to some 20th century researchers as [[William Z. Ripley]], [[Carleton S. Coon]] and [[Bertil Lundman]] the Bulgarians are predominantly [[Mediterranean race|Mediterranean people]], with unexplained Pre-Pontic, [[East Baltic race|East-Baltic]], and [[Nordic race|Nordic]] strains, whose roots go back to the [[Neolithic]].<ref>[http://carnby.altervista.org/troe/12-15.htm Races Of Europe, (Chapter XII, section 15)]</ref><ref>[http://carnby.altervista.org/lundraces/lundman-races2.htm Lundman, Bertil J. - The Races and Peoples of Europe, (Chapter: The Races and Peoples of Southeast Europe), New York: IAAEE. 1977.]</ref> As per 21st century studies of their [[DNA]] data, the genetic background of the Bulgarians has Eastern Mediterranean composition.<ref name="findarticles.com">[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200306/ai_n9288054/pg_5 HLA genes in the Chuvashian population from European Russia: Admixture of central European and Mediterranean populations - pg. 5]</ref> [[Genetic genealogy|Genetically]], modern Bulgarians are more closely related to other neighbouring [[Balkan]] populations ([[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]], Serbs, Romanians and Greeks) than to the rest of the [[European ethnic groups|Europeans]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12713147 Five polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein B gene in healthy Bulgarians.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria.PMID: 12713147]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12542743&dopt=Abstract HLA polymorphism in Bulgarians defined by high-resolution typing methods in comparison with other populations.]</ref><ref>[http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Rosser2000.pdf Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language]</ref> The Bulgarians also have similarities with other [[Mediterranean]] populations such as [[Sardinians]] and [[Crete|Cretans]].<ref>[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057003208.x Distributions of HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Bulgarians – contribution to understanding the origin of the population. M. Ivanova, P. Spassova, A. Michailova, E. Naumova. Division of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.]</ref><ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/8300nn2q37527183/ Bulgarian Bone Marrow Donors Registry—past and future directions - Asen Zlatev, Milena Ivanova, Snejina Michailova, Anastasia Mihaylova and Elissaveta Naumova, Central Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Published online: 2 June 2007]</ref> |
||
A new genetic study was done in 2010, by the scientific Bulgarian expedition ''Tangra''. DNA samples were taken from Iranic/Pamirian peoples and it was concluded, from the results of the analysis, that modern Bulgarians are very far from Slavs, genetically, and very close to Iranic/Pamirian peoples, genetically. This would mean that Bulgarians, according to the team's data, mostly descend from the Bulgars (which some historians regard as Iranic), and the other part of their ancestry being Thracians (Hellenised, Romanised), and to a negligible degree, the Slavs.<ref>http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=117006</ref><ref>http://thearchaeologicalbox.com/en/news/dna-analysis-reveals-pamir-origin-bulgarians</ref> |
|||
==Population== |
==Population== |
||
Line 661: | Line 661: | ||
[[uk:Болгари]] |
[[uk:Болгари]] |
||
[[zh:保加利亞人]] |
[[zh:保加利亞人]] |
||
[[File:Example.jpg]] |
Revision as of 11:00, 4 February 2011
Error: no context parameter provided. Use {{other uses}} for "other uses" hatnotes. (help).
Part of a series on |
Bulgarians Българи |
---|
Culture |
By country |
Subgroups |
Religion |
Language |
Other |
The Bulgarians (Bulgarian: българи, pronounced [ˈbɤɫɡɐri]) are a South Slavic people,[49][51][52][53], either ethnically or linguistically and culturally, who are generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language. Emigration has resulted in Bulgarian minorities or immigrant communities in a number of other countries.
Ethnogenesis
There are two main viewpoint on the Bulgarians' ethnogenesis. One is that they are descended primarily from Slavs and to a more minor degree from Bulgars[54][55] and Thracians, while the other view is that they are mostly descended from the Bulgars, and to a lesser degree from the Thracians (while Slavic descent is negligible in this view).
The ethnic contribution of the indigenous Thracian and Daco-Getic population was determined by some recent genetic studies.[56] The ancient languages of the local people had already gone extinct before the arrival of the Slavs, mostly due to Hellenization since the antiquity and to a lesser degree to Romanisation during Roman rule. Their cultural influence was highly reduced due to the repeated barbaric invasions on the Balkans during the early Middle Ages by Goths, Celts, Huns, and Sarmatians, accompanied by Byzantine influence and later slavicisation. The Celts had also expanded down the Danube river and its tributaries in 3rd century BC. They had established a state on part of the territory of modern Bulgaria with capital Tylis, which they ruled for over a century.
The Slavs emerged from their original homeland in the early 6th century, and spread to most of the eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus forming three main branches – the West Slavs, the East Slavs and the South Slavs. I one of the two views - the Slavs became part of the ancestors of the modern Bulgarians. Similar to the rest of their South Slavic neighbours,the Bulgarians are clearly separated from the tight DNA cluster typical for Western and Eastern Slavs. This phenomenon is explained by “the genetic contribution of the people who lived in the region before the Slavic expansion”.[57]
The Bulgars originally descended from Central Asia during the 2nd century, migrating into the North Caucasian steppe.[58][59][60][61] Between 377 and 453 they took part in the Hunnic raids on Central and Western Europe. After Attila's death in 453, and the subsequent disintegration of the Hunnic Empire, the Bulgar tribes dispersed mostly to the eastern and southeastern parts of Europe. In the late 7th century, some Bulgar tribes, led by Asparukh and others, led by Kouber, permanently settled in the Balkans, and formed the ruling class of the First Bulgarian Empire in 680–681.
Genetic origin
According to some 20th century researchers as William Z. Ripley, Carleton S. Coon and Bertil Lundman the Bulgarians are predominantly Mediterranean people, with unexplained Pre-Pontic, East-Baltic, and Nordic strains, whose roots go back to the Neolithic.[62][63] As per 21st century studies of their DNA data, the genetic background of the Bulgarians has Eastern Mediterranean composition.[64] Genetically, modern Bulgarians are more closely related to other neighbouring Balkan populations (Macedonians, Serbs, Romanians and Greeks) than to the rest of the Europeans.[65][66][67] The Bulgarians also have similarities with other Mediterranean populations such as Sardinians and Cretans.[68][69] A new genetic study was done in 2010, by the scientific Bulgarian expedition Tangra. DNA samples were taken from Iranic/Pamirian peoples and it was concluded, from the results of the analysis, that modern Bulgarians are very far from Slavs, genetically, and very close to Iranic/Pamirian peoples, genetically. This would mean that Bulgarians, according to the team's data, mostly descend from the Bulgars (which some historians regard as Iranic), and the other part of their ancestry being Thracians (Hellenised, Romanised), and to a negligible degree, the Slavs.[70][71]
Population
Most Bulgarians live in the Republic of Bulgaria. There are significant Bulgarian minorities in Moldova and Ukraine (Bessarabian Bulgarians), as well as in Romania (Banat Bulgarians), Serbia (the Western Outlands), Greece, the Republic of Macedonia, Albania, and Hungary. Many Bulgarians also live in the diaspora, which is formed by representatives and descendants of the old (before 1989) and new (after 1989) emigration. The old emigration was made up of some 2,470,000 [citation needed] economic and several tens of thousands of political emigrants, and was directed for the most part to the U.S., Canada, Argentina, Brazil and Germany. The new emigration is estimated at some 970,000 people and can be divided into two major subcategories: permanent emigration at the beginning of the 1990s, directed mostly to the U.S., Canada, Austria, and Germany and labour emigration at the end of the 1990s, directed for the most part to Greece, Italy, the UK and Spain. Migrations to the West have been quite steady even in the late 1990s and early 21st century, as people continue moving to countries like the US, Canada and Australia. Most Bulgarians living in the US can be found in Chicago, Illinois. However, according to the 2000 US census most Bulgarians live in the cities of New York and Los Angeles, and the state with most Bulgarians in the US is California. Most Bulgarians living in Canada can be found in Toronto, Ontario, and the provinces with most Bulgarians in Canada are Ontario and Quebec. The largest urban populations of Bulgarians are to be found in Sofia (1,241,000), Plovdiv (378,000), and Varna (352,000).[72] The total number of Bulgarians thus ranges anywhere from 8 to 9 million, depending solely on the estimation used for the diaspora.
Related ethnic groups
Bulgarians are considered most closely related to the neighboring Macedonians, indeed it is sometimes said there is no discernible ethnic difference between them.[49] The ethnic Macedonians were considered Macedonian Bulgarians by the most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond with a big portion of them evidently self-identifying as such.[74][75] The Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia and most among the Torlaks in Serbia have also had a history of identifying as Bulgarians and many were members of the Bulgarian Exarchate, which included most of the territory regarded as Torlak. Greater part of these people were also considered Bulgarians by most of the ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond.[76][77][78][79]
Culture
Cyrillic alphabet
Medieval Bulgaria was the most important cultural centre of the Slavic people at the end of the 9th and throughout the 10th century. The two literary schools of Preslav and Ohrid developed a rich literary and cultural activity with authors of the rank of Constantine of Preslav, John Exarch, Chernorizets Hrabar, Clement and Naum of Ohrid. In the first half of the 10th century, the Cyrillic alphabet was devised in the Preslav Literary School based on the Glagolitic and the Greek alphabets. Modern versions of the alphabet are now used to write five more Slavic languages such as Belarusian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian as well as Mongolian and some other 60 languages spoken in the former Soviet Union.
Bulgaria exerted similar influence on her neighbouring countries in the mid to late 14th century, at the time of the Turnovo Literary School, with the work of Patriarch Evtimiy, Gregory Tsamblak, Constantine of Kostenets (Konstantin Kostenechki). Bulgarian cultural influence was especially strong in Wallachia and Moldova where the Cyrillic alphabet was used until 1860, while Slavonic was the official language of the princely chancellery and of the church until the end of 17th century.
Art and science
Boris Christoff, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Raina Kabaivanska and Ghena Dimitrova made a precious contribution to opera singing with Ghiaurov and Christoff being two of the greatest bassos in the post-war period. The name of the harpist-Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean is one of the best-known harpists today. Bulgarians have made valuable contributions to world culture in modern times as well. Julia Kristeva and Tzvetan Todorov were among the most influential European philosophers in the second half of the 20th century. The artist Christo is among the most famous representatives of environmental art with projects such as the Wrapped Reichstag.
Bulgarians in the diaspora have also been active. American scientists and inventors of Bulgarian descent include John Atanasoff, Peter Petroff, and Assen Jordanoff. Bulgarian-American Stephane Groueff wrote the celebrated book "Manhattan Project", about the making of the first atomic bomb and also penned "Crown of Thorns", a biography of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria.
Sport
In the beginning of the 20th century Bulgaria was famous for two of the best wrestlers in the world – Dan Kolov and Nikola Petroff. High-jumper Stefka Kostadinova was one of the top ten female athletes of the last century and holds one of the oldest unbroken world records in athletics. Hristo Stoichkov was one of the best football (soccer) players in the second half of the 20th century, having played with the national team and FC Barcelona. He received a number of awards and was the joint top scorer at the 1994 World Cup. Veselin Topalov won the 2005 Chess Oscar.He was ranked #1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007, and had the second highest Elo rating of all time (2813). He regained the world #1 ranking again in October 2008.
Language
Bulgarians speak a Southern Slavic language which is mutually intelligible with Macedonian and to some extent with Serbo-Croatian. The Bulgarian language is also, to some degree, mutually intelligible with Russian on account of the influence which Russia has had on the development of Modern Bulgaria since 1878, as well as the earlier effect of Old Bulgarian on the development of Old Russian. Although related, Bulgarian and the Western and Eastern Slavic languages are not mutually intelligible.
Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic developments that set it apart from other Slavic languages. These are shared with Romanian, Albanian and Greek (see Balkan linguistic union). Until 1878 Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek, and to a much lesser extent, by Turkish. More recently, the language has borrowed many words from Russian, German, French and English.
Some members of the diaspora do not speak the Bulgarian language (mostly representatives of the old emigration in the U.S., Canada and Argentina) but are still considered Bulgarians by ethnic origin or descent.
The majority of Bulgarian linguists[who?] consider the officialized Macedonian language (since 1944) a local variation of Bulgarian. The Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic alphabet.
Name system
There are several different layers of Bulgarian names. The vast majority of them have either Christian (names like Lazar, Ivan, Anna, Maria, Ekaterina) or Slavic origin (Vladimir, Svetoslav, Velislava). After the Liberation in 1878, the names of historical Bulgar rulers like Asparuh, Krum, Kubrat and Tervel were resurrected. The old Bulgar name Boris has spread from Bulgaria to a number of countries in the world with Russian tsar Boris Godunov, British politician Boris Johnson, and German tennis player Boris Becker being three of the examples of its use.
Most Bulgarian male surnames have an -ov surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ов). This is sometimes transcribed as -off (John Atanasov—John Atanasoff, but more often as -ov e.g. Boris Hristov). The -ov suffix is the Slavic gender-agreeing suffix, thus Ivanov (Bulgarian: Иванов) literally means "Ivan's". Bulgarian middle names are patronymic and use the gender-agreeing suffix as well, thus the middle name of Nikola's son becomes Nikolov, and the middle name of Ivan's son becomes Ivanov. Since names in Bulgarian are gender-based, Bulgarian women have the -ova surname suffix (Cyrillic: -овa), for example, Maria Ivanova. The plural form of Bulgarian names ends in -ovi (Cyrillic: -ови), for example the Ivanovi family (Иванови).
Other common Bulgarian male surnames have the -ev surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ев), for example Stoev, Ganchev, Peev, and so on. The female surname in this case would have the -eva surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ева), for example: Galina Stoeva. The last name of the entire family then would have the plural form of -evi (Cyrillic: -еви), for example: the Stoevi family (Стоеви).
Another typical Bulgarian surname suffix, though much less common, is -ski. This surname ending also gets an –a when the bearer of the name is female (Smirnenski becomes Smirnenska). The plural form of the surname suffix -ski is still -ski, e.g. the Smirnenski family (Bulgarian: Смирненски).
The surname suffix -ich can be found sometimes, primarily among Catholic Bulgarians. The ending –in (female -ina) also appears sometimes, though rather seldom. It used to be given to the child of an unmarried woman (for example the son of Kuna will get the surname Kunin and the son of Gana – Ganin). The surname ending –ich does not get an additional –a if the bearer of the name is female.
Religion
Most Bulgarians are at least nominally members of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church founded in 870 AD (autocephalous since 927 AD). The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is the independent national church of Bulgaria like the other national branches of Eastern Orthodoxy and is considered an inseparable element of Bulgarian national consciousness. The church has been abolished twice during the periods of Byzantine (1018—1185) and Ottoman (1396—1878) domination but was revived every time as a symbol of Bulgarian statehood. In 2001, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church had a total of 6,552,000 members in Bulgaria (82.6% of the population) and between one and two million members in the diaspora. The Orthodox Bulgarian minorities in Serbia, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine still hold allegiance to the respective national Orthodox churches.
Despite the position of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as a unifying symbol for all Bulgarians, smaller or larger groups of Bulgarians have converted to other faiths or denominations through the course of time. In the 16th and the 17th century Roman Catholic missionaries converted the Bulgarian Paulicians in the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism. Nowadays there are some 40,000 Catholic Bulgarians in Bulgaria and additional 10,000 in the Banat in Romania. The Catholic Bulgarians of the Banat are also descendants of Paulicians who fled there at the end of the 17th century after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottomans.
Protestantism was introduced in Bulgaria by missionaries from the United States in 1857. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. In 2001, there were some 25,000 Protestant Bulgarians in Bulgaria.
Between the 15th and the 20th century, during the Ottoman rule, a large number of Orthodox Bulgarians converted to Islam. Their descendants now form the second largest religious congregation in Bulgaria. In 2001, there were 131,000 Muslim Bulgarians or Pomaks in Bulgaria in the Rhodope region, as well as some villages in the Teteven region in Central North Bulgaria. Their origins are obscure,[80] but they are generally believed to be Bulgarians who converted to Islam during the period of Ottoman rule in the Balkans.[81]
Symbols
The national symbols of the Bulgarians are the Flag of Bulgaria and the Coat of Arms of Bulgaria.
The national flag of Bulgaria is a rectangle with three colors: white, green, and red, positioned horizontally top to bottom. The color fields are of same form and equal size. It is generally known that the white represents - the sky, the green - the forest and nature and the red - the blood of the people, referencing the strong bond of the nation through all the wars and revolutions that have shaken the country in the past.
The Coat of Arms of Bulgaria is a state symbol of the sovereignty and independence of the Bulgarian people and state. It represents a crowned rampant golden lion on a dark red background with the shape of a shield. Above the shield there is a crown modeled after the crowns of the emperors of the Second Bulgarian Empire, with five crosses and an additional cross on top. Two crowned rampant golden lions hold the shield from both sides, facing it. They stand upon two crossed oak branches with acorns, which symbolize the power and the longevity of the Bulgarian state. Under the shield, there is a white band lined with the three national colors. The band is placed across the ends of the branches and the phrase "Unity Makes Strength" is inscribed on it.
Both the Bulgarian flag and the Coat of Arms are also used as symbols of various Bulgarian organisations, political parties and institutions.
Bulgarians through history
-
Saint Knyaz Boris I (852–889), converted the Bulgarians to Christianity
-
Icon of Saint Clement of Ohrid (ca. 840–916), the first bishop of Bulgaria
-
Tsar Samuil, the last ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire (997–1014)
-
Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria (1197-1207)Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria (1197-1207)
-
A fresco from Boyana Church near Sofia depicting Desislava, a church patron (1259)
-
Gregory Tsamblak (left), a Bulgarian writer and cleric, as Metropolitan of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the Council of Constance (15th century)Gregory Tsamblak (left), a Bulgarian writer and cleric, as Metropolitan of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the Council of Constance (15th century)
-
Bulgarian women from the period of the Ottoman Empire rule (16th century)
-
Rostislav Stratimirovic, Prince of Tarnovo (17th century)
-
Paisiy Hilendarski, a key figure in Bulgarian National Revival from Macedonia (18th century)Paisiy Hilendarski, a key figure in Bulgarian National Revival from Macedonia (18th century)
-
Bulgarian peasants with Bulgarian merchant and his son in the late Ottoman Empire, 1860s'
-
Knyaz Alexander Batenberg, first ruler of modern Bulgaria
-
Nathanael Ohridski, organizer of the Kresna-Razlog Uprising
-
Vasil Levski, national hero of Bulgaria
-
Ivan Mihailov, Bulgarian revolutionary, leader of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary OrganizationIvan Mihailov, Bulgarian revolutionary, leader of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
-
Vladimir Vazov, Bulgarian general and war hero
-
Pencho Slaveykov (1866-1912), modernist poet and literary theoretician
-
Vesselin Topalov, former world chess champion
-
Nina Dobrev, Bulgarian-Canadian actress
-
Ludmilla Diakovska, Bulgarian singer-songwriter
References and notes
- ^ "Bulgarian 2001 census". National Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ http://international.ibox.bg/news/id_1736101178
- ^ "Pomak speakers (Bulgarian Muslims) in Turkey". Ethnolugue:Languages of the World. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
- ^ US census
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in the US". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
- ^ "General results of the 2001 Ukrainian census by nationality". www.ukrcensus.gov.ua. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ "National Statistical Bureau of Moldova [[:Template:Ro icon]]". www.statistica.md. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in the UK [[:Template:Bg icon]]". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Argentina [[:Template:Bg icon]]". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ "Foreign citizens in Italy". demo.istat.it. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Italy". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
- ^ 2006 IBGE
- ^ "Министерство на външните работи - Българска общност". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2009-03-15. [dead link]
- ^ "Results of the 2006 Canadian census". www12.statcan.ca. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
- ^ "Министерство на външните работи - Българска общност". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
- ^ 2006 Eurostat Estimates, http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1605/Other/A1605_SPO15_TB_AN_00_2006_07_F_EN.pdf Eurostat Estmates 2006]
- ^ "Russian census 2002". Russia. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
- ^ Serbia and Montenegro 2002 census
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in France". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30. [dead link]
- ^ Countries of the Eu by Birth
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in South Africa". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30. [dead link]
- ^ Recensamant 2002
- ^ New Title
- ^ Population of Kazakhstan as of 1989 and 1999
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Kazakhstan". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in UAE". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30. [dead link]
- ^ "2006 Census Table : Australia". www.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Australia". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ "All Bulgarians". Protestan Group. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Sweden". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30. [dead link]
- ^ Country of Birth
- ^ "2002 Slovenian census". www.stat.si. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Ireland". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30. [dead link]
- ^ "Population by Country of Birth". OECD. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
- ^
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Georgia according to the 1989 census [[:Template:Bg icon]]". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) [dead link] - ^ "2001 Hungarian Census, Ethnic group tables". www.nepszamlalas.hu. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Hungary". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
- ^
"Statistics Netherlands, Population Tables". http://statline.cbs.nl. Retrieved 2008-04-31.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Netherlands". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Portugal". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30. [dead link]
- ^ Eurostat
- ^
"Statistical Service of New Zealand, New Zealanders by Ancestry". www.stats.gov.nz. Retrieved 2008-04-31.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in New Zealand". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Norway". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30. [dead link]
- ^ Results of the 2002 census
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Syria". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-30. [dead link]
- ^
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria - Bulgarians in Georgia according to the 1989 census [[:Template:Bg icon]]". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) [dead link] - ^ a b c Political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe, Alan John Day, Roger East, Richard Thomas, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 1857430638, p. 96.
- ^ Lewis, M. Paul (ed.) (2009). "Bulgarian". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. SIL International. Retrieved 10 март 2010.
{{cite web}}
:|first=
has generic name (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - ^ One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, James Minahan, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0313309841, pp. 134-135.
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century. University of Michigan Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780472081493.
- ^ Kopeček, Michal (2007). Balázs Trencsényi (ed.). Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945): texts and commentaries. Central European University Press. p. 240. ISBN 9789637326608.
- ^ http://thearchaeologicalbox.com/en/news/dna-analysis-reveals-pamir-origin-bulgarians
- ^ http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=117006
- ^ Paleo-MtDNA Analysis and population genetic aspects of old Thracian population from South-Eastern Romania
- ^ Anthropological Evidence and the Fallmerayer Thesis
- ^ Образуване на българската държава. проф. Петър Петров (Издателство Наука и изкуство, София, 1981)]
- ^ Образуване на българската народност.проф. Димитър Ангелов (Издателство Наука и изкуство, “Векове”, София, 1971)
- ^ A history of the First Bulgarian Empire.Prof. Steven Runciman (G. Bell & Sons, London 1930)
- ^ История на българската държава през средните векове Васил Н. Златарски (I изд. София 1918; II изд., Наука и изкуство, София 1970, под ред. на проф. Петър Хр. Петров)
- ^ Races Of Europe, (Chapter XII, section 15)
- ^ Lundman, Bertil J. - The Races and Peoples of Europe, (Chapter: The Races and Peoples of Southeast Europe), New York: IAAEE. 1977.
- ^ HLA genes in the Chuvashian population from European Russia: Admixture of central European and Mediterranean populations - pg. 5
- ^ Five polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein B gene in healthy Bulgarians.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria.PMID: 12713147
- ^ HLA polymorphism in Bulgarians defined by high-resolution typing methods in comparison with other populations.
- ^ Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language
- ^ Distributions of HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Bulgarians – contribution to understanding the origin of the population. M. Ivanova, P. Spassova, A. Michailova, E. Naumova. Division of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
- ^ Bulgarian Bone Marrow Donors Registry—past and future directions - Asen Zlatev, Milena Ivanova, Snejina Michailova, Anastasia Mihaylova and Elissaveta Naumova, Central Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Published online: 2 June 2007
- ^ http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=117006
- ^ http://thearchaeologicalbox.com/en/news/dna-analysis-reveals-pamir-origin-bulgarians
- ^ Главна Дирекция Гражданска Регистрация и Административно Обслужване
- ^ Illustration from Fox, Frank, Sir Bulgaria (1915) London: A. and C. Black, Ltd., p. 25. e-book #22257 in Project Gutenberg
- ^ Cousinéry, Esprit Marie. Voyage dans la Macédoine: contenant des recherches sur l'histoire, la géographie, les antiquités de ce pay, Paris, 1831, Vol. II, p. 15-17, one of the passages in English – [1], Engin Deniz Tanir, The Mid-Nineteenth century Ottoman Bulgaria from the viewpoints of the French Travelers, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2005, p. 99, 142
- ^ Pulcherius, Receuil des historiens des Croisades. Historiens orientaux. III, p. 331 – a passage in English -http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/nr1.html#4
- ^ The struggle for Greece, 1941-1949, Christopher Montague Woodhouse, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002, ISBN 1850654921, p. 67.
- ^ Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995, ISBN 1850652384,p. 109.
- ^ Felix Philipp Kanitz, (Das Konigreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk von der Romerzeit bis dur Gegenwart, 1904, in two volume) # "In this time (1872) they (the inhabitants of Pirot) did not presume that six years later the often damn Turkish rule in their town will be finished, and at least they did not presume that they will be include in Serbia, because they always feel that they are Bulgarians. ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, p. 215)
- And today (in the end of XIX century) among the older generation there are many fondness to Bulgarians, that it led him to collision with Serbian government. Some hesitation can be noticed among the youngs..." ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, c. 218; Serbia - its land and inhabitants, Belgrade 1986, p. 218)
- ^ Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, „Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l'année 1841“ (Жером-Адолф Бланки. Пътуване из България през 1841 година. Прев. от френски Ел. Райчева, предг. Ив. Илчев. София: Колибри, 2005, 219 с. ISBN 978-954-529-367-2.) It describes a population in Nish sandjak as Bulgarian, see: [2]
- ^ F. De Jong, "The Muslim Minority in Western Thrace", (1980), p. 95
- ^ A Country Study: Bulgaria, "Pomaks", (1992)
- ^ "Even the famous leader of the Macedonian revolutionaries, Gotse Delchev, openly said that “We are Bulgarians” and addressed “the Slavs of Macedonia as ‘Bulgarians’ in an offhanded manner without seeming to indicate that such a designation was a point of contention”; See:The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Loring M. Danforth, Editor: Princeton University Press, 1997, ISBN 0691043566,p. 64.
- ^ "...Goce Delchev and the other leaders of the BMORK were aware of Serbian and Greek ambitions in Macedonia. More important, they were aware that neither Belgrade nor Athens could expect to obtain the whole of Macedonia and, unlike Bulgaria, looked forward to and urged partition of this land. Autonomy, then, was the best prophylactic against partition – a prophylactic that would preserve the Bulgarian character of Macedonia's Christian population despite the separation from Bulgaria proper..." See: The Macedoine, (pp. 307-328 in of "The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics" by Ivo Banac, Cornell University Press, 1984)
See also
- List of Bulgarians
- Bulgarian diaspora
- Bulgarian Americans
- Bulgarian Canadians
- Bulgarians in South America
- Bulgarian Australian
- Bulgarians in Serbia
- Banat Bulgarians
- Bessarabian Bulgarians
- Bulgaria
- Bulgars
- History of Bulgaria
- Bulgarian language
- Music of Bulgaria
- Bulgarian cuisine
- Macedonians (ethnic group)
- Old Great Bulgaria
- Bulgarian months