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'''Brodnica''' {{IPAc-pl|AUD|pl-Brodnica.ogg|b|r|o|d|'|ń|i|c|a}} ({{lang-de|Strasburg in Westpreußen, Strasburg an der Drewenz}}) is a town in northern Poland with 27,400 inhabitants {{as of|1995|lc=on}}. Previously part of [[Toruń Voivodeship]] [a province], from 1975 to 1998, Brodnica has been situated in the [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship]] since 1999. It is the seat of [[Brodnica County]], and [[Brodnica Landscape Park]], a [[protected area]], also gets its name from Brodnica. |
'''Brodnica''' {{IPAc-pl|AUD|pl-Brodnica.ogg|b|r|o|d|'|ń|i|c|a}} ({{lang-de|Strasburg in Westpreußen, Strasburg an der Drewenz}}) is a town in northern Poland with 27,400 inhabitants {{as of|1995|lc=on}}. Previously part of [[Toruń Voivodeship]] [a province], from 1975 to 1998, Brodnica has been situated in the [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship]] since 1999. It is the seat of [[Brodnica County]], and [[Brodnica Landscape Park]], a [[protected area]], also gets its name from Brodnica. |
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== Geographical location == |
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Brodnica is located in [[Pomeralia]] on an important route transit over the small river Drewenz, about 48 kilometers south-east of [[Grudziądz]], 90 kilometers south-west of [[Olsztyn]] and 98 kilometers south of [[Elbląg]]. |
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== Important dates in the history of Brodnica == |
== Important dates in the history of Brodnica == |
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* 23 January 1945 – the [[Red Army]] seizes Brodnica, more than 700 inhabitants of the town and neighborhood (mostly [[Poles]]) are deported to soviet camps ([[gulag]]s) |
* 23 January 1945 – the [[Red Army]] seizes Brodnica, more than 700 inhabitants of the town and neighborhood (mostly [[Poles]]) are deported to soviet camps ([[gulag]]s) |
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* 2 July 2010 – [[Marshal of the Sejm]] [[Bronisław Komorowski]] visits Brodnica |
* 2 July 2010 – [[Marshal of the Sejm]] [[Bronisław Komorowski]] visits Brodnica |
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== Geographical location == |
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== History == |
== History == |
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Brodnica – the capital of the district, whose present quarter Michałowo, a settlement mentioned as early as in 1138 and then in 1240 as [[Michelauer land|castrum Michałowo]], hides relics from Neolithic era. As it is confirmed in old documents Michałowo was the capital of the Masovian Castellany. The town was chosen owing to its good position on the [[Drwęca]] (on the trade route leading from [[Masovia]] to [[Prussia]]) and a customs house between Dobrzyń and [[Chełmno Land]] (mentioned in 1252). |
Brodnica – the capital of the district, whose present quarter Michałowo, a settlement mentioned as early as in 1138 and then in 1240 as [[Michelauer land|castrum Michałowo]], hides relics from Neolithic era. As it is confirmed in old documents Michałowo was the capital of the Masovian Castellany. The town was chosen owing to its good position on the [[Drwęca]] (on the trade route leading from [[Masovia]] to [[Prussia]]) and a customs house between Dobrzyń and [[Chełmno Land]] (mentioned in 1252). |
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The first reference to the town of Brodnica dates from 1263. Strasburg received [[German town law]] in 1298. Short after, in the same year, the town was invaded by the [[Yotvingians]]. At this time there existed already a convention of the [[Teutonic Order]] here. The castle of the [[Teutonic Knights]] was built during the time span 1305–30, and in 1339 the castle's chapel was consecrated. During this time also the construction of the parish church St. Catharine, generously planned with two towers, was begun with. On 7 October 1414 an armistice between the Order and the Poles was signed here, which had been negotiated under the participation of west European powers and which could be prolonged until 1421.<ref name="HHS" /> |
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⚫ | |||
During the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)|Thirteen Years' War of the Cities]] (1454–66) Strasburg was conquered in 1461 by the hired soldier type of war lord Bernhard von Zinnenberg. He, and after his death his brother, possessed Strasburg as well as Kulm and Althaus as mortgage until 1478, when the towns were redeemed by Hungarian King [[Matthias Corvinus]] and were handed over to the Teutonic Order. By a contract of 1479 these places came into possession of the King of Poland.<ref name="HHS" /> |
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⚫ | A favourable location on the intersection of important routes used for transportation of different goods (wood, fish, furs, animal skin, grain, wool) accelerated the development of the town, making it an important trading centre, the status still reflected in the number of well-preserved granaries along the [[Drwęca]]. In the Teutonic state Strasburg was the seat of the Commander: in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish Republic]] it was the capital of the [[Starostwo|district starosty]], and the former Commander's lands were then royal property. Between 1486 and 1604 the town belonged to the [[Działyński family]], then between 1604 and 1625 to [[Anna Vasa of Sweden]] who was the royal sister of [[Sigismund III Vasa]], King of Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden. In later years it was the property of Queen [[Cecilia Renata of Austria|Cecily Renata]], Chancellor [[Jerzy Ossoliński]], Queen [[Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien|Maria Casimira]], and Marshal [[Franciszek Bieliński]]. |
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During the time span 1563–66 Strasburg joined the [[Protestant Reformation]]. With few exceptions the citizens of the town remained Protestant, although in 1598 they had to pass on the parish church to the Catholics. In 1646 the Protestant community achieved a royal priviledge of religious fredom and used a building at the market place, called ''Steinhaus'', as its church.<ref name="HHS" /> |
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After a period of stagnation instigated by the wars of the 17th and 18th centuries, the city's fortunes improved rapidly. |
After a period of stagnation instigated by the wars of the 17th and 18th centuries, the city's fortunes improved rapidly. |
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Strasburg was incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1772, during the [[First Partition of Poland]], but in 1807, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Brodnica became part of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]]. Between 1815–1920 Brodnica was again under a Prussian administration as part of the Prussian-led [[German Empire]] in 1871. |
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The 19th century saw 20 thousand Polish soldiers interned after the failure of the [[November Uprising]] (1830–1831) and many townspeople and noblemen involved in the [[January Uprising]] (1863). It is in Brodnica region too that Masovian insurgents sought refuge from Russian persecution after the failure of the [[January Uprising]]. |
The 19th century saw 20 thousand Polish soldiers interned after the failure of the [[November Uprising]] (1830–1831) and many townspeople and noblemen involved in the [[January Uprising]] (1863). It is in Brodnica region too that Masovian insurgents sought refuge from Russian persecution after the failure of the [[January Uprising]]. |
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[[File:Dworzec w Brodnicy 1.JPG|thumb|px 100|right|Railway station in Brodnica]] |
[[File:Dworzec w Brodnicy 1.JPG|thumb|px 100|right|Railway station in Brodnica]] |
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Between 1886 and 1910 |
Between 1886 and 1910 Strasburg received railway connections with [[Działdowo|Soldau]], [[Grudziądz|Graudenz]], [[Iława|Deutsch Eylau]], [[Sierpc]] and [[Jabłonowo Pomorskie|Gosslershausen]], which made it an important railway junction and triggered the industrial progress. In the 19th century the [[Chełmno Land]] (and Strasburg in particular) was a refuge of Polish patriots who contributed greatly to social, cultural and economic life of the region, like [[Ignacy Łyskowski]]. |
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Until 1920 Strasburg belonged to the administrative district of [[Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder]] in the German [[Province of West Prussia]]. |
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In 1920, after the end of World War I and the [[Treaty of Versailles]] was established, the town of Brodnica became part of [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]. |
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When after [[World War I]] the regulations of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] became effective in January 1920, and the [[Polish Corridor]] was arranged in a region, which hitherto had been German territory, Strasburg was incorporated under its Polish name Brodnica into [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]. In September 1939, at the beginning of [[World War II]], Strasburg was annexed by the [[Third Reich]] and became part of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the new province of [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia]], where it remained until 1945. |
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⚫ | During World War II approximately 1,000 Polish inhabitants were murdered by the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] and the [[Selbstschutz]], and, after the war ended, an unknown number of German inhabitants were expelled or killed |
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⚫ | |||
=== Number of inhabitants by year === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! Year |
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! Number |
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! Remarks |
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|- |
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| 1772 || align="right" | 1,283 || in 228 households (''Feuerstellen)<ref name="HHS" >[[Udo Arnold]], ed.: ''Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Ost und Westpreußen'', Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X, pp. 215–216.</ref> |
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|- |
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| 1783 || align="right" | 1,853 || with the garrison (315 persons belonging to two squadrons<br> of a hussar regiment founded in 1773), mostly [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], 27 Jews<ref name="JFG">[[Johann Friedrich Goldbeck]]: ''Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen''. Part II: ''Topographie von West-Preussen'', Marienwerder 1789, [http://books.google.de/books?id=SQw_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA42 pp. 42–44.]</ref> |
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|- |
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| 1807 || align="right" | 2,113<ref name="HHS" /> || |
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|- |
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| 1816 || align="right" | 1,994<ref name="HHS" /> || |
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|- |
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| 1826 || align="right" | 2,669<ref name="HHS" /> || |
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|- |
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| 1831 || align="right" | 2,585 || mostly Germans<ref name="AEP" >August Eduard Preuß: ''Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde''. Königsberg 1835, [http://books.google.de/books?id=L_sAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA437, p. 437, no. 46.]</ref> |
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|- |
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| 1875 || align="right" | 5,454<ref name="VWG" >Michael Rademacher: ''[http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/dan_strasburg.html Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Provinz Westpreußen, Kreis Strasburg]'' (2006).</ref> || |
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|- |
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| 1880 || align="right" | 5,801<ref name="VWG" /> || |
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|- |
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| 1890 || align="right" | 6,122 || incl. 2,587 Protestants, 3,048 Catholics and 480 Jews (2,000 Poles)<ref name="VWG" /> |
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|- |
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| 1905 || align="right" |7,217 || incl. 2,702 Protestants and 318 Jews<ref name="MKL" >''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon'', 6th edition, Vol. 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, pp. 95–96.</ref> |
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|- |
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| 1931 || align="right" | 8,521 || approx. 800 Germans<ref name="GB" >''Der Große Brockhaus'', 15th edition, Vol. 18, Leipzig 1934, p. 234.</ref> |
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|- |
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| 2006 || align="right" | 32,588 || |
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|} |
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== War cemetery in Brodnica == |
== War cemetery in Brodnica == |
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*[http://brodnica.miasto.biz/index.php?lang=en Town council Brodnica (EN)] |
*[http://brodnica.miasto.biz/index.php?lang=en Town council Brodnica (EN)] |
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*[http://www.visittorun.pl/262,l2.html Visit Brodnica (EN)] |
*[http://www.visittorun.pl/262,l2.html Visit Brodnica (EN)] |
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== References == |
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<references /> |
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{{coord|53|15|N|19|24|E|display=title}} |
{{coord|53|15|N|19|24|E|display=title}} |
Revision as of 22:34, 7 May 2013
Brodnica | |
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Country | Poland |
Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
County | Brodnica County |
Gmina | Brodnica (urban gmina) |
Established | 13th century |
Town rights | 1298 |
Government | |
• Mayor | Jarosław Radacz |
Area | |
• Total | 23.15 km2 (8.94 sq mi) |
Population (2006) | |
• Total | 32,588 |
• Density | 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Postal code | 87–300 to 87–302 |
Area code | +48 56 |
Car plates | CBR |
Website | http://www.brodnica.pl |
Brodnica [brɔdˈɲit͡sa] (German: Strasburg in Westpreußen, Strasburg an der Drewenz) is a town in northern Poland with 27,400 inhabitants as of 1995. Previously part of Toruń Voivodeship [a province], from 1975 to 1998, Brodnica has been situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. It is the seat of Brodnica County, and Brodnica Landscape Park, a protected area, also gets its name from Brodnica.
Geographical location
Brodnica is located in Pomeralia on an important route transit over the small river Drewenz, about 48 kilometers south-east of Grudziądz, 90 kilometers south-west of Olsztyn and 98 kilometers south of Elbląg.
Important dates in the history of Brodnica
- 1285–1370 – the construction of the parish church (Gothic Church of St. Catherine)
- 1298 – the foundation of the town of Brodnica
- 1303–1466 – the Michałowo land is occupied by the Teutonic Knights
- 1310–1330 – the construction of the city walls
- 1312–1327 – the construction of a castle for the Teutonic Master
- 1550 – a great fire sweeps through the town and destroys the castle
- 1479–1818 – Michałowo, Brodnica's district at the time, is the seat of the local starost. In 1560 a court district of Michałowo comprising the Lubawa Land with Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is created
- 1807 – Napoleon Bonaparte visits Brodnica
- 1840 – Frederick William IV of Prussia visits Brodnica
- 1850 – a great fire destroys the oldest part of the town
- 18 January 1920 – General Haller's Blue Army arrives to the town
- 15–18 August 1920 – the eastern part of the district is seized by the Red Army, (Polish–Soviet War)
- 18 August 1920 – Battle of Brodnica: great Polish victory over Red Army
- 22 June 1924 – President of the Republic of Poland Stanisław Wojciechowski visits Brodnica
- 1919–1939 – Gazeta Brodnicka (Brodnica Newspaper) is published 3 times a week in the Kazimierz Wojciechowski printing house (in 1921 renamed Gazeta Michałowska (Michałowo Newspaper)
- 26 October 1939 – the Germans incorporate Brodnica into the Third Reich: Poles have status of slaves with no human rights
- 23 January 1945 – the Red Army seizes Brodnica, more than 700 inhabitants of the town and neighborhood (mostly Poles) are deported to soviet camps (gulags)
- 2 July 2010 – Marshal of the Sejm Bronisław Komorowski visits Brodnica
Geographical location
History
Brodnica – the capital of the district, whose present quarter Michałowo, a settlement mentioned as early as in 1138 and then in 1240 as castrum Michałowo, hides relics from Neolithic era. As it is confirmed in old documents Michałowo was the capital of the Masovian Castellany. The town was chosen owing to its good position on the Drwęca (on the trade route leading from Masovia to Prussia) and a customs house between Dobrzyń and Chełmno Land (mentioned in 1252).
The first reference to the town of Brodnica dates from 1263. Strasburg received German town law in 1298. Short after, in the same year, the town was invaded by the Yotvingians. At this time there existed already a convention of the Teutonic Order here. The castle of the Teutonic Knights was built during the time span 1305–30, and in 1339 the castle's chapel was consecrated. During this time also the construction of the parish church St. Catharine, generously planned with two towers, was begun with. On 7 October 1414 an armistice between the Order and the Poles was signed here, which had been negotiated under the participation of west European powers and which could be prolonged until 1421.[1]
During the Thirteen Years' War of the Cities (1454–66) Strasburg was conquered in 1461 by the hired soldier type of war lord Bernhard von Zinnenberg. He, and after his death his brother, possessed Strasburg as well as Kulm and Althaus as mortgage until 1478, when the towns were redeemed by Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus and were handed over to the Teutonic Order. By a contract of 1479 these places came into possession of the King of Poland.[1]
A favourable location on the intersection of important routes used for transportation of different goods (wood, fish, furs, animal skin, grain, wool) accelerated the development of the town, making it an important trading centre, the status still reflected in the number of well-preserved granaries along the Drwęca. In the Teutonic state Strasburg was the seat of the Commander: in the Polish Republic it was the capital of the district starosty, and the former Commander's lands were then royal property. Between 1486 and 1604 the town belonged to the Działyński family, then between 1604 and 1625 to Anna Vasa of Sweden who was the royal sister of Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden. In later years it was the property of Queen Cecily Renata, Chancellor Jerzy Ossoliński, Queen Maria Casimira, and Marshal Franciszek Bieliński.
During the time span 1563–66 Strasburg joined the Protestant Reformation. With few exceptions the citizens of the town remained Protestant, although in 1598 they had to pass on the parish church to the Catholics. In 1646 the Protestant community achieved a royal priviledge of religious fredom and used a building at the market place, called Steinhaus, as its church.[1]
After a period of stagnation instigated by the wars of the 17th and 18th centuries, the city's fortunes improved rapidly.
Strasburg was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1772, during the First Partition of Poland, but in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, Brodnica became part of the Duchy of Warsaw. Between 1815–1920 Brodnica was again under a Prussian administration as part of the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871.
The 19th century saw 20 thousand Polish soldiers interned after the failure of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and many townspeople and noblemen involved in the January Uprising (1863). It is in Brodnica region too that Masovian insurgents sought refuge from Russian persecution after the failure of the January Uprising.
Between 1886 and 1910 Strasburg received railway connections with Soldau, Graudenz, Deutsch Eylau, Sierpc and Gosslershausen, which made it an important railway junction and triggered the industrial progress. In the 19th century the Chełmno Land (and Strasburg in particular) was a refuge of Polish patriots who contributed greatly to social, cultural and economic life of the region, like Ignacy Łyskowski.
Until 1920 Strasburg belonged to the administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the German Province of West Prussia.
When after World War I the regulations of the Treaty of Versailles became effective in January 1920, and the Polish Corridor was arranged in a region, which hitherto had been German territory, Strasburg was incorporated under its Polish name Brodnica into Poland. In September 1939, at the beginning of World War II, Strasburg was annexed by the Third Reich and became part of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the new province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, where it remained until 1945.
During World War II approximately 1,000 Polish inhabitants were murdered by the SS and the Selbstschutz, and, after the war ended, an unknown number of German inhabitants were expelled or killed during the expulsion of the Germans.
Number of inhabitants by year
Year | Number | Remarks |
---|---|---|
1772 | 1,283 | in 228 households (Feuerstellen)[1] |
1783 | 1,853 | with the garrison (315 persons belonging to two squadrons of a hussar regiment founded in 1773), mostly Lutherans, 27 Jews[2] |
1807 | 2,113[1] | |
1816 | 1,994[1] | |
1826 | 2,669[1] | |
1831 | 2,585 | mostly Germans[3] |
1875 | 5,454[4] | |
1880 | 5,801[4] | |
1890 | 6,122 | incl. 2,587 Protestants, 3,048 Catholics and 480 Jews (2,000 Poles)[4] |
1905 | 7,217 | incl. 2,702 Protestants and 318 Jews[5] |
1931 | 8,521 | approx. 800 Germans[6] |
2006 | 32,588 |
War cemetery in Brodnica
Worth attention is the cemetery established by Germans during the World War I. 15 November saw a burial of 25 German soldiers killed in the Russian offensive. In 1920 31 Polish soldiers killed during the battle of Brodnica with the Bolsheviks on 18 August were laid to rest here. In 1943 German soldiers who died in the local hospital together with those who lost their lives on 21 January 1945 during the Soviet offensive were put in the ground. A curiosity is that the Red Army soldiers who died on the same day were buried here as well. It is also a burial place for UB people notorious for waging war with Polish anti-communist partisans after 1945.
Sport in Brodnica
Football
- Sparta Brodnica – football club
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Brodnica is twinned with:
- Strasburg, Germany
- Brørup, Denmark
- Kėdainiai, Lithuania
- Kristinehamn, Sweden
- Chamalières, France
- Koprivnica, Croatia
- Hummelo en Keppel, Netherlands
- Sevan, Armenia
Famous people who's born and lived in Brodnica and Brodnica County
- Martin Truchseß von Wetzhausen – Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
- Simon Syrenius – Polish botanist and academic
- Anna Vasa of Sweden – Swedish princess
- Wojciech Dębołęcki – Polish monk, writer and composer
- Ignacy Łyskowski – Polish writer, educatiaon organizer and agronomist
- Paul von Krause – German jurist and politician
- Robert Garrison – German film actor
- Stanisława Walasiewicz – Polish athlete, who became a women's Olympic champion.
- Jan Zumbach – Polish fighter pilot who became an ace during the Second World War
- Małgorzata Birbach – Polish long-distance runner
- Łukasz Fabiański – Polish footballer
- Jakub Wawrzyniak – Polish footballer
- Robert Kłos – Polish footballer
- Jakub Zabłocki – Polish footballer
- Daniel Trojanowski – Polish rower
- Patryk Kuchczyński – Polish team handball player
Gallery
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Town Hall
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Mazurska Tower
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Chełmińska Gate
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Castle in Brodnica (tower)
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Old Town
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Palace of Anna Vasa
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Granary
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Gothic Church of St. Catherine
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Gothic Church of St. Catherine
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Franciscan Monastery
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Drwęca river
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Niskie Brodno lake
See also
External links
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Udo Arnold, ed.: Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Ost und Westpreußen, Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X, pp. 215–216.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck: Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen. Part II: Topographie von West-Preussen, Marienwerder 1789, pp. 42–44.
- ^ August Eduard Preuß: Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde. Königsberg 1835, p. 437, no. 46.
- ^ a b c Michael Rademacher: Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Provinz Westpreußen, Kreis Strasburg (2006).
- ^ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, 6th edition, Vol. 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Der Große Brockhaus, 15th edition, Vol. 18, Leipzig 1934, p. 234.
53°15′N 19°24′E / 53.250°N 19.400°E