Content deleted Content added
ClueBot NG (talk | contribs) m Reverting possible vandalism by 49.204.134.146 to version by X201. Report False Positive? Thanks, ClueBot NG. (4152228) (Bot) Tag: Rollback |
Cranloa12n (talk | contribs) m Added citation |
||
(11 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Data transmission terminology}} |
{{Short description|Data transmission terminology}} |
||
{{About|Internet connectivity and telecommunications signalling methods and high-speed Internet|article where broadband is found|Internet access|book|Broad Band}} |
{{About|Internet connectivity and telecommunications signalling methods and high-speed Internet|article where broadband is found|Internet access|book|Broad Band}} |
||
{{AFI}} |
|||
[[File:Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people), OWID.svg|thumb|Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people)]] |
|||
In [[telecommunications]], '''broadband''' is wide [[bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] [[data transmission]] which transports multiple signals at a wide range of frequencies and Internet traffic types, that enables messages to be sent simultaneously, used in fast internet connections. The medium can be [[coaxial cable]], [[optical fiber]], [[wireless Internet]] ([[radio]]), [[twisted pair]] or [[satellite]]. |
In [[telecommunications]], '''broadband''' is wide [[bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] [[data transmission]] which transports multiple signals at a wide range of frequencies and Internet traffic types, that enables messages to be sent simultaneously, used in fast internet connections. The medium can be [[coaxial cable]], [[optical fiber]], [[wireless Internet]] ([[radio]]), [[twisted pair]] or [[satellite]]. |
||
In the context of [[Internet access]], '''broadband''' is used to mean any high-speed Internet access that is always on and faster than [[Dial-up Internet access|dial-up access]] over traditional [[plain old telephone service|analog]] or [[ISDN]] [[public switched telephone network|PSTN]] services. |
In the context of [[Internet access]], '''broadband''' is used to mean any high-speed Internet access that is always on and faster than [[Dial-up Internet access|dial-up access]] over traditional [[plain old telephone service|analog]] or [[ISDN]] [[public switched telephone network|PSTN]] services.<ref>[https://www.techopedia.com/definition/794/broadband#:~:text=Broadband%20is%20a%20high-data-rate%20connection%20to%20the%20Internet.,cable%20Internet%20and%20assymetric%20digital%20subscriber%20line%20%28ADSL%29.]. Retreived 17 April 2022.</ref> |
||
==Overview== |
==Overview== |
||
Line 11: | Line 12: | ||
The term became popularized through the 1990s as a marketing term for [[Internet access]] that was faster than [[Dial-up Internet access|dial-up access]] (dial-up being typically limited to a maximum of 56 kbit/s). This meaning is only distantly related to its original technical meaning. |
The term became popularized through the 1990s as a marketing term for [[Internet access]] that was faster than [[Dial-up Internet access|dial-up access]] (dial-up being typically limited to a maximum of 56 kbit/s). This meaning is only distantly related to its original technical meaning. |
||
Since 1999, broadband has been a factor in [[public policy]]. In that year, at the [[World Trade Organization]] Biannual Conference called “''Financial Solutions to Digital Divide''” in Seattle, the term “Meaningful Broadband” was introduced to the world leaders leading to the activation of a movement to close [[digital divide]]. Fundamental aspects of this movement |
Since 1999, broadband Internet access has been a factor in [[public policy]]. In that year, at the [[World Trade Organization]] Biannual Conference called “''Financial Solutions to Digital Divide''” in Seattle, the term “Meaningful Broadband” was introduced to the world leaders, leading to the activation of a movement to close the [[digital divide]]. Fundamental aspects of this movement are to suggest that the equitable distribution of broadband is a fundamental human right.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Craig Warren |title=Digital corporate citizenship : the business response to the digital divide |date=2002 |publisher=The Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University |location=Indianapolis |isbn=1884354203 |url=https://iucat.iu.edu/iuk/5619796 |access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref> |
||
== Broadband technologies == |
== Broadband technologies == |
||
Line 20: | Line 21: | ||
In [[radio]], for example, a very narrow band will carry [[Morse code]], a broader band will carry speech, and a still broader band will carry [[music]] without losing the high [[Audio frequency|audio frequencies]] required for realistic [[sound reproduction]]. This broad band is often divided into channels or "frequency bins" using [[passband]] techniques to allow [[frequency-division multiplexing]] instead of sending a higher-quality signal. |
In [[radio]], for example, a very narrow band will carry [[Morse code]], a broader band will carry speech, and a still broader band will carry [[music]] without losing the high [[Audio frequency|audio frequencies]] required for realistic [[sound reproduction]]. This broad band is often divided into channels or "frequency bins" using [[passband]] techniques to allow [[frequency-division multiplexing]] instead of sending a higher-quality signal. |
||
In data communications, a [[56k modem]] will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide [[telephone line]] (narrowband or [[voiceband]]). In the late 1980s, the [[Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network]] (B-ISDN) used the term to refer to a broad range of [[bit rate]]s, independent of physical modulation details.<ref name="bisdn">{{cite web |author=Ender Ayanoglu |author2=Nail Akar |title=B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network) |url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/cpcc/2/ |publisher=Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, UC Irvine |access-date=July 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016192623/http://repositories.cdlib.org/cpcc/2/ |archive-date=October 16, 2009 }}</ref> The various forms of [[digital subscriber line]] (DSL) services are ''broadband'' in the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each channel is at higher frequency than the [[baseband]] voice channel, so it can support [[plain old telephone service]] on a single pair of wires at the same time.<ref name="adsl-aa">{{cite web |url=http://aa.net.uk/kb-broadband-how.html |title=Knowledge Base - How Broadband Words |author=<!-- No author byline --> |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721170126/http://aa.net.uk/kb-broadband-how.html |archive-date=July 21, 2016 }}</ref> However, when that same line is converted to a [[load coil|non-loaded]] twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second using [[very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line]] (VDSL or VHDSL) techniques.<ref name="vdsl-itu">{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2005/06.html |title=New ITU Standard Delivers 10x ADSL Speeds |author=<!-- No author byline --> |date=May 27, 2005 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903203113/http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2005/06.html |archive-date=September 3, 2016 }}</ref> |
In data communications, a [[56k modem]] will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide [[telephone line]] (narrowband or [[voiceband]]). In the late 1980s, the [[Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network]] (B-ISDN) used the term to refer to a broad range of [[bit rate]]s, independent of physical modulation details.<ref name="bisdn">{{cite web |author=Ender Ayanoglu |author2=Nail Akar |title=B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network) |url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/cpcc/2/ |publisher=Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, UC Irvine |access-date=July 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016192623/http://repositories.cdlib.org/cpcc/2/ |archive-date=October 16, 2009 }}</ref> The various forms of [[digital subscriber line]] (DSL) services are ''broadband'' in the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each channel is at a higher frequency than the [[baseband]] voice channel, so it can support [[plain old telephone service]] on a single pair of wires at the same time.<ref name="adsl-aa">{{cite web |url=http://aa.net.uk/kb-broadband-how.html |title=Knowledge Base - How Broadband Words |author=<!-- No author byline --> |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721170126/http://aa.net.uk/kb-broadband-how.html |archive-date=July 21, 2016 }}</ref> However, when that same line is converted to a [[load coil|non-loaded]] twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second using [[very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line]] (VDSL or VHDSL) techniques.<ref name="vdsl-itu">{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2005/06.html |title=New ITU Standard Delivers 10x ADSL Speeds |author=<!-- No author byline --> |date=May 27, 2005 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903203113/http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2005/06.html |archive-date=September 3, 2016 }}</ref> |
||
[[Cellular network|Cellular networks]] utilize various standards for data transmission, including [[5G]] which can support one million separate devices per square kilometer. |
|||
=== Computer networks === |
=== Computer networks === |
||
Many [[computer network]]s use a simple [[line code]] to transmit one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth using its [[baseband]] (from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most versions of the popular [[Ethernet]] family are given names such as the original 1980s [[10BASE5]] to indicate this. Networks that use [[cable modem]]s on standard [[cable television]] infrastructure are called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually use a different [[radio frequency]] modulated by the data signal for each band.<ref>{{cite book |title= What every engineer should know about data communications |page= 64 |author= Carl Stephen Clifton |publisher= CRC Press |year= 1987 |isbn= 978-0-8247-7566-7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YVi8HVN-APwC&pg=PA64 |quote= Broadband: Modulating the data signal onto an RF carrier and applying this RF signal to the carrier media |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160529101334/https://books.google.com/books?id=YVi8HVN-APwC&pg=PA64 |archive-date= 2016-05-29 }}</ref> |
Many [[computer network]]s use a simple [[line code]] to transmit one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth using its [[baseband]] (from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most versions of the popular [[Ethernet]] family are given names, such as the original 1980s [[10BASE5]], to indicate this. Networks that use [[cable modem]]s on standard [[cable television]] infrastructure are called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually use a different [[radio frequency]] modulated by the data signal for each band.<ref>{{cite book |title= What every engineer should know about data communications |page= 64 |author= Carl Stephen Clifton |publisher= CRC Press |year= 1987 |isbn= 978-0-8247-7566-7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YVi8HVN-APwC&pg=PA64 |quote= Broadband: Modulating the data signal onto an RF carrier and applying this RF signal to the carrier media |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160529101334/https://books.google.com/books?id=YVi8HVN-APwC&pg=PA64 |archive-date= 2016-05-29 }}</ref> |
||
The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clifton|first1=Carl Stephen|title=What every engineer should know about data communications|date=1987|publisher=M. Dekker|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8247-7566-7|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuuYZlJQ4pAC|access-date=21 June 2016|quote=Broadband: relative term referring to a systemm which carries a wide frequency range.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629163754/https://books.google.com/books?id=WuuYZlJQ4pAC|archive-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> |
The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clifton|first1=Carl Stephen|title=What every engineer should know about data communications|date=1987|publisher=M. Dekker|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8247-7566-7|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuuYZlJQ4pAC|access-date=21 June 2016|quote=Broadband: relative term referring to a systemm which carries a wide frequency range.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629163754/https://books.google.com/books?id=WuuYZlJQ4pAC|archive-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> |
||
Line 32: | Line 35: | ||
===TV and video=== |
===TV and video=== |
||
A [[television]] antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of receiving a wide range of channels, while e.g. a low-VHF antenna is "narrowband" since it receives only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-1037C defines "broadband" as a synonym for [[wideband]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Definition: broadband |website= Federal Standard 1037C, Glossary of Telecommunication Terms |year= 1996 |url= http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-005/_0722.htm |access-date= July 19, 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120505172629/http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-005/_0722.htm |archive-date= May 5, 2012 }}</ref> "Broadband" in [[Analog signal|analog]] [[video]] distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as [[cable television]], where the individual channels are [[modulation|modulated]] on carriers at fixed frequencies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljySKDNHiP4C&q=%22broadband+video%22+cable+tv&pg=PA349|title=HTI+ Home Technology Integration and CEDIA Installer I All-in-One Exam Guide|website=google.co.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429221110/https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA349&lpg=PA349&dq=%22broadband+video%22+cable+tv&sig=sjT7XyrnF1wiPEyOc7HqkZjtGxk&id=ljySKDNHiP4C&ots=0ZK5bEWmvA&output=html|archive-date=2016-04-29|isbn=9780072231328|last1=Gilster|first1=Ron|last2=Heneveld|first2=Helen|date=2004-06-22}}</ref> In this context, [[baseband]] is the term's [[antonym]], referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in [[Composite video|composite]] form with separate baseband [[Sound recording and reproduction|audio]].<ref name="cablinginstall.com">{{cite web|last1=Baxter|first1=Les A.|last2=Georger|first2=William H.|title=Transmitting video over structured cabling systems|url=http://www.cablinginstall.com/articles/print/volume-3/issue-8/contents/standards/transmitting-video-over-structured-cabling-systems.html|website=www.cablinginstall.com|publisher=AT&T Bell Laboratories|access-date=April 16, 2017|date=August 1, 1995|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929135815/http://www.cablinginstall.com/articles/print/volume-3/issue-8/contents/standards/transmitting-video-over-structured-cabling-systems.html|archive-date=September 29, 2015}}</ref> The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. Fiber optic allows the signal to be transmitted farther without being repeated. Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to transmit the signal to neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to be transmitted over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having multiple head ends. |
A [[television]] antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of receiving a wide range of channels, while e.g. a low-VHF antenna is "narrowband" since it receives only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-1037C defines "broadband" as a synonym for [[wideband]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Definition: broadband |website= Federal Standard 1037C, Glossary of Telecommunication Terms |year= 1996 |url= http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-005/_0722.htm |access-date= July 19, 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120505172629/http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-005/_0722.htm |archive-date= May 5, 2012 }}</ref> "Broadband" in [[Analog signal|analog]] [[video]] distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as [[cable television]], where the individual channels are [[modulation|modulated]] on carriers at fixed frequencies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljySKDNHiP4C&q=%22broadband+video%22+cable+tv&pg=PA349|title=HTI+ Home Technology Integration and CEDIA Installer I All-in-One Exam Guide|website=google.co.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429221110/https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA349&lpg=PA349&dq=%22broadband+video%22+cable+tv&sig=sjT7XyrnF1wiPEyOc7HqkZjtGxk&id=ljySKDNHiP4C&ots=0ZK5bEWmvA&output=html|archive-date=2016-04-29|isbn=9780072231328|last1=Gilster|first1=Ron|last2=Heneveld|first2=Helen|date=2004-06-22}}</ref> In this context, [[baseband]] is the term's [[antonym]], referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in [[Composite video|composite]] form with separate baseband [[Sound recording and reproduction|audio]].<ref name="cablinginstall.com">{{cite web|last1=Baxter|first1=Les A.|last2=Georger|first2=William H.|title=Transmitting video over structured cabling systems|url=http://www.cablinginstall.com/articles/print/volume-3/issue-8/contents/standards/transmitting-video-over-structured-cabling-systems.html|website=www.cablinginstall.com|publisher=AT&T Bell Laboratories|access-date=April 16, 2017|date=August 1, 1995|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929135815/http://www.cablinginstall.com/articles/print/volume-3/issue-8/contents/standards/transmitting-video-over-structured-cabling-systems.html|archive-date=September 29, 2015}}</ref> The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. Fiber optic allows the signal to be transmitted farther without being repeated. Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to transmit the signal to neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to be transmitted over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having multiple head ends. A [[Cable television headend|head end]] gathers all the information from the local cable networks and movie channels and then feeds the information into the system. |
||
However, "broadband video" in the context of [[Streaming media|streaming]] Internet video has come to mean video files that have [[bit rate#Bit-rates in multimedia|bit-rates]] high enough to require broadband Internet access for viewing. "Broadband video" is also sometimes used to describe [[IPTV]] [[Video on demand]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Mark Sweney |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/feb/07/bt.digitaltvradio |title=BT Vision boasts 150,000 customers | Media |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2008-02-07 |access-date=2016-06-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129102553/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/feb/07/bt.digitaltvradio |archive-date=2017-01-29 |
However, "broadband video" in the context of [[Streaming media|streaming]] Internet video has come to mean video files that have [[bit rate#Bit-rates in multimedia|bit-rates]] high enough to require broadband Internet access for viewing. "Broadband video" is also sometimes used to describe [[IPTV]] [[Video on demand]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Mark Sweney |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/feb/07/bt.digitaltvradio |title=BT Vision boasts 150,000 customers | Media |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2008-02-07 |access-date=2016-06-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129102553/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/feb/07/bt.digitaltvradio |archive-date=2017-01-29}}</ref> |
||
===Alternative technologies=== |
===Alternative technologies=== |
||
Line 44: | Line 47: | ||
{{Main|Internet access}} |
{{Main|Internet access}} |
||
In the context of [[Internet access]], the term "broadband" is used loosely to mean "access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access".<ref name="What is Broadband">{{cite web |title= What is Broadband? |website= The National Broadband Plan |publisher= US Federal Communications Commission |url= http://www.broadband.gov/about_broadband.html/ |access-date= July 15, 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110713053907/http://www.broadband.gov/about_broadband.html |archive-date= July 13, 2011 |
In the context of [[Internet access]], the term "broadband" is used loosely to mean "access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access".<ref name="What is Broadband">{{cite web |title= What is Broadband? |website= The National Broadband Plan |publisher= US Federal Communications Commission |url= http://www.broadband.gov/about_broadband.html/ |access-date= July 15, 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110713053907/http://www.broadband.gov/about_broadband.html |archive-date= July 13, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hart|first1=Jeffrey A.|last2=Reed|first2=Robert R.|last3=Bar|first3=François|title=The building of the internet|journal=Telecommunications Policy|date=November 1992|volume=16|issue=8|pages=666–689|doi=10.1016/0308-5961(92)90061-S}}</ref> |
||
A range of more precise definitions of speed have been prescribed at times, including: |
A range of more precise definitions of speed have been prescribed at times, including: |
||
Line 54: | Line 57: | ||
*50 Mbit/s downstream, 10 Mbit/s upstream —[[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)|date=2013-03-20|title=What you should know about Internet speeds|url=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/internet/performance.htm|access-date=2021-01-29|website=crtc.gc.ca}}</ref> |
*50 Mbit/s downstream, 10 Mbit/s upstream —[[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)|date=2013-03-20|title=What you should know about Internet speeds|url=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/internet/performance.htm|access-date=2021-01-29|website=crtc.gc.ca}}</ref> |
||
Broadband Internet service in the United States was effectively treated or managed as a [[public utility]] by [[Net neutrality in the United States|net neutrality]] rules<ref name="NYT-20150312a">{{cite news|last=Ruiz|first=Rebecca R.|date=March 12, 2015|title=F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/technology/fcc-releases-net-neutrality-rules.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313080554/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/technology/fcc-releases-net-neutrality-rules.html|archive-date=March 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150312b">{{cite news|last=Sommer|first=Jeff|date=March 12, 2015|title=What the Net Neutrality Rules Say|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/12/technology/net-neutrality-rules-explained.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313080607/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/12/technology/net-neutrality-rules-explained.html|archive-date=March 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="FCC-20150315">{{cite web|author=FCC Staff|date=March 12, 2015|title=Federal Communications Commission - FCC 15-24 - In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - GN Docket No. 14-28 - Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order|url=http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2015/db0312/FCC-15-24A1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312200613/http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2015/db0312/FCC-15-24A1.pdf|archive-date=March 12, 2015|access-date=March 13, 2015|website=[[Federal Communications Commission]]}}</ref><ref name="CNET-20150413">{{cite web|last=Reisinger|first=Don|date=April 13, 2015|title=Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/fccs-net-neutrality-rules-hit-federal-register-lawsuit-underway/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414060656/http://www.cnet.com/news/fccs-net-neutrality-rules-hit-federal-register-lawsuit-underway/|archive-date=April 14, 2015|access-date=April 13, 2015|website=[[CNET]]}}</ref><ref name="FR-20150413">{{cite web|author=Federal Communications Commission|author-link=Federal Communications Commission|date=April 13, 2015|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/04/13/2015-07841/protecting-and-promoting-the-open-internet|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502021951/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/04/13/2015-07841/protecting-and-promoting-the-open-internet|archive-date=May 2, 2015|access-date=April 13, 2015|website=[[Federal Register]]}}</ref> until being overturned by the FCC in December |
Broadband Internet service in the United States was effectively treated or managed as a [[public utility]] by [[Net neutrality in the United States|net neutrality]] rules<ref name="NYT-20150312a">{{cite news|last=Ruiz|first=Rebecca R.|date=March 12, 2015|title=F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/technology/fcc-releases-net-neutrality-rules.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313080554/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/technology/fcc-releases-net-neutrality-rules.html|archive-date=March 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150312b">{{cite news|last=Sommer|first=Jeff|date=March 12, 2015|title=What the Net Neutrality Rules Say|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/12/technology/net-neutrality-rules-explained.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313080607/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/12/technology/net-neutrality-rules-explained.html|archive-date=March 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="FCC-20150315">{{cite web|author=FCC Staff|date=March 12, 2015|title=Federal Communications Commission - FCC 15-24 - In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - GN Docket No. 14-28 - Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order|url=http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2015/db0312/FCC-15-24A1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312200613/http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2015/db0312/FCC-15-24A1.pdf|archive-date=March 12, 2015|access-date=March 13, 2015|website=[[Federal Communications Commission]]}}</ref><ref name="CNET-20150413">{{cite web|last=Reisinger|first=Don|date=April 13, 2015|title=Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/fccs-net-neutrality-rules-hit-federal-register-lawsuit-underway/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414060656/http://www.cnet.com/news/fccs-net-neutrality-rules-hit-federal-register-lawsuit-underway/|archive-date=April 14, 2015|access-date=April 13, 2015|website=[[CNET]]}}</ref><ref name="FR-20150413">{{cite web|author=Federal Communications Commission|author-link=Federal Communications Commission|date=April 13, 2015|title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/04/13/2015-07841/protecting-and-promoting-the-open-internet|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502021951/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/04/13/2015-07841/protecting-and-promoting-the-open-internet|archive-date=May 2, 2015|access-date=April 13, 2015|website=[[Federal Register]]}}</ref> until being overturned by the FCC in December 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kang|first1=Cecilia|title=F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/14/technology/net-neutrality-repeal-vote.html?_r=0|website=The New York Times|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref> |
||
===Speed qualifiers=== |
===Speed qualifiers=== |
||
Line 96: | Line 99: | ||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
{{portal|Telecommunication|Internet}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
* [[Mobile broadband]] |
* [[Mobile broadband]] |
||
* [[Ultra-wideband]] |
* [[Ultra-wideband]] |
||
Line 110: | Line 113: | ||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist|30em}} |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
||
==External links== |
|||
* {{commons-inline}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
{{Internet access}} |
{{Internet access}} |