Currentlybiscuit (talk | contribs) double nationality |
SlimVirgin (talk | contribs) missed out some names |
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| birth_place = [[Crescent, Oklahoma]] |
| birth_place = [[Crescent, Oklahoma]] |
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| residence = |
| residence = |
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| nationality = American / British<ref |
| nationality = American / British<ref name=PilkingtonFeb1/> |
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| occupation = Soldier, United States Army |
| occupation = Soldier, United States Army |
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| known_for = Allegedly passed classified data to [[WikiLeaks]] |
| known_for = Allegedly passed classified data to [[WikiLeaks]] |
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| criminal_penalty = |
| criminal_penalty = |
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| criminal_status = |
| criminal_status = |
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| parents = Brian and Susan Manning |
| parents = Brian Manning and Susan Manning (née Fox)<ref name=PilkingtonFeb1/> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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Manning and his older sister, Casey, were born in [[Crescent, Oklahoma]] to an American father, Brian Manning, and his |
Manning and his older sister, Casey, were born in [[Crescent, Oklahoma]] to an American father, Brian Manning, and his wife, Susan Fox, who was born in Haverfordwest, Wales, in 1953.<ref name=PilkingtonFeb1>Pilkington, Ed; McGreal, Chris; and Morris, Steven. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/01/bradley-manning-uk-citizen "Bradley Manning is UK citizen and needs protection, government told"], ''The Guardian'', February 1, 2011.</ref> His father had been in the [[United States Navy]] for five years; his parents met when Brian was stationed in Wales at [[RAF Brawdy#Cawdor Barracks|Cawdor Barracks]]. Manning was raised in Crescent, where his father worked as an IT manager for Hertz Rent-a-Car. He was small for his age, good at the saxophone and science, and even in elementary school had talked about wanting to join the army.<ref name=Nicks/> One neighbor said his mother had difficulty adjusting to life in the U.S., and his father was often away, so Manning was largely left to fend for himself.<ref name=NYT0808>Thompson, Ginger. [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/09/us/09manning.html?_r=1&scp=23&sq=%22Bradley+Manning%22&st=nyt "Early Struggles of Soldier Charged in Leak Case"], ''The New York Times'', August 8, 2010.</ref> |
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His father left home when Manning was 13 |
His father left home when Manning was 13; his mother moved back to Haverfordwest, Wales, and Manning went with her.<ref name=Nicks/> One of his school friends from Tasker Milward School, where he sat his [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSEs]], told ''The Guardian'' that Manning was a "hot-headed" computer nerd, known for having an attitude.<ref name=Booth>Booth, Robert; Brooke, Heather; and Morris, Steve. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/30/wikileaks-cables-bradley-manning?intcmp=239 "WikiLeaks cables: Bradley Manning faces 52 years in jail"], ''The Guardian'', November 30, 2010.</ref> Tom Dyer, a school friend, told Britain's Channel 4 News that Manning wanted to "right a big wrong." "If something went wrong," Dyer said, "he would speak up about it if he didn't agree with something. He would even have altercations with teachers if he thought something was not right." Dyer told Channel 4 that Manning was bullied at school because he was an American.<ref name=Channel4Dec12010>[http://www.channel4.com/news/wikileaks-bradley-manning-set-up-own-facebook "Wikileaks: Bradley Manning 'set up own Facebook'"], Channel 4 News, December 1, 2010.</ref> He was also targeted for being effeminate; Denver Nicks writes that he had told his schoolfriends in Crescent that he was gay, but he was not open about it at school in Wales.<ref name=Nicks/> |
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He returned to the United States after his exams, moved in with his father and sister in Oklahoma City, and took a job with a software company, Zoto. He fell out with his dad, in part because of his sexuality, and moved in with a friend in Tulsa, where he took low-paid jobs with [[Incredible Pizza Company]] and [[F.Y.E.]], an entertainment media retail chain.<ref name=Nicks/> He apparently also lived in his car for a time.<ref name=NYT0808/> Nicks writes that he moved to Chicago, then went to live with an aunt in Potomac, Maryland, where he took classes at a local college, and worked for [[Starbucks]], and Abercrombie and Fitch.<ref name=Nicks>Nicks, Denver. [http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ "Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks"], ''This Land'', September 23, 2010.</ref> |
He returned to the United States after his exams, moved in with his father and sister in Oklahoma City, and took a job with a software company, Zoto. He fell out with his dad, in part because of his sexuality, and moved in with a friend in Tulsa, where he took low-paid jobs with [[Incredible Pizza Company]] and [[F.Y.E.]], an entertainment media retail chain.<ref name=Nicks/> He apparently also lived in his car for a time.<ref name=NYT0808/> Nicks writes that he moved to Chicago, then went to live with an aunt in Potomac, Maryland, where he took classes at a local college, and worked for [[Starbucks]], and Abercrombie and Fitch.<ref name=Nicks>Nicks, Denver. [http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ "Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks"], ''This Land'', September 23, 2010.</ref> |
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*[[Brian Doherty (journalist)|Doherty, Brian]]. [http://reason.com/blog/2010/12/30/whats-in-the-manninglamo-wikil "What's in the Manning/Lamo WikiLeaks Chat Logs?"], ''Reason'', December 30, 2010.</ref> |
*[[Brian Doherty (journalist)|Doherty, Brian]]. [http://reason.com/blog/2010/12/30/whats-in-the-manninglamo-wikil "What's in the Manning/Lamo WikiLeaks Chat Logs?"], ''Reason'', December 30, 2010.</ref> |
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===Charges |
===Charges=== |
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Manning was |
Manning was charged on July 5, 2010, under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) with violations of UCMJ Articles 92 and [[General article (military law)#United States|134]] for "transferring classified data onto his personal computer and adding unauthorized software to a classified computer system in connection with the leaking of a video of a helicopter attack in Iraq in 2007," and "communicating, transmitting and delivering national defense information to an unauthorized source and disclosing classified information concerning the national defense with reason to believe that the information could cause injury to the United States."<ref name=CNNAug312010>[http://articles.cnn.com/2010-08-31/us/wikileaks.suspect.attorney_1_bradley-manning-wikileaks-website-leaker?_s=PM:US "Attorney for WikiLeaks suspect says he's seen no evidence on documents"], CNN, August 31, 2010. |
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*Also see [http://cryptome.org/manning-charge.pdf "Charge sheet"], courtesy of Cryptome. Retrieved December 26, 2010.</ref> He was also one of those named in the [[Twitter subpoena]] later in December.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/07/twitter/subpoena.pdf "Twitter Subpoena"], ''Salon'', January 10, 2011.</ref> |
*Also see [http://cryptome.org/manning-charge.pdf "Charge sheet"], courtesy of Cryptome. Retrieved December 26, 2010.</ref> He was also one of those named in the [[Twitter subpoena]] later in December.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/07/twitter/subpoena.pdf "Twitter Subpoena"], ''Salon'', January 10, 2011.</ref> The maximum jail sentence he faces is 52 years.<ref name=Booth/> |
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==Detention== |
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On July 29, he was moved to a military jail in Quantico, Virginia. According to Glenn Greenwald, Manning has been kept in [[solitary confinement]] for 23 hours a day, has not been allowed to exercise in his cell, and has been regularly administered anti-depressants by the brig's medical personnel.<ref name=Greenwald>Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/14/manning "The inhumane conditions of Bradley Manning's detention"], ''Salon'', December 15, 2010. |
Manning was at first held in a military jail at [[Camp Arifjan]] in Kuwait.<ref name=PoulsenJune162010>Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/manning-detainment/ "Three Weeks After Arrest, Still No Charges In Wikileaks Probe"], ''Wired'' magazine, June 16, 2010.</ref> On July 29, 2010, he was moved to a military jail in Quantico, Virginia. According to Glenn Greenwald, Manning has been kept in [[solitary confinement]] for 23 hours a day, has not been allowed to exercise in his cell, and has been regularly administered anti-depressants by the brig's medical personnel.<ref name=Greenwald>Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/14/manning "The inhumane conditions of Bradley Manning's detention"], ''Salon'', December 15, 2010. |
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*Also see Starr, Barbara; Ure, Laurie; and Frieden, Terry. [http://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/07/31/wikileaks.manning/index.html#fbid=DnrTQC6vL5a "Military airstrike video leak suspect in solitary confinement"], CNN, July 31, 2010. |
*Also see Starr, Barbara; Ure, Laurie; and Frieden, Terry. [http://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/07/31/wikileaks.manning/index.html#fbid=DnrTQC6vL5a "Military airstrike video leak suspect in solitary confinement"], CNN, July 31, 2010. |
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*Fantz, Ashley. "[http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/08/04/bradley.manning.wikileaks/index.html?iref=obinsite "Soldier suspected of Wiki leak: 'I've been isolated']}, CNN, August 5, 2010.</ref> David House, a computer scientist and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] researcher who visits Manning twice a month, told reporters in December 2010 that Manning's mental and physical health were deteriorating, and that the blankets he was been issued were so heavy, he frequently woke up in the morning with [[carpet burn]]s. House said Manning's guards were required to check on him every five minutes, including at night, and that a light was kept on in his cell while he slept.<ref>Brooke, Heather. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/16/bradley-manning-health-deteriorating "Bradley Manning's health deteriorating in jail, supporters say"], ''The Guardian'', December 16, 2010. |
*Fantz, Ashley. "[http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/08/04/bradley.manning.wikileaks/index.html?iref=obinsite "Soldier suspected of Wiki leak: 'I've been isolated']}, CNN, August 5, 2010.</ref> David House, a computer scientist and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] researcher who visits Manning twice a month, told reporters in December 2010 that Manning's mental and physical health were deteriorating, and that the blankets he was been issued were so heavy, he frequently woke up in the morning with [[carpet burn]]s. House said Manning's guards were required to check on him every five minutes, including at night, and that a light was kept on in his cell while he slept.<ref>Brooke, Heather. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/16/bradley-manning-health-deteriorating "Bradley Manning's health deteriorating in jail, supporters say"], ''The Guardian'', December 16, 2010. |
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*The letter "denounces the oppressive conditions under which Manning is being held as 'unnecessarily harsh and punitive,' and further states they 'appear to breach the USA’s obligations under international standards and treaties, including Article 10 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]].' The letter describes Manning's treatment as particularly egregious since 'he is a pre-trial detainee not yet convicted of any offence." |
*The letter "denounces the oppressive conditions under which Manning is being held as 'unnecessarily harsh and punitive,' and further states they 'appear to breach the USA’s obligations under international standards and treaties, including Article 10 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]].' The letter describes Manning's treatment as particularly egregious since 'he is a pre-trial detainee not yet convicted of any offence." |
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*Also see Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/23/detainees/index.html "America's treatment of detainees"], ''Salon'', January 23, 2011.</ref> In January 2011, Manning's lawyer filed an Article 138 complaint on the grounds that the brig commander had broken military rules. Coombs questioned whether Manning should be in maximum custody, queried whether his detention was punitive, and said that under Article 13 of the UCMJ the conditions of the detention equate to unlawful pretrial punishment.<ref>Nakashima, Ellen. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/21/AR2011012106897.html "Lawyer for WikiLeaks Army figure alleges mistreatment"], ''The Washington Post'', January 22, 2011.</ref> |
*Also see Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/23/detainees/index.html "America's treatment of detainees"], ''Salon'', January 23, 2011.</ref> In January 2011, Manning's lawyer filed an Article 138 complaint on the grounds that the brig commander had broken military rules. Coombs questioned whether Manning should be in maximum custody, queried whether his detention was punitive, and said that under Article 13 of the UCMJ the conditions of the detention equate to unlawful pretrial punishment.<ref>Nakashima, Ellen. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/21/AR2011012106897.html "Lawyer for WikiLeaks Army figure alleges mistreatment"], ''The Washington Post'', January 22, 2011.</ref> |
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Amnesty International has asked the British government to intervene to ensure that the conditions of Manning's detention comply with international standards. Citing Alison Harvey of the Immigration Law Practitioners' Association in London, ''The Guardan'' writes that Manning is a British national by descent through his Welsh mother. Under the [[British Nationality Act]] of 1981, anyone born outside the UK after 1 January 1983 whose mother is a British citizen by birth is British by descent. The British embassy in Washington told ''The Guardian'' in February 2011 that it had not received a request to visit Manning.<ref name=PilkingtonFeb1/> |
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==Pre-trial hearing== |
==Pre-trial hearing== |
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A mental-health investigation is expected to begin in February 2011 to determine whether Manning can stand trial. In accordance with the "speedy trial" rights of the [[Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sixth Amendment]], and applicable under military regulations in accordance with Manual for Courts-Martial Rule 707, a pre-trial hearing under [[Article 32 hearing|Article 32]] of the UCMJ is expected in May to determine whether a trial is warranted.<ref>Dishneau, David. [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-21/wikileaks-gi-s-complaint-targets-his-marine-jailer.html "WikiLeaks GI's complaint targets his Marine jailer"], Bloomberg, January 21, 2011. |
A mental-health investigation is expected to begin in February 2011 to determine whether Manning can stand trial. In accordance with the "speedy trial" rights of the [[Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sixth Amendment]], and applicable under military regulations in accordance with Manual for Courts-Martial Rule 707, a pre-trial hearing under [[Article 32 hearing|Article 32]] of the UCMJ is expected in May to determine whether a trial is warranted.<ref>Dishneau, David. [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-21/wikileaks-gi-s-complaint-targets-his-marine-jailer.html "WikiLeaks GI's complaint targets his Marine jailer"], Bloomberg, January 21, 2011. |
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*Also see [http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/law/mcm.pdf "Manual for Courts-Martial United States"], USAPD, 2008, accessed January 27, 2011.</ref> |
*Also see [http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/law/mcm.pdf "Manual for Courts-Martial United States"], USAPD, 2008, accessed January 27, 2011.</ref> |
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==Response== |
==Response== |
Revision as of 09:45, 2 February 2011
Bradley Manning | |
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![]() | |
Born | |
Nationality | American / British[1] |
Occupation(s) | Soldier, United States Army |
Known for | Allegedly passed classified data to WikiLeaks |
Criminal charge(s) | Transferring classified data onto his personal computer, and transmitting national defense information to an unauthorized source.[2] |
Parent(s) | Brian Manning and Susan Manning (née Fox)[1] |
Bradley E. Manning (born December 17, 1987) is a United States Army soldier who was charged in July 2010 with the unauthorized disclosure of classified information. He is being held in "maximum custody" at the Marine Corps Brig, Quantico, Virginia, and is expected to face a pre-trial hearing in May 2011 to determine whether he should be court-martialed.[3]
Manning was assigned to a support battalion with the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, based at Contingency Operating Station Hammer, Iraq, which gave him access to SIPRNet—the Secret Internet Protocol Router Network—used by the U.S. Department of Defense and Department of State to transmit classified information. He was arrested in May 2010 after Adrian Lamo, a former computer hacker, reported to authorities that Manning had told him during an online chat that he had downloaded material from SIPRNet and passed it to WikiLeaks. The material included the so-called "Collateral Murder" video—the video of a July 2007 helicopter airstrike in Baghdad—which WikiLeaks published in April 2010; a video of the Granai airstrike in Afghanistan; and a large number of diplomatic cables.[4]
On July 5, 2010 Manning was charged under the Uniform Code of Military Justice for transferring classified data onto his personal computer and communicating national defense information to an unauthorized source between November 19, 2009 and May 27, 2010.[5]
Background
Manning and his older sister, Casey, were born in Crescent, Oklahoma to an American father, Brian Manning, and his wife, Susan Fox, who was born in Haverfordwest, Wales, in 1953.[1] His father had been in the United States Navy for five years; his parents met when Brian was stationed in Wales at Cawdor Barracks. Manning was raised in Crescent, where his father worked as an IT manager for Hertz Rent-a-Car. He was small for his age, good at the saxophone and science, and even in elementary school had talked about wanting to join the army.[5] One neighbor said his mother had difficulty adjusting to life in the U.S., and his father was often away, so Manning was largely left to fend for himself.[6]
His father left home when Manning was 13; his mother moved back to Haverfordwest, Wales, and Manning went with her.[5] One of his school friends from Tasker Milward School, where he sat his GCSEs, told The Guardian that Manning was a "hot-headed" computer nerd, known for having an attitude.[3] Tom Dyer, a school friend, told Britain's Channel 4 News that Manning wanted to "right a big wrong." "If something went wrong," Dyer said, "he would speak up about it if he didn't agree with something. He would even have altercations with teachers if he thought something was not right." Dyer told Channel 4 that Manning was bullied at school because he was an American.[7] He was also targeted for being effeminate; Denver Nicks writes that he had told his schoolfriends in Crescent that he was gay, but he was not open about it at school in Wales.[5]
He returned to the United States after his exams, moved in with his father and sister in Oklahoma City, and took a job with a software company, Zoto. He fell out with his dad, in part because of his sexuality, and moved in with a friend in Tulsa, where he took low-paid jobs with Incredible Pizza Company and F.Y.E., an entertainment media retail chain.[5] He apparently also lived in his car for a time.[6] Nicks writes that he moved to Chicago, then went to live with an aunt in Potomac, Maryland, where he took classes at a local college, and worked for Starbucks, and Abercrombie and Fitch.[5]
He enlisted in the army in mid-2007, doing his basic training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, and after graduating in April 2008, he moved to Fort Huachuca, Arizona, where he trained as an intelligence analyst. Nicks writes that he was reprimanded while there for posting messages to friends on YouTube that apparently revealed sensitive information. By Christmas 2008 he was in a gay relationship and apparently posting happily about it on Facebook, though Nicks writes that the relationship appears to have ended by September 2009.[5]
Disclosure of classified material
SIPRNet access
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Julian_Assange_cropped_%28Norway%2C_March_2010%29.jpg/150px-Julian_Assange_cropped_%28Norway%2C_March_2010%29.jpg)
In October 2009, Manning was sent to Iraq to work for the 2nd Brigade Combat Team of the 10th Mountain Division, based at Contingency Operating Station Hammer, near Baghdad.[9] According to ABC News, he was reprimanded while he was there for assaulting a fellow soldier, and was demoted from Specialist to Private First Class. He was also sent to a chaplain after officers noticed what ABC called "odd behaviors."[10] He told Adrian Lamo in May that he was about to be discharged because of an "adjustment disorder."[11]
While in Iraq, Manning was able to access SIPRNet from his workstation.[10] He was also said to have had access to the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System. He is alleged to have first contacted Julian Assange in late November 2009, after WikiLeaks had posted 500,000 pager messages from the September 11, 2001 attacks. In January 2010, he told a friend while on leave in Boston that he was considering leaking classified material.[4] During the same month he began posting on Facebook in a way that suggested he was upset about something. According to The Daily Telegraph, he wrote that "Bradley Manning didn't want this fight. Too much to lose, too fast," and said he was livid after being "lectured by ex-boyfriend."[12] On February 18, WikiLeaks posted the first of the material that allegedly came from Manning. It was a diplomatic cable dated January 13, 2010 from the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik, Iceland—a document now known as Reykjavik13. During his chats with Lamo, Manning called this a "test" document.[5] In February he appears to have passed the video of the July 12, 2007 Baghdad airstrike to Wikileaks, which published it in April without identifying its source.[8] On May 5 Manning wrote on Facebook that he was "not a piece of equipment," and was "beyond frustrated with people and society at large."[5]
Chats with Adrian Lamo
On May 21, 2010, Manning is alleged to have gone online to chat with Adrian Lamo, a former hacker. Lamo had been profiled the day before by Kevin Poulsen in Wired magazine, after being hospitalized and diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome. According to The Washington Post, Manning subsequently e-mailed Lamo, introducing himself as "an army intelligence analyst, deployed to eastern baghdad, pending discharge for 'adjustment disorder.'"[11]
In a series of chats over a period of a week, he told Lamo what he had done. He asked Lamo: "If you had unprecedented access to classified networks 14 hours a day 7 days a week for 8+ months, what would you do?" He told Lamo that he felt isolated and ignored at work, and was angered by some of the classified material he had read. He said he was a "wreck": "Ive been isolated so long ... i just wanted to figure out ways to survive ... smart enough to know whats going on, but helpless to do anything ... no-one took any notice of me," he wrote. He said he had been leaking files to a "white haired aussie," Julian Assange of WikiLeaks. He said: "i'm exhausted ... in desperation to get somewhere in life ... i joined the army ... and that's proven to be a disaster now ... and now i'm quite possibly on the verge of being the most notorious 'hacktivist' or whatever you want to call it ... its all a big mess i've created."[11]
On May 25, according to the chat log, he told Lamo he had taken CD-RWs containing music to work, erased them and rewrote them with the downloaded documents. According to Wired, he wrote that he "listened and lip-synced to Lady Gaga's 'Telephone' while exfiltrating possibly the largest data spillage in American history ... pretty simple, and unglamorous ..." Of the security he wrote: "it was vulnerable as fuck ... no-one suspected a thing ... kind of sad ... weak servers, weak logging, weak physical security, weak counter-intelligence, inattentive signal analysis... a perfect storm ". He asked Lamo "I mean what if I were someone more malicious," writing that he could have sold the material to Russia or China. When asked why he had not done that, he wrote: "it belongs in the public domain ... information should be free."[13]
The chat logs partially released by Lamo said Manning had leaked the Baghdad airstrike video, a video of the Granai airstrike, and 260,000 diplomatic cables, and hoped the release of the material would lead to "worldwide discussion, debates, and reforms ... if not ... than [sic] we’re doomed ... as a species ... I will officially give up on the society we have if nothing happens." He told Lamo he felt encouraged by the response to the Baghdad airstrike video: "the reaction to the video gave me immense hope ... CNN’s iReport was overwhelmed ... Twitter exploded ..."[13] He said Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and several thousand diplomats were "going to have a heart attack" when they discovered that an "entire repository of classified foreign policy is available, in searchable format to the public ... everywhere there's a US post ... there's a diplomatic scandal that will be revealed."[11] He wrote: "I want people to see the truth regardless of who they are because without information, you cannot make informed decisions as a public."[14]
Arrest
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Adrian_Lamo.png/150px-Adrian_Lamo.png)
Lamo told Wired that he had given money to WikiLeaks in the past, and that the decision to go to the authorities had not been an easy one: "I wouldn’t have done this if lives weren’t in danger. He was in a war zone and basically trying to vacuum up as much classified information as he could, and just throwing it up into the air." Wired writes that Lamo met Army CID investigators and the FBI at a Starbucks near his home in California, where he showed them the chat logs. He met them again on May 27, at which point they told him Manning had been arrested in Iraq the day before.[4] The news of the arrest was broken on June 6 by Kevin Poulsen, the friend of Lamo's who works for Wired.[8] Wired published 25 percent of the chat log, saying the remainder either infringes Manning's privacy or compromises sensitive military information, according to The Guardian. Poulsen said in December 2010 that there was nothing newsworthy in the unpublished material, obtained in full by U.S. government investigators, and nothing that sheds new light on the relationship between Manning and Assange.[15]
Wired has been criticized for failing to publish the full chat log. Glenn Greenwald called it "easily one of the worst journalistic disgraces of the year," writing that Poulsen and Wired had helped to conceal the truth about the arrest. "In doing so," Greenwald argued in December 2010, "they have actively shielded Poulsen's longtime associate, Adrian Lamo—as well as government investigators—from having their claims about Manning's statements scrutinized, and have enabled Lamo to drive much of the reporting of this story by spouting whatever he wants about Manning's statements without any check."[16]
Charges
Manning was charged on July 5, 2010, under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) with violations of UCMJ Articles 92 and 134 for "transferring classified data onto his personal computer and adding unauthorized software to a classified computer system in connection with the leaking of a video of a helicopter attack in Iraq in 2007," and "communicating, transmitting and delivering national defense information to an unauthorized source and disclosing classified information concerning the national defense with reason to believe that the information could cause injury to the United States."[2] He was also one of those named in the Twitter subpoena later in December.[17] The maximum jail sentence he faces is 52 years.[3]
Detention
Manning was at first held in a military jail at Camp Arifjan in Kuwait.[18] On July 29, 2010, he was moved to a military jail in Quantico, Virginia. According to Glenn Greenwald, Manning has been kept in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day, has not been allowed to exercise in his cell, and has been regularly administered anti-depressants by the brig's medical personnel.[19] David House, a computer scientist and MIT researcher who visits Manning twice a month, told reporters in December 2010 that Manning's mental and physical health were deteriorating, and that the blankets he was been issued were so heavy, he frequently woke up in the morning with carpet burns. House said Manning's guards were required to check on him every five minutes, including at night, and that a light was kept on in his cell while he slept.[20]
A Quantico spokesman said in January 2011 that allegations of mistreatment were "poppycock," stating that Manning's conditions were dictated by brig rules. He had been designated "maximum custody"—applied because his escape would pose a national security risk—and placed on "prevention-of-injury watch." The spokesman said Manning could talk to guards and prisoners in other cells, and left his cell for a daily hour of exercise, and for showers, phone calls, meetings with his lawyer, and weekend visits by friends and relatives.[21] Manning's lawyer David Coombs—a former serviceman and military attorney—said Manning's guards were professional, and had at no time tried to bully, harass or embarrass him. During the daytime, guards check on Manning every five minutes and he is required to respond in some affirmative manner. When Manning goes to sleep he is required to strip to his boxer shorts and surrender his clothing to his guards. Coombs wrote on his blog in December 2010: "if the guards cannot see Manning clearly, because he has a blanket over his head or is curled up towards the wall, they will wake him in order to ensure he is O.K."[22] When Manning was briefly placed on suicide watch, he was required to strip to his underwear and had his glasses taken away, except when he was allowed to watch television or read.[23]
The office of Manfred Nowak, a United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture until October 2010, was asked by one of Manning's supporters to look into allegations that he is being mistreated in custody,[24] and Nowak's replacement, Juan E. Mendez, submitted a formal inquiry to the U.S. State Department in or around January 2011.[21] Also that month, Amnesty International wrote to Defense Secretary Robert Gates expressing concern about the detention.[25] In January 2011, Manning's lawyer filed an Article 138 complaint on the grounds that the brig commander had broken military rules. Coombs questioned whether Manning should be in maximum custody, queried whether his detention was punitive, and said that under Article 13 of the UCMJ the conditions of the detention equate to unlawful pretrial punishment.[26]
Amnesty International has asked the British government to intervene to ensure that the conditions of Manning's detention comply with international standards. Citing Alison Harvey of the Immigration Law Practitioners' Association in London, The Guardan writes that Manning is a British national by descent through his Welsh mother. Under the British Nationality Act of 1981, anyone born outside the UK after 1 January 1983 whose mother is a British citizen by birth is British by descent. The British embassy in Washington told The Guardian in February 2011 that it had not received a request to visit Manning.[1]
Pre-trial hearing
A mental-health investigation is expected to begin in February 2011 to determine whether Manning can stand trial. In accordance with the "speedy trial" rights of the Sixth Amendment, and applicable under military regulations in accordance with Manual for Courts-Martial Rule 707, a pre-trial hearing under Article 32 of the UCMJ is expected in May to determine whether a trial is warranted.[27]
Response
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Daniel_Ellsberg_2006.jpg/130px-Daniel_Ellsberg_2006.jpg)
Wikileaks has not identified Manning as the source of the material. According to NBC News in January 2011, the U.S. government has been unable to find any evidence that Manning passed his files directly to Julian Assange, or had any direct contact with him.[29]
A support group has been formed, the Bradley Manning Support Network, in conjunction with Courage to Resist, a war resister's group.[30] By September 2010, $50,000 had been pledged to the former by 850 separate donors.[31] By the time WikiLeaks transferred $15,100 to the legal trust account of Manning's attorney in January 2011, total donations for his defense had risen to over $100,000.[32] The film-maker Michael Moore and Pentagon Papers whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg launched a campaign to have Manning released, and public rallies were held in his support in the U.S., Canada, the Netherlands, and Ireland.[33] Ellsberg said that Manning, along with Assange, was a new hero of his.[34] Julian Assange declared Manning an "unparalleled hero," insofar as he is alleged to be behind the leaks, and said he regarded Manning as a political prisoner.[35] Economist Paul Craig Roberts, a former member of the Reagan administration, has cited former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Peter Pace that "[i]t is the absolute responsibility of everybody in uniform to disobey an order that is either illegal or immoral" and to make such orders known. Roberts contends that, if Manning is the source of the leak, he is "wrongfully imprisoned for meeting his military responsibility."[36]
See also
- Classified information in the United States
- Information sensitivity
- Journalism sourcing
- Incarceration in the United States
References
- ^ a b c d Pilkington, Ed; McGreal, Chris; and Morris, Steven. "Bradley Manning is UK citizen and needs protection, government told", The Guardian, February 1, 2011.
- ^ a b "Attorney for WikiLeaks suspect says he's seen no evidence on documents", CNN, August 31, 2010.
- Also see "Charge sheet", courtesy of Cryptome. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ a b c Booth, Robert; Brooke, Heather; and Morris, Steve. "WikiLeaks cables: Bradley Manning faces 52 years in jail", The Guardian, November 30, 2010.
- ^ a b c Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. "U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested in Wikileaks Video Probe", Wired magazine, June 6, 2010.
- Manning is reported to have been arrested on May 26, 2010; the charge sheet for his pre-trial confinement is dated May 29. See "Charge sheet", courtesy of Cryptome. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Nicks, Denver. "Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks", This Land, September 23, 2010.
- ^ a b Thompson, Ginger. "Early Struggles of Soldier Charged in Leak Case", The New York Times, August 8, 2010.
- ^ "Wikileaks: Bradley Manning 'set up own Facebook'", Channel 4 News, December 1, 2010.
- ^ a b c Fildes, Jonathan. "Wikileaks site unfazed by arrest of US army 'source'", BBC News, June 8, 2010.
- ^ Shanker, Tom. "Loophole May Have Aided Theft of Classified Data", The New York Times, July 8, 2010.
- ^ a b "Should PFC Bradley Manning Spend The Rest Of His Life In Prison?", ABC News, November 29, 2010, courtesy of YouTube. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Nakashima, Ellen. "Messages from alleged leaker Bradley Manning portray him as despondent soldier", The Washington Post, June 10, 2010.
- For the Wired profile of Adrian Lamo published the day before Manning reportedly made contact with him, see Poulsen, Kevin. "Ex-Hacker Adrian Lamo Institutionalized for Asperger’s", Wired, May 20, 2010.
- ^ Blake, Heidi; Bingham, John; and Rayner, Gordon. "Bradley Manning, suspected source of Wikileaks documents, raged on his Facebook page", The Daily Telegraph, July 30, 2010.
- ^ a b Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. 'I Can't Believe What I'm Confessing to You': The Wikileaks Chats", Wired magazine, June 10, 2010.
- Also see Xeni, Jardin. "Wikileaks: a somewhat less redacted version of the Lamo/Manning logs", Boing Boing, June 19, 2010. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ "Is Bradley Manning a hero?", CNN, December 16, 2010.
- ^ Lewis, Paul. "Wired journalists deny cover-up over WikiLeaks boss and accused US soldier", The Guardian, December 30, 2010.
- ^ Greenwald, Glenn. "The worsening journalistic disgrace at Wired", Salon, December 27, 2010.
- Also see Greenwald, Glenn. Wired's refusal to release or comment on the Manning chat logs, Salon, December 30, 2010.
- Doherty, Brian. "What's in the Manning/Lamo WikiLeaks Chat Logs?", Reason, December 30, 2010.
- ^ "Twitter Subpoena", Salon, January 10, 2011.
- ^ Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. "Three Weeks After Arrest, Still No Charges In Wikileaks Probe", Wired magazine, June 16, 2010.
- ^ Greenwald, Glenn. "The inhumane conditions of Bradley Manning's detention", Salon, December 15, 2010.
- Also see Starr, Barbara; Ure, Laurie; and Frieden, Terry. "Military airstrike video leak suspect in solitary confinement", CNN, July 31, 2010.
- Fantz, Ashley. ""Soldier suspected of Wiki leak: 'I've been isolated'}, CNN, August 5, 2010.
- ^ Brooke, Heather. "Bradley Manning's health deteriorating in jail, supporters say", The Guardian, December 16, 2010.
- "Wikileaks suspect Bradley Manning's health 'declining'", BBC News, January 17, 2011.
- An oped in The Guardian by James Ridgeway and Jean Casella, the co-editors of "Solitary Watch", a website devoted to campaigning against the use of solitary confinement in U.S. prisons, argued in January 2011 that the incarceration of Manning, while "cruel", is far from unusual in the United States, alleging that there are up to 80,000 prisoners in similar conditions who attract less attention than Manning. See Ridgeway, James and Casella, Jean. "The lonely battle against solitary confinement", The Guardian, January 19, 2011.
- ^ a b Shane, Scott. "Accused Soldier in Brig as WikiLeaks Link is Sought", The New York Times, January 13, 2011.
- ^ Mackey, Robert. "Lawyer Describes Solitary Confinement of Suspected WikiLeaks Source", The New York Times, December 21, 2010.
- For information about Coombs, see Dishneau, David. "WikiLeaks defendant chooses civilian lawyer", Associated Press, August 31, 2010.
- ^ MacAskill, Ewen. "Lawyers condemn 'abuse' of suspected WikiLeaker Bradley Manning", The Guardian, January 21, 2011.
- ^ "UN looking into WikiLeaks suspect's treatment", Associated Press, December 22, 2010.
- ^ Amnesty International Letter to Secretary Gates (Jan. 19, 2011)
- The letter "denounces the oppressive conditions under which Manning is being held as 'unnecessarily harsh and punitive,' and further states they 'appear to breach the USA’s obligations under international standards and treaties, including Article 10 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.' The letter describes Manning's treatment as particularly egregious since 'he is a pre-trial detainee not yet convicted of any offence."
- Also see Greenwald, Glenn. "America's treatment of detainees", Salon, January 23, 2011.
- ^ Nakashima, Ellen. "Lawyer for WikiLeaks Army figure alleges mistreatment", The Washington Post, January 22, 2011.
- ^ Dishneau, David. "WikiLeaks GI's complaint targets his Marine jailer", Bloomberg, January 21, 2011.
- Also see "Manual for Courts-Martial United States", USAPD, 2008, accessed January 27, 2011.
- ^ "WikiLeaks Whistleblowers", Democracy Now, June 17, 2010. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ Miklaszewski, Jim. "NBC: U.S. can't link accused Army private to Assange", NBC News, January 24, 2011.
- ^ Zeese, Kevin. "Military Steps Up Retaliation Against Accused WikiLeaks Whistle-Blower With Arbitrary 'Suicide Watch'", Bradley Manning Support Network press release, posted on Common Dreams, January 23, 2011, accessed January 27, 2011.
- ^ "Support for US 'WikiLeaks' soldier raised in west Wales", BBC News, January 15, 2011.
- ^ "WikiLeaks contributes to Manning defense, support group says", CNN, January 15, 2011.
- ^ McGreal, Chris. "Michael Moore campaigns to free Bradley Manning in war logs case", The Guardian, September 15, 2010.
- Also see "Montreal protesters rally in support of WikiLeaks", The Montreal Gazette, December 18, 2010.
- ^ "WikiLeaks Whistleblowers", Democracy Now, June 17, 2010. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ For Assange's view of Manning as an "unparalleled hero," see Jones, Sam. "Julian Assange: Whoever leaked US embassy cables is unparalleled hero", The Guardian, December 3, 2010.
- For his view that Manning is a political prisoner, see "UN looking into WikiLeaks suspect's treatment", Associated Press, December 22, 2010.
- ^ Roberts, Paul Craig. "2011", Foreign Policy Journal, December 31, 2010.