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{{Romani people}} |
{{Romani people}} |
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{{redirect|Ludar|the village in Iran|Ludar, Iran}} |
{{redirect|Ludar|the village in Iran|Ludar, Iran}} |
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{{redirect|Rudari|the village in Olt County, Romania|Scărişoara, Olt}} |
{{redirect|Rudari|the village in Olt County, Romania|Scărişoara, Olt}} |
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'''Boyash''' (or ''Bayash''; [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Băieşi'', [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''Beás'', [[Slovak language|Slovak]]: ''Bojáš'', [[Serbo- |
'''Boyash''' (or ''Bayash''; [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Băieşi'', [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''Beás'', [[Slovak language|Slovak]]: ''Bojáš'', [[Serbo-Croat|South Slavic]]: ''Bojaši'') refers to a [[Romani people|Romani]] ethnic group living in [[Romania]], southern [[Hungary]], northeastern [[Croatia]], western [[Vojvodina]], [[Slovakia]], the [[Balkans]], but also in the [[Americas]].<ref>[http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/gyp/lud.html Ludari in USA]</ref> Alternative names are '''Rudari''' ('''Ludari'''), '''Lingurari''' and '''Zlătari'''.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The Boyash are a branch/[[caste]] of the Roma who were forced |
The Boyash are a branch/[[caste]] of the Roma who were forced to settle in the 14th century in the [[Apuseni Mountains]], located in [[Transylvania]], and work as [[slave]]s in [[mining]] (a regionalism for ''mine'' in Romanian: "baie," from Middle Age [[Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]]). Due to their close proximity with the [[Romanians|Romanian]]-speaking people, they lost the use of the [[Romani language]], and started using the [[Romanian language]]. Some groups relearned Romani when they came in contact with other Romani-speaking Roma, after they later emigrated from Romania (for example, in [[Ecuador]]). |
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At the end of the 16th century the Boyash started migrating towards the south, in [[Wallachia]], and the east, in [[Moldavia]], where they were held as slaves together with other Romani groups (until the [[Slavery in Romania|slavery]] was abolished in 1855-56). |
At the end of the 16th century the Boyash started migrating towards the south, in [[Wallachia]], and the east, in [[Moldavia]], where they were held as slaves together with other Romani groups (until the [[Slavery in Romania|slavery]] was abolished in 1855-56). |
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==Population== |
==Population== |
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After the liberation of the Roma from slavery (by the middle of the 19th century), many [[emigration|emigrated]] to other countries, especially [[Hungary]] and [[the Balkans]], but also as far as the [[Americas]], [[South Africa]] and [[Australia]]. |
After the liberation of the Roma from slavery (by the middle of the 19th century), many [[emigration|emigrated]] to other countries, especially [[Hungary]] and [[the Balkans]], but also as far as the [[Americas]], [[South Africa]] and [[Australia]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} |
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In 1993, about 14,000 of the 280,000 recorded Hungarian Roma were Boyash. |
In 1993, about 14,000 of the 280,000 recorded Hungarian Roma were Boyash.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} |
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In [[Croatia]], the Boyash are settled in several small communities along the Hungarian border in the regions of [[Međimurje]], the Podravina, [[Slavonija]] and [[Baranja region|Baranja]] with an overflow of settlers living in the [[Apatin]] county of [[Vojvodina]], [[Serbia]]. |
In [[Croatia]], the Boyash are settled in several small communities along the Hungarian border in the regions of [[Međimurje]], the Podravina, [[Slavonija]] and [[Baranja region|Baranja]] with an overflow of settlers living in the [[Apatin]] county of [[Vojvodina]], [[Serbia]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} 2005 saw the Boyash language of Croatia published in its own [[alphabet]] for the first time in the [[Catholic Catechism]], published by the HBK Glas Koncila in Zagreb.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} In 2007, the first Bible—a children's Bible—was published by OM EAST in Austria and facilitated by The Romani Bible Union.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} |
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===Names in other languages=== |
===Names in other languages=== |
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In English, the commonly accepted name for the ethnic group is ''Boyash'', however in contemporary [[Bulgaria]] the terms ''Ludari'' and ''Rudari'' are in common use, while in [[Romania]] both terms are present in some form: ''Rudari'' and ''Băieşi''. |
In English, the commonly accepted name for the ethnic group is ''Boyash'', however in contemporary [[Bulgaria]] the terms ''Ludari'' and ''Rudari'' are in common use, while in [[Romania]] both terms are present in some form: ''Rudari'' and ''Băieşi''.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} |
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For the same ethnic group in [[Hungary]] and [[Croatia]] the terms ''Beyash'' and ''Bayash'' (Bajaši) are now officially used. |
For the same ethnic group in [[Hungary]] and [[Croatia]] the terms ''Beyash'' and ''Bayash'' (Bajaši) are now officially used.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} The ethnonym ''Banyash'' ("miner") in [[Serbia]] is known only among the group settled in [[Bačka]] region, living along the river [[Danube]], near the border with [[Croatia]] and [[Hungary]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} This term is only sporadically understood, and not used among some other [[Banyash]] groups in the [[Serbian Banat]] region, e.g. the village of [[Uljma]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} |
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They are also known by many appellations based on trades; in addition to Rudari/Ludari ("miners", from Serbian and Bulgarian ''ruda'' "ore, metal") they are known as ''Kopanari'' ("cradle-makers", from Serbian and Bulgarian ''kopanja'' "wooden box"), ''Koritari'' ("trough-makers"), ''Lingurara'' ("spoon-makers", cf. Romanian ''lingură'' "spoon") and ''Ursari'' (cf. Romanian ''urs'' "bear") or ''Mechkara'' ("bear-trainers"). |
They are also known by many appellations based on trades; in addition to Rudari/Ludari ("miners", from Serbian and Bulgarian ''ruda'' "ore, metal") they are known as ''Kopanari'' ("cradle-makers", from Serbian and Bulgarian ''kopanja'' "wooden box"), ''Koritari'' ("trough-makers"), ''Lingurara'' ("spoon-makers", cf. Romanian ''lingură'' "spoon") and ''Ursari'' (cf. Romanian ''urs'' "bear") or ''Mechkara'' ("bear-trainers").{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} |
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==Education== |
==Education== |
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Education in the [[Romanian language]] is available only for the Banyash living in [[Romania]]n villages in the Serbian [[Banat]], as well as in Hungary, in the ''beás'' subdialect of the Romanian language spoken by Boyash communities in (central and western) Hungary.<ref>Cf. a (.pdf) paper issued by the Hungarian ministry of education (as of May 25, 2006) containing the official schools curriculum for Boyash pupils, reading, writing and the type of tests and examinations in their language, which is based on the Romanian subdialects spoken in western [[Transylvania]] (esp. in [[Crişana]]) and [[Banat]], containing numerous borrowings from the Hungarian language; the script is an adaptation based on Hungarian and Romanian graphems :{{cite web|url=http://www.oh.gov.hu/letolt/okev/doc/erettsegi_2006/e_beas_06maj_fl.pdf |title=Beás nyelv emelt szintű írásbeli vizsga, 2006 |accessdate=2011-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317013907/http://www.oh.gov.hu/letolt/okev/doc/erettsegi_2006/e_beas_06maj_fl.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-17 |df= }} .</ref> |
Education in the [[Romanian language]] is available only for the Banyash living in [[Romania]]n villages in the Serbian [[Banat]], as well as in Hungary, in the ''beás'' subdialect of the Romanian language spoken by Boyash communities in (central and western) Hungary.<ref>Cf. a (.pdf) paper issued by the Hungarian ministry of education (as of May 25, 2006) containing the official schools curriculum for Boyash pupils, reading, writing and the type of tests and examinations in their language, which is based on the Romanian subdialects spoken in western [[Transylvania]] (esp. in [[Crişana]]) and [[Banat]], containing numerous borrowings from the Hungarian language; the script is an adaptation based on Hungarian and Romanian graphems :{{cite web|url=http://www.oh.gov.hu/letolt/okev/doc/erettsegi_2006/e_beas_06maj_fl.pdf |title=Beás nyelv emelt szintű írásbeli vizsga, 2006 |accessdate=2011-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317013907/http://www.oh.gov.hu/letolt/okev/doc/erettsegi_2006/e_beas_06maj_fl.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-17 |df= }} .</ref> |
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During the last few years there have been several attempts on behalf of local non-governmental organizations in East Bačka region to introduce optional classes in [[Romanian language|Romanian]]. |
During the last few years there have been several attempts on behalf of local non-governmental organizations in East Bačka region to introduce optional classes in [[Romanian language|Romanian]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} According to 2004 field research data, only two such projects are still going on there: optional classes in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] in the village of [[Vajska]], and kindergarten in the local Ardeal dialect in [[Bački Monoštor]], attended by 20 pupils altogether.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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Revision as of 10:24, 16 August 2018
Boyash (or Bayash; Romanian: Băieşi, Hungarian: Beás, Slovak: Bojáš, South Slavic: Bojaši) refers to a Romani ethnic group living in Romania, southern Hungary, northeastern Croatia, western Vojvodina, Slovakia, the Balkans, but also in the Americas.[1] Alternative names are Rudari (Ludari), Lingurari and Zlătari.[citation needed]
History
The Boyash are a branch/caste of the Roma who were forced to settle in the 14th century in the Apuseni Mountains, located in Transylvania, and work as slaves in mining (a regionalism for mine in Romanian: "baie," from Middle Age Slavonic). Due to their close proximity with the Romanian-speaking people, they lost the use of the Romani language, and started using the Romanian language. Some groups relearned Romani when they came in contact with other Romani-speaking Roma, after they later emigrated from Romania (for example, in Ecuador).
At the end of the 16th century the Boyash started migrating towards the south, in Wallachia, and the east, in Moldavia, where they were held as slaves together with other Romani groups (until the slavery was abolished in 1855-56).
Another name for the Boyash, Rudari, comes from the Slavic ruda ("metal", "ore"). As the mines became inefficient, the Boyash people were forced to readjust by earning their living making wood utensils (Lingurari means "spoon-makers" in Romanian; also cf. Serbian ruda, Hungarian rúd, Romanian rudă meaning "staff, rod, pole, stick"). The nickname Kashtale ("wood-workers") was also given to them by the Romani-speaking Roma and it has remained in Romani as a more general word for a Rom who does not speak Romani.
After the point at which they began to make wood tools they scattered themselves in isolated communities. The consequence of this is that nowadays they speak a distinct archaic dialect of Romanian, with borrowings from other surrounding languages.
Population
After the liberation of the Roma from slavery (by the middle of the 19th century), many emigrated to other countries, especially Hungary and the Balkans, but also as far as the Americas, South Africa and Australia.[citation needed]
In 1993, about 14,000 of the 280,000 recorded Hungarian Roma were Boyash.[citation needed]
In Croatia, the Boyash are settled in several small communities along the Hungarian border in the regions of Međimurje, the Podravina, Slavonija and Baranja with an overflow of settlers living in the Apatin county of Vojvodina, Serbia.[citation needed] 2005 saw the Boyash language of Croatia published in its own alphabet for the first time in the Catholic Catechism, published by the HBK Glas Koncila in Zagreb.[citation needed] In 2007, the first Bible—a children's Bible—was published by OM EAST in Austria and facilitated by The Romani Bible Union.[citation needed]
Names in other languages
In English, the commonly accepted name for the ethnic group is Boyash, however in contemporary Bulgaria the terms Ludari and Rudari are in common use, while in Romania both terms are present in some form: Rudari and Băieşi.[citation needed]
For the same ethnic group in Hungary and Croatia the terms Beyash and Bayash (Bajaši) are now officially used.[citation needed] The ethnonym Banyash ("miner") in Serbia is known only among the group settled in Bačka region, living along the river Danube, near the border with Croatia and Hungary.[citation needed] This term is only sporadically understood, and not used among some other Banyash groups in the Serbian Banat region, e.g. the village of Uljma.[citation needed]
They are also known by many appellations based on trades; in addition to Rudari/Ludari ("miners", from Serbian and Bulgarian ruda "ore, metal") they are known as Kopanari ("cradle-makers", from Serbian and Bulgarian kopanja "wooden box"), Koritari ("trough-makers"), Lingurara ("spoon-makers", cf. Romanian lingură "spoon") and Ursari (cf. Romanian urs "bear") or Mechkara ("bear-trainers").[citation needed]
Education
Education in the Romanian language is available only for the Banyash living in Romanian villages in the Serbian Banat, as well as in Hungary, in the beás subdialect of the Romanian language spoken by Boyash communities in (central and western) Hungary.[2]
During the last few years there have been several attempts on behalf of local non-governmental organizations in East Bačka region to introduce optional classes in Romanian.[citation needed] According to 2004 field research data, only two such projects are still going on there: optional classes in Romanian in the village of Vajska, and kindergarten in the local Ardeal dialect in Bački Monoštor, attended by 20 pupils altogether.[citation needed]
Notes
- ^ Ludari in USA
- ^ Cf. a (.pdf) paper issued by the Hungarian ministry of education (as of May 25, 2006) containing the official schools curriculum for Boyash pupils, reading, writing and the type of tests and examinations in their language, which is based on the Romanian subdialects spoken in western Transylvania (esp. in Crişana) and Banat, containing numerous borrowings from the Hungarian language; the script is an adaptation based on Hungarian and Romanian graphems :"Beás nyelv emelt szintű írásbeli vizsga, 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) .
Sources
- Kemény, István: The Structure of Hungarian Roma Groups in Light of Linguistic Changes
- Biljana Sikimić, Linguistic Research of Small Exogamic Communities: the Case of Banyash Roumanians in Serbia
- Ian Hancock. The Pariah Sydnrome
- Marushiakova et al. Identity Formation among Minorities in the Balkans: The cases of Roms, Egyptians and Ashkali in Kosovo