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{{Dablink|This page is about the Piegan Blackfeet, the band of the tribe located on the Blackfeet Nation in Montana. For the other Blackfoot bands, see [[Blackfoot]]. For the similarly translated former Franco-Algerian population, see [[Pieds-noir]].}} |
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[[Image:Three chiefs Piegan p.39 horizontal.png|thumb|right|400px|The three chiefs--Piegan, by [[Edward S. Curtis]]]] |
[[Image:Three chiefs Piegan p.39 horizontal.png|thumb|right|400px|The three chiefs--Piegan, by [[Edward S. Curtis]]]] |
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The '''Piegan Blackfeet''' (''Aamsskáápipikani'' (Southern ''Pikáni''/Piegan) or simply as ''Pikáni'' in [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]]) are a tribe of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] based in [[Montana]]. Many members of the tribe currently live as part of the [[Blackfeet Nation]] in northwestern [[Montana]], with population centered in [[Browning, Montana|Browning]]. According to the 1990 US census, there are 32,234 Blackfeet.<ref name=cumbria>[http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/nam/blackf.html Blackfeet Religion: Doctrines.] ''University of Cumbria: Overview of World Religions.'' (retrieved 6 June 2009)</ref> |
The '''Piegan Blackfeet''' (''Aamsskáápipikani'' (Southern ''Pikáni''/Piegan) or simply as ''Pikáni'' in [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]]) are a tribe of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] based in [[Montana]]. Many members of the tribe currently live as part of the [[Blackfeet Nation]] in northwestern [[Montana]], with population centered in [[Browning, Montana|Browning]]. According to the 1990 US census, there are 32,234 Blackfeet.<ref name=cumbria>[http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/nam/blackf.html Blackfeet Religion: Doctrines.] ''University of Cumbria: Overview of World Religions.'' (retrieved 6 June 2009)</ref> |
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[[File:Jackie larson bread blackfeet.jpg|thumb|230px|Jackie Larson Bread (enrolled Blackfeet Tribe of Montana) with her award-winning beadwork]] |
[[File:Jackie larson bread blackfeet.jpg|thumb|230px|Jackie Larson Bread (enrolled Blackfeet Tribe of Montana) with her award-winning beadwork]] |
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[[File:Black bear blackfeet mt.jpg|thumb|230px|Black Bear (enrolled Blackfeet Tribe of Montana), ceramic artist, educator, and youth advocate]] |
[[File:Black bear blackfeet mt.jpg|thumb|230px|Black Bear (enrolled Blackfeet Tribe of Montana), ceramic artist, educator, and youth advocate]] |
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The Blackfeet are closely related to three [[First Nations]] in the [[Canada|Canadian]] province of [[Alberta]]. These First Nations are the [[Kainai Nation]] (formerly the Blood), the [[Northern Peigan]] and the [[Siksika Nation]]. These First Nations and the Blackfeet are sometimes collectively referred to as the Blackfoot or the Blackfoot Confederacy. Ethnographic literature most commonly uses ''Blackfoot people'', and most Blackfoot people use the singular Blackfoot, though the US and tribal governments officially use ''Blackfeet'' as in [[Blackfeet Indian Reservation]] and Blackfeet Nation as seen on official tribe website. The term ''Siksika'', derived from ''Siksikáíkoan'' - "a Blackfoot person" - may also be used in self-identification, as may, in English, "I am Blackfoot" or "I am a member of the Blackfeet tribe."<ref>Nettl, 1989</ref> |
The Blackfeet are closely related to three [[First Nations]] in the [[Canada|Canadian]] province of [[Alberta]]. These First Nations are the [[Kainai Nation]] (formerly the Blood), the [[Northern Peigan]] and the [[Siksika Nation]]. These First Nations and the Blackfeet are sometimes collectively referred to as the Blackfoot or the Blackfoot Confederacy. Ethnographic literature most commonly uses ''Blackfoot people'', and most Blackfoot people use the singular Blackfoot, though the US and tribal governments officially use ''Blackfeet'' as in [[Blackfeet Indian Reservation]] and Blackfeet Nation as seen on official tribe website. The term ''Siksika'', derived from ''Siksikáíkoan'' - "a Blackfoot person" - may also be used in self-identification, as may, in English, "I am Blackfoot" or "I am a member of the Blackfeet tribe."<ref name="Nettl, 1989">Nettl, 1989</ref> |
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The relations of the [[Blackfoot language]] to others in the [[Algonquian]] language family indicate that the Blackfoot lived in an area west of the [[Great Lakes]]{{Citation needed}}. Though they practiced some [[agriculture]], they were partly nomadic. They moved westward partially because of the introduction of [[horse]]s and [[gun]]s and became a part of the [[Plains Indians]] culture in the early 1800s. However, there is evidence that they were near the [[rocky mountains|Rocky Mountain]] front for thousands of years before European contact. The blackfoot creation story takes place directly below [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] in what is referred as 'Badger-Two Medicine'. The introduction of the horse is placed at about 1730. In 1900, there were an estimated 20,000 Blackfoot, while today there are approximately 25,000. The population was at times dramatically lower when the Blackfeet people suffered instances of [[disease]], [[starvation]], and [[war]], such as the starvation year of 1882 when the last buffalo hunt failed or the smallpox epidemic of 1837 which killed 6,000. They had held large portions of Alberta and Montana, though today the Blackfeet Reservation is the size of [[Delaware]], and the three Blackfoot [[Indian reserve|reserves]] in Alberta have a much smaller area.<ref |
The relations of the [[Blackfoot language]] to others in the [[Algonquian]] language family indicate that the Blackfoot lived in an area west of the [[Great Lakes]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}. Though they practiced some [[agriculture]], they were partly nomadic. They moved westward partially because of the introduction of [[horse]]s and [[gun]]s and became a part of the [[Plains Indians]] culture in the early 1800s. However, there is evidence that they were near the [[rocky mountains|Rocky Mountain]] front for thousands of years before European contact. The blackfoot creation story takes place directly below [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] in what is referred as 'Badger-Two Medicine'. The introduction of the horse is placed at about 1730. In 1900, there were an estimated 20,000 Blackfoot, while today there are approximately 25,000. The population was at times dramatically lower when the Blackfeet people suffered instances of [[disease]], [[starvation]], and [[war]], such as the starvation year of 1882 when the last buffalo hunt failed or the smallpox epidemic of 1837 which killed 6,000. They had held large portions of Alberta and Montana, though today the Blackfeet Reservation is the size of [[Delaware]], and the three Blackfoot [[Indian reserve|reserves]] in Alberta have a much smaller area.<ref name="Nettl, 1989"/> |
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The Blackfeet hold belief "in a sacred force that permeates all things, represented symbolically by the sun whose light sustains all things."<ref name=cumbria/> |
The Blackfeet hold belief "in a sacred force that permeates all things, represented symbolically by the sun whose light sustains all things."<ref name=cumbria/> |
Revision as of 23:24, 29 December 2009
The Piegan Blackfeet (Aamsskáápipikani (Southern Pikáni/Piegan) or simply as Pikáni in Blackfoot) are a tribe of Native Americans based in Montana. Many members of the tribe currently live as part of the Blackfeet Nation in northwestern Montana, with population centered in Browning. According to the 1990 US census, there are 32,234 Blackfeet.[1]
Relations and history
The Blackfeet are closely related to three First Nations in the Canadian province of Alberta. These First Nations are the Kainai Nation (formerly the Blood), the Northern Peigan and the Siksika Nation. These First Nations and the Blackfeet are sometimes collectively referred to as the Blackfoot or the Blackfoot Confederacy. Ethnographic literature most commonly uses Blackfoot people, and most Blackfoot people use the singular Blackfoot, though the US and tribal governments officially use Blackfeet as in Blackfeet Indian Reservation and Blackfeet Nation as seen on official tribe website. The term Siksika, derived from Siksikáíkoan - "a Blackfoot person" - may also be used in self-identification, as may, in English, "I am Blackfoot" or "I am a member of the Blackfeet tribe."[2]
The relations of the Blackfoot language to others in the Algonquian language family indicate that the Blackfoot lived in an area west of the Great Lakes[citation needed]. Though they practiced some agriculture, they were partly nomadic. They moved westward partially because of the introduction of horses and guns and became a part of the Plains Indians culture in the early 1800s. However, there is evidence that they were near the Rocky Mountain front for thousands of years before European contact. The blackfoot creation story takes place directly below Glacier National Park in what is referred as 'Badger-Two Medicine'. The introduction of the horse is placed at about 1730. In 1900, there were an estimated 20,000 Blackfoot, while today there are approximately 25,000. The population was at times dramatically lower when the Blackfeet people suffered instances of disease, starvation, and war, such as the starvation year of 1882 when the last buffalo hunt failed or the smallpox epidemic of 1837 which killed 6,000. They had held large portions of Alberta and Montana, though today the Blackfeet Reservation is the size of Delaware, and the three Blackfoot reserves in Alberta have a much smaller area.[2]
The Blackfeet hold belief "in a sacred force that permeates all things, represented symbolically by the sun whose light sustains all things."[1]
The Piegan (also Pikuni, Pikani, and Piikáni) are one of the 3 tribes of the Siksiká or Blackfoot confederacy. Its divisions, as given by Grinnell, are : Ahahpitape, Ahkaiyikokakiniks, Kiyis, Sikutsipmaiks, Sikopoksimaiks, Tsiniksistsoyiks, Kutaiimiks, Ipoksimaiks, Silkokitsimiks, Nitawyiks, Apikaiviks, Miahwahpitsiks, Nitakoskitsipupiks, Nitikskiks, Inuksiks, Miawkinaiyiks, Esksinaitupiks, Inuksikahkopwaiks, Kahmitaiks, Kutaisotsiman, Nitotsiksisstaniks, Motwainaiks, Mokumiks, and Motahtosiks. Hayden gives also Susksoyiks. In 1858 the Piegan in the United States were estimated to number 3,700. Hayden 3 years later estimated the population at 2,520. In 1906 there were 2,072 under the Blackfeet agency in Montana, and 493 under the Piegan agency in Alberta, Canada.
The Blackfoot language is also agglutinative. The Blackfoot do not have well documented male Two-Spirits, but they do have "manly-hearted women"[3] who act in much of the social roles of men, including willingness to sing alone, usually considered "immodest", and using a men's singing style.[4]
Authors
Blackfeet authors
Stephen Graham Jones (1972- ) has won a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship and the Independent Publisher Book Award for Multicultural Fiction and other awards. At public readings he's said that his short story "Bestiary" is not fiction.[5]
Other authors who wrote about the Blackfeet
George Bird Grinnell (1849-1938) was a non-Indian author, who wrote stories about the Blackfoot Nation during his travels and research as a conservationist and bird-watcher. Grinnell was also an editor of Forest and Stream.[6]
See also
References
- ^ a b Blackfeet Religion: Doctrines. University of Cumbria: Overview of World Religions. (retrieved 6 June 2009)
- ^ a b Nettl, 1989
- ^ Lewis, 1941
- ^ Nettl, 1989, p.84, 125
- ^ "Bestiary"
- ^ George Bird Grinnell. Minnesota State University, Mankato. (retrieved 6 June 2009)
Bibliography
- Dempsey, Hugh A. and Lindsay Moir. Bibliography of the Blackfoot. (Native American Bibiography Series No. 13) Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1989, ISBN 0-8108-2211-3
- Ewers, John C. The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958 (and later reprints). ISBN 0-8061-0405-8
- Johnson, Bryan R. The Blackfeet: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1988. ISBN 0-8240-0941-X
External links
- Official Site of the Blackfoot Nation
- Blackfoot - English Dictionary
- Blackfoot Culture and History Links
- Blackfeet Indian History
- Blackfeet Indian Reservation
- Blackfeet Indian Stories by George Bird Grinnell
- Constitution and By-Laws For the Blackfeet Tribe Of The Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana