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{{Expand Hungarian|Pákozdi csata}} |
{{Expand Hungarian|Pákozdi csata|date=December 2009}} |
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{{Infobox Military Conflict |
{{Infobox Military Conflict |
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|title= Pákozd-Sukoró Battle 1848 Exhibition |
|title= Pákozd-Sukoró Battle 1848 Exhibition |
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|publisher=museum.hu |
|publisher=museum.hu |
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|language=English |
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|accessdate=10 December 2009 |
|accessdate=10 December 2009 |
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}}</ref><ref name="sulinet.hu">{{cite web |
}}</ref><ref name="sulinet.hu">{{cite web |
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On 10 June the Batthyány Government sent a petition to the Emperor to entrain Jelačić. Unfortunately it wasn’t successful as Jelačić started to prepare attacking Hungary and on 31 August Jelačić occupied [[Fiume]]. |
On 10 June the Batthyány Government sent a petition to the Emperor to entrain Jelačić. Unfortunately it wasn’t successful as Jelačić started to prepare attacking Hungary and on 31 August Jelačić occupied [[Fiume]]. |
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[[File:Jellasics |
[[File:Jellasics tamadasa EN.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Jelačić’s September attacks]] |
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The Hungarian government tried everything to avoid the conflict. Prime minister [[Lajos Batthyány]] and Minister of Justice [[Ferenc Deák]] travelled to the Austrian capital [[Vienna]] at the end of August. They wanted to negotiate with the Emperor, but it was a failure as the Emperor refused to entertain them. Furthermore he confirmed Jelačić’s title as Ban. This was taken as an advance warning by both sides. Batthyány admitted his policy's failure and resigned on 11 September. On the same day Jelačić crossed the River [[Drava]] with approximately 30,000 men. |
The Hungarian government tried everything to avoid the conflict. Prime minister [[Lajos Batthyány]] and Minister of Justice [[Ferenc Deák]] travelled to the Austrian capital [[Vienna]] at the end of August. They wanted to negotiate with the Emperor, but it was a failure as the Emperor refused to entertain them. Furthermore he confirmed Jelačić’s title as Ban. This was taken as an advance warning by both sides. Batthyány admitted his policy's failure and resigned on 11 September. On the same day Jelačić crossed the River [[Drava]] with approximately 30,000 men. |
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After the battle the blockaded Croatian armies were redirected towards Austria, where they were given new orders from the Austrian government, but no reinforcements as they were promised. |
After the battle the blockaded Croatian armies were redirected towards Austria, where they were given new orders from the Austrian government, but no reinforcements as they were promised. |
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The battle is a landmark of loyalty: the [[Ban (title)|Ban]] of [[Croatia]], [[Josip Jelačić]], who led the Croatian army, was sent to deal with the rebellious Hungarians, which he promptly did, despite the fact that, had he sided with them, and against the Emperor, Croatia very well could have won its independence from the [[Habsburg monarchy]] within a new Hungarian state. The Ban's choice to obey the Empire by attacking Hungary is a pivotal moment in the history of the Habsburg monarchy; the Empire owed a great debt to him. He fought against Hungary because in Hungary Croatia would have been given even less autonomy{{ |
The battle is a landmark of loyalty: the [[Ban (title)|Ban]] of [[Croatia]], [[Josip Jelačić]], who led the Croatian army, was sent to deal with the rebellious Hungarians, which he promptly did, despite the fact that, had he sided with them, and against the Emperor, Croatia very well could have won its independence from the [[Habsburg monarchy]] within a new Hungarian state. The Ban's choice to obey the Empire by attacking Hungary is a pivotal moment in the history of the Habsburg monarchy; the Empire owed a great debt to him. He fought against Hungary because in Hungary Croatia would have been given even less autonomy{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} than it had in [[Austria]], and because Hungarian independence would mean separation of Croatia from [[Dalmatia]] and [[Istria]] which would remain in Austria. His judgment was vindicated after 1867 when Croatia was made a part of the Hungarian half of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and Hungarians launched a state sponsored campaign of [[language assimilation]]. {{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} |
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In Hungary its anniversary (29 September) later became "Army Day" ({{lang-hu|"a honvédség napja"}}). In 1991 that day was changed to 21 May (the date of the recapture of [[Buda]] in 1849).{{Citation needed|December 2009}} |
In Hungary its anniversary (29 September) later became "Army Day" ({{lang-hu|"a honvédség napja"}}). In 1991 that day was changed to 21 May (the date of the recapture of [[Buda]] in 1849).{{Citation needed|December 2009|date=December 2009}} |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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''Please transfer images into appropriate parts of the text'' |
''Please transfer images into appropriate parts of the text'' |
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[[File:Pakozdi csata EN.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Battle in the Pakozdi triangle]] |
[[File:Pakozdi csata EN.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Battle in the Pakozdi triangle]] |
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[[Category:History of Croatia]] |
[[Category:History of Croatia]] |
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[[Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] |
[[Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] |
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{{Euro-hist-stub}} |
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{{Croatia-hist-stub}} |
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{{Hungary-hist-stub}} |
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[[hu:Pákozdi csata]] |
[[hu:Pákozdi csata]] |
Revision as of 21:26, 10 December 2009
Battle of Pákozd | |||||||
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Part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 | |||||||
Battle of Pákozd by Hermann Géza and Róbert Závodszky | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Hungarian Revolutionary Army |
Austrian Empire Croatia | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
János Móga Richard Guyon Mór Perczel | Josip Jelačić | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
27,000 men 82 cannon |
c. 35,000 – 40,000 men 99 cannon | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
7 men | c. 100 – 200 men |
The Battle of Pákozd was a battle in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, fought on 29 September 1848[1]. It was one of the important battles of the Revolution. In this battle Lieutenant-General János Móga fought against Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić in the Pákozd – Sukoró – Pátka triangle.
Pretext
Austrian Empire's Hungarian policy in the summer of 1848
The European Revolutions of 1848 influenced the Habsburg Empire as much as other European states. Many movements and armed rebellions started across the Empire. At the same time Charles Albert of Sardinia started the First Italian War of Independence to help the Italian rebellions. Because of this the Empire faced military and political difficulties.
The Habsburg Empire was comprised of many nations whose desire was independence. This threatened the existence of the Habsburg Empire. The most dangerous revolutions were the Revolutions in Italy and the Hungarian Revolution. The Empire didn’t have enough military power to overcome both of them. Their policy was to fight against the Italians and – to gain some time – to accept the Hungarian demands. This policy was effective: until the middle of summer the Empire stopped all other revolutionary attempts. Furthermore Joseph Radetzky won the battle against Charles Albert at Custoza on 25 July 1848. The Habsburg Empire could then concentrate on the Hungarians.
The Hungarian attempt to be independent of the Habsburg Empire started to become serious. The Emperor swore allegiance to the Constitution of Hungary: officially the Empire's army in Hungary was under the command of Lázár Mészáros and most of the Austrian soldiers, including the Emperor, swore allegiance to its Constitution. The Batthyány Government was very careful not to give an excuse to the Empire for attacking Hungary in this way.
The Empire wanted to use the rebellions as an excuse to achieve their will. Ethnic groups who lived in Hungary made demands against the Hungarian government, but the Battyhány Government decline them. The Empire realised their chance so they started to send money, weapons and materiel for Serbian rebels and Jelačić's army, who was prepared to invade Hungary.
Jelačić’s attack
Jelačić was against the Hungarian revolution. This and his military experience helped him to get one of the main roles in Theodor Franz, Count Baillet von Latour's military plans against Hungary.
On 10 June the Batthyány Government sent a petition to the Emperor to entrain Jelačić. Unfortunately it wasn’t successful as Jelačić started to prepare attacking Hungary and on 31 August Jelačić occupied Fiume.
The Hungarian government tried everything to avoid the conflict. Prime minister Lajos Batthyány and Minister of Justice Ferenc Deák travelled to the Austrian capital Vienna at the end of August. They wanted to negotiate with the Emperor, but it was a failure as the Emperor refused to entertain them. Furthermore he confirmed Jelačić’s title as Ban. This was taken as an advance warning by both sides. Batthyány admitted his policy's failure and resigned on 11 September. On the same day Jelačić crossed the River Drava with approximately 30,000 men.
After crossing the Drava, Jelačić made a proclamation to the Hungarians. In this proclamation he made clear that he arrived as the Habsburg-Lotharingia dynasty's soldier and his aim was to defeat the nascent revolution. He implied that his authority came from the Emperor, but when Hungarian officers arrived Jelačić could not prove it.
Ádám Teleky became the new commander of the Drava legion. Their situation was delicate. Their oath to the Constitution of Hungary meant they should attack Jelačić, but the fact that they feared the Emperor’s army made them prefer not to fight Jelačić. The Hungarian army instead retreated in the direction of Székesfehérvár.
Aftermath
After the battle the blockaded Croatian armies were redirected towards Austria, where they were given new orders from the Austrian government, but no reinforcements as they were promised.
The battle is a landmark of loyalty: the Ban of Croatia, Josip Jelačić, who led the Croatian army, was sent to deal with the rebellious Hungarians, which he promptly did, despite the fact that, had he sided with them, and against the Emperor, Croatia very well could have won its independence from the Habsburg monarchy within a new Hungarian state. The Ban's choice to obey the Empire by attacking Hungary is a pivotal moment in the history of the Habsburg monarchy; the Empire owed a great debt to him. He fought against Hungary because in Hungary Croatia would have been given even less autonomy[citation needed] than it had in Austria, and because Hungarian independence would mean separation of Croatia from Dalmatia and Istria which would remain in Austria. His judgment was vindicated after 1867 when Croatia was made a part of the Hungarian half of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Hungarians launched a state sponsored campaign of language assimilation. [citation needed]
In Hungary its anniversary (29 September) later became "Army Day" (Hungarian: "a honvédség napja"). In 1991 that day was changed to 21 May (the date of the recapture of Buda in 1849).[citation needed]
Gallery
Please transfer images into appropriate parts of the text
References
- ^ a b c "Pákozd-Sukoró Battle 1848 Exhibition". museum.hu. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
- ^ "szeptember. 29. A pákozdi csata emléknapja. Mihály nap ("September 29. Remembrance Day of the Battle of Pákozd. St. Michael's Day")" (in Hungarian, English, and German). sulinet.hu. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
- ^ Urbán, Aladár (1984), "Pákozd, 1848 (előszó) ("pretext")", Szavadsárgharac 1848–1849. ("Hungarian Revolution of 1848–1849"). (in Hungarian), Budapest: Móra, ISBN 978-9631137187, retrieved 10 December 2009