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| territory = Artaxata remains under Armenian control<ref> Mommsen, T. (2005). A History of Rome Under the Emperors. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.</ref> |
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| territory = |
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| result = Armeno-Pontic victory<ref> Manandyan, H. (2007). Tigranes II and Rome : a new interpretation based on primary sources. United States: Mazda Publishers.</ref> |
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| result = Roman victory<ref>[[Catherine Steel]], ''The End of the Roman Republic 146 to 44 BC: Conquest and Crisis'', (Edinburgh University Press, 2013), 141; Lee Frantantuono, ''Lucullus, the life and campaigns of a Roman conqueror'', p.103.</ref>{{sfn|Sherwin-White|1994|p=242}} |
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Lucullus fled to Rome <ref>Mackay, C. S. (2004). Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> |
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| combatant1 = [[Roman Republic]] |
| combatant1 = [[Roman Republic]] |
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| combatant2 = [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]]<br>[[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] |
| combatant2 = [[Image:Standard of the Artaxiad dynasty.svg|25px]][[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]], <br>[[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] |
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| commander1 = [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus (consul 74 BC)|Lucius Licinius Lucullus]] |
| commander1 = [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus (consul 74 BC)|Lucius Licinius Lucullus]] |
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| commander2 = [[Tigranes the Great|Tigranes II of Armenia]]<br>[[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] |
| commander2 = [[Image:Standard of the Artaxiad dynasty.svg|25px]][[Tigranes the Great|Tigranes II of Armenia]]<br>[[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] |
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| strength1 = 15,000+ infantry<br>1,500+ cavalry<br>an unknown number of allies |
| strength1 = 15,000+ infantry<br>1,500+ cavalry<br>an unknown number of allies |
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| strength2 = 70,000<ref> Tomlins, F. G. (1844). A Universal History of the Nations of Antiquity: Comprising a Complete History of the Jews, from the Creation to the Present Time : Likewise an Account of Ancient Syria, Grecian Islands, Persian Empire, Armenia, Numidia, Ethiopia, Arabia, Scythia, the Celtes, &c. &c. &c. : to which are Prefixed the Various Theories of Creation, According to the Most Esteemed Ancient and Modern Writers. United Kingdom: W. Milner.</ref> |
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| strength2 = unknown but a significant number of cavalry and infantry |
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| casualties1 = unknown |
| casualties1 = unknown |
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| casualties2 = unknown but higher {{cn|date=February 2023}}| |
| casualties2 = unknown but higher {{cn|date=February 2023}}| |
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{{Campaignbox Third Mithridatic War}} |
{{Campaignbox Third Mithridatic War}} |
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The '''Battle of Artaxata''' was fought near the [[Murat river|Arsanias River]] in 68 BC between an army of the [[Roman Republic]] and the army of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]]. The Romans were led by [[proconsul]] Lucius Licinius Lucullus, while the Armenians were led by [[Tigranes II of Armenia]], who was sheltering [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]]. The battle was part of the [[Third Mithridatic War]], and |
The '''Battle of Artaxata''' was fought near the [[Murat river|Arsanias River]] in 68 BC between an army of the [[Roman Republic]] and the army of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]]. The Romans were led by [[proconsul]] Lucius Licinius Lucullus, while the Armenians were led by [[Tigranes II of Armenia]], who was sheltering [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]]. The battle was part of the [[Third Mithridatic War]], and resulted in a Roman defeat, most likely due to the largely outnumbered combined Armeno-Pontic Army of 70,000<ref> Tomlins, F. G. (1844). A Universal History of the Nations of Antiquity: Comprising a Complete History of the Jews, from the Creation to the Present Time : Likewise an Account of Ancient Syria, Grecian Islands, Persian Empire, Armenia, Numidia, Ethiopia, Arabia, Scythia, the Celtes, &c. &c. &c. : to which are Prefixed the Various Theories of Creation, According to the Most Esteemed Ancient and Modern Writers. United Kingdom: W. Milner.</ref>.Along with the Roman loss, came an announcement from the Roman Senate, who had told Lucullus to return to Rome and be replaced by Pompey. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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==The battle== |
==The battle== |
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The Armenian force consisted of a significant cavalry and infantry array protected by mounted archers and Iberian lance-men. There was an initial skirmish between these Iberians and the Roman horse, and soon the Iberians were in full flight. Tigranes then showed up with a huge contingent of cavalry. Lucullus is said to have been frightened by the number of enemies. He halted his cavalry's pursuit of the Iberians and advanced the infantry on the Atropani who were massed opposite it. These were routed, and soon the entire |
The Armenian force consisted of a significant cavalry and infantry array protected by mounted archers and Iberian lance-men. There was an initial skirmish between these Iberians and the Roman horse, and soon the Iberians were in full flight. Tigranes then showed up with a huge contingent of cavalry. Lucullus is said to have been frightened by the number of enemies. He halted his cavalry's pursuit of the Iberians and advanced the infantry on the Atropani who were massed opposite it. These were routed, and soon the entire Roman army was in retreat.<ref>Plutarch, ''Vita Luculli XXXI 4-8''(Life of Lucullus, 31.4-8); Lee Frantantuono, ''Lucullus, the life and campaigns of a Roman conqueror'', p.103; Philip Matyszak, ''Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable enemy'', p.139.</ref> |
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==Aftermath== |
==Aftermath== |
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Soon after the battle, there was a near mutiny in Lucullus' camp. His troops were worn out after marching for 960 miles (1,500 km) and fighting many battles with little to show for it. They refused to march after Tigranes and Mithridates and forced Lucullus to turn south and invade the Armenian possessions in [[Mesopotamia]]. Mithridates and Tigranes turned to [[guerrilla]] warfare and soon, Armenia was back in Tigranes' hands. Mithridates returned to Pontus where he was able to regain power after the [[Battle of Zela (67 BC)|Battle of Zela]] . Eventually, the [[Roman Senate]] sent [[Pompey the great]] to replace Lucullus and finish off Mithridates. Pompey was successful, and Mithridates was defeated at the [[battle of the Lycus|Battle of Lycus]] in 66 BC, while Tigranes submitted a few months later. In 63 BC, the third Mithridatic war finally ended when Mithridates, at the age of 68, committed suicide after his son rebelled at [[Phanagoria]], along the eastern shore of the [[Cimmerian Bosporus]].<ref>Philip Matyszak, ''Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable enemy'', pp.159-162.</ref> |
Soon after the battle, there was a near mutiny in Lucullus' camp. His troops were worn out after marching for 960 miles (1,500 km) and fighting many battles with little to show for it. They refused to march after Tigranes and Mithridates and forced Lucullus to turn south and invade the Armenian possessions in [[Mesopotamia]]. Mithridates and Tigranes turned to [[guerrilla]] warfare and soon, Armenia was back in Tigranes' hands. Mithridates returned to Pontus where he was able to regain power after the [[Battle of Zela (67 BC)|Battle of Zela]] . Eventually, the [[Roman Senate]] sent [[Pompey the great]] to replace Lucullus and finish off Mithridates. Pompey was successful, and Mithridates was defeated at the [[battle of the Lycus|Battle of Lycus]] in 66 BC, while Tigranes submitted a few months later. In 63 BC, the third Mithridatic war finally ended when Mithridates, at the age of 68, committed suicide after his son rebelled at [[Phanagoria]], along the eastern shore of the [[Cimmerian Bosporus]].<ref>Philip Matyszak, ''Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable enemy'', pp.159-162.</ref> |
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== |
== Notes == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== |
==References== |
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* An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present By David Eggenberger - Page 30 |
* An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present By David Eggenberger - Page 30 |
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* [[Plutarch]], ''Vita Luculli XXXI 4-8''(Life of Lucullus, 31.4-8). |
* [[Plutarch]], ''Vita Luculli XXXI 4-8''(Life of Lucullus, 31.4-8). |
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* Lee Frantantuono, ''Lucullus, the life and campaigns of a Roman conqueror'', p.103. |
* Lee Frantantuono, ''Lucullus, the life and campaigns of a Roman conqueror'', p.103. |
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* Philip Matyszak, ''Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable enemy'', p.139. |
* Philip Matyszak, ''Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable enemy'', p.139. |
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* {{Cite book |last=Sherwin-White |first=A. N. |title=The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0521256032 |editor-last1=Crook|editor-first1=John |editor-link1=John Crook (classicist)|editor-last2=Lintott |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-link2=Andrew Lintott|editor-last3=Rawson |editor-first3=Elizabeth |editor-link3=Elizabeth Rawson |volume=9 |pages= 229–273 |chapter=Lucullus, Pompey and the East 8a - Lucullus, Pompey and the East |url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=3yUkzNLiY4oC&newbks}} |
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[[Category:68 BC]] |
[[Category:68 BC]] |
Revision as of 19:06, 9 December 2023
Battle of Artaxata | |||||||||
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Part of Third Mithridatic War | |||||||||
View of Khor Virap Monastery. The hill where the monastery was built is the location of now ruined Artaxata | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Belligerents | |||||||||
Roman Republic |
Kingdom of Armenia, Mithridates VI of Pontus | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Lucius Licinius Lucullus |
Tigranes II of Armenia Mithridates VI of Pontus | ||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
15,000+ infantry 1,500+ cavalry an unknown number of allies | 70,000[4] | ||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
unknown | unknown but higher [citation needed] | ||||||||
The Battle of Artaxata was fought near the Arsanias River in 68 BC between an army of the Roman Republic and the army of the Kingdom of Armenia. The Romans were led by proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus, while the Armenians were led by Tigranes II of Armenia, who was sheltering Mithridates VI of Pontus. The battle was part of the Third Mithridatic War, and resulted in a Roman defeat, most likely due to the largely outnumbered combined Armeno-Pontic Army of 70,000[5].Along with the Roman loss, came an announcement from the Roman Senate, who had told Lucullus to return to Rome and be replaced by Pompey.
Background
After being defeated by the Romans in Asia Minor and in his native kingdom of Pontus, Mithridates VI of Pontus fled to his son-in-law Tigranes II of Armenia. Lucullus sent his brother-in-law Appius Claudius Pulcher to negotiate the surrender of Mithridates but this effort failed.[6] In 69 BC Lucullus suddenly marched his relatively small army into Armenia catching the Armenian king off guard. Tigranes assembled a large (but untrained) army and the two forces met at Tigranocerta, the kingdom's new capital, with Lucullus decisively winning the ensuing battle.[7] Tigranes and Mithridates fled north to Armenia's old capital of Artaxata, where they recruited, trained and equipped a new army. The next year, Lucullus marched his army north intend on forcing his enemies into a decisive battle.
Prelude
The Romans were marching towards Artaxata, the Kingdom's old capital, to force Tigranes to do battle. Tigranes, on Mithridates' advice, had been avoiding a battle after being defeated at Tigranocerta. He knew his untrained army was no match for the disciplined and battle-hardened Roman troops. Since the Romans' objective (Artaxata) was clear to them, Tigranes and Mithridates had been preparing and training their army for the unavoidable battle but needed time. Lucullus was not inclined to grant them the time needed and marched straight for the capital. Eventually Tigranes had little choice and confronted the Romans. Lucullus made sacrifices to the gods and then marched out of his camp for a pitched battle.
The battle
The Armenian force consisted of a significant cavalry and infantry array protected by mounted archers and Iberian lance-men. There was an initial skirmish between these Iberians and the Roman horse, and soon the Iberians were in full flight. Tigranes then showed up with a huge contingent of cavalry. Lucullus is said to have been frightened by the number of enemies. He halted his cavalry's pursuit of the Iberians and advanced the infantry on the Atropani who were massed opposite it. These were routed, and soon the entire Roman army was in retreat.[8]
Aftermath
Soon after the battle, there was a near mutiny in Lucullus' camp. His troops were worn out after marching for 960 miles (1,500 km) and fighting many battles with little to show for it. They refused to march after Tigranes and Mithridates and forced Lucullus to turn south and invade the Armenian possessions in Mesopotamia. Mithridates and Tigranes turned to guerrilla warfare and soon, Armenia was back in Tigranes' hands. Mithridates returned to Pontus where he was able to regain power after the Battle of Zela . Eventually, the Roman Senate sent Pompey the great to replace Lucullus and finish off Mithridates. Pompey was successful, and Mithridates was defeated at the Battle of Lycus in 66 BC, while Tigranes submitted a few months later. In 63 BC, the third Mithridatic war finally ended when Mithridates, at the age of 68, committed suicide after his son rebelled at Phanagoria, along the eastern shore of the Cimmerian Bosporus.[9]
Notes
- ^ Manandyan, H. (2007). Tigranes II and Rome : a new interpretation based on primary sources. United States: Mazda Publishers.
- ^ Mackay, C. S. (2004). Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Mommsen, T. (2005). A History of Rome Under the Emperors. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
- ^ Tomlins, F. G. (1844). A Universal History of the Nations of Antiquity: Comprising a Complete History of the Jews, from the Creation to the Present Time : Likewise an Account of Ancient Syria, Grecian Islands, Persian Empire, Armenia, Numidia, Ethiopia, Arabia, Scythia, the Celtes, &c. &c. &c. : to which are Prefixed the Various Theories of Creation, According to the Most Esteemed Ancient and Modern Writers. United Kingdom: W. Milner.
- ^ Tomlins, F. G. (1844). A Universal History of the Nations of Antiquity: Comprising a Complete History of the Jews, from the Creation to the Present Time : Likewise an Account of Ancient Syria, Grecian Islands, Persian Empire, Armenia, Numidia, Ethiopia, Arabia, Scythia, the Celtes, &c. &c. &c. : to which are Prefixed the Various Theories of Creation, According to the Most Esteemed Ancient and Modern Writers. United Kingdom: W. Milner.
- ^ Lee Frantantuono, Lucullus, the life and campaigns of a Roman conqueror, p.103.
- ^ Lee Frantantuono, Lucullus, the life and campaigns of a Roman conqueror, pp.89-91; Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable enemy, pp.128-136.
- ^ Plutarch, Vita Luculli XXXI 4-8(Life of Lucullus, 31.4-8); Lee Frantantuono, Lucullus, the life and campaigns of a Roman conqueror, p.103; Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable enemy, p.139.
- ^ Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable enemy, pp.159-162.
References
- An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present By David Eggenberger - Page 30
- Plutarch, Vita Luculli XXXI 4-8(Life of Lucullus, 31.4-8).
- Lee Frantantuono, Lucullus, the life and campaigns of a Roman conqueror, p.103.
- Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable enemy, p.139.