Undid revision 724562679 by Everyking (talk) |
Nmphuong91 (talk | contribs) Remove blatant POV section made by Lennytran |
||
(80 intermediate revisions by 30 users not shown) | |||
Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
||
|name = Bảo Đại<br>保大 |
|name = Bảo Đại<br>保大 |
||
|title = Emperor of Vietnam |
|title = [[List of Vietnamese monarchs|Emperor of Vietnam]] |
||
|image = |
|image = Baodai2.jpg |
||
|caption = Bảo Đại |
|caption = Bảo Đại |
||
|succession = [[List of Vietnamese monarchs|Emperor of Vietnam]] |
|succession = [[List of Vietnamese monarchs|Emperor of Vietnam]] |
||
Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
|suc-type =Successor |
|suc-type =Successor |
||
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1913|10|22|df=y}} |
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1913|10|22|df=y}} |
||
| birth_place = [[Huế]], [[French Indochina]] |
| birth_place = [[Doan-Trang-Vien Palace]], [[Huế]], [[French Indochina]] |
||
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|7|30|1913|10|22|df=y}} |
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|7|30|1913|10|22|df=y}} |
||
| death_place |
| death_place =[[Val-de-Grâce]], [[Paris]], [[France]] |
||
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nam Phương]]|1934|1963}}<br>Phi Ánh |
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nam Phương]]|1934|1963}}<br>Hoàng Phi Ánh<br>Bùi Mộng Điệp<br>Christiane Bloch-Carcenac<br>{{marriage|[[Monique Vinh Thuy|Monique Baudot]]|1972|1997}} |
||
| issue = [[Bảo Long]] ( |
| issue = [[Bảo Long]] <small>(1936–2007)</small><br>[[Phương Mai]] <small>(1937)</small><br>[[Phương Liên]] <small>(1938)</small><br>[[Phương Dung]] <small>(1942)</small><br>[[Bảo Thắng]] <small>(1943)</small><br>[[Phương Thảo]] <small>(1946)</small><br>[[Phương Minh]] <small>(1949–2012)</small><br>[[Bảo Ân]] <small>(1953)</small><br>[[Bảo Hoàng]] <small>(1954–1955)</small><br>[[Bảo Sơn (1957–1987)|Bảo Sơn]] <small>(1957–1987)</small><br>[[Phương Từ]]<br>[[Patrick-Edward Bloch]] |
||
|full name = Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy |
|full name = Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy |
||
|era dates = Bảo Đại (1926–1945) |
|era dates = Bảo Đại (1926–1945) |
||
Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Bảo Đại''' ([[Chữ Nôm]]: 保大, lit. "keeper of greatness", 22 October 1913 – 30 July 1997), born '''Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy''', was the 13th and final [[Emperor of Vietnam|emperor]] of the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]], which was the last ruling family of [[Vietnam]].<ref>Nghia M. Vo ''Saigon: A History'' 2011 – Page 277 "Bảo Đại was born in 1913, the 13th and last monarch of the Nguyễn dynasty. He ruled from 1926 to 1944 as emperor of Annam and emperor"</ref> From 1926 to 1945, he was emperor of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]]. During this period, Annam was a protectorate within [[French Indochina]], covering the central two-thirds of the present-day Vietnam. Bảo Đại ascended the throne in 1932.<ref>[http://4dw.net/royalark/annam10.php Royal Ark]</ref> |
'''Bảo Đại''' ({{IPA-vi|ɓa᷉ːw ɗâːjˀ|lang}}, [[Chữ Nôm]]: {{vi-nom|保大}}, lit. "keeper of greatness", 22 October 1913 – 30 July 1997), born '''Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy''', was the 13th and final [[Emperor of Vietnam|emperor]] of the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]], which was the last ruling family of [[Vietnam]].<ref>Nghia M. Vo ''Saigon: A History'' 2011 – Page 277 "Bảo Đại was born in 1913, the 13th and last monarch of the Nguyễn dynasty. He ruled from 1926 to 1944 as emperor of Annam and emperor"</ref> From 1926 to 1945, he was emperor of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]]. During this period, Annam was a protectorate within [[French Indochina]], covering the central two-thirds of the present-day Vietnam. Bảo Đại ascended the throne in 1932.<ref>[http://4dw.net/royalark/annam10.php Royal Ark]</ref> |
||
The Japanese ousted the Vichy-French administration in March 1945 and then ruled through Bảo Đại. At this time, he renamed his country |
The Japanese ousted the Vichy-French administration in March 1945 and then ruled through Bảo Đại. At this time, he renamed his country "Vietnam". He abdicated in August 1945 when Japan surrendered. From 1949 until 1955, Bảo Đại was the chief of state of the [[State of Vietnam]] (South Vietnam). Bảo Đại was criticized for being too closely associated with France and spending much of his time outside of Vietnam. Prime Minister [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] eventually ousted him in a [[State of Vietnam referendum, 1955|fraudulent referendum vote]] in 1955. |
||
It has been widely held that [[Vietminh]] or [[Ho Chi Minh]] founded the independent [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] alone. However, Stanley Karnow in ''Vietnam: A History'' argued that "Nothing has reinforced the Vietminh cause more than the mercurial Bao Dai's decision to abdicate. For his gesture conferred the 'mandate of heaven' on Ho, giving him the legitimacy that, in Vietnamese eyes, had traditionally resided in the emperor." |
It has been widely held that [[Vietminh]] or [[Ho Chi Minh]] founded the independent [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] alone. However, Stanley Karnow in ''Vietnam: A History'' argued that "Nothing has reinforced the Vietminh cause more than the mercurial Bao Dai's decision to abdicate. For his gesture conferred the 'mandate of heaven' on Ho, giving him the legitimacy that, in Vietnamese eyes, had traditionally resided in the emperor." |
||
==Early life== |
==Early life== |
||
Bảo Đại was born Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy in the Palace of Doan-Trang-Vien, part of the compound of the [[Imperial City, Huế|Purple Forbidden City]] in [[Huế]], the capital of Vietnam. He |
Bảo Đại was born Prince '''Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy''' in the Palace of Doan-Trang-Vien, part of the compound of the [[Imperial City, Huế|Purple Forbidden City]] in [[Huế]], the capital of Vietnam. He was later given the name Nguyễn Vĩnh Thụy. His father was Emperor [[Khải Định]] of Annam. His mother was the Emperor's second wife, Tu Cung, who was renamed 'Doan Huy' upon her 1913 marriage. She held various titles over the years that indicated her advancing rank as a favored consort until she eventually became Empress Dowager in 1933. Vietnam had been ruled from Huế by the Nguyễn Dynasty since 1802. The French government, which took control of the region in the late 19th century, split Vietnam into three areas: the protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] and the colony of [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]]. The [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] was given nominal rule of Annam.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
||
At the age of nine, Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy was sent to France to be educated at the [[Lycée Condorcet]] and, later, the [[Paris Institute of Political Studies]]. In 1926 he was made the emperor after his father's death and took the name ''Bảo Đại'' ("Protector of Grandeur" or "Keeper of Greatness"). He did not ascend to the throne given his age and returned to France to continue his studies.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
At the age of nine, Prince '''Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy''' was sent to France to be educated at the [[Lycée Condorcet]] and, later, the [[Paris Institute of Political Studies]]. In 1926 he was made the emperor after his father's death and took the name ''Bảo Đại'' ("Protector of Grandeur" or "Keeper of Greatness"). He did not ascend to the throne given his age and returned to France to continue his studies.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
||
==Marriages== |
==Marriages== |
||
Line 55: | Line 55: | ||
}} |
}} |
||
On 20 March 1934, age 20, at the imperial city of Huế, Bảo Đại married Marie-Thérèse Nguyễn Hữu Thị Lan (died 15 September 1963, Chabrignac, France), a commoner from a wealthy Vietnamese [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] family. She was subsequently given the name [[Nam Phương]] (''Direction of South''). The couple had five children: [[Crown Prince]] [[Bảo Long]] (4 January 1936 – 28 July 2007), Princess [[Phương Mai]] (born 1 August 1937), Princess [[Phương Liên]] (born 3 November 1938), Princess Phuong Dung (born 5 February 1942), and Prince [[Bảo Thắng]] (born 9 December 1943). She was granted the title of Empress in 1945. |
On 20 March 1934, age 20, at the imperial city of Huế, Bảo Đại married Marie-Thérèse Nguyễn Hữu Thị Lan (died 15 September 1963, Chabrignac, France), a commoner from a wealthy Vietnamese [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] family. She was subsequently given the name [[Nam Phương]] (''Direction of South''). The couple had five children: [[Crown Prince]] [[Bảo Long]] (4 January 1936 – 28 July 2007), Princess [[Phương Mai]] (born 1 August 1937), Princess [[Phương Liên]] (born 3 November 1938), Princess Phuong Dung (born 5 February 1942), and Prince [[Bảo Thắng]] (born 9 December 1943). She was granted the title of Empress in 1945. |
||
[[File: |
[[File:Enthronement of Emperor Bảo Đại 010.jpg|thumb|right|Inthronisation ceremony of the emperor at the [[Imperial City, Huế]]]] |
||
[[File:Bao Dai nho.jpg|upright|thumb|Prince Vĩnh Thụy]] |
|||
Bảo Đại had five other [[polygamy|wives]], three of whom he wed during his marriage to Nam Phương: |
Bảo Đại had five other [[polygamy|wives]], three of whom he wed during his marriage to Nam Phương: |
||
* Lê Phi Ánh, a |
* [[:vi:Lê Thị Phi Ánh|Lê Thị Phi Ánh]], a distant cousin, whom he married c. 1935, and by whom he had one daughter and one son, Princess [[:vi:Nguyễn Phúc Phương Minh|Phương Minh]] and Prince [[:vi:Nguyễn Phúc Bảo Ân|Bảo Ân]]. |
||
* Hoang, a [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] woman, whom he married in 1946. |
* Hoang, a [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] woman, whom he married in 1946. |
||
* Bùi Mộng Điệp, whom he married in 1955 and by whom he had three children, Princess Phương Thao (born 1949), Bảo Hoàng, and Bảo Sơn. |
* Bùi Mộng Điệp, whom he married in 1955 and by whom he had three children, Princess Phương Thao (born 1949), Bảo Hoàng, and Bảo Sơn. |
||
Line 64: | Line 65: | ||
* [[Monique Vinh Thuy|Monique Baudot]], a [[French Fifth Republic|French citizen]] whom he married in 1972 and who was styled "Imperial Princess" and renamed [[Monique Vinh Thuy|Monique Vĩnh Thụy]]. |
* [[Monique Vinh Thuy|Monique Baudot]], a [[French Fifth Republic|French citizen]] whom he married in 1972 and who was styled "Imperial Princess" and renamed [[Monique Vinh Thuy|Monique Vĩnh Thụy]]. |
||
One of his concubines was a dancer from Hanoi, [http://vietnamnews.vnanet.vn/2004-08/07/Photos/AT080403.jpg Lý Lệ Hà]. |
One of his concubines was a dancer from Hanoi, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080626143559/http://vietnamnews.vnanet.vn/2004-08/07/Photos/AT080403.jpg Lý Lệ Hà]. |
||
==Independence and abdication== |
==Independence and abdication== |
||
{{main|Empire of Vietnam}} |
{{main article|Empire of Vietnam}} |
||
''Note: Reader discretion is advised - some of the sources used in this material are biased or based on other sources that are biased. Before reading this part of Wiki material, reader should consider a couple things:'' |
|||
* Bảo Đại was a victim of a war/political propaganda that was created by both the Vietnamese communists and Diệm's fraudulent campaign to tarnish his political influence while enhancing their own legitimacy to power. |
|||
* Bảo Đại was an advocate of peace, he strongly believed in fighting for the independence his country using diplomacy. He did everything he could to keep Vietnam from falling into another bloodbath. |
|||
* After overthrowing the French, the Japanese offered Bảo Đại a chance to declare an independence Vietnam from the French. This offer was '''unconditional''', according to Japanese ambassador Yokoyama. While having some doubts at first, but Bảo Đại accepted this offer. Bảo Đại saw this as an opportunity to annul the effects of the French protectorate treaty signed in 1884 (Treaty of Huế 1884), in which, the colonial French promised to protect the emperor from any opposing forces (article 15). While the French did violated the treaty, there were still a number of bodies in France saw this as an traitorous act, thus there was an anti-Bao Dai sentiment among the French press and literature during that time.<ref>Frédéric Mitterrand '''"Du côté de chez Fred"''': Interviews de '''Bao Dai'''</ref> |
|||
* Vietnam was declared independent by Bảo Đại on March 11, 1945. He appointed Trần Trọng Kim, a renowned Vietnamese historian, as government's new prime minister. Initially, the Japanese only return the control of Trung Bộ (central region of Vietnam) to the new government, but diplomatic attempts by Bảo Đại government at the Japanese had gained them the control of Bắc Bộ (northern region of Vietnam) and eventually Nam Bộ (southern region of Vietnam or Cochin-chine) in August 14, 1945, marking the complete unification of the country. It is also note worthy that Bảo Đại new government did not immediately establishing a ministry of defense, deliberately, due to the fear that the Japanese might use it to fight their war and due to the fact that they required more time to build up the capacity of their future arm forces. The new Vietnamese governmental affairs were completely under the Vietnamese control, the government officers no longer have to report to the French or the Japanese.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Một cơn gió bụi|last=Trần|first=Trọng Kim|publisher=|year=|isbn=1941848168|location=|pages=}}</ref> |
|||
* According to Frédéric Mitterrand's interview with Bảo Đại, which was aired on French national TV (Antenne 2), the Japanese did request the new Vietnamese government to aid them in their war campaign. However, Bảo Đại refused, reasoning that now Vietnam is independent, no one can impose any demands on the independent Vietnam or her people. |
|||
* Following the Japanese surrender, according to Yalta and Potsdam Agreements, the remaining Japanese military forces in Vietnam were to act as a security force and were not to be disarmed until the arrival of the Allies. On August 19 1945, Việt Minh staged a revolt in Ha Nội and successfully took over Bắc Bộ. Around that time the Japanese force that garrisoned in Hue had already anticipated a possible Việt Minh's coup, and was ready to squash it. However, Bảo Đại ordered them to stand down, saying: "I do not wish a foreign army to spill the blood of my people'" |
|||
* Bảo Đại abdicated on August 25, 1945. He explained in his own autobiography ''Le Dragon D' Annam (Bao Dai, 1980)'': "They [the Vietnamese] want a revolution? I will give them a revolution, but without bloodshed...". |
|||
''The paragraphs below represent the view of "the other sides":'' |
|||
In 1940, during the second World War, coinciding with their ally [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]'s [[Battle of France|invasion]] of France, the [[Imperial Japan|Japanese]] invaded French Indochina. While they did not eject the French colonial administration, the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|occupation]] authorities directed policy from behind the scenes in a parallel of [[Vichy France]]. |
In 1940, during the second World War, coinciding with their ally [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]'s [[Battle of France|invasion]] of France, the [[Imperial Japan|Japanese]] invaded French Indochina. While they did not eject the French colonial administration, the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|occupation]] authorities directed policy from behind the scenes in a parallel of [[Vichy France]]. |
||
Line 84: | Line 74: | ||
==Return to power and Indochina War== |
==Return to power and Indochina War== |
||
{{main|State of Vietnam|First Indochina War|State of Vietnam referendum, 1955}} |
{{main article|State of Vietnam|First Indochina War|State of Vietnam referendum, 1955}} |
||
''Note: Reader discretion is advised - some of the sources used in this material are biased or based on other sources that are biased. Reader should consider the following before proceeding to read the rest of the material:'' |
|||
* Vietnam descended into armed conflict due to two things: Communism and the return of the French. At the time of the Việt Minh's August Revolution, the Vietnamese, including Bảo Đại himself, had very little knowledge of what communism was. In the beginning the Vietnamese communists disguised themselves as anti-French patriots to join with Việt Nam Cách Mạng Đồng Minh Hội, which was a faction originally consisted of non-communist patriots. They quickly gained control of the faction, either by persuading other patriotic members to join communist party or through assassinations. They later changed the faction's name to Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội or Việt Minh in short.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
* After his abdication, Bảo Đại agreed to serve as Hồ Chí Minh's "supreme advisor" due to the fact that he trusted that Hồ was a patriot, that he could bring back stability to Vietnam with the supports of the people as well as the Allies countries such as China, the United States, and France. Little did he know that he was being played into the communist' propaganda machine. While working with Hồ, Bảo Đại quickly realized that Hồ Chí Minh only used his present to gain legitimacy for Hồ's newly formed "interim" government. He also met Vũ Trọng Khánh, a minister of Justice. Through Vũ, Bảo Đại realized that Hồ was a communist. |
|||
* When the Chinese army arrived in Hà Nội on Sept 9 1945, assuming their role of disarming the Japanese remaining forces, they caused quite a ruckus for the Hồ's "interim" government. On the one hand, the Chinese used the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (Vietnamese Kuomintang) to pitch against Hồ's party, disrupting its operations in Bắc Bộ region. On the other hand, they extorted Hồ by challenging his legitimacy to lead the country. Fearing the situation might get our of control Hồ convinced the French to assume the Chinese's role instead. However, Hồ also feared that inviting the French back into Bắc Bộ might cause resentments in the rank of his followers and might even lose the supports of the people, he bribed the occupying Chinese (with gold) in return they would force all of these "shills" opposing factions to join with Hồ's government. This way, Việt Minh wouldn't have to take all the blame themselves when they sign with the French. |
|||
* Hồ Chí Minh reasoned that to ensure that the Chinese keep their end of the bargain, Bảo Đại, now the "supreme advisor", should to go to China to seek audience with Chiang Kai-Shek in Chongqing. Bảo Đại refused at first, but later requested to go along with the appointed delegation included: 4 Việt Minh representatives and 2 Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đàng representatives. He was "abandoned" in China "until further notice" by Hồ Chí Minh after meeting with Chiang Kai-Shek, without any money or luggage. Hồ left Bảo Đại a note urged him to stay in China because "it would be more beneficial" if he was not to come back to Hà Nội. After staying in Chongqing for more than a month, with the helps of a few friends he went to Shang-Hai, and then Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Dragon D' Annam|last=S.M. Bao Dai|first=|publisher=Plon|year=1980|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> |
|||
''The following paragraphs represent the view of "the other sides":'' |
|||
As Vietnam descended into [[First Indochinese War|armed conflict]] — rival factions clashed with each other and also with the remaining French — Bảo Đại left Vietnam after a year in his "advisory" role, living in both [[1950s in Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] and [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]]. The [[French Fourth Republic|French]] persuaded him to return in 1949 to serve as "head of [[State of Vietnam|state]]" (''quốc trưởng''), not as "emperor" (Hoàng Đế). He soon returned to France, however, and showed little interest in the affairs of his own country when his own personal interests were not directly involved. |
As Vietnam descended into [[First Indochinese War|armed conflict]] — rival factions clashed with each other and also with the remaining French — Bảo Đại left Vietnam after a year in his "advisory" role, living in both [[1950s in Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] and [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]]. The [[French Fourth Republic|French]] persuaded him to return in 1949 to serve as "head of [[State of Vietnam|state]]" (''quốc trưởng''), not as "emperor" (Hoàng Đế). He soon returned to France, however, and showed little interest in the affairs of his own country when his own personal interests were not directly involved. |
||
Line 100: | Line 82: | ||
==Second removal from power== |
==Second removal from power== |
||
{{main|State of Vietnam referendum, 1955}} |
{{main article|State of Vietnam referendum, 1955}} |
||
In 1955, Diệm called for a referendum to remove Bảo Đại and establish a republic with Diệm as president. The campaign leading up to the referendum was punctuated by personal attacks against the former emperor. His supporters had no way to refute them, as campaigning for Bảo Đại was forbidden. The October 23 referendum was widely reckoned as fraudulent, showing an implausible 98% in favor of a republic. As it turned out, the official results showed that the total number of votes for a republic exceeded the total number of registered voters by some 380,000—an obvious sign of fraud.<ref>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=vn011955 Direct Democracy]</ref> |
In 1955, Diệm called for a referendum to remove Bảo Đại and establish a republic with Diệm as president. The campaign leading up to the referendum was punctuated by personal attacks against the former emperor. His supporters had no way to refute them, as campaigning for Bảo Đại was forbidden. The October 23 referendum was widely reckoned as fraudulent, showing an implausible 98% in favor of a republic. As it turned out, the official results showed that the total number of votes for a republic exceeded the total number of registered voters by some 380,000—an obvious sign of fraud.<ref>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=vn011955 Direct Democracy]</ref> |
||
==Life in exile== |
==Life in exile== |
||
[[File:Mo cuu hoang Bao Dai.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bảo Đại's burial place in the [[Cimetière de Passy]], Paris]] |
[[File:Mo cuu hoang Bao Dai.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bảo Đại's burial place in the [[Cimetière de Passy]], Paris]] |
||
Note: Reader discretion is advised - some of the sources used in this material are biased or based on other sources that are biased. |
|||
In 1957, during his visit to Alsace region, he met Christiane Bloch-Carcenac with whom he had an affair for several years. This relationship gave birth to his last child, Patrick Edward Bloch, who still lives in Alsace in France.<ref>oral communication (Patrick Edward Bloch) and sections of the "Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace" (D.N.A), n°. 264 of 10 nov.1992 and from 7 August 2007. {{ url = http://www.maguytran-pinterville.com/vietnam/renaissance-de-hue/}}</ref> |
In 1957, during his visit to Alsace region, he met Christiane Bloch-Carcenac with whom he had an affair for several years. This relationship gave birth to his last child, Patrick Edward Bloch, who still lives in Alsace in France.<ref>oral communication (Patrick Edward Bloch) and sections of the "Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace" (D.N.A), n°. 264 of 10 nov.1992 and from 7 August 2007. {{ url = http://www.maguytran-pinterville.com/vietnam/renaissance-de-hue/}}</ref> |
||
Line 116: | Line 96: | ||
In 1982, Bảo Đại, his wife Monique, and other members of the former imperial family of Vietnam visited the United States. His agenda was to oversee and bless Buddhist and [[Cao Đài|Caodaiist]] religious ceremonies, in the Californian and [[Texas|Texan]] [[Vietnamese-American]] communities. |
In 1982, Bảo Đại, his wife Monique, and other members of the former imperial family of Vietnam visited the United States. His agenda was to oversee and bless Buddhist and [[Cao Đài|Caodaiist]] religious ceremonies, in the Californian and [[Texas|Texan]] [[Vietnamese-American]] communities. |
||
Throughout Bảo Đại's life in both Vietnam and in France, he remained unpopular among the Vietnamese populace as he was considered a political puppet for the French colonialist regime, for lacking any form of political power, and for his cooperation with the French and for his pro-French ideals. The former emperor clarified, however, that his reign was always a constant battle and a balance between preserving the monarchy and the integrity of the nation versus fealty to the French authorities. Ultimately, power devolved away from his person and into ideological camps and in the face of Diem's underestimated influences on factions within the empire.<ref>{{ cite book | url = |
Throughout Bảo Đại's life in both Vietnam and in France, he remained unpopular among the Vietnamese populace as he was considered a political puppet for the French colonialist regime, for lacking any form of political power, and for his cooperation with the French and for his pro-French ideals. The former emperor clarified, however, that his reign was always a constant battle and a balance between preserving the monarchy and the integrity of the nation versus fealty to the French authorities. Ultimately, power devolved away from his person and into ideological camps and in the face of Diem's underestimated influences on factions within the empire.<ref>{{ cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ALp3JfHefG8C&pg=PA111 | title = A Special Relationship: The United States and Military Government in Thailand, 1947–1958 | author = D. Fineman | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 9780824818180 | page = 111 }}</ref> |
||
==Death== |
==Death== |
||
Line 139: | Line 119: | ||
* He explained his abdication in 1945 saying "I would prefer to be a citizen of an independent country rather than Emperor of an enslaved one."<ref name="V45"/> |
* He explained his abdication in 1945 saying "I would prefer to be a citizen of an independent country rather than Emperor of an enslaved one."<ref name="V45"/> |
||
*When, after World War II, France attempted to counter [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]]'s popularity and gain the support of the U.S. by creating a [[puppet government]] with him, he said "What they call a Bảo Đại solution turns out to be just a French solution."<ref>{{ cite book | title = Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam | author = H. R. McMaster | year = 1998 | location = New York, NY | publisher = HarperCollins | isbn = 9780060929084 }}</ref> |
*When, after World War II, France attempted to counter [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]]'s popularity and gain the support of the U.S. by creating a [[puppet government]] with him, he said "What they call a Bảo Đại solution turns out to be just a French solution."<ref>{{ cite book | title = Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam | author = H. R. McMaster | year = 1998 | location = New York, NY | publisher = HarperCollins | isbn = 9780060929084 }}</ref> |
||
* In a rare public statement from France in 1972, Bảo Đại appealed to the people of Vietnam for national reconciliation, saying "The time has come to put an end to the fratricidal war and to recover at last peace and accord."<ref>{{ cite news | date = 2 August 1997 | title = Bao Dai, 83, of Vietnam; Emperor and Bon Vivant | author = P. Shenon | newspaper = New York Times | url = |
* In a rare public statement from France in 1972, Bảo Đại appealed to the people of Vietnam for national reconciliation, saying "The time has come to put an end to the fratricidal war and to recover at last peace and accord."<ref>{{ cite news | date = 2 August 1997 | title = Bao Dai, 83, of Vietnam; Emperor and Bon Vivant | author = P. Shenon | newspaper = New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/02/world/bao-dai-83-of-vietnam-emperor-and-bon-vivant.html }}</ref> |
||
== Honours == |
== Honours == |
||
Line 170: | Line 150: | ||
|2= 2. [[Khải Định]] |
|2= 2. [[Khải Định]] |
||
|3= 3. Hoàng Thị Cúc |
|3= 3. Hoàng Thị Cúc |
||
|4= 4. Đồng Khánh |
|4= 4. [[Đồng Khánh]] |
||
|5= 5. Hựu Thiên Thuần |
|5= 5. Hựu Thiên Thuần |
||
|6= 6. Hoàng Văn Tích, Duke of Nghi |
|6= 6. Hoàng Văn Tích, Duke of Nghi |
||
Line 212: | Line 192: | ||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
{{Commons category|Emperor Bảo Đại}} |
{{Commons category|Emperor Bảo Đại}} |
||
* [http://coombs.anu.edu.au/~vern/van_kien/baodai.html Abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại] |
|||
* [http://www.thienlybuutoa.org/Uni/SinhHoat/CuuHoangBaoDai-12-2-1982.htm Emperor Bảo Đại and Princess Vĩnh Thụy visit Thiên-Lý Bửu-Tòa's Cao Đài temple], 2 December 1982, San Martin, California |
|||
* [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesmanantsduroi.com%2Farticles%2Farticle27118.php&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sl=fr&tl=en On 20 May 2006, a ceremony at the inauguration of the monument raised in memory of Emperor Bảo Đại] |
|||
* [http://www.dragonvert.com/voyages/bao_dai/5avril.html Emperor Bảo Đại and Princess Vĩnh Thụy meet supporters in France] (in French) |
|||
* [http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-11-19-rolex-auction_x.htm Emperor Bảo Đại's Rolex watch sells for record price at Geneva auction in ''USA Today''] |
|||
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7148 Find a grave] |
|||
*[https://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=184241&id=105223780111&saved#/pages/Emperor-Bao-Dai/105223780111 Biography and photos throughout Emperor Bảo Đại's life] |
|||
*[http://users.cybernet.be/darvani/mercedes_600_sedan_limousine.htm Emperor Bảo Đại MERCEDES 600 SEDAN LIMOUSINE] |
|||
===Photos of Bảo Đại's summer palaces=== |
===Photos of Bảo Đại's summer palaces=== |
||
* [http://www.vietnam4all.net/landscapes/62%20%20Bao%20Dai's%20summer%20palace%20(1930s)%20,%20Dalat.jpg Dalat] |
* [http://www.vietnam4all.net/landscapes/62%20%20Bao%20Dai's%20summer%20palace%20(1930s)%20,%20Dalat.jpg Dalat] |
||
* [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Bluffs/7645/kinghse.jpg&date=2009-10-25+10:33:57 Web citation] |
* [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Bluffs/7645/kinghse.jpg&date=2009-10-25+10:33:57 Web citation] |
||
* [http://image.pegs.com/images/VS/1744/1744_b1.jpg Images] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070705175416/http://image.pegs.com/images/VS/1744/1744_b1.jpg Images] |
||
{{s-start}} |
{{s-start}} |
||
Line 248: | Line 221: | ||
{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
||
:) |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bao, Dai}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bao, Dai}} |
||
Line 270: | Line 240: | ||
[[Category:Burials at Passy Cemetery]] |
[[Category:Burials at Passy Cemetery]] |
||
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Order of Cambodia]] |
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Order of Cambodia]] |
||
[[Category:Knights of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri]] |
|||
[[Category:Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur]] |
[[Category:Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur]] |
||
[[Category:First Classes of the Royal Family Order of Johor]] |
[[Category:First Classes of the Royal Family Order of Johor]] |
Revision as of 14:30, 2 April 2017
- In the Vietnamese name below, Nguyễn Phúc is the surname.
Bảo Đại 保大 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor of Vietnam | |||||||||
Emperor of Vietnam | |||||||||
Reign | 8 January 1926 – 25 August 1945 | ||||||||
Predecessor | Khải Định | ||||||||
Successor | Ho Chi Minh (as President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) Bảo Long (as Heir-apparent) | ||||||||
Chief of State of Vietnam | |||||||||
Reign | 13 June 1949 – 26 October 1955 | ||||||||
Predecessor | Position created Nguyễn Văn Xuân (as Head of Provisional government) | ||||||||
Successor | Ngô Đình Diệm (as President of the Republic of Vietnam) | ||||||||
Born | Doan-Trang-Vien Palace, Huế, French Indochina | 22 October 1913||||||||
Died | 30 July 1997 Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France | (aged 83)||||||||
Burial | |||||||||
Spouse |
Hoàng Phi Ánh Bùi Mộng Điệp Christiane Bloch-Carcenac | ||||||||
Issue | Bảo Long (1936–2007) Phương Mai (1937) Phương Liên (1938) Phương Dung (1942) Bảo Thắng (1943) Phương Thảo (1946) Phương Minh (1949–2012) Bảo Ân (1953) Bảo Hoàng (1954–1955) Bảo Sơn (1957–1987) Phương Từ Patrick-Edward Bloch | ||||||||
| |||||||||
House | Nguyễn dynasty | ||||||||
Father | Khải Định | ||||||||
Mother | Hoàng Thị Cúc | ||||||||
Religion | Catholicism | ||||||||
Standard |
Bảo Đại (Vietnamese: [ɓa᷉ːw ɗâːjˀ], Chữ Nôm: 保大, lit. "keeper of greatness", 22 October 1913 – 30 July 1997), born Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy, was the 13th and final emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty, which was the last ruling family of Vietnam.[1] From 1926 to 1945, he was emperor of Annam. During this period, Annam was a protectorate within French Indochina, covering the central two-thirds of the present-day Vietnam. Bảo Đại ascended the throne in 1932.[2]
The Japanese ousted the Vichy-French administration in March 1945 and then ruled through Bảo Đại. At this time, he renamed his country "Vietnam". He abdicated in August 1945 when Japan surrendered. From 1949 until 1955, Bảo Đại was the chief of state of the State of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Bảo Đại was criticized for being too closely associated with France and spending much of his time outside of Vietnam. Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm eventually ousted him in a fraudulent referendum vote in 1955.
It has been widely held that Vietminh or Ho Chi Minh founded the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam alone. However, Stanley Karnow in Vietnam: A History argued that "Nothing has reinforced the Vietminh cause more than the mercurial Bao Dai's decision to abdicate. For his gesture conferred the 'mandate of heaven' on Ho, giving him the legitimacy that, in Vietnamese eyes, had traditionally resided in the emperor."
Early life
Bảo Đại was born Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy in the Palace of Doan-Trang-Vien, part of the compound of the Purple Forbidden City in Huế, the capital of Vietnam. He was later given the name Nguyễn Vĩnh Thụy. His father was Emperor Khải Định of Annam. His mother was the Emperor's second wife, Tu Cung, who was renamed 'Doan Huy' upon her 1913 marriage. She held various titles over the years that indicated her advancing rank as a favored consort until she eventually became Empress Dowager in 1933. Vietnam had been ruled from Huế by the Nguyễn Dynasty since 1802. The French government, which took control of the region in the late 19th century, split Vietnam into three areas: the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin and the colony of Cochinchina. The Nguyễn Dynasty was given nominal rule of Annam.[citation needed]
At the age of nine, Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy was sent to France to be educated at the Lycée Condorcet and, later, the Paris Institute of Political Studies. In 1926 he was made the emperor after his father's death and took the name Bảo Đại ("Protector of Grandeur" or "Keeper of Greatness"). He did not ascend to the throne given his age and returned to France to continue his studies.[citation needed]
Marriages
Bảo Đại | |
---|---|
Vietnamese name | |
Vietnamese | Bảo Đại |
Hán-Nôm | 保大 |
Birth name | |
Vietnamese alphabet | Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy |
---|---|
Hán-Nôm | 阮福永瑞 |
On 20 March 1934, age 20, at the imperial city of Huế, Bảo Đại married Marie-Thérèse Nguyễn Hữu Thị Lan (died 15 September 1963, Chabrignac, France), a commoner from a wealthy Vietnamese Roman Catholic family. She was subsequently given the name Nam Phương (Direction of South). The couple had five children: Crown Prince Bảo Long (4 January 1936 – 28 July 2007), Princess Phương Mai (born 1 August 1937), Princess Phương Liên (born 3 November 1938), Princess Phuong Dung (born 5 February 1942), and Prince Bảo Thắng (born 9 December 1943). She was granted the title of Empress in 1945.
Bảo Đại had five other wives, three of whom he wed during his marriage to Nam Phương:
- Lê Thị Phi Ánh, a distant cousin, whom he married c. 1935, and by whom he had one daughter and one son, Princess Phương Minh and Prince Bảo Ân.
- Hoang, a Chinese woman, whom he married in 1946.
- Bùi Mộng Điệp, whom he married in 1955 and by whom he had three children, Princess Phương Thao (born 1949), Bảo Hoàng, and Bảo Sơn.
- Christiane Bloch-Carcenac (1922-2009), during the period of 1957-1970. The last child was Patrick-Edouard Bloch (born 1958).
- Monique Baudot, a French citizen whom he married in 1972 and who was styled "Imperial Princess" and renamed Monique Vĩnh Thụy.
One of his concubines was a dancer from Hanoi, Lý Lệ Hà.
Independence and abdication
In 1940, during the second World War, coinciding with their ally Germany's invasion of France, the Japanese invaded French Indochina. While they did not eject the French colonial administration, the occupation authorities directed policy from behind the scenes in a parallel of Vichy France.
The Japanese promised not to interfere with the court at Huế, but in 1945, after ousting the French, coerced Bảo Đại into declaring Vietnamese independence from France as a member of Japan's "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"; the country then became the Empire of Vietnam. The Japanese had a Vietnamese pretender, Prince Cường Để, waiting to take power in case the new emperor's "elimination" was required. Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945, and the Viet Minh under the leadership of Hồ Chí Minh aimed to take power in a free Vietnam. Due to his recent Japanese associations, Hồ was able to persuade Bảo Đại to abdicate on 25 August 1945, handing power over to the Việt Minh — an event which greatly enhanced Hồ's legitimacy in the eyes of the Vietnamese people. Bảo Đại was appointed "supreme advisor" to Hồ's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi, which asserted its independence on 2 September 1945, but was ousted by the French in November 1946.[3]
Return to power and Indochina War
As Vietnam descended into armed conflict — rival factions clashed with each other and also with the remaining French — Bảo Đại left Vietnam after a year in his "advisory" role, living in both Hong Kong and China. The French persuaded him to return in 1949 to serve as "head of state" (quốc trưởng), not as "emperor" (Hoàng Đế). He soon returned to France, however, and showed little interest in the affairs of his own country when his own personal interests were not directly involved.
The communist victory in China in 1949 led to a revival of the fortunes of the Việt Minh. The United States extended diplomatic recognition to Bảo Đại's government in March 1950, soon after communist nations recognized Hồ's government. The outbreak of the Korean War in June led to U.S. military aid and active support of the French war effort in Indochina, now seen as anti-communist rather than colonialist.
But the war between the French colonial forces and the Việt Minh continued, ending in 1954 shortly after a major victory for the Việt Minh at Điện Biên Phủ. The 1954 peace deal between the French and the Việt Minh, known as the Geneva Accords, involved a partition of the country into northern and southern zones. Bảo Đại moved to Paris, but remained "Head of State" of South Vietnam, appointing Ngô Đình Diệm as his prime minister.[4]
Second removal from power
In 1955, Diệm called for a referendum to remove Bảo Đại and establish a republic with Diệm as president. The campaign leading up to the referendum was punctuated by personal attacks against the former emperor. His supporters had no way to refute them, as campaigning for Bảo Đại was forbidden. The October 23 referendum was widely reckoned as fraudulent, showing an implausible 98% in favor of a republic. As it turned out, the official results showed that the total number of votes for a republic exceeded the total number of registered voters by some 380,000—an obvious sign of fraud.[5]
Life in exile
In 1957, during his visit to Alsace region, he met Christiane Bloch-Carcenac with whom he had an affair for several years. This relationship gave birth to his last child, Patrick Edward Bloch, who still lives in Alsace in France.[6]
In 1972, Bảo Đại issued a public statement from exile, appealing to the Vietnamese people for national reconciliation, stating, "The time has come to put an end to the fratricidal war and to recover at last peace and accord". At times, Bảo Đại maintained residence in southern France, and in particular, in Monaco, where he sailed often on his private yacht, one of the largest in Monte Carlo harbor. He still reportedly held great influence among local political figures in the Quảng Trị and Thừa Thiên provinces of Huế. The Communist government of North Vietnam sent representatives to France hoping that Bảo Đại would become a member of a coalition government which might reunite Vietnam, in the hope of attracting his supporters in the regions wherein he still held influence. [citation needed]
As a result of these meetings, Bảo Đại publicly spoke out against the presence of American troops on the territory of South Vietnam, and he criticized President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu's regime in South Vietnam. He called for all political factions to create a free, neutral, peace-loving government which would resolve the tense situation that had taken form in the country.
In 1982, Bảo Đại, his wife Monique, and other members of the former imperial family of Vietnam visited the United States. His agenda was to oversee and bless Buddhist and Caodaiist religious ceremonies, in the Californian and Texan Vietnamese-American communities.
Throughout Bảo Đại's life in both Vietnam and in France, he remained unpopular among the Vietnamese populace as he was considered a political puppet for the French colonialist regime, for lacking any form of political power, and for his cooperation with the French and for his pro-French ideals. The former emperor clarified, however, that his reign was always a constant battle and a balance between preserving the monarchy and the integrity of the nation versus fealty to the French authorities. Ultimately, power devolved away from his person and into ideological camps and in the face of Diem's underestimated influences on factions within the empire.[7]
Death
Bảo Đại died in a military hospital in Paris, France, on 30 July 1997. He was interred in the Cimetière de Passy. After his death, his eldest son, Crown Prince Bảo Long, inherited the position of head of the Nguyễn Dynasty.
In popular culture
- Bảo Đại was portrayed by actor Huỳnh Anh Tuấn in the 2004 Vietnamese miniseries Ngọn nến Hoàng cung (A Candle in the Imperial Palace).
Bảo Đại coins
The last cash coin ever produced in the world bears the name of Bảo Đại in Chinese characters.There are three types of this coin. Large cast piece with 10 van inscription on the reverse, medium cast piece with no reverse inscription, and small struck piece. All were issued in 1933.
-
Bao Dai Thong Bao 10van Paul the Great reign (1925–1945)
-
Bao Dai Thong Bao plain reverse
-
Struck Bao Dai Thong Bao
Quotes
- In 1945 when the Japanese colonel in charge of the Hue garrison told Bảo Đại that he had (in line with the orders of the Allied commander) taken measures ensuring the security of the Imperial Palace and those within it against a possible Việt Minh coup, Bảo Đại dismissed the protection declaring "I do not wish a foreign army to spill the blood of my people."[8]
- He explained his abdication in 1945 saying "I would prefer to be a citizen of an independent country rather than Emperor of an enslaved one."[8]
- When, after World War II, France attempted to counter Hồ Chí Minh's popularity and gain the support of the U.S. by creating a puppet government with him, he said "What they call a Bảo Đại solution turns out to be just a French solution."[9]
- In a rare public statement from France in 1972, Bảo Đại appealed to the people of Vietnam for national reconciliation, saying "The time has come to put an end to the fratricidal war and to recover at last peace and accord."[10]
Honours
National Honours
- Sovereign and Grand Master of the Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam.
- Sovereign and Grand Master of the Imperial Order of Merit of Annam (revived and expanded as the National Order of Vietnam on 10 June 1955).
Foreign Honours
- Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri (Kingdom of Thailand, 1939).
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour (French Republic, 10 September 1932).
- Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia (Kingdom of Cambodia).
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol (Kingdom of Laos).
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (Kingdom of Belgium, 1935).
- Knight Grand Cross of the Sharifian Order of Al-Alaoui (Kingdom of Morocco).
- Member First Class of the Royal Family Order of Johor [DKI] (Sultanate of Johor, 21 March 1933).
Ancestry
Family of Bảo Đại | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
References
- ^ Nghia M. Vo Saigon: A History 2011 – Page 277 "Bảo Đại was born in 1913, the 13th and last monarch of the Nguyễn dynasty. He ruled from 1926 to 1944 as emperor of Annam and emperor"
- ^ Royal Ark
- ^ David G. Marr Vietnam: State, War, Revolution, 1945-1946 p20 "The royal mandarinal hierarchies for education, administration, and justice were abolished, while Mr. Vĩnh Thụy (formerly Emperor Bảo Đại) was appointed advisor to the DRV provisional government."
- ^ Interview with Ngô Đình Luyến. WGBH Media Library and Archives. 31 January 1979.
- ^ Direct Democracy
- ^ oral communication (Patrick Edward Bloch) and sections of the "Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace" (D.N.A), n°. 264 of 10 nov.1992 and from 7 August 2007. Template:Url = http://www.maguytran-pinterville.com/vietnam/renaissance-de-hue/
- ^ D. Fineman (1997). A Special Relationship: The United States and Military Government in Thailand, 1947–1958. University of Hawaii Press. p. 111. ISBN 9780824818180.
- ^ a b D. G. Marr (1997). Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power. London, England: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520212282.
- ^ H. R. McMaster (1998). Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam. New York, NY: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060929084.
- ^ P. Shenon (2 August 1997). "Bao Dai, 83, of Vietnam; Emperor and Bon Vivant". New York Times.
Further reading
Bảo Đại's memoirs have been published in French and in Vietnamese; the Vietnamese version appears considerably longer.
- Bảo Đại (1980). Le dragon d'Annam (in French). Paris: Plon. ISBN 9782259005210.
- Bảo Đại (1990). Con rong Viet Nam: hoi ky chanh tri 1913–1987 (in Vietnamese). Los Alamitos, CA: Nguyen Phuoc Toc (distributed by Xuan Thu Publishing). OCLC 22628825.
- Bruce McFarland Lockhart (1993). The End of the Vietnamese Monarchy. Lac Viet Series. Vol. 15. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for International and Area Studies. ISBN 9780938692508.
External links