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[[Image:Map of ancient Epirus and environs (English).svg|right|thumb|175px|Epirus and environs.]] |
[[Image:Map of ancient Epirus and environs (English).svg|right|thumb|175px|Epirus and environs.]] |
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'''Atintanes''' or '''Atintanians''' ({{lang-el|Ἀτιντάνες}}, ''Atintánes'', {{lang-la|Atintani}}) was an ancient tribe in [[Epirus]]. It inhabited |
'''Atintanes''' or '''Atintanians''' ({{lang-el|Ἀτιντάνες}}, ''Atintánes'', {{lang-la|Atintani}}) was an ancient tribe in [[Epirus]]. It inhabited a region inland of the [[Epirote]] coast which was called Atintania. They were one of the Epirote tribes that belonged to the northwestern Greek group.<ref>{{harvnb|Hammond|1994a|p=430|ps=: "The north-west Greeks occupied a large area, extending in the west from the Gulf of Ambracia to the Gulf of Oricum and in the east to an imaginary line from the upper Achelous valley to the upper Erigon valley... The main groups from south to north were called Thesproti, Athamanes, Molossi, Atintanes, Chaones, Parauaei, Orestae, Elimeotae, Lyncestae and Pela- gones}}</ref> They were occasionally subordinate to the [[Molossians]]<ref name=Kinzl>{{harvnb|Kinzl|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=loeWIRBo3isC&pg=PA125 125]}}.</ref> and spoke a northwestern Greek dialect similar to [[Doric Greek|Doric]] Greek.<ref name=Filos224>{{harvnb|Filos|2017|p=224|ps= "There is an overall consensus nowadays that the Greek-speaking population of Epirus, despite its fragmentation into major (Molossoi, Thesprotoi, Chaones) and minor (Athamanes (Athamanians), Atintanes, Paroraioi, Tymphaioi, etc.) tribes, spoke a North-West Doric variety akin to that of numerous neighboring populations of central and western Greece"}}.</ref> |
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==Name== |
==Name== |
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The suffix -anes is quite typical in north-western Doric Greek and is found in several ethnonyms in Epirus (Arktanes, Athamanes, Talaianes etc.) but is also found in other Greek regions apart from Epirus.<ref name=Filos240>{{harvnb|Filos|2017|p=240}}</ref> [[Arnold J. Toynbee|A. J. Toynbee]] argues that the suffix -anes perhaps suggests that the name ''Atintanes'' may have been of Greek origin.<ref name="Toynbee113">{{harvnb|Toynbee|1969|p=113|ps=: " |
The suffix -anes is quite typical in north-western Doric Greek and is found in several ethnonyms in Epirus (Arktanes, Athamanes, Talaianes etc.) but is also found in other Greek regions apart from Epirus.<ref name=Filos240>{{harvnb|Filos|2017|p=240}}</ref> [[Arnold J. Toynbee|A. J. Toynbee]] argues that the suffix -anes perhaps suggests that the name ''Atintanes'' may have been of Greek origin.<ref name="Toynbee113">{{harvnb|Toynbee|1969|p=113|ps=: "If the Odomantoi-Athamanes and the Tyntenoi-Atintanes were, in truth, each a fracture Paeonian people whose original unity is attested, in either case, by the survival of an identical name, we can account for this by supposing that, in the course ofthe course of the post - Mycenaean Völkerwanderung , both these Paeonian peoples were split , by impacts from the rear , somewhere in the basin of the River Morava , with the result that their eastern splinters were driven down the Strymon valley , while their western splinters were pushed away to the Adriatic side of the continental divide (..) However, before accepting Kiechers' interpretation of the name 'Atintanes' in terms of Greek, we should have to satisfy ourselves that it was not an Illyrian name but was a Greek one (as its termination -anes perhaps suggests that it may have been)}}</ref> He also states that they gave the Greeks their name for the [[Titanes]], a race of giants in mythology.{{sfn|Toynbee|p=112|ps=: "The authentic Epirot rivers Acheron and Kokytos were translated to the Greek Hades ; an authentic Epirot people , the Atintanes , gave the Greeks their name for a mythical race of giants , the Titanes ( titans )"}} |
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==Language== |
==Language== |
Revision as of 22:25, 3 December 2020
Atintanes or Atintanians (Greek: Ἀτιντάνες, Atintánes, Latin: Atintani) was an ancient tribe in Epirus. It inhabited a region inland of the Epirote coast which was called Atintania. They were one of the Epirote tribes that belonged to the northwestern Greek group.[1] They were occasionally subordinate to the Molossians[2] and spoke a northwestern Greek dialect similar to Doric Greek.[3]
Name
The suffix -anes is quite typical in north-western Doric Greek and is found in several ethnonyms in Epirus (Arktanes, Athamanes, Talaianes etc.) but is also found in other Greek regions apart from Epirus.[4] A. J. Toynbee argues that the suffix -anes perhaps suggests that the name Atintanes may have been of Greek origin.[5] He also states that they gave the Greeks their name for the Titanes, a race of giants in mythology.[6]
Language
There is an overall consensus in scholarship that the Greek-speaking population of Epirus, including the Atintanes, spoke a Northwestern Doric variety similar to that spoken by several neighbouring peoples of central and western Greece.[3]
Ancient sources
The Atintanes are mentioned in classical antiquity by Thucydides (2.80.6), Pseudo-Skylax (26), Pseudo-Aristotle (Mir. 833a 9), Lycophron (Alexandra 1042-1046), Polybius (2.5; 11.11; 7.9.13), Strabo (7.7.8 Baladié), Livy (27.30.13; 29.12.13; 45.30.7), Appian (Illyrike 7-8), Polyaenus (4.11.4), Stephanus of Byzantium (s.v. Ἀτιντάνία) and on a 4th century B.C. inscription from Dodona (SGDI 1336). They are reported on the above ancient sources in the historical context of the Peloponnesian War, the Roman-Illyrian Wars, the first Roman-Macedonian War, and the 167 BC Roman settlement of Macedonia.[7][8]
In the lexicon "Ethnika" of Stephanus of Byzantium, Atintania appears as a region of Macedonia, named after Atintan, a son of Makednos in the version of Lycaon.[9] The tradition of an eponymous Atintan, as the son of Makednos, was probably created during the reign of Philip V of Macedon (238–179 BC) in order to tighten the connection between the Macedonian authorities and Atintanians.[10] Thucydides listed the Atintantes as the rest of the Epirote tribes as “barbarians” living north-west from the Greek lands.[11][12] Strabo based on Hecateus' account listed them among the fourteen Epirote tribes.[13][14] Appian was the only ancient author that refers to them as Atintani (not Atintanes) with the ethnonym "Illyrian".[15] This has been explained by M. B. Hatzopoulos, as strictly referring to their political situation due to their annexation by Illyrians for a short time.[16]
According to Livy Atintania formed part of Upper Macedonia in terms of Roman administration. Upper Macedonia was located next to Illyria and Epirus, however part of Atinania was certainly found inside Epirus.[17]
Identity and location
There is no consensus in current scholarship on the origin and precise location of the Atintanes.[18][19] Modern scholarship mentions the Atintanes either as one of the various Epirote tribes or in connection with the Illyrians.[20] They also appear sometimes as Epirotes and other times as Macedonians, based on which neighbouring state gained control of their area.[21]
In the early 20th century, M. Holleaux sketched Atintaia on the middle valley of the Aoos.[22] P. Lévêque located the Atintanes on the middle valley of the Aoos similarly to Holleaux, but he also included the valley of the Drino.[23][22] A. J. Toynbee located the Atintanes in Epirus, between the Chaonians and the Parauaioi;[24] according to him they were an authentic Epirote people.[6] N. G. L. Hammond considered two distinct omonym tribes: the Epirote "Atintanes", located by him somewhere around the upper valley of the Drino; and the Illyrian "Atintani", located by him in the Çermenikë area in Central Albania. According to Hammond, the Epirote "Atintanes" are the tribe who appears in ancient accounts of western Greek campaigns of the Spartan admiral Knemos in 429 and who are also named by other ancient writers while the Illyrian "Atintani" are the tribe who appears in ancient accounts of Cassander's operations against Epidamnus in 314 BC and of the later Roman-Illyrian and Roman-Macedonian wars..[25] F. Papazoglou and Pierre Cabanes stated that there was only one tribe with the name Atintanians and that the area they inhabited was located in the mountain ranges between the Aous (Vjosë) and the Apsus (Osum) rivers.[26][27] N. Katsikoudis stated that the inclusion of Antigoneia, Amantia, Nikaia, Byllis and Olympe into Atintania, as claimed by N. Ceka, has been convincingly refuted by Hammond and Hatzopoulos.[28]
Cabanes located Atintania on a region between Byllis and Dassaretis, without the Drino valley, and considered them the southernmost Illyrian people, on the border with Epirus.[29][30][22] M.B. Hatzopoulos did not accept Hammond's proposal of two distinct tribes, and he located the Atintanes on the upper and middle valley of the Aoos, stretching up to the Këlcyrë Gorge.[31][32][33] According to him, the Atintanes, together with the Chaonians constituted the northernmost Epirote community. Hatzopoulos considered that to their north, and between them and the Parthini, Taulantians and the (Illyrian) Dassaretii, existed a mixed zone; though part of Illyria, according to him it was a cultural extension of Greek speaking Epirus.[33] T. J. Winnifrith associated the diverse positions of Atintanes reported in ancient accounts with peaceful transhumans activity, but he also stated that two tribes with a similar name may have existed.[34] G. Mallios agrees with Haztopoulos and stated that Hammond convincingly argued for the inclusion of the Atintanes among the Epirote tribes and disconnection from the Illyrians.[35] E. Shehi accepted the possibility of the inclusion of three main koina among the Atintanes: the Bylliones, the Amantes, and the Atintanes proper.[36] Recent research by Hatzopoulos (2020) agrees on the location proposed by M. Holleaux and P. Lévêque.[22]
History
In the context of post-Myceanaean era migration A. J. Toynbee suggested the possibility that the Atintanes were connected with the Paeonian Tyntenoi that were pushed from the region of northern Macedonia towards the coastline.[5]
At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (429 B.C.), Atintanes and Molossians appear under the leadership of Sabylinthus, regent of king Tharrhypas, as allies of Sparta against Acarnania.[37][38] At that time they were subordinate to the Molossians,[2] while they were more lossely connected with the Parauoi and the Orestai.[39] At 344 B.C they came under the control of Macedon during the reign of Philip II.[40] In 330 B.C. the Atintanes formed the core of the Epirote state, together with the Molossians, Thesprotians, and the Cassopaeans.[41] In epigraphy, Kleomachos the Atintanian was given ateleia in Epirus by the symmachoi (allies) of Epirotes, when king was Neoptolemus son of Alexander and Derkas, prostatas (archon) of the Molossians (c. 300 BC)[42] indicating that by the end of the 4th century the Atintanes were not part of the Epirote confederacy.[43] At 295 B.C Pyrrhus of Epirus detached Atintanis and made it a part of the Epirote Kingdom again.[21][44] After his death the Atintanias organized their own koinon (confederation).[45][need quotation to verify]
In 231 B.C. the Chaonian capital of Phoenice was raided by the Illyrians of Teuta. Those inhabitants of the city who survived the attack and slavery managed to flee to the territory of the Atintanes to seek for available reinforcements.[46] Atintania was possibly ceded to Teuta by the League of the Epirotes at 230 B.C. probably as part of an agreement with her.[47][48] When in 229 BC the First Illyrian War broke out between Rome and Illyrian queen Teuta, as well as Parthinians, the Atintanians took advantage of this situation and put themselves under Roman protection.[49] After this conflict, in 229-228 BC Rome set a protectorate on the conquered Illyrian lands, the Greek cities of Apollonia and Epidamnus, Corfu, as well as Atintanis.[50][51][52][53][54] The following years they supported the campaign of Demetrius of Pharos but after his defeat Atintania returned to Roman control. The region became a disputed zone between Romans and Macedon.[55] In the Treaty of Phoenice, 205 BC, Atintania was assigned to the Macedonian Kingdom.[21] As such it appears that it remained part of the 4rth Macedonian meris the following years.[56]
In 167 B.C after the Macedonian defeat by the Romans at Pydna, the later captured a total of seventy settlements of the Molossians and the Atintanians and sold 150,000 men into slavery.[57] Though the affected region witnessed widescale destruction by the Romans, the Greek language in Epirus showed remarkable vitality in the following centuries.[58]
References
Citations
- ^ Hammond 1994a, p. 430: "The north-west Greeks occupied a large area, extending in the west from the Gulf of Ambracia to the Gulf of Oricum and in the east to an imaginary line from the upper Achelous valley to the upper Erigon valley... The main groups from south to north were called Thesproti, Athamanes, Molossi, Atintanes, Chaones, Parauaei, Orestae, Elimeotae, Lyncestae and Pela- gones
- ^ a b Kinzl 2010, p. 125.
- ^ a b Filos 2017, p. 224"There is an overall consensus nowadays that the Greek-speaking population of Epirus, despite its fragmentation into major (Molossoi, Thesprotoi, Chaones) and minor (Athamanes (Athamanians), Atintanes, Paroraioi, Tymphaioi, etc.) tribes, spoke a North-West Doric variety akin to that of numerous neighboring populations of central and western Greece".
- ^ Filos 2017, p. 240
- ^ a b Toynbee 1969, p. 113: "If the Odomantoi-Athamanes and the Tyntenoi-Atintanes were, in truth, each a fracture Paeonian people whose original unity is attested, in either case, by the survival of an identical name, we can account for this by supposing that, in the course ofthe course of the post - Mycenaean Völkerwanderung , both these Paeonian peoples were split , by impacts from the rear , somewhere in the basin of the River Morava , with the result that their eastern splinters were driven down the Strymon valley , while their western splinters were pushed away to the Adriatic side of the continental divide (..) However, before accepting Kiechers' interpretation of the name 'Atintanes' in terms of Greek, we should have to satisfy ourselves that it was not an Illyrian name but was a Greek one (as its termination -anes perhaps suggests that it may have been)
- ^ a b Toynbee, p. 112: "The authentic Epirot rivers Acheron and Kokytos were translated to the Greek Hades ; an authentic Epirot people , the Atintanes , gave the Greeks their name for a mythical race of giants , the Titanes ( titans )"
- ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 45.
- ^ Lamelles Oraculaires 161
- ^ Mallios 2011, p. 134.
- ^ Mallios 2011, p. 134
- ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Ceka 2013, p. 384.
- ^ Cabanes, p. 230 .
- ^ Ceka 2013, p. 385.
- ^ Šašel Kos 2005, p. 276"The Atintanes: Appian is also the only one to mention the Illyrian Atintani ( sic , not Atintanes ) who , ...
- ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 46"Appian's (III. 7-8) use of the ethnic "Illyrian" for the Atintanes has been explained away as referring to their political situation after their annexation by Illyrian rulers (Cabanes 1986), 82"
- ^ Fox, Robin J.; Fox, Robin Lane. Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC - 300 AD. BRILL. p. 95. ISBN 978-90-04-20650-2.
Referring to Roman administration of Macedonia... bounded by Illyria and Epirus. Certinaly part of Atintania and the area regrded as Dassaretis belonged to Epirus.
- ^ Mesihović & Šačić 2015, p. 44: "Kao najjužniji ilirski narod Pseudo – Skilaks spominje Atintane. Porijeklo ovog naroda još uvijek u nauci nije riješeno jer ih Tukidid povezuje sa Mološanima odnosno Epiranima."
- ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 45: "In spite of the relatively numerous citations, there has been no consensus on the location of Atintania."
- ^ Mallios 2011, p. 133"Άλλοι τους κατατάσσουν στα ποικιλώνυμα ηπειρωτικά φύλα, άλλοι τους συνδέουν με τους Ιλλυριούς".
- ^ a b c Dausse 2015, p. 27: "Ils peuvent apparaître comme Épirotes à certains moments et Macédoniens à d'autres. C'est le cas des Atintanes, cédés à Pyrrhos en 295 mais qui reviennent aux Macédoniens lors de la paix de Phoinicé en 205."
- ^ a b c d Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 46.
- ^ Ceka 2009, p. 12.
- ^ Toynbee 1969, p. 101: "If the coins from the lower Strymon region that bear the name "Tyntenoi" are authentic , they give us a second correspondence between an ethnikon in the lower Strymon basin and one in Epirus , where we find the Atintanes in between the Parauaioi and the Khaones.
- ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 217: "A major problem of historical topography is considered by M.B. Hatzopoulos, that is the question of the Atintanes and their situation, in the aftermath of the radical solution of N.G.L. Hammond (JRS 79 [1989] 11-25) which distinguishes two groups of that name,- Illyrian Atintani in the Cermenike region of Central Albania and the Epirote Atintanes somewhere around the upper Drino. It is, according to Hammond, the former who figure of Cassander's operations against Epidamnus in 314 BC (Polyaenus 4.11.4) and subsequently in the Illyrian and Macedonian wars of Rome reported by Polybius (2.11.10-11; 7.9.13), Appian (///. 7-8) and Livy (27.30.13; 29.12.13; 45.30.7). The latter figure in the western Greek campaigns of the Spartan admiral Knemos in 429 BC (Thuc. 2.80.6) and also named by Pseudo- Scylax (c. 26), Lycophron {Alex. 1042-6) and Strabo (7.7.8)."
- ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 62: “En commençant par le Sud, les premières populations qui voisinent avec les Épirotes sont les Atintanes, et ce ne sont pas les plus simples à situer sur le terrain ; il suffit de voir les problèmes qu’ils ont suscités à N. G. L. Hammond qui en arrive à multiplier les Atintanes en distinguant une Atintania épirote d’une Atintanis, qu’il place, d’abord, au Nord d’Elbasan dans la région appelée Çermenikë […]. J’ai repris l’ensemble des témoignages existant sur les Atintanes, et je ne reprendrai pas ici la démonstration, me limitant à en donner les conclusions et en me réjouissant que, dans une recherche parallèle, F. Papazoglou soit arrivée à des résultats identiques. L’Atintanie est située dans la zone de collines qui s’étend sur la rive droite de l’Aoos dans la Mallakastra, au Nord de Tepelen et peut-être jusque dans la région de Skrapar.”
- ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 97: "Another view locates Atintanes among the hills on the right bank of the Aous in the Mallakastra north of Tepelen and perhaps as far as the area of Skrapar.
- ^ Katsikoudis 2000, p. 171: "Για το κοινό τω ν Βυλλιόνων βλ. Ν. Ceka. Le Koinon des Bylliones. L‘ lllyrie meridionale et Empire dans Γantiquite. Actes du colloque international de C lerm ont-Ferrand (22-25 octobre 1984), 1987,135-49. OiN.G.L. Hammond. "The Illyrian Atintani. theEpirotic Atintanes and the Roman Protectorate", JRS 79( 1989) 11-25, και M B. Hatzopoulos. «Le probleme des Atintanes et le peuplement de la vallee del' A oos». L' lllyrie meridionale et L' Epire dans L' Antiquite, Actes du He colloque international de ClermontFerrand, 1993, 183-90 αντέκρουσαν πειστικά τη θεωρία των Αλβανών αρχαιολόγων που υποστηρίζουν ότι στο έθνος των Ατιντάνων ανήκαν η Αντιγόνεια. η Αμαντια, η Νίκαια, η Βύλλιδα και η Ολύμπη."
- ^ Castiglioni 2003, p. 876: "P. Cabanes (...) ritiene che essi siano la prima popolazione illirica partendo da sud, ai confini con l’Epiro. L’Atintania sarebbe situata nella zona collinare che si estende sulla riva destra dell’Aoos nella Mallakastra, a nord di Tepelenë e forse fino alla regione di Skrapar. Il testo di Licofrone sembrerebbe del resto far riferimento a quest’area."
- ^ Ceka 2009, p. 12: "Në këtë vendosje ne përkojmë me komentin e kësaj ngjarje nga P. Cabanes, i cili i vendos atintanët në krahinën e Mallakastrës, por ndahemi prej tij, kur i shtrin edhe në krahinën e Skraparit, duke ndjekur vendosjen që i ka bërë H. Ceka."
- ^ Ceka 2009, p. 6.
- ^ Mallios 2011, p. 134.
- ^ a b Wilkes 1995, p. 217: "Unable to accept Hammond's duality, Hatzopoulos presumes an error on the part of Polyaenus (based on Hieronymus of Cardia) who would have been ignorant of local geography. Along with the Chaones, the Atintanes will have been the most northerly of the Epirote communities. On the north, between them and the Parthini, Taulantians and the real Illyrian Dassareatii, existed a mixed zone as a part of Illyria but culturally an extension of Greek - speaking Epirus ."
- ^ Winnifrith 2002, p. 46: "Peaceful transhumance rather than warlike raids may have caused some tribes to move. We have referred to the problem of the Atintanes and the Parauaei. The Atintanes marching with the Molossians would seem to live in Greek Epirus, but we also find Atintani in the Albanian coastal plain. Vlach shepherds before the First World War used to journey from one district to the other , but there may be two tribes with similar names ."
- ^ Mallios 2011, p. 134-135.
- ^ Shehi 2015, p. 28: "La Première Guerre fut perdue par les Illyriens, lesquelles ont dû renoncer à une grande partie de l’Illyrie méridionale (Pol., ii 11, 18)64. Les villes de Dyrrhachium et d’Apollonia, ainsi que les territoires des Parthines et des Atintanes, entrèrent sous la protection des Romains." p. 45: "Vraisemblablement sous le nom des Atintanes, mentionné par les auteurs anciens, étaient réunis trois koinons principaux : Bylliones, Amantes et les Atintanes proprement dits."
- ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 47, 73.
- ^ Ceka 2013, p. 66.
- ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 44: Taking into consideration that in the passage from Thucydides the Parauaioi are directly coupled with the Orestai and connected more loosely with the Molossoi and the Atintanes...
- ^ Pliakou 2008, pp. 290 .
- ^ Hammond 1994a, p. 442.
- ^ Cabanes, L'Épire 545,12
- ^ Šašel Kos 2005, p. 277:On the other hand , at the end of the fourth century BC , during the reign of Neoptolemus ( 313 – 295 BC ) , an inscription from Dodona indicates that the Atintanes did not belong to Epirus ; in it , the Epirote confederacy granted ateleia , an exemption from duties , to an Atintanian , a member of a nearby tribe who obviously did not belong to the Epirote state at the time ( SGDI 1336 )
- ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 111, 143, 145, 147.
- ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 231.
- ^ Hammond 1994b, p. 252: "A clue to the position of the Atintanes is provided in Polybius' account of the seizure of Phoenice by Illyrian pirates in 230 B.C. (2. 5). When an Epirote force was encamped outside Phoenice, the Illyrians made a sortie by night from Phoenice and next day defeated the Epirotes. The survivors of the Epirotes fled 'in the direction of the Atintanes. ... eastwards towards Mt Murgana and the headwaters of the Drin, where reinforcements might be available."
- ^ Hammond 1967, p. 598: ""that Atintania had been ceded by the Epirote League to Teuta in 230"
- ^ Leveque 1997, p. 80: "The koinon of the Epirotes abandoned the alliance with the Aitolians and sided with Teuta, which probably cost them the loss of Atintania."
- ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 46: "The political history of Atintania was complicated. An independent principality allied to the Molossoi, it was brieflly annexed by the Illyrians (230), but the Atintanes took advantage of the Roman intervention of the following year in order to put themselves under Roman protection."
- ^ Morton, Jacob Nathan (2017). Shifting Landscapes, Policies, And Morals: A Topographically Driven Analysis Of The Roman Wars In Greece From 200 Bc To 168 Bc (PDF). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. p. 15. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
In 229 BC Rome first established in the region a group of cities and peoples under their direct protection: Corcyra, Apollonia, Dyrrachium, the Ardiaei, the Parthini, the Atintanes, and Issa
- ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 277, 288.
- ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 162
- ^ Ceka 2013, p. 181.
- ^ Winnifrith 2002, p. 63: "Rome was busy, especially after the Battle of Cannae in which L. Aemilius Paullus, the victor of the second Illyrian war, had been de-feated and killed in 217. In 216 Philip sailed past Corcyra to Apollonia, but beat a hasty retreat on the arrival of a Roman fleet. In 215 he made a formal treaty with Hannibal and in 214 again attacked Apollonia unsuccessfully by sea. He detached the Parthini and the Atintanes from the Roman alliance, but the main body of Illyrians north of the Shkum-bin remained loyal under Scerdilaidas."
- ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 46-47
- ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 47
- ^ Thompson 2003, p. 23: "after the Macedonian defeat by the Romans at Pydna, the later patured a total of seventy settlements of the Molossians and the Atintanians and sold 150,000 men into slavery."
- ^ Filos 2017, p. 242.
Bibliography
- Cabanes, Pierre (1988). Les illyriens de Bardulis à Genthios (IVe–IIe siècles avant J.-C.) [The Illyrians from Bardylis to Gentius (4th – 2nd century BC)] (in French). Paris: SEDES. ISBN 2718138416.
- Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2003). "Il monumento degli Apolloniati a Olimpia". Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Antiquité. 115 (2): 867–880. doi:10.3406/mefr.2003.9796.
- Hatzopoulos, M. B. (1997). "The Borders of Hellenism in Epirus during Antiquity". In M. V. Sakellariou (ed.). Ηπειρος: 4000 χρόνια ελληνικής ιστορίας και πολιτισμού. Ekdotike Athenon. ISBN 9789602133712.
- Hatzopoulos, M. B. (2020). Ancient Macedonia. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-071868-3.
- Ceka, Neritan (2009). "Atintanët: një rivështrim mbi territorin dhe historinë e tyre / Les Atintanes, un nouvel aperçu de leur territoire et de leur histoire". Iliria. 34: 5–23. doi:10.3406/iliri.2009.1078.
- Ceka, Olgita (2012). "Il koinon e la città. L'esempio di Byllis". In G. de Marinis; G.M. FabriniG. Paci; R. Perna; M. Silvestrini (eds.). I processi formativi ed evolutividella città in area adriatica. BAR International Series. Vol. 2419. Archaeopress. pp. 59–64. ISBN 978-1-4073-1018-3.
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