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{{Use British English|date=June 2014}} |
{{Use British English|date=June 2014}} |
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{{Infobox goat breed |
{{Infobox goat breed |
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| name = |
| name = Aspromonte |
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| image = |
| image = |
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| image_size = 280px |
| image_size = 280px |
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| image_alt = |
| image_alt = |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = |
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| status = |
| status = {{nobreak|[[FAO]] (2007): no data<ref name="Rischkowsky" />}} |
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| altname = {{unbulleted list| |
| altname = {{unbulleted list|{{lang|it|''capra dell'Aspromonte''}}<!--Not given in title case in Italian.-->|Aspromontana}} |
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| nickname = |
| nickname = |
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| country = Italy |
| country = Italy |
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| distribution = [[ |
| distribution = [[Province of Reggio Calabria]] |
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| standard = [http://www.assonapa.it/norme_ecc/CAPRINI-RA_Standard_WEB/Argentata.htm MIPAAF] |
| standard = [http://www.assonapa.it/norme_ecc/CAPRINI-RA_Standard_WEB/Argentata.htm MIPAAF] |
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| use = dual-purpose, milk and meat<ref name= |
| use = dual-purpose, milk and meat<ref name="Bigi" /> |
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| maleweight = 64 |
| maleweight = 64 kg<ref name="ASPA2" /> |
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| femaleweight = 43 |
| femaleweight = 43 kg<ref name="ASPA2" /> |
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| maleheight = 73 |
| maleheight = 73 cm<ref name="ASPA2" /> |
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| femaleheight = 69 |
| femaleheight = 69 cm<ref name="ASPA2" /> |
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| type = |
| type = |
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| skincolor = |
| skincolor = usually according to coat, but may be grey-black to pink |
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| woolcolor = very variable |
| woolcolor = very variable |
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| facecolor = |
| facecolor = |
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| horns = usually horned<ref name= |
| horns = usually horned<ref name="ASPA2" /> |
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| beard = usually bearded<ref name= |
| beard = usually bearded<ref name="ASPA2" /> |
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| tassels = usually present<ref name= |
| tassels = usually present<ref name="ASPA2" /> |
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| note = |
| note = |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Aspromonte''' |
The '''Aspromonte''' ({{lang-it|'''capra dell'Aspromonte'''}}<!--This is not title-cased in Italian reliable sources.--><ref name="ASPA2" /><ref name="Agraria" /><ref name="Formaggio" />) is an indigenous [[standardised breed]] of [[goat|domestic goat]] from the mountain [[massif]] of the [[Aspromonte]], in the [[province of Reggio Calabria]], in [[Calabria]], southern Italy, for which it is named. It is raised only in the province of Reggio Calabria, mainly in the Aspromonte, in the [[Zomaro|Altipiano dello Zomaro]] (Zomaro plateau) to the north-east, and in the [[Ionian Sea|Ionian]] coastal areas of the province, and particularly in areas of [[Griko people|Griko culture]].<ref name="Bigi" /><ref name="Agraria" /> While the breed is thought to originate on the Aspromonte, it may have been influenced by the various other goat breeds, including the [[Abyssinian goat]], the [[Maltese goat|Maltese]], and a type known as "Tibetan" with long silky hair, whose importation to Calabria in the early twentieth century is well-documented.<ref name="Bigi" /> It is classified as a European Mediterranean breed.<ref name="Agraria" /> |
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The Aspromontana is one of the forty-three autochthonous Italian goat breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the [[Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia]], the Italian national association of sheep- and goat-breeders.<ref name= |
The Aspromontana is one of the forty-three autochthonous Italian goat breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the [[Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia]], the Italian national association of sheep- and goat-breeders.<ref name="MPAAF" /> At the end of 2013 the registered population was reported as between 26,249<ref name="DAD-IS" /> and 27,164<ref name="ASPA1" />, with around 23,000 of them registered in [[herdbook]]s. |
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== |
==Uses== |
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The Aspromonte is principally used for [[dairy]] production, but a "strong habit of eating goat meat in the area"<!--Quotation translated from Italian.--> leads to attention paid to improving the breed's bodily characteristics.<ref name="Agraria" /> Their [[wool]] is also used for its "unique qualities of hardiness and frugality"<!--Quotation translated from Italian.-->,<ref name="Agraria" /> and it also plays an major role in pasture maintenance, which in turn influences soil stability, wildfire prevention, conservation of local [[biodiversity]], and other concerns important to managing and developing mountain farms.<ref name="Agraria" /> |
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===Dairy production=== |
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⚫ | The minimum [[ |
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<!--[[caprino dell'Aspromonte]] redirects to this section.--> |
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⚫ | The minimum [[Goat's milk|milk]] yield allowable for registration of Aspromonte nannies is 120 litres in 150 days for [[primiparous]], 130 l in 160 days for [[secondiparous]] and 180 l in 210 days for [[pluriparous]] animals<ref name="ASPA2" /><ref name="Agraria" /> Reported averages are, respectively, 140nbsp;l in 150 days, 150 l in 160 days, and 220 l in 210 days.<ref name="Agraria" /> The milk averages 3.95% [[fat]], 3.57% [[protein]] and 4.63% [[lactose]].<ref name="Agraria" /> |
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Aspromonte goats' milk is used to make local [[Goat cheese|cheeses]] of many kinds,<ref name="Bigi" /> including one named for it, '''caprino dell'Aspromonte'''<!--That name is not title-cased in Italian. It might be in English IF it's a Protected Designation of Origin product, but we'd need a source for that.-->, a semi-hard to hard cheese of medium to high aromatic intensity, produced in the autumn by farmers on the eastern side of the Aspromonte range, on the [[Ionian Sea]].<ref name="Formaggio" /> |
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==Characteristics== |
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A medium-sized goat, light-necked, with a small head, which is characterised by a straight nasal profile, medium-sized ears and eyes, and a hair tuft in front of the [[lyre]]-shaped horns of both sexes. Ears may be upright or horizontal. [[Dewlap]]s, usually bilateral, and beards are typical of both sexes. The abdomen is fairly large for the size of the animal, with a straight back, and a moderately sloping, developed [[rump]]). The [[udder]] of the female, with medium-sized [[teats]], are firmly attached, similar to those of sheep, and only rarely [[wikt:pyriform|pyriform]]. The hooves are long, with thick, dark soles. Males have larger heads and horns, stronger limbs, and coarser hair.<ref name="Agraria" /> |
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Average measurements for height at the [[withers]] (shoulder) are 73 cm for males and 69 for females; for body length are 72 cm for males and 66 for females; for chest circumference are 99 cm for males and 91 for females; for head length are 19 cm for males and 18 for females; for horn length are 59 cm for males and 34 for females; and for weight are 64 kg for males and 43 for females.<ref name="Agraria" /> |
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The coat is long, with a [[Cashmere wool|Cashmere]]-type undercoat, and usually ruddy, but there are various colour variant classifications, including red-and-white, black-and-white, grey, brown, brown-and-red and [[wikt:particoloured|particoloured]]. The skin is described as "fine and elastic", and usually matches the coat, though may range from pink to grey-black.<ref name="Agraria" /> |
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The Aspromonte's annual fertility rate is (i.e. bred females who give birth) is 98%, with average age of first calving of 15 months. Reproductive productivity is 148–159%, depending upon how calculated.<ref name="Agraria" /> |
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Certain [[conformation#Animal breeding]]<!--Intentional link to disambiguation page until we have a proper article at this location; the horse and dog articles available there get the point across for now.--> defects are permissible in pedigreed individuals of the breed, including coat colour deviatons, and small ears, but some are impermissible, including short, coarse hair, or a squat head.<ref name="Agraria" /> |
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===Colour forms=== |
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Several specific patterns have distinguishing names, often derived ultimately from [[Greek language|Greek]]:<!--These names are not capitalised in Italian, no source for English equivalents or capitalizing them in English.--><ref name="Agraria" /> |
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* ''{{lang|it|càpula}}'': streaked with white on some other colour |
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* ''{{lang|it|jèrina}} or ''{{lang|it|jèràna}}: two-colour spotted |
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* ''{{lang|it|mùrina}}'': white-faced |
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* ''{{lang|it|làfina}}'': black with red spots |
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* ''{{lang|it|ròdina}}'': reddish, the most typical form |
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* ''{{lang|it|ròmana}}'': half-white, half-black |
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* ''{{lang|it|rusolàfina}}'': mixed reddish and grey |
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* ''{{lang|it|rusojèrina}}'' or ''{{lang|it|risojèrina}}'': mixed reddish and white |
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* ''{{lang|it|rusofèlina}}'': reddish mixed with another colour |
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* ''{{lang|it|rusocàpula}}'' or ''{{lang|it|risocàpula}}'': reddish streaked with another colour |
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* ''{{lang|it|rusocàstina}}'' or ''{{lang|it|risocàstina}}'': reddish chestnut |
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* ''{{lang|it|rusofàvara}}'' or ''{{lang|it|risofàvara}}'': reddish and [[piebald]] |
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* ''{{lang|it|rusolìvina}}'' or ''{{lang|it|risolìvina}}'': grey with reddish spots |
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* ''{{lang|it|rusomùrina}}'' or ''{{lang|it|rusomùrina}}'': reddish with a white face |
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* ''{{lang|it|rusopetròla}}'' or ''{{lang|it|risopetròla}}'': particoloured with reddish spots |
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* ''{{lang|it|rusosàgripa}}'' or ''{{lang|it|risosàgripa}}'': reddish with white spots and a black muzzle |
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* ''{{lang|it|xèdela}}'': black, with red belly or a strip of white or brown |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|refs= |
{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="Agraria">{{cite web |url= http://www.agraria.org/caprini/capraaspromonte.htm |language=Italian |title=Capra dell'Aspromonte |trans-title=Aspromonte Goat |at="Atlante delle razze caprine" [Atlas of Goat Breeds] section |editor1-first=Floro |editor1-last=De Nardo |editor2-first=Marco |editor2-last=Salvaterra |work=Istruzione agraria online [Agricultural Education Online] <!--That is not title-cased in Italian.--> |issn=1970-2620 |publisher=Agraria.org<!--Actual copyright-holder legal name; the org. is an agribusiness consortium and journal publisher, the members of which are listed at bottom of the site's homepage.--> |location=Pinzolo, Italy |date=2007 |accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=aspa2>[http://www.assonapa.it/Consistenze/Cons_razza.asp?Anno=2013&Cod_razza=89 Consistenze Provinciali della Razza 89 Aspromonte Anno 2013] (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale dell Pastorizia: Banca dati. Accessed June 2014.</ref> |
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<ref name= |
<ref name="ASPA1">{{cite web |url= http://www.AssoNaPa.it/Consistenze/Cons_razza.asp?Anno=2013&Cod_razza=89 |title=Consistenze Provinciali della Razza 89 Aspromonte Anno 2013 |trans-title=Oustanding Provincial Breed 89, Aspromonte, Year 2013 |language=Italian |work=AssoNaPa.it |publisher=Associazione Nazionale dell Pastorizia [National Association of Pastoralism] / Banca Dati |location=Milan |date=2013 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |accessdate=June 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ASPA2">{{cite web |url= http://www.AssoNaPa.it/norme_ecc/CAPRINI-RA_Standard_WEB/CAPRADELLASPROMONTE.htm |title=Norme tecniche della popolazione caprina "Capra dell'Aspromonte": standard della razza |trans-title=Technical Standards of the Goat Population "Aspromonte Goat": Breed Standard |language=Italian |work=AssoNaPa.it |publisher=Associazione Nazionale dell Pastorizia |location=Milan |accessdate=June 2014}}</ref> |
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⚫ | <ref name= |
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<ref name= |
<ref name="Bigi">{{cite book |first1=Daniele |last1=Bigi |first2=Alessio |last2=Zanon date=2008 |title=Atlante delle razze autoctone: Bovini, equini, ovicaprini, suini allevati in Italia |trans-title=Atlas of Autochthonous Breeds: Cattle, Horses, Sheep and Goats, Pigs Bred in Italy |language=Italian |location=Milan, Italy |publisher=Edagricole |isbn=9788850652594 |pages=318–19}}</ref> |
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<ref name= |
<ref name="DAD-IS">{{cite web |url= http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=0b1613ebf16355cf65f6a05b9a65fe25,reportsreport8a_50006862 |title=Capra dell'Aspromonte/Italy |work=Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |location=Geneva, Switzerland |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |accessdate=June 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Formaggio">{{cite web |url= http://www.formaggio.it/formaggio/caprino-dellaspromonte-p-a-t/ |title=Caprino dell'Aspromonte P.A.T. |work=Formaggio.it – [The Ambassador of Italian Cheese to the World]<!--That is not title-cased in Italian.--> |editor1-first=Massimo |editor1-last=Boraso |editor2-first=Giovanni |editor2-last=Bertizzolo |publisher=Boraso.com Srl<!--Internet marketing firm of Italian cheese industry; see their "Chi siamo" ('About Us') page for details.--> |location=Occhionbello and Milan, Italy |language=Italian |date=August 2013 |accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=dm>[http://www.politicheagricole.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeAttachment.php/L/IT/D/1%252Ff%252F9%252FD.8551668d49c199df1401/P/BLOB%3AID%3D2023 Strutture Zootecniche (Dec. 2009/712/CE - Allegato 2 - Capitolo 2)] (in Italian). Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali. Section '''I''' (e). Accessed June 2014.</ref> |
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<ref name="MPAAF">{{cite web |url= http://www.politicheagricole.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeAttachment.php/L/IT/D/1%252Ff%252F9%252FD.8551668d49c199df1401/P/BLOB%3AID%3D2023 |format=PDF |title=Strutture Zootecniche (Dec. 2009/712/CE - Allegato 2 - Capitolo 2) |trans-title=Livestock Facilities (Dec. 2009/712/EC - Annex 2 - Chapter 2) |language=Italian |work=PoliticheAgricole.it |publisher=Ministerio delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, Dipartimento delle Politiche europee ed internazionali e dello sviluppo rurale Direzione generale dello sviluppo rurale [Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, Department of International and European Affairs and Rural Development Directorate-General for Rural Development] |location=Bussolengo, Italy |at=Section '''I''' (e) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=January 2013 |accessdate=June 2014}}</ref> |
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⚫ | <ref name="Rischkowsky">{{cite web |editor1-first=Barbara |editor1=last=Rischkowsky |editor2-first=D. |editor2-last=Pilling |date=2007 |url= ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf |format=PDF |title=Breeds Currently Recorded in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources}} Annex to {{cite web |url= ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1250e/a1250e.pdf |format=PDF |title=The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture |work=FAO.org |location=Rome |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=9789251057629 |accessdate=June 2014}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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==Additional reading== |
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{{cite web |url= http://www.agraria.org/caprini/capraaspromonte.htm |language=Italian |title=Capra dell'Aspromonte |trans-title=Aspromonte Goat |at="Atlante delle razze caprine" [Atlas of Goat Breeds] section |editor1-first=Floro |editor1-last=De Nardo |editor2-first=Marco |editor2-last=Salvaterra |work=Istruzione agraria online [Agricultural Education Online] <!--That is not title-cased in Italian.--> |issn=1970-2620 |publisher=Agraria.org<!--Actual copyright-holder legal name; the org. is an agribusiness consortium and journal publisher, the members of which are listed at bottom of the site's homepage.--> |location=Pinzolo, Italy |date=2007}} – provides many additional statistics, and a biometric grading scale |
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{{Goat breeds of Italy}} |
{{Goat breeds of Italy}} |
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[[Category:Dairy goat breeds]] |
[[Category:Dairy goat breeds]] |
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[[Category:Goat breeds originating in Italy]] |
[[Category:Goat breeds originating in Italy]] |
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{{goat-stub}} |
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{{Italy-stub}} |
Revision as of 11:05, 19 November 2014
Conservation status | FAO (2007): no data[1] |
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Other names |
|
Country of origin | Italy |
Distribution | Province of Reggio Calabria |
Standard | MIPAAF |
Use | dual-purpose, milk and meat[2] |
Traits | |
Weight | |
Height | |
Skin color | usually according to coat, but may be grey-black to pink |
Wool color | very variable |
Horn status | usually horned[3] |
Beard | usually bearded[3] |
Tassels | usually present[3] |
|
The Aspromonte (Italian: capra dell'Aspromonte[3][4][5]) is an indigenous standardised breed of domestic goat from the mountain massif of the Aspromonte, in the province of Reggio Calabria, in Calabria, southern Italy, for which it is named. It is raised only in the province of Reggio Calabria, mainly in the Aspromonte, in the Altipiano dello Zomaro (Zomaro plateau) to the north-east, and in the Ionian coastal areas of the province, and particularly in areas of Griko culture.[2][4] While the breed is thought to originate on the Aspromonte, it may have been influenced by the various other goat breeds, including the Abyssinian goat, the Maltese, and a type known as "Tibetan" with long silky hair, whose importation to Calabria in the early twentieth century is well-documented.[2] It is classified as a European Mediterranean breed.[4]
The Aspromontana is one of the forty-three autochthonous Italian goat breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep- and goat-breeders.[6] At the end of 2013 the registered population was reported as between 26,249[7] and 27,164[8], with around 23,000 of them registered in herdbooks.
Uses
The Aspromonte is principally used for dairy production, but a "strong habit of eating goat meat in the area" leads to attention paid to improving the breed's bodily characteristics.[4] Their wool is also used for its "unique qualities of hardiness and frugality",[4] and it also plays an major role in pasture maintenance, which in turn influences soil stability, wildfire prevention, conservation of local biodiversity, and other concerns important to managing and developing mountain farms.[4]
Dairy production
The minimum milk yield allowable for registration of Aspromonte nannies is 120 litres in 150 days for primiparous, 130 l in 160 days for secondiparous and 180 l in 210 days for pluriparous animals[3][4] Reported averages are, respectively, 140nbsp;l in 150 days, 150 l in 160 days, and 220 l in 210 days.[4] The milk averages 3.95% fat, 3.57% protein and 4.63% lactose.[4]
Aspromonte goats' milk is used to make local cheeses of many kinds,[2] including one named for it, caprino dell'Aspromonte, a semi-hard to hard cheese of medium to high aromatic intensity, produced in the autumn by farmers on the eastern side of the Aspromonte range, on the Ionian Sea.[5]
Characteristics
A medium-sized goat, light-necked, with a small head, which is characterised by a straight nasal profile, medium-sized ears and eyes, and a hair tuft in front of the lyre-shaped horns of both sexes. Ears may be upright or horizontal. Dewlaps, usually bilateral, and beards are typical of both sexes. The abdomen is fairly large for the size of the animal, with a straight back, and a moderately sloping, developed rump). The udder of the female, with medium-sized teats, are firmly attached, similar to those of sheep, and only rarely pyriform. The hooves are long, with thick, dark soles. Males have larger heads and horns, stronger limbs, and coarser hair.[4]
Average measurements for height at the withers (shoulder) are 73 cm for males and 69 for females; for body length are 72 cm for males and 66 for females; for chest circumference are 99 cm for males and 91 for females; for head length are 19 cm for males and 18 for females; for horn length are 59 cm for males and 34 for females; and for weight are 64 kg for males and 43 for females.[4]
The coat is long, with a Cashmere-type undercoat, and usually ruddy, but there are various colour variant classifications, including red-and-white, black-and-white, grey, brown, brown-and-red and particoloured. The skin is described as "fine and elastic", and usually matches the coat, though may range from pink to grey-black.[4]
The Aspromonte's annual fertility rate is (i.e. bred females who give birth) is 98%, with average age of first calving of 15 months. Reproductive productivity is 148–159%, depending upon how calculated.[4]
Certain conformation#Animal breeding defects are permissible in pedigreed individuals of the breed, including coat colour deviatons, and small ears, but some are impermissible, including short, coarse hair, or a squat head.[4]
Colour forms
Several specific patterns have distinguishing names, often derived ultimately from Greek:[4]
- càpula: streaked with white on some other colour
- jèrina or jèràna: two-colour spotted
- mùrina: white-faced
- làfina: black with red spots
- ròdina: reddish, the most typical form
- ròmana: half-white, half-black
- rusolàfina: mixed reddish and grey
- rusojèrina or risojèrina: mixed reddish and white
- rusofèlina: reddish mixed with another colour
- rusocàpula or risocàpula: reddish streaked with another colour
- rusocàstina or risocàstina: reddish chestnut
- rusofàvara or risofàvara: reddish and piebald
- rusolìvina or risolìvina: grey with reddish spots
- rusomùrina or rusomùrina: reddish with a white face
- rusopetròla or risopetròla: particoloured with reddish spots
- rusosàgripa or risosàgripa: reddish with white spots and a black muzzle
- xèdela: black, with red belly or a strip of white or brown
References
- ^ last=Rischkowsky, Barbara; Pilling, D., eds. (2007). "Breeds Currently Recorded in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources" (PDF).
{{cite web}}
: Missing pipe in:|editor1=
(help) Annex to "The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture" (PDF). FAO.org. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Retrieved June 2014.{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ a b c d Bigi, Daniele; Zanon date=2008, Alessio. Atlante delle razze autoctone: Bovini, equini, ovicaprini, suini allevati in Italia [Atlas of Autochthonous Breeds: Cattle, Horses, Sheep and Goats, Pigs Bred in Italy] (in Italian). Milan, Italy: Edagricole. pp. 318–19. ISBN 9788850652594.
{{cite book}}
: Missing pipe in:|last2=
(help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i "Norme tecniche della popolazione caprina "Capra dell'Aspromonte": standard della razza" [Technical Standards of the Goat Population "Aspromonte Goat": Breed Standard]. AssoNaPa.it (in Italian). Milan: Associazione Nazionale dell Pastorizia. Retrieved June 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o De Nardo, Floro; Salvaterra, Marco, eds. (2007). "Capra dell'Aspromonte" [Aspromonte Goat]. Istruzione agraria online [Agricultural Education Online] (in Italian). Pinzolo, Italy: Agraria.org. "Atlante delle razze caprine" [Atlas of Goat Breeds] section. ISSN 1970-2620. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ a b Boraso, Massimo; Bertizzolo, Giovanni, eds. (August 2013). "Caprino dell'Aspromonte P.A.T." Formaggio.it – [The Ambassador of Italian Cheese to the World] (in Italian). Occhionbello and Milan, Italy: Boraso.com Srl. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ "Strutture Zootecniche (Dec. 2009/712/CE - Allegato 2 - Capitolo 2)" [Livestock Facilities (Dec. 2009/712/EC - Annex 2 - Chapter 2)] (PDF). PoliticheAgricole.it (in Italian). Bussolengo, Italy: Ministerio delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, Dipartimento delle Politiche europee ed internazionali e dello sviluppo rurale Direzione generale dello sviluppo rurale [Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, Department of International and European Affairs and Rural Development Directorate-General for Rural Development]. January 2013. Section I (e). Retrieved June 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ "Capra dell'Aspromonte/Italy". Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS). Geneva, Switzerland: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014. Retrieved June 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ "Consistenze Provinciali della Razza 89 Aspromonte Anno 2013" [Oustanding Provincial Breed 89, Aspromonte, Year 2013]. AssoNaPa.it (in Italian). Milan: Associazione Nazionale dell Pastorizia [National Association of Pastoralism] / Banca Dati. 2013. Retrieved June 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help)
Additional reading
De Nardo, Floro; Salvaterra, Marco, eds. (2007). "Capra dell'Aspromonte" [Aspromonte Goat]. Istruzione agraria online [Agricultural Education Online] (in Italian). Pinzolo, Italy: Agraria.org. "Atlante delle razze caprine" [Atlas of Goat Breeds] section. ISSN 1970-2620. – provides many additional statistics, and a biometric grading scale