→Arts and entertainment: removing unsourced/uneeded "and many others"; it's clear the list is not complete |
m →Early history: ce |
||
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
===Early history === |
===Early history === |
||
The first Armenians came to [[North America]] in early 17th century. The first recorded Armenian to set foot in the [[New World]] was Martin the Armenian, an [[Iran]]ian tobacco grower. He came to |
The first Armenians came to [[North America]] in early 17th century. The first recorded Armenian to set foot in the [[New World]] was Martin the Armenian, an [[Iran]]ian tobacco grower. He came to [[Jamestown, Virginia]] in 1618.{{sfn|Bakalian|1993|p=33}}<ref name="Papazian"/> In 1653–1654 two Armenians from the [[Ottoman Empire]] were invited to [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]] to raise [[Bombyx mori|silk worms]].{{sfn|Bakalian|1993|p=33}}<ref name="Papazian"/> A few other Armenians are recorded as having come to the U.S. in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but most came as individuals and did not establish communities. By the 1770s over 70 Armenians had settled in the colonies.{{sfn|Bakalian|1993|p=33}} The persecution of Christian minorities under the Ottoman Empire and American missionary activities resulted in a small wave of Armenian migration to the U.S. in 1830s from [[Cilicia]] and [[Western Armenia]]. Khachadour Osganian, a [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] American missionary school student arrived in America in 1834 to pursue higher education.{{sfn|Bakalian|1993|p=33}} He later worked for the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' and became the [[New York Press Club]] president.<ref name="encyclopedia of ny"/> Many Armenians followed him and came to the U.S. for education.<ref name="Armenian Printing">{{cite news|last=Matiossian|first=Vartan|title=Teotig: The First Historian of Armenian Printing|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/08/31/teotig/|agency=''[[The Armenian Weekly]]''|accessdate=26 November 2012|date=31 August 2012}}</ref> |
||
[[File:Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg|thumb|250px|An Armenian family in [[Boston]], 1908]] |
[[File:Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg|thumb|250px|An Armenian family in [[Boston]], 1908]] |
||
A number of Armenians were known to have served |
A number of Armenians were known to have served in the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Three Armenian doctors, Simeon Minasian, Garabed Galstian, and Baronig Matevosian, worked at military hospitals in [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="Nersisyan">{{cite journal|last=Nersisyan|first=Mkrtich|title=Քաղաքական պատերազմը Ամերիկայում հայ պարբերական մամուլի լուսաբանությամբ|journal=''[[Patma-Banasirakan Handes]]''|year=1961|volume=№ 2 (13)|pages=47–66|trans_title=The American Civil War as Elucidated in the Armenian Periodical Press|publisher=[[Armenian National Academy of Sciences]]|language=Armenian}}</ref> The only Armenian known to have participated in hostilities was Khachadour Paul Garabedian, who enlisted in the [[Union Navy]]. A naturalized citizen who hailed from [[Rodosto]], Garabedian served aboard the blockade ships ''[[USS Geranium (1863)|USS Geranium]]'' and ''[[USS Grand Gulf (1863)|USS Grand Gulf]]'' as a Third Assistant Engineer (and later was made an officer) from 1864 until his honorable discharge from the Navy in August 1865.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boltz|first=Martha M.|title=The Civil War's only Armenian soldier to be honored|url=http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/civil-war/2011/sep/20/civil-wars-only-armenian-soldier-be-honored/|publisher=''[[The Washington Times]]''|accessdate=25 November 2012|date=20 September 2011}}</ref> |
||
In 1854 about 20 |
In 1854, about 20 Armenians were recorded in American statistics, and by 1870s the number reached 70.{{sfn|Malcom|1919|p=59}} In the late 1870s, small Armenian communities existed in [[New York City]], [[Providence, Rhode Island]], and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]]. By the late 1880s, the number of Armenians in the U.S. reached 1,500. Many of them were young male students of the American Evangelical Missions spread throughout the Ottoman Empire. About 40% came from the [[Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz|Province of Kharpert]].{{sfn|Bakalian|1993|p=33}} It is hard to tell exactly how many Armenians came to the U.S., because before 1899 immigrants were not classified by ethnicity, but rather by country of birth.{{sfn|Malcom|1919|p=63}} However, after 1869, Armenians from the eastern regions of the Ottoman Empire were registered as Armenians. The number of Armenians that migrated to the U.S. from 1820 to 1898 is estimated to be around 4,000.{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2003|p=34}} |
||
===First wave of immigration and the Interwar period=== |
===First wave of immigration and the Interwar period=== |
||
Line 77: | Line 77: | ||
Armenians from Lebanon, where they had established effectively working community, are more politicized,{{sfn|Bakalian|1993|p=186}} while the Armenians from Turkey mostly connected with the Armenian Apostolic Church.{{sfn|Bakalian|1993|p=185}} About 1/3 of all Turkish Armenians in America are self-employed.{{sfn|Samkian|2007|p=102}} A group of Istanbul Armenian founded the [[Organization of Istanbul Armenians]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=General Information|url=http://www.oia.net/history/|publisher=Organization of Istanbul Armenians|accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref> In 2011 it had more than 1,000 members in Southern California.<ref name="LA Times Istanbul Armenians">{{cite news|last=Esquivel|first=Paloma|title=A brotherhood is bolstered by food and friendship|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/19/local/la-me-istanbul-armenian-20110919|accessdate=12 December 2012|date=19 September 2011|agency=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''}}</ref> Iranian Armenians are known for the fast integration into the American society.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parks|first=Lisa|title=Planet TV: a global television reader|year=2003|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-6692-7|coauthors=Kumar, Shanti|page=395}}</ref> Only 31% of Armenian Americans born in Iran don't speak English well.{{sfn|Samkian|2007|p=102}} |
Armenians from Lebanon, where they had established effectively working community, are more politicized,{{sfn|Bakalian|1993|p=186}} while the Armenians from Turkey mostly connected with the Armenian Apostolic Church.{{sfn|Bakalian|1993|p=185}} About 1/3 of all Turkish Armenians in America are self-employed.{{sfn|Samkian|2007|p=102}} A group of Istanbul Armenian founded the [[Organization of Istanbul Armenians]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=General Information|url=http://www.oia.net/history/|publisher=Organization of Istanbul Armenians|accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref> In 2011 it had more than 1,000 members in Southern California.<ref name="LA Times Istanbul Armenians">{{cite news|last=Esquivel|first=Paloma|title=A brotherhood is bolstered by food and friendship|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/19/local/la-me-istanbul-armenian-20110919|accessdate=12 December 2012|date=19 September 2011|agency=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''}}</ref> Iranian Armenians are known for the fast integration into the American society.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parks|first=Lisa|title=Planet TV: a global television reader|year=2003|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-6692-7|coauthors=Kumar, Shanti|page=395}}</ref> Only 31% of Armenian Americans born in Iran don't speak English well.{{sfn|Samkian|2007|p=102}} |
||
Although Armenians have been at the center of huge criminal cases, such as the [[2010 Medicaid fraud]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Nearly 100 charged, dozens arrested in operation targeting Armenian organized crime|first=Andrew|last=Blankstein|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/02/nearly-100-arrested-charged-in-operation-targeting-armenian-organized-crime-.html|agency=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|date=16 February 2011|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Cracks Down on Armenian Crime Syndicate|first=Ian|last=Lovett|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/us/17armenian.html|agnecy=''[[New York Times]]''|date=16 February 2011|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manhattan U.S. Attorney Charges 44 Members and Associates of an Armenian-American Organized Crime Enterprise with $100 Million Medicare Fraud|url=http://www.fbi.gov/newyork/press-releases/2010/nyfo101310.htm|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=13 December 2012|date=13 October 2010}}</ref> the rate of Armenians committing crime in Glendale in 2000 was about twice as low as the total number of Armenians in the city, 17% and 27% respectively.<ref name="Bedevian"/> A gang named [[Armenian Power]], composed of about 200 Armenian Americans |
Although Armenians have been at the center of huge criminal cases, such as the [[2010 Medicaid fraud]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Nearly 100 charged, dozens arrested in operation targeting Armenian organized crime|first=Andrew|last=Blankstein|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/02/nearly-100-arrested-charged-in-operation-targeting-armenian-organized-crime-.html|agency=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|date=16 February 2011|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Cracks Down on Armenian Crime Syndicate|first=Ian|last=Lovett|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/us/17armenian.html|agnecy=''[[New York Times]]''|date=16 February 2011|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manhattan U.S. Attorney Charges 44 Members and Associates of an Armenian-American Organized Crime Enterprise with $100 Million Medicare Fraud|url=http://www.fbi.gov/newyork/press-releases/2010/nyfo101310.htm|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=13 December 2012|date=13 October 2010}}</ref> the rate of Armenians committing crime in Glendale in 2000 was about twice as low as the total number of Armenians in the city, 17% and 27% respectively.<ref name="Bedevian"/> A gang named [[Armenian Power]], composed of about 200 Armenian Americans, has operated in Los Angeles County since the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1357977/74-held-swoop-Armenian-Power-gang.html#ixzz1Iogr8lW3|title=Ruthless Armenian Power gang hit by 74 arrests in huge crackdown on organised crime|date=17 February 2011|agency=''Daily Mail''|accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref> |
||
==Geographic distribution== |
==Geographic distribution== |
Revision as of 03:45, 31 January 2013
Total population | |
---|---|
483,366 (ACS) - 1,500,000 (est.) 0.15%-0.5% of the US population | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Languages | |
Armenian · American English | |
Religion | |
predominantly Armenian Apostolic |
Armenian Americans (Armenian: Ամերիկահայերa) are citizens of the United States of Armenian origin. Armenians in the United States form the second largest Armenian community of the Armenian diaspora after Russia. The 2011 American Community Survey one-year estimates indicated 483,366 Americans with full or partial Armenian ancestry.[1] Because many find these numbers underestimated, various organizations and media have estimated the number of Armenian American that usually range from 800,000 to 1,500,000.b
First major wave of the Armenian immigration to North America took place in late 19th and early 20th century. Most came from the Ottoman Empire, escaping persecution in their homeland. First the Hamidian massacres in 1894–1896, then the Armenian Genocide lead to a great influx of Armenians to the United States. Since the mid-century, the number of Armenian Americans increased as a result of instability in Middle Eastern nations of Iran, Lebanon, Syria, where hundreds of thousands Armenians Genocide survivors have settled earlier. Since the late 1980s, immigrants from Soviet Armenia appeared in the country. Armenia proclaimed its independence in 1991 and a year later a military conflict escalated with neighboring Azerbaijan over a small Armenian-populated enclave. Energetic crisis soon took over Armenia and many Armenians found their new homes in America.
The highest concentration of Americans of Armenian descent is in the Greater Los Angeles area, where 166,498 people have identified themselves as Armenian according to the 2000 Census, which was over 40% of the 385,488 people with Armenian origin in the United States at the time. Glendale, California, a suburb of Los Angeles, is widely known as the center of Armenian American life. A large part of its population is of Armenian origin.
History
Early history
The first Armenians came to North America in early 17th century. The first recorded Armenian to set foot in the New World was Martin the Armenian, an Iranian tobacco grower. He came to Jamestown, Virginia in 1618.[2][3] In 1653–1654 two Armenians from the Ottoman Empire were invited to Virginia to raise silk worms.[2][3] A few other Armenians are recorded as having come to the U.S. in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but most came as individuals and did not establish communities. By the 1770s over 70 Armenians had settled in the colonies.[2] The persecution of Christian minorities under the Ottoman Empire and American missionary activities resulted in a small wave of Armenian migration to the U.S. in 1830s from Cilicia and Western Armenia. Khachadour Osganian, a Constantinople American missionary school student arrived in America in 1834 to pursue higher education.[2] He later worked for the New York Herald Tribune and became the New York Press Club president.[4] Many Armenians followed him and came to the U.S. for education.[5]
A number of Armenians were known to have served in the Union Army during the Civil War. Three Armenian doctors, Simeon Minasian, Garabed Galstian, and Baronig Matevosian, worked at military hospitals in Philadelphia.[6] The only Armenian known to have participated in hostilities was Khachadour Paul Garabedian, who enlisted in the Union Navy. A naturalized citizen who hailed from Rodosto, Garabedian served aboard the blockade ships USS Geranium and USS Grand Gulf as a Third Assistant Engineer (and later was made an officer) from 1864 until his honorable discharge from the Navy in August 1865.[7]
In 1854, about 20 Armenians were recorded in American statistics, and by 1870s the number reached 70.[8] In the late 1870s, small Armenian communities existed in New York City, Providence, Rhode Island, and Worcester, Massachusetts. By the late 1880s, the number of Armenians in the U.S. reached 1,500. Many of them were young male students of the American Evangelical Missions spread throughout the Ottoman Empire. About 40% came from the Province of Kharpert.[2] It is hard to tell exactly how many Armenians came to the U.S., because before 1899 immigrants were not classified by ethnicity, but rather by country of birth.[9] However, after 1869, Armenians from the eastern regions of the Ottoman Empire were registered as Armenians. The number of Armenians that migrated to the U.S. from 1820 to 1898 is estimated to be around 4,000.[10]
First wave of immigration and the Interwar period
Armenians began to arrive in the United States in higher numbers in the late nineteenth century, most notably after the Hamidian Massacres of 1894–1896, before, during and after the Armenian Genocide.[11] Before the mass migration to the United States, the number of Armenians in the country was from 1,500 to 3,000, mostly made up of laborers.[12][13][14]
Over 12,000 Armenians from the Ottoman Empire came to the United States throughout the 1890s.[15] With the exception of Fresno, California, which had land suitable for farming, the earliest Armenian immigrants settled predominantly in the northeastern industrial centers: New York City, Providence, Worcester, and Boston.[13] Armenians from the Russian Empire were only a small part of the Armenian migration over the Atlantic (about 2,500 came in 1898–1914), because the situation there was relatively bearable, unlike in Western Armenia.[16] Armenian political parties also were present in America.[5] The Turkish Armenian migration rose gradually in the first decade of the 20th century. The unstable situation in Turkey, including the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Adana Massacre of 1909, the Balkan Wars in 1912–1923 resulted in a larger exodus of Armenians from the country and the United States was one of the top destinations.[17] Before the start of the World War I there were already 60,000 Armenians in the country.[16]
According to the Bureau of Immigration, 54,057 Armenians entered the United States between 1899 and 1917. Top countries they came from were Turkey (46,474), Russia (3,034), Canada (1,577), Great Britain (914) and Egypt (894). During this era immigrants were asked to indicate the state they were going to settle in and the most common states for Armenian newcomers were New York (17,391), Massachusetts (14,192), Rhode Island (4,923), Illinois (3,313), California (2,564), New Jersey (2,115), Pennsylvania (2,002), Michigan (1,371).[19] The largest Armenian American communities at the time were located in New York City, Fresno, Worcester, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Jersey City, Detroit, Los Angeles, Troy, Cleveland.[20]
According to estimates, about 77,980 Armenians lived in the States in 1919.[19] Unprecedented number of Armenians entered the country in 1920,[16] but the Immigration Act of 1924 slowed down the immigration to the United States that also effected Armenians.[3] Most of the post-World War I immigrants were women and children, unlike the prewar immigration, which was mainly composed of young males.[16] Armenian communities were often formed by people from the same village or town of the Ottoman Empire, similar to early Italian immigrants that settled down in certain neighborhoods. This practice became known as campanilismo and almost disappeared after World War II.[21]
Discrimination was widespread and many Armenians struggled against the overt discrimination and housing restrictions. The Armenians living in central California were often referred to by natives as "Fresno Indians" and "lower class Jews."[22] This first wave of immigration lasted until the mid-1920s, when the new immigration quotas were passed. This wave of immigrants established Armenian communities and organizations in the United States, most notably the Armenian Apostolic Church. In the 1920s, Armenians began to move from rural regions to cities.
Second wave of immigration
During World War II, about 18,500 Armenians went on to serve in the armed forces of the United States.[23] A great number were decorated for their service, including Sgt. (later colonel) Ernest Dervishian, a native of Virginia, who was awarded with the Congressional Medal of Honor.[24]
A new wave of Armenian immigrants came in the late 1940s. Soviet Armenian prisoners of war who were able to make their way westward after being freed from Nazi camps. The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 allowed people displaced during the World War II to immigrate to the United States.[25] From 1944 to 1952, 4,739 Armenians migrated to the United States,[10] many with the help of the American National Committee to Aid Homeless Armenians (ANCHA) founded by George Mardikian.[26]
However, the true second wave of immigration did not begin until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which abolished the national origins quota system that was American immigration policy since the 1920s. Armenians from the Soviet Union, Turkey, Lebanon, Iran and other Middle Eastern countries migrated to the United States in huge numbers due to political instability in their host countries. The immigration to America boomed especially during the 1970s and 1980s.[26]
In the 1950s most Armenian immigrants in the United States were from Soviet Armenia and Turkey. The Istanbul riots in 1955 frightened the local Armenian population, which looked out to the West for better and safer life. While the Armenians of USSR were mostly survivors of the Armenian Genocide that repatriated to Soviet Armenia in 1940s and did not integrate to the Moscow-controlled society. About 30,000 Soviet Armenians entered the country from 1960 to 1984 and another 60,000 came throughout the late 1980s, during the Perestroika era.[25] The 15-year-long Civil War in Lebanon that started in 1975 and the Iranian revolution of 1979 greatly contributed to the influx of Middle Eastern Armenians to the United States.[27] These communities were well-established, integrated, but not assimilated into local populations. Armenians in Lebanon and Iran were represented in the parliaments as ethnic minorities. Many were living in luxurious lives in their former countries, were multilingual and easily adapted, unlike their compatriots from the Soviet Union, to the American way of life, while keeping alive the Armenian culture.[3] This huge wave of newcomers revitalized the Armenian American community, especially in the Los Angeles area,[28] where most second wave Armenian immigrants settled.[29] In 1970 about 65,000 Armenians resided in Southern California and two decades later, in 1989, their number was estimated 200,000.[30] Although the 1980 US Census put the number of Armenians living in Los Angeles at 52,400, from which 71.9% were foreign born: 14.7% in Iran, 14.3% in the USSR, 11.5% in Lebanon, 9.7% in Turkey, 11.7% in other Middle Eastern countries (Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, etc.) and the rest in other parts of the world.[31]
The adaption to Soviet realities was not easy for many of the repatriates and the aspiration of leaving the USSR began to grow among them and their children. Emigration, mainly to Western countries, started in 1956. The total number of Armenian emigrants from the USSR from 1956 to 1989, primarily to the United States (more than 80% of the total), is estimated at 77,000.[32]
Year | Number |
---|---|
1980[33] | 212,621
|
1990[34] | 308,096
|
2000[35] | 385,488
|
2010[36] | 474,559
|
Contemporary period
Starting around the same time and continuing after the breakup of the Soviet Union, waves of Armenians from the Republic of Armenia and other former Soviet republics arrived for ideological freedom and economic opportunities and settled in older established Armenian communities across the country.[3] The 1988 Spitak earthquake and the so-called Dark and cold years during the Nagorno-Karabakh War caused an estimated number of 700,000 Armenians out of the country, most of whom moved to Russia, others to the United States and Europe.[37] On average 2,000 people from Armenia migrated to the United States since 1994. It should be noted that this number doesn't include ethnic Armenians from the Middle Eastern countries.[25] According to the 2000 US Census, there were 65,280 Armenian-born people in the United States: 57,482 in California, 1,981 in New York and 1,155 in Massachusetts.[38][39] According to the 2011 American Community Survey, there were 85,150 Armenian-born people in the United States, about 20,000 more.[40] Though according to the State Department data, 11,034 people from the Republic of Armenia entered the United States by Immigrant Visas issued at Foreign Service Posts in the fiscal years 1992–2011.[41] Meanwhile, the Armenians immigration from Middle East continued. Most of these immigrants settled in California, making the Golden State by far the most populous Armenian American state.[42]
According to Dr. Anny Bakalian, Associate Director of the Middle East Center at the City University of New York, "country of birth and childhood socialization, generation, and even cohort effect are important variables in understanding the behavior and attitudes of people of Armenian descent".[43] Main subgroups of foreign-born Armenian Americans are Hayastantsis (Armenians from Armenia), Barskayes (Armenians from Iran) and Beirutsis (Armenians from Lebanon, mostly Beirut).[44][45] A 1990 University of California, Los Angeles study showed that "the socioeconomic profile of all Armenians masks significant differences in subgroups characteristics. Native-born and Iran-born Armenians tend to have the highest socioeconomic status, as measured by education and occupation, while those from Turkey have the lowest. Conversely, Armenians from Turkey have the highest rate of self-employment, and the native-born have the lowest."[46] In 1988 The New York Times article claimed that Middle Eastern Armenian prefer to settle down in Glendale, while the Armenian immigrants from the Soviet Union were attracted by Hollywood, in Los Angeles.[47]
Armenians from Lebanon, where they had established effectively working community, are more politicized,[48] while the Armenians from Turkey mostly connected with the Armenian Apostolic Church.[49] About 1/3 of all Turkish Armenians in America are self-employed.[50] A group of Istanbul Armenian founded the Organization of Istanbul Armenians in 1976.[51] In 2011 it had more than 1,000 members in Southern California.[52] Iranian Armenians are known for the fast integration into the American society.[53] Only 31% of Armenian Americans born in Iran don't speak English well.[50]
Although Armenians have been at the center of huge criminal cases, such as the 2010 Medicaid fraud,[54][55][56] the rate of Armenians committing crime in Glendale in 2000 was about twice as low as the total number of Armenians in the city, 17% and 27% respectively.[42] A gang named Armenian Power, composed of about 200 Armenian Americans, has operated in Los Angeles County since the late 1980s.[57]
Geographic distribution
Most Armenian Americans are concentrated in major urban areas, especially in California and the Northeast, and to a lesser extent in the Midwest. The highest concentrations of Americans of Armenian ancestry are in Los Angeles, New York and Boston. According to the 2000 Census states with largest Armenian populations were California (204,631), Massachusetts (28,595), New York (24,460), New Jersey (17,094), Michigan (15,746), Florida (9,226), Pennsylvania (8,220), Illinois (7,958), Rhode Island (6,677) and Texas (4,941).[35]
California
The first Armenian arrived in California in 1874 and settled in Fresno.[58] Fresno and the Central Valley in general was the center of California Armenians, but by the time Southern California attracted more and more Armenians.[59]
Los Angeles and the surrounding area is, by far, the most crowded and the most important Armenian community in the United States. It holds a little less than half of all Armenians living in the United States, making it one of the most populous Armenian communities outside of Armenia. The estimated numbers of Armenians of Southern California vary greatly: 250,000,[60] 350,000,[59] 400,000,[61] 450,000,[62] 500,000,[3] 800,000,[62] and even 1,000,000,[63][64] although the 2000 census reported 152,910 Armenians in Los Angeles County.[65] Just eleven years later, the 2011 American Community Survey one-year estimates put the number of Armenians in Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana area 214,618, about 29% growth from 2000.[66] The city of Los Angeles itself had an Armenian population of 64,997 in 2000.[67] Several districts of Los Angeles have high concentration of Armenians, particularly in San Fernando Valley: North Hollywood, Van Nuys and Encino.[68] On October 6, 2000, a small community in East Hollywood was named Little Armenia by the Los Angeles City Council. The adopted file stated that "the area contains a high concentration of Armenian businesses and residents and social and cultural institutions including schools, churches, social and athletic organizations."[69]
Glendale, just few miles away from downtown Los Angeles has a population of about 200,000, from which according to some estimates 40% is Armenian.[71][72][73] According to the 2000 Census 53,840 people or 27% of the population identified themselves Armenian in Glendale.[67][74] Glendale also home to the highest percentage of people born in Armenia.[75] Other than Glendale and Los Angeles proper, significant Armenian populations reside in Burbank (8,312), Pasadena (4,400), Montebello (2,736), Altadena (2,134), La Crescenta-Montrose (1,382).[67] The Armenian Genocide Martyrs Monument, the oldest and largest Armenian Genocide memorial in the United States, is located in Montebello.
A 2006 book on Armenian Americans described the current situation in the community as following:
Waves of immigration into the Los Angeles area have resulted in the formation of strong communities in neighborhoods and citites such as Hollywood, Glendale. and North Hollywood. In these neighborhoods, an Armenian can live a very active social and occupational life and receive many services without speaking a word of English and interacting only with Armenians. Armenian-speaking food vendors, pharmacists, physicians, dentists, lawyers, tailors, hair stylists, shop owners and mechanics are all available. Up to three different 24-hour Armenian language television and radio channels are available. There are various social activities to attend for the Armenian community every day. Therefore, individuals exist who are not acculturated at all to the dominant American culture, as well as those who have chosen to separate from the Armenian community and acculturate completely, and many who are in the middle of acculturation spectrum.[76]
- Fresno
Fresno, California was the first major Armenian community in the Western United States. It used to be a major destination for early Armenian immigrants from the Ottoman Armenia, many of whom were engaged in agriculture. Armenians were the largest minority group in Fresno County. The city is also widely known as the birthplace of William Saroyan, many of whose stories are set there.[77] Today, an estimated number of about 40,000 Armenian live in Fresno.[47] According to the 2000 Census 9,884 Armenians lived in Fresno County at the time.[78] The area around the Holy Trinity Church is called Old Armenian Town.[79]
- San Francisco Bay Area
The Northern Californian Armenian population isn't as populous as the Southern portion of the state. Armenians are mostly concentrated in and around the cities of San Francisco, San Jose and Oakland. The 2000 Census reported only 2,528 Armenians in the San Francisco, but it probably underestimated the actual number. [80][81]
Northeast
In the early period, New York and Boston were the largest centers of Armenian Americans, but by the time Los Angeles took that title.[4]
- New York
Since the 19th century the first Armenians appeared to New York. The states of New York and Massachusetts were top destinations for Armenian immigrants in early twentieth century. The area between the East 20th St., Lexington Avenue and the Third Avenue, where a compact Armenian population lived and Armenian shops existed, was called "Little Armenia until the 1960s.[82] The area was also mentioned in 1914 book Our Mr. Wren: The Romantic Adventures of a Gentle Man by Sinclair Lewis (the 1930 Noble Prize Winner).[83] Today, according to estimates there are 100,000 to 150,000 Armenians in the Tri-State area.[63][84] Queens is home to some 50,000 Armenian Americans.[84]
- Boston
Stepan Zadori, an Hungarian Armenian, is the first known Armenian to came to Boston but the community wasn't founded until 1880s.[85] Today, estimates say that Armenians number from 50,000 to 70,000 in the Greater Boston area.[63][85][86] The Armenian Heritage Park, dedicated to the victims of the Armenian Genocide, was opened in downtown Boston on May 22, 2012.[87] Watertown, Massachusetts is the center of Boston Armenians, where according to estimates about 7,000 to 8,000 people of Armenian origin reside,[88][89] though the 2000 Census put the number only at 2,708.[90] The Armenian Library and Museum of America is located in Watertown. Other towns in the area with significant Armenian populations are Worcester (1,306), Belmont (1,165), Waltham (1,091) and the city of Boston (1,080).[90]
Other major northeastern cities with significant Armenian populations include Providence and Philadelphia. Like other Armenian communities in America, Armenian communities in these cities have it roots in late 19th century and early 20th century. Currently, Philadelphia holds about 15,000 Armenian American population[91] and over 7,000 live in Providence.[92][91]
Other communities
Other sizable Armenian American communities exist in the Midwest and in the South, but in much smaller numbers than the Northeastern states and California.
The early Armenian immigrants in Detroit were mostly laborers. In later decades, particularly since 1960s Middle Eastern Armenians immigrated to Michigan. The Armenian community has been described as "highly educated, professional and prospering."[93] Today, they number about 22,000.[85] Chicago's Armenians also first settled in the city in late 19th century in small numbers, but it increased through the 20th century,[94] reaching about 25,000 by today.[81] As of 2003 more than 8,000 Armenian Americans lived in Washington, DC.[95] The Armenian Genocide Museum of America is to be located in the capital. In the turn of the century, there is a tend of gradual increase in number of Armenians living outside of traditional settlement areas. For instance, the number of Armenians in skyrocketed in the states of Nevada (from 2,880 in 2000 to 5,845 in 2010), Florida (9,226 to 15,856) and Texas (4,941 to 14,459).[96]
Culture
Language
Armenian Americans are one of the least assimilated ethnic groups in the United States and probably the least of the European ethnic groups. Today, more than half of the Armenians living in the United States speak the Armenian language. For comparison, out of 15.7 million Italian Americans only 1 million speak Italian (about 6%) and of 1.15 million Greek Americans only 0.37 million speak their native language (32%).[35][97] The main reason for this is the fact that a significant part of Armenian Americans are foreign-born or are first-generation Americans.
The Armenian language has two distinct standardized forms: Western Armenian and Eastern Armenian, both widely spoken among the Armenian American community. The main differences between them are mostly in pronunciation and in the formation of verbs.[98] Armenians from Lebanon, Turkey, Syria and few other countries speak the Western dialect, which was spoken in so-called Western Armenia, the eastern regions of Turkey with historical Armenian presence. In early 20th century the Turkish Armenian population was targeted a mass killing by the Turkish government, known as the Armenian Genocide. The population was deported to the Syrian desert, where many died, others fled to foreign countries and established communities. Lebanon and Syria had the largest Armenian communities prior to the Second World War, after which many left for Soviet Armenia or migrated to Europe and Americas. Eastern Armenian is primarily spoken in the Republic of Armenia and Iran, though the Iranian Armenians have their dialect.[99] Also, it has to be noted that Western and Eastern Armenian use two different spellings. The Armenians in Armenia use the reformed orthography, while Armenians of the most diaspora countries (including Lebanon, Syria, Turkey and Iran) use the traditional orthography.[100]
Between 1910 and 1970, the language of only foreign-born population was taken into account. In 1910 the number of Armenian speakers was 23,938. It grew up to 37,647 in 1920, 51,741 in 1930, 40,000 in 1940, 37,270 in 1960 and 38,323 in 1970.[101] According to the 1980 United States Census 100,634 people in the nation spoke Armenian, 69,995 of them were foreign-born.[102][103] The 1990 United States Census revealed 308,096 people of Armenian ancestry at the time and 149,694 people who indicated Armenian as their native language. Majority of Armenian-speakers (115,017) were foreign-born.[103][104]
According to the 2000 United States Census there were 385,488 ethnic Armenians living in the U.S., and 202,708 people identified Armenian as 'Language Spoken at Home'. The overwhelming majority of Armenian-speakers lived in California (155,237). Other states with significant number of Armenian-speakers were New York (8,575) and Massachusetts (8,091).[35][97] About 2/3 of Armenians speakers call Los Angeles County home.[42]
The 2011 American Community Survey 3-year estimates put the number of Armenian-speakers at 240,095. According to the same source 130,735 of them knew English "very well" and 109,360 knew English less than "very well".[105] A 2007 study showed that 16% of Armenians born in Lebanon, 29% in Armenia (including Soviet Armenia), 31% in Iran and 36% in Turkey are not proficient in English.[50]
Many foreign-born Armenians are, very likely, multilingual, speaking at least one language other than Armenian and English. For instance, Armenians from Armenia might know Russian, Armenians from Lebanon, Syria may know Arabic and French, almost all Iranian Armenians speak Persian and Istanbul Armenians Turkish.[3][52][106]
Education
Early Armenian immigrants were one of the most literate ethnic groups to enter the United States with 76% literacy. In comparison, only 46% of southern Italians, 74% of Eastern European Jews and 99% of Finns were literate.[98] Today, 41% of American-born Armenians have at least a 4 year college degree. The rate is relatively lower for foreign-born Armenians.[50]
The first Armenian Sunday school in the US was founded in late 1880s in New York by Barsegh Vardukyan.[107] Since the 1960s many Armenian bilingual schools have been established in communities throughout the country. Ferrahian Armenian School, founded in 1964, is the oldest Armenian daily school in America.[107]
Besides this, there are over one hundred Armenian schools that operate on weekends only.[3]
Mashdots College in Glendale, CA, founded in 1992, is the only Armenian higher education institution in the country.
Religion
Most Armenian Americans are adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the largest Oriental Orthodox church in the United States.[108] It possess over 90 churches throughout the nation.[109] It was reported that 80% of Armenian Americans are Armenian Apostolic, 10% are Protestant (mostly Armenian Evangelical) and 3% are Armenian Catholic.[4]
The Armenian Apostolic Church is the oldest national church in the world, had major role in protecting the Armenian identity through the centuries of foreign domination.[110] Many Armenian communities in the country are concentrated around churches that serve as community centers. The first Armenian Apostolic church in America named Church of Our Savior was built in 1891 in Worcester.[108] The American Diocese of the Church was established in 1898 by Catholicos Mkrtich Khrimian.[18] In 1916 there were 34 Armenian parishes with 27,450 members with predominantly male population. Top states with Armenian church followers lived in Massachusetts, Michigan, California and New York.[111] The Western Diocese was established in 1927.[112]
After the Soviets took over the power in Armenia in 1920, the Armenian American community was divided into two camps: one supporting Soviet Armenia (mostly members of the Hunchak and Ramgavar parties), another one against it (mostly made up of ARF members). During the 1933 World's Fair, Leon Tourian, the primate of the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America, refused to give a speech, because the Armenian tricolor of the 1918-1920 Republic was hang behind him, while Etchmiadzin, the seat of the Catholicos of All Armenians, was in Armenia that was then part of the Soviet Union and used a different flag. This upset the Dashnak members present in the ceremony. The conflict reached a crisis on December 24, 1933, when several members of ARF assassinated Archbishop Tourian during the Christmas Eve service in New York's Holy Cross Armenian Apostolic Church.[108][113][114][115]
On October 12, 1957, during the peak of the Cold War, a number of parishes of the Armenian Apostolic Church in America, which were unaffiliated since 1933, came together under the Holy See of Cilicia with the headquarters in Lebanon, close to the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.[60][108][112] After the World War II, Archbishop Tiran Nersoyan led the church through a second founding, which saw the framing of by-laws to govern the diocese; the creation of a nation-wide youth organization; the initiation of a project to build an Armenian cathedral in Manhattan; and the entry of the Armenian Church into the ecumenical movement.[116] The middle 1950s saw an uptick in immigration and a building boom of Armenian churches, with new communities proliferating across the United States. A generation of leaders born in America also began to exert itself. The first American-born Armenian priest was ordained in 1956. In 1961, St. Nersess Armenian Seminary was established in Illinois (later, it would move to New York). A spirit of renewed vigor was embodied by Archbishop Torkom Manoogian, who governed the diocese as primate from 1966 to 1990.[117] The period saw a large influx of Armenian immigrants. These developments refocused the priorities of the Armenian Church in America. The need for humanitarian relief to the Armenian homeland, as well as outreach to refugees settling throughout the U.S. (concentrated in New York and Los Angeles), led to the creation of the Fund for Armenian Relief—through which the church delivers material and medical aid to Armenia.[110]
Today, more than 120 Armenian parish communities exist on the continent, with two-thirds operating as fully organized churches with sanctuaries. Archbishop Khajag Barsamian is primate of the Eastern Diocese (since 1990); Archbishop Hovnan Derderian of the Western Diocese (since 2003). The dioceses maintain strong connections to the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, and the current Supreme Patriarch, His Holiness Karekin II, the 132nd Catholicos of All Armenians.
Armenian Evangelical form the second largest denomination among Armenian Americans, with 1 out of 10 being a follower.[4] As of 1993 there were 28 Armenian Protestant Churches.[118] A small number of Armenian Americans are followers of the Armenian Catholic Church. Their number is estimated to be around 25,000.[119] In 1990 there were 6 Armenian Catholic Churches in the United Stats.[118]
Media
The first Armenian-language newspaper in the United States, named Aregak (Արեգակ, "Sun"), was published in Jersey City in 1888. Over 300 newspapers have been published since then.[5][120] Today, numerous Armenian newspapers (both in Armenian and English) are published throughout the country. Asbarez (Ասպարէզ, "Arena") is the only daily, published in Los Angeles since 1908. Hairenik (Հայրենիք, "Fatherland") is published since 1899 in Boston.[5] Both are affiliated with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Other notable weeklies include The Armenian Weekly, Armenian Mirror-Spectator, Nor Hayastan (Նոր Հայաստան, "New Armenia"), The Armenian Reporter.
Four Armenian television stations are located in the Southern California, which has high concentration of Armenian speakers: AMGA (Armenian Media Group of America), Armenian Best TV, ARTN (Armenian-Russian Television Network), USArmenia TV. Also, two TV stations are available only online: Horizon TV and Hairenik TV.
There are bilingual radio stations that go on air either on Saturdays or Sundays for couple hours in Boston, New Jersey, Providence, Fresno Detroit. Also, few online 24-hour radio stations operate nationwide: YerevanNights and Armenian Pulse in Los Angeles, Bashde and Hairenik Radio in the Boston area.
Politics
Early period
The three major Armenian political parties of late 19th century and early 20th century — Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun), Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hunchak), Armenakan Party (later Ramgavar), were present in America not too long after their foundation.[121] They established their own newspapers: Hairenik and Asbarez by Dashnaks and Baikar by Ramgavar's. After the Bolsheviks took over Armenia in 1920, Rmagavars and Hunchaks formed a coalition supporting Soviet Armenia, while the ARF, the ruling party of the Democratic Republic of Armenia from 1918 to 1920, remained anti-Soviet in diaspora.[60] The 1988 Spitak earthquake and the Karabakh movement forced the separate groups of the Armenian community to come together.[47]
Armenian lobby
The Armenian American community has been described as the "most influential" Armenian community in the world, though smaller in size than the one in Russia.[122] The Armenian American lobby is one of the most powerful ethnic lobbies in the United States,[123] It is today considered to be the second most powerful ethnic lobby in America after the Jewish lobby.[3] The Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) and the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) have as their main lobbying agenda the pressing of Congress and the President of the United States for an increase of economic aid to Armenia (already the second largest per capita after Israel) and the reduction of economic and military assistance to Turkey. The efforts also include reaffirmation of a genocide by Ottoman Turkey in 1915.[124]
According to Shawn Dorman, the author of Inside a U.S. embassy, the main goal of Armenian lobby is the "persuasion of US Congress to favor Armenian interests, especially to recognize the Armenian Genocide." He then claims that "it had significant role in the United States providing financial support to Armenia. From 1992 to 2010 the US provided nearly $2 billion, the highest per capita amount for a post-Soviet state."[125] Fund for Armenian Relief is a humanitarian organization providing long-term programs focusing on human development. Armenia Fund raises millions of dollars every year for infrastructural development in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh.
In 1992, Dr. Dickran Kouymjian of the California State University, Fresno stated in his essay that:
All have refocused their efforts toward Armenia, providing financial and professional skill. The identification of Armenians with those in Erevan and Karabagh has been greatly facilitated by Armenia's membership in the United Nations and the regular reporting of its problems in the American press.. Diasporan history has been transformed by the Republic: nowhere is this more strongly felt than in America. The unifying force of the Genocide has been superseded by that of the Republic, while religious freedom in Armenia has revitalized the church in America and given it a mission. As the largest and most prosperous community in the world, as inheritors of a Protestant American work ethic, coupled with American self-righteousness, Armenian Americans feel they have a special role in the survival and success of the new state. They take pride in their support of Etchmiadzin, in the massive humanitarian aid given since the 1988 earthquake, in Armenians in high government positions, and particularly in the establishment of the American University of Armenia, the first major experiment in American higher education in the former Soviet Union. As English quickly becomes the second language of the new republic, Armenians in America feel closer to the homeland, suffering Armenia's tragedies and rejoicing in its successes. The Karabagh crisis, economic chaos, lack of basic amenities, and the threat of war fill all diasporan Armenians with an anxiety unknown before, because they know that their efforts may determine Armenia's fate.[60]
Armenian Genocide
The official recognition of the Armenian Genocide by the U.S. federal government is seen one of the most vital steps in international and full recognition of the 1915–1923 events. Many Armenians think that the U.S. has the ability to force Turkey to recognize the past and pay Armenians and Armenia their reparations, that includes (for some) the return of the so-called Wilsonian Armenia to the Republic of Armenia.
Several official U.S. documents describe the events as "genocide" (1975,[126][127] 1984,[128] 1996[129]); President Ronald Reagan also described the events as "genocide" in his speech on April 22, 1981.[130] On March 4, 2010, the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs recognized the massacres of 1915 as "genocide."[131] Also, 43 of the 50 US states have made individual proclamations recognizing the events of 1915 to 1923 as genocide.[132]
Armenian Americans gather in multiple towns and cities every year on April 24 for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide. The largest of such gatherings occurs in the Los Angeles area. The Armenian National Institute lists 30 Armenian Genocide memorials in the United States.[133] The oldest one is Montebello Genocide Memorial, which was completed in 1965. Khachkars across America were erected in honor of the 1.5 million victims of the Genocide. Recently, the Armenian Heritage Park was opened in Boston, MA.
Notable Armenian Americans
Armenians in the United States have attained success and prominence in diverse areas, including business, entertainment, sciences, sports and literature.
Arts and entertainment
- Music
Entertainment has been, perhaps, the most successful area for Armenian Americans. Numerous Armenian musicians have been successful in American pop culture. Los Angeles is considered one of the main centers of Armenian music production of the last two decades.
Armenian-born singers that have lived or live in the United States include rock singer Arthur Meschian,[134] folk singers Harout Pamboukjian[135] and Flora Martirosian,[136] and pop singer Armenchik[137] Arto Tunçboyacıyan, an avant-garde singer from Istanbul, also lived in America for many years. One of the most discussed American singers, Cher (born Cherilyn Sarkisian), is Armenian from paternal side.[138] The metal band System of a Down is composed of four Armenian members.[139]
- Literature
Armenian American literature constitutes a diverse body of literature that incorporates American writers of Armenian ancestry. Encompassing a cross section of literary genres and forms, Armenian American writers often incorporate some common themes (e.g., the Armenian Genocide) while maintaining very personal literary styles. The New York-based Ararat Quarterly, published since 1959, has been a major venue for Armenian American writing. Ararat is published in English by the AGBU and also includes works by Armenian writers around the world in translation. First-generation Armenian American writers include William Saroyan, Leon Surmelian, A. I. Bezzerides, Michael Arlen, Marjorie Housepian Dobkin and others. Second generation Armenian American writers include Peter Balakian, Nancy Kricorian, Carol Edgarian, Michael J. Arlen, Arthur Nersesian, Micheline Aharonian Marcom, Hrag Vartanian, Chris Bohjalian and others.[140]
- Visual arts
Sculptor Haig Patigian, painters Hovsep Pushman and, most notably, Arshile Gorky are the most famous American artists of Armenian origin.[141] Rouben Mamoulian, a film and theater director also known as co-producer of the first feature film (Becky Sharp, 1935) to use the three-strip Technicolor process.[142] Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., William Saroyan's cousin, created the Alvin and the Chipmunks.[143]
Politicians
A number of Armenians have entered into the realm of politics. The first Armenian to hold a high position office was Republican Steven Derounian, a Bulgarian-born Armenian, represented New York from 1953 to 1965 in the House of Representatives.[144] George Deukmejian became the Republican governor of California in 1983 and left the office in 1991. Previously he had served as State Assemblyman (1963–1967), State Senator (1967–1979) and California Attorney General (1979–1983).[145] A number of Armenian American had been elected to state legislatures, especially in California. In Massachusetts, George Keverian wasn't only elected to the State House, but also became its speaker from 1985 to 1991.[144]
Paul Robert Ignatius served as the United States Secretary of the Navy from 1967 to 1969 in the Lyndon Johnson's administration.[146] Ken Khachigian was the chief speechwriter for President Ronald Reagan. He is also known for Reagan's characterization of 1915 events as "genocide" in 1981.[147] Diplomat Edward Djerejian was the US ambassador in Syria then Israel in the 1990s.[146] Harry Tutunjian was the Republican mayor of Troy, New York from 2003 to 2012. Joe Simitian had been a California State Senator since 2004,[144] while Paul Krekorian was elected to the Los Angeles City Council in 2010 from District 2, where the Armenian population of Los Angeles is concentrated. Currently, two congresswoman of Armenian ancestry, Anna Eshoo and Jackie Speier, are in the office, both Democrats from California.[144]
A small number of Armenian Americans moved to Armenia in early 1990s, some becoming notable in their ancestral homeland. Raffi Hovannisian, a Fresno-born third-generation Armenian American lawyer, moved to Armenia in 1991 and soon was appointed the first Foreign Minister of Armenia, where he remained until 1992. Today, Hovannisian is major opposition figure in Armenia and the leader of Heritage party. Sebouh (Steve) Tashjian, a California Armenian originally from Jerusalem, served as Minister of Energy, while Lebanese-born Gerard (Jirair) Libaridian, a Boston-based historian, was President Levon Ter-Petrosyan's advisor.[148][149] Another native of California, Monte Melkonian, was a prominent leader of Armenian forces during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. He was posthumously awarded with National Hero of Armenia medal.[150]
Several major figures of the Armenian national movement of early 20th century lived and/or died in the United States. Among them were Andranik Ozanian, military commander, considered an Armenian national hero, lived in Fresno, California since 1922, died in California in 1927.[151] Another notable military commander Garegin Nzhdeh lived in Boston, Massachusetts from 1933 to 1937, where he founded the Armenian Youth Federation. Drastamat Kanayan (Dro), the Defense Minister of Armenia from 1918 to 1919, lived in America after the World War II and was shortly arrested for collaborating with the Nazis. His funeral ceremony was held in Trinity Church in the City of Boston in 1956. Shahan Natalie, a Dashnak activist, organized the Operation Nemesis in early 1920s, during which numerous Armenian Genocide perpetrators were murdered. From 1910 to 1912 he studied at the Boston University and died in Watertown, Massachusetts in 1983.[152]
Miscellaneous
Other notable Armenian Americans include Jack Kevorkian,[153] a pathologist and euthanasia activist who was commonly referred to as "Dr. Death", astronaut James P. Bagian became the first Armenian to travel into space in 1989.[154][155] It is claimed that he took the Armenian tricolor to space with him.[156]
Famous figures in national sports include tennis player, former no. 1 Andre Agassi,[157] chess players Tatev Abrahamyan and Varuzhan Akobian. Hal Haig Prieste, who won a bronze medal diving in 1920 Antwerp Games,[158] soccer players Alecko Eskandarian and Yura Movsisyan, wrestler Frankie Kazarian, and MLB pitcher Steve Bedrosian. Adam Krikorian is the current United States women's national water polo team head coach. The team won 2010 World Cup and 2012 Olympics under his coaching. Zach Bogosian is the first NHL player of Armenian descent.
Some notable Armenian Americans in business include Turkish-born founder of Masco Alex Manoogian,[159] the Mugar family (owner of Star Market chain of supermarkets in New England),[160] Kevork Hovnanian, founder of Hovnanian Enterprises, Avedis Zildjian, the founder of Zildjian Company (world's largest cymbal manufacturer) and Gerard Cafesjian. 95-year-old Armenian American businessman Kirk Kerkorian, known as "the father of the megaresort",[161] is claimed to be the richest man in Los Angeles.[162] Born to Armenian parents in Fresno, Kerkorian had provided over $1 billion for charity in Armenia through his Lincy Foundation.[161] It was established in 1989 and was particularly focused on helping to rebuilt northern Armenia after the 1988 Spitak earthquake.[163] The foundation was dissolved in 2011, after 22-year activities.[164]
Aram Chobanian served as President of Boston University from 2003 to 2005. Dr. Richard Hovannisian, father of Armenian-based politician Raffi Hovannisian, is a renowned historian at the University of California, Los Angeles.
References
- Notes
- ^a Pronounced Amerikahayer in Eastern Armenian and Amerigahayer in Western Armenian.
- ^b Estimations include 800,000,[61][165][166] 1,000,000,[3][167][168] 1,200,000,[169][170] 1,270,000,[171] 1,400,000,[172][173][174] 1,500,000[175][176][177][178]
- Footnotes
- ^ "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Bakalian 1993, p. 33.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Papazian, Dennis (2000). "Armenians in America". Journal of Eastern Christian Studies. 52 (3–4). University of Michigan-Dearborn: 311–347. doi:10.2143/JECS.52.3.565605. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
{{cite journal}}
: More than one of|work=
and|journal=
specified (help) - ^ a b c d Eisenstadt, Peter R.; Moss, Laura-Eve (2005). The encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Matiossian, Vartan (31 August 2012). "Teotig: The First Historian of Armenian Printing". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 26 November 2012. Cite error: The named reference "Armenian Printing" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Nersisyan, Mkrtich (1961). "Քաղաքական պատերազմը Ամերիկայում հայ պարբերական մամուլի լուսաբանությամբ". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). № 2 (13). Armenian National Academy of Sciences: 47–66.
{{cite journal}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|journal=
(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Boltz, Martha M. (20 September 2011). "The Civil War's only Armenian soldier to be honored". The Washington Times. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Malcom 1919, p. 59.
- ^ Malcom 1919, p. 63.
- ^ a b Ayvazyan 2003, p. 34.
- ^ Hovannisian 1997, p. 390.
- ^ Malcom 1919, p. 71.
- ^ a b Bakalian 1993, p. 13.
- ^ Avakian 1977, p. 40.
- ^ Bakalian 1993, p. 9.
- ^ a b c d Bakalian 1993, p. 10.
- ^ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 35.
- ^ a b Blake, William D. (2011). This day in Christian history. Ulrichsville, Ohio: Barbour Pub. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-60260-646-3.
- ^ a b Malcom 1919, p. 67.
- ^ Malcom 1919, p. 73.
- ^ Bakalian 1993, p. 184-185.
- ^ Mirak 1983, p. 399.
- ^ Tashjian, James H. (1952) The Armenian American in World War II. Boston: Harenik Association
- ^ "Ernest Herbert Dervishian". Military Times Hall Of Valor. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
- ^ a b c Powell, John (2005). Encyclopedia of North American immigration. New York: Facts On File. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-4381-1012-7.
- ^ a b Ayvazyan 2003, p. 37.
- ^ Bakalian 1993, p. 11.
- ^ Bakalian 1993, p. 8-9.
- ^ Samkian 2007, p. 101.
- ^ Bakalian 1993, p. 80.
- ^ Bakalian 1993, p. 16.
- ^ Münz, Rainer (2003). Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel and post-Soviet successor states in comparative perspective. London: Frank Cass. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-7146-5232-0.
- ^ "Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,00 or more persons: 1980" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
- ^ "1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 18 September 1992. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Ancestry: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ^ "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ Münz, Rainer (2003). Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel and post-Soviet successor states in comparative perspective. London: Frank Cass. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-7146-5232-0.
- ^ "Region and Country or Area of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population: 2000". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Region and Country or Area of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population: 2000 by state". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Immigrant Visas Issued by Foreign State Chargeability (All Categories): Fiscal Years 1992–2011" (PDF). Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
- ^ a b c Bedevian, Harry Sahag (2008). Student, Staff, and Parent Perceptions of the Reasons for Ethnic Conflict Between Armenian and Latino Students. ProQuest. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-549-60688-8.
- ^ Bakalian 1993, p. 7.
- ^ Markowitz, Fran (2004). Homecomings. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7391-0952-6.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Samkian 2007, p. 26.
- ^ Sabagh, Bozorgmehr & Der-Martirosian 1990, p. 9.
- ^ a b c Reinhold, Robert (21 March 1988). "Echoes From Armenia In Southern California". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
- ^ Bakalian 1993, p. 186.
- ^ Bakalian 1993, p. 185.
- ^ a b c d Samkian 2007, p. 102.
- ^ "General Information". Organization of Istanbul Armenians. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ a b Esquivel, Paloma (19 September 2011). "A brotherhood is bolstered by food and friendship". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ Parks, Lisa (2003). Planet TV: a global television reader. New York: New York University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-8147-6692-7.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Blankstein, Andrew (16 February 2011). "Nearly 100 charged, dozens arrested in operation targeting Armenian organized crime". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
- ^ Lovett, Ian (16 February 2011). "U.S. Cracks Down on Armenian Crime Syndicate". Retrieved 25 November 2012.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|agnecy=
ignored (help) - ^ "Manhattan U.S. Attorney Charges 44 Members and Associates of an Armenian-American Organized Crime Enterprise with $100 Million Medicare Fraud". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ "Ruthless Armenian Power gang hit by 74 arrests in huge crackdown on organised crime". Daily Mail. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ Nectar Davidian, The Seropians (Berkeley, 1965). p. iii; Bishop Mushegh Seropian [Serobian], ed., Amerikahay Taretsuytse 1912 (American Armenian Almanac), vol. 1 (Boston: Kilikia Tparan, 1913), p. 56
- ^ a b Starr, Kevin (2006). Coast of dreams: California on the edge, 1990–2003. New York: Vintage Books. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-679-74072-8.
- ^ a b c d Kouymjian, Dickran (December 1992). "Armenians in the United States". California State University, Fresno. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ a b Thon, Caroline (2012). Armenians in Hamburg: an ethnographic exploration into the relationship between diaspora and success. Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-643-90226-9.
- ^ a b "The Armenian Community in the Los Angeles area". The Religion-In-The-Americas (RITA) Database. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
- ^ a b c "Armenian Populaiton in the World". ArmeniaDiaspora.com. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- ^ "Russian Los Angeles". Russkaya America. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
... an over 1 Million member (largest outside of Armenia) Armenian community
- ^ "Los Angeles County, California Ancestry: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Los Angeles-Long Beach-SantaAna, CA Metro Area Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ a b c "Ancestry: 2000 All places within California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Armenians in Van Nuys, Sherman Oaks, Encino, Tarzana, Studio City, North Hills, and Northridge". Hayk the Ubiquitous Armenian. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Council File: 00-1958 Title Little Armenia". City of Los Angeles Office of the City Clerk. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ Grudin, Nicholas (8 September 2002). "Armenian population up Valley, Glendale and Burbank show big percentage hikes". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ^ Covarrubias, Amanda (8 August 2005). "New Era for Glendale Armenians". Los Angeles Times'. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- ^ Milliken, Mary (12 October 2007). "Armenian-American clout buys genocide breakthrough". Reuters. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ "Armenians in Glendale, CA". Hayk the Ubiquitous Armenian. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Armenian Ancestry". ePodunk. October 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
- ^ "Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Armenia (population 500+)". City-Data.com. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ^ Kazandjian, Seta (2006). The Effects of Bilingualism and Acculturation on Neuropsychological Test Performance: A Study with Armenian Americans. ProQuest. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-542-84512-3.
- ^ a b "Armenians in Fresno, CA". Hayk the Ubiquitous Armenian. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Ancestry 2000: Fresno County, California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
- ^ "Old Armenian Town: A living culture". The Fresno Bee. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Armenians in the San Francisco Bay Area". Hayk the Ubiquitous Armenian. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ a b Ayvazyan 2003, p. 44.
- ^ Bernard Augustine De Voto (1957). Saturday Review. 40. Saturday Review Associates: 16.
{{cite journal}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "Armenians in New York, NY". Hayk the Ubiquitous Armenian. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ a b Vartanian, Hrag (1 April 2002). "Tracking Armenians in New York". Armenian General Benevolent Union. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ^ a b c Ayvazyan 2003, p. 41.
- ^ "About us". Armenian Independent Broadcasting of Boston. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ "Mass. Gov. to dedicate Armenian Heritage Park". The Boston Globe. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ "Armenians in Watertown, MA". Hayk the Ubiquitous Armenian. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ O'Brien, Keith (18 August 2007). "ADL local leader fired on Armenian issue". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ a b "Ancestry: 2000 All places within Massachusetts" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ a b Ayvazyan 2003, p. 45.
- ^ "Armenians in Providence, RI". Hayk the Ubiquitous Armenian. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Dennis Papazian, Carolyn Sirian (1983). "Armenians in the Metropolitan Detroit Area". Ethnic Groups in Michigan, Vol. 2 of The Peoples of Michigan. Detroit: The Ethnos Press. pp. 12–17. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ "Armenians in Chicago, IL". Hayk the Ubiquitous Armenian. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 40.
- ^ "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported by states 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ^ a b "Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 25 February 2003. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ a b Sisson, Richard (2006). The American Midwest: an interpretive encyclopedia. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-253-34886-9.
- ^ Khanam, R. (2005). Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia. New Delhi: Global Vision. p. 54. ISBN 978-81-8220-062-3.
- ^ Adalian 2010, pp. 397–398.
- ^ "Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970". United States Census Bureau. 9 March 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Languages Spoken at Home: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2007". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
- ^ a b "Language Spoken at Home for the Foreign-Born Population 5 Years and Over: 1980 and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 9 March 1999. Retrieved 18 Deccmber 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ "Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for Persons 5 Years and Over --50 Languages with Greatest Number of Speakers: United States 1990". United States Census Bureau. 1990. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ "Language spoken at Home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over 2009–2011 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ Naficy, Hamid (1993). The making of exile cultures Iranian television in Los Angeles. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-8166-2084-5.
- ^ a b Ayvazyan 2003, p. 51.
- ^ a b c d Laderman, Gary (2003). Religion and American cultures. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC- CLIO. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-57607-238-7.
- ^ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 38.
- ^ a b Ayvazyan 2003, p. 46.
- ^ "The first Armenian Orthodox churches in America". The Society for Orthodox Christian History in the Americas. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ a b National Council of Ch of Christ in USA (2012). "Armenian Apostolic Church of America". Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches 2012. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-5610-8.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help)|chapter=
- ^ Arax, Mark (1997). In my father's name: a family, a town, a murder (August 1997. ed.). New York: Pocket Books. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-671-01002-7.
- ^ Alexander, Ben (2007). "Contested Memories, Divided Diaspora: Armenian Americans, the Thousand-day Republic, and the Polarized Response to an Archbishop's Murder". Journal of American Ethnic History. 27 (1).
- ^ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 47.
- ^ Hower, Marvie (3 September 1989). "Tiran Nersoyan, An Archbishop, Scholar and Author, Is Dead at 85". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ Vitello, Paul (19 October 2012). "Torkom Manoogian, Archbishop of Armenian Orthodox Church, Dies at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ a b Bakalian 1993, p. 93.
- ^ "Pope Names New Eparch for Armenian Catholics In US And Canada". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 77.
- ^ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 42.
- ^ Von Voss, Huberta (2007). Portraits of hope: Armenians in the contemporary world. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-84545-257-5.
- ^ Brzezinski, Zbigniew. "A Dangerous Exemption." Foreign Policy 1 July 2006: 63.
- ^ Cameron, Fraser United States foreign policy after the Cold War The Armenian-American'lobby, Routledge 2002 p.91
- ^ Dorman, Shawn (2011). Inside a U.S. embassy: diplomacy at work. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-9649488-4-6.
- ^ Von Voss, Huberta (2007). Portraits of hope: Armenians in the contemporary world. Bergahn Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84545-257-5.
- ^ "U.S. House of Representatives Joint Resolution 148". Armenian National Institute. 9 April 1975. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- ^ "U.S. House of Representatives Joint Resolution 247". Armenian National Institute. 12 September 1984. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- ^ "U.S. House of Representatives Resolution 3540". Armenian National Institute. 11 June 1996. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan, Proclamation, 22 April 1981". Armenian-genocide.org. 22 April 1981. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- ^ "U.S. House panel approves Armenia genocide resolution". Xinhua. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ^ "Provincial governments". Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- ^ "ANI expands Armenian Genocide memorials data base". PanARMENIAN.Net. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- ^ "Biography". Arthur Meschian | Official Website. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ^ "About Harout". Harout Pamboukjian Website. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ^ "Biography". Flora Martirosian Website. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ^ "Biography". Armenchik Official Website. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ Barkan, Elliott Robert (2001). Making it in America: a sourcebook on eminent ethnic Americans. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-57607-098-7.
- ^ Hovanissian, Richard (2007). The Armenian genocide: cultural and ethical legacies. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-4128-0619-0.
- ^ Forgotten Bread: First-Generation Armenian American Writers, ed. David Kherdian (Heyday, 2007)
- ^ Adalian 2010, p. 192.
- ^ Adalian 2010, p. 415.
- ^ Talevski, Nick (2006). Knocking on heavens's door: rock obituaries. London: Omnibus Press. p. 582. ISBN 978-1-84609-091-2.
- ^ a b c d Adalian 2010, p. 255.
- ^ Adalian 2010, p. 254.
- ^ a b Adalian 2010, p. 281.
- ^ Bobelian, Michael (2009). Children of Armenia: a forgotten genocide and the century-long struggle for justice. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-4165-5725-8.
- ^ Herzig, Edmund (2005). The Armenians: past and present in the making of national identity. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-0-7007-0639-6.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Krikorian, Robert O. (1999). Armenia: at the crossroads. Amsterdam: Taylor & Francis. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-90-5702-345-3.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ von Voss, Huberta (2007). Portraits of hope: Armenians in the contemporary world. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-84545-257-5.
- ^ Avakian, Arra S. (1998). Armenia: a Journey Through History. Electric Press. pp. 311–314. ISBN 978-0-916919-20-7.
- ^ "Shahan Natalie: a biography". Shahan Natalie Family Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
- ^ Nicol, Neal (2006). Between the dying and the dead: Dr. Jack Kevorkian's life and the battle to legalize euthanasia. Madison, Wisconsin: Univ. of Wisconsin Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-299-21710-5.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Gore, Patrick Wilson (2008). 'Tis some poor fellow's skull: post-Soviet warfare in the southern Caucasus. New York: iUniverse. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-595-48679-3.
- ^ Akopian, Aram (2001). Armenians and the world: yesterday and today. Yerevan: Noyan Tapan. p. 61. ISBN 978-99930-51-29-9.
- ^ "Washington Journalism Review: WJR". 11. Washington Communications Corporation. 1989.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Mike Agassi, Dominic Cobello (2004). The Agassi story. Toronto: ECW Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-55022-656-0.
- ^ Lutz, Stuart (2010). The Last Leaf: Voices of History's Last-Known Survivors. Prometheus Books. p. 341. ISBN 978-1-61614-310-7.
- ^ Barkan, Elliott Robert (2001). Making it in America: a sourcebook on eminent ethnic Americans. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 217–218. ISBN 978-1-57607-098-7.
- ^ Gabaccia, Donna (2000). We are what we eat: ethnic food and the making of Americans. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-674-00190-9.
- ^ a b Simich, Jerry L. (2010). More peoples of Las Vegas: one city, many faces. University of Nevada Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-87417-817-3.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Goldberg, Ryan (18 November 2009). "Rags to Riches CEOs: Kirk Kerkorian". Minyanville. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ^ Dr Helmut K Anheier, David C. Hammack (2010). American foundations: roles and contributions. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-8157-0339-6.
- ^ "Kirk Kerkorian is not offended by Armenia". ArmeniaDiaspora.com. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ^ Takooshian, Harold. "Armenian American's Immigration to California". Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ^ Kasim, Kamer. "Armenian Diaspora in Australia". Journal of Turkish Weekly. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ^ Hon. Joe Baca of California in the House of Representatives. Wednesday, September 26, 2006. Today, over 1 million Armenian-Americans reside in the United States, and of that, more than 500,000 Armenian-Americans make my home state of California their home. US Congress (2010). Congressional Record, V. 152, Pt. 15, September 26, 2006 to September 28, 2006. Government Printing Office. p. 20668. ISBN 978-0-16-086679-1.
- ^ Azadian, Edmond Y. (23 April 2012). "Commentary: A Million Person March on Washington". Armenian Mirror-Spectator. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ^ Schmitz, Gregor Peter (12 October 2007). "Armenian Lobby's Triumph: Genocide Resolution Risks Shattering Relations with Turkey". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ Judah, Tim (21 June 2012). "Armenia Survives!". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ^ Malkhasyan, Mikayel (2007). Հայերն աշխարհում (in Armenian). Yerevan. p. 94.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Arab and other Middle Eastern Americans". World Directory of Minorities. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ^ Tolson, Jay (18 October 2007). "An Ugly Truth". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ^ Reynolds, Maura (7 January 2007). "Genocide question hits home". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ^ "Barack Obama on the Importance of US-Armenia Relations". Armenian National Committee of America. 19 January 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ "Kim Kardashian Urges Support for Telethon". The Armenian Weekly. 20 May 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ Jemal, Timothy (11 February 2011). "Armenian lobby faces moment of truth". The Armenian Reporter. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ Milliken, Mary (12 October 2007). "Armenian-American clout buys genocide breakthrough". Reuters. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- Bibliography
- Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical dictionary of Armenia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6096-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Avakian, Arra S. (1977). The Armenians in America. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. ISBN 0-8225-0228-3.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Ayvazyan, Hovhannes (2003). Հայ Սփյուռք հանրագիտարան (in Armenian). Vol. 1. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia publishing. ISBN 5-89700-020-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - Bakalian, Anny (1993). Armenian Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-025-2.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Malcom, M. Vartan (1919). The Armenians in America. Boston: Pilgrim Press. ISBN 1-112-12699-6.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Sabagh; Bozorgmehr, Mehdi; Der-Martirosian, Claudia (1990). Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles. Institute for Social Science Research, University of California Los Angeles.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|frist1=
ignored (help) - Samkian, Artineh (2007). Constructing Identities, Perceiving Lives: Armenian High School Students' Perceptions of Identity and Education. ProQuest. ISBN 978-0-549-48257-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
Further reading
- LaPiere, Richard (1930). Armenian settlement in Fresno County. Stanford University. OCLC 20332780.
- Atamian, Sarkis (1955). Armenian Community. Philosophical Library. ISBN 978-0-8022-0043-3.
- Kernaklian, Paul (1967). The Armenian-American Personality Structure and Its Relationship to Various States of Ethnicity. Syracuse University. OCLC 5419847.
- Kulhanjian, Gary A. (1975). The historical and sociological aspects of Armenian immigration to the United States 1890–1930. San Francisco: R and E Research Associates. ISBN 978-0-88247-309-3.
- Mirak, Robert (1976). Armenian Immigrants: Alive and Well in the New World. Boston: Armenian Bicentennial Committee of Massachusetts. OCLC 733944190.
- Jordan, Robert Paul and Harry Naltchayan. The Proud Armenians, National Geographic 153, no. 6 (June 1978), pp. 846–873.
- Wertsman, Vladimir (1978). The Armenians in America, 1618–1976. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-00529-5.
- O'Grady, Ingrid Poschmann (1979). Ararat, Etchmiadzin, and Haig (nation, church and kin): a study of the symbol system of American Armenians. The Catholic University of America. OCLC 23314470.
- Mirak, Robert (1983). Torn between two lands: Armenians in America, 1890 to World War I. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-89540-9.
- Armenians in America: celebrating the first century. Boston: Armenian Assembly of America. 1987. ISBN 978-0-925428-02-8.
- Phillips, Jenny (1989). Symbol, myth, and rhetoric: the politics of culture in an Armenian American population. New York: AMS Press. ISBN 978-0-404-19433-8.
- Waldstreicher, David (1989). The Armenian Americans. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-87754-862-1.