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'''Sinophobia''' is a consistent hostility toward people of [[China|Chinese]] origin, and may also refer to hostility towards China's [[Culture of China|culture]] or [[History of China|history]] and [[Politics of China|government]]. The term describes the actions and attitudes of individuals as well as the policies and pronouncements of governments and other organizations. |
'''Sinophobia''' is a consistent hostility toward people of [[China|Chinese]] origin, and may also refer to hostility towards China's [[Culture of China|culture]] or [[History of China|history]] and [[Politics of China|government]]. The term describes the actions and attitudes of individuals as well as the policies and pronouncements of governments and other organizations. |
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Sinophobic attitudes often have Chinese minorities outside of China proper as their target. This is true both in Asia (historically and in the modern era) and in the West. In this sense, the term essentially denotes an ethnic bigotry, often complicated by the economic and political exigencies of immigration and majority-minority relations. Where it is directed at the country itself, anti-Chinese sentiment may or may not qualify as an ethnic or racial prejudice, as criticisms of the [[Communist Party of China]] are not necessarily meant to impugn the Chinese population per se. One obvious example is protests against the [[PRC]] government by supporters of |
Sinophobic attitudes often have Chinese minorities outside of China proper as their target. This is true both in Asia (historically and in the modern era) and in the West. In this sense, the term essentially denotes an ethnic bigotry, often complicated by the economic and political exigencies of immigration and majority-minority relations. Where it is directed at the country itself, anti-Chinese sentiment may or may not qualify as an ethnic or racial prejudice, as criticisms of the [[Communist Party of China]] are not necessarily meant to impugn the Chinese population per se. One obvious example is protests against the [[PRC]] government by supporters of Taiwan independence. |
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==In Asia== |
==In Asia== |
Revision as of 15:05, 28 May 2006
Sinophobia is a consistent hostility toward people of Chinese origin, and may also refer to hostility towards China's culture or history and government. The term describes the actions and attitudes of individuals as well as the policies and pronouncements of governments and other organizations.
Sinophobic attitudes often have Chinese minorities outside of China proper as their target. This is true both in Asia (historically and in the modern era) and in the West. In this sense, the term essentially denotes an ethnic bigotry, often complicated by the economic and political exigencies of immigration and majority-minority relations. Where it is directed at the country itself, anti-Chinese sentiment may or may not qualify as an ethnic or racial prejudice, as criticisms of the Communist Party of China are not necessarily meant to impugn the Chinese population per se. One obvious example is protests against the PRC government by supporters of Taiwan independence.
In Asia
Significant Chinese peoples exist in a number of South-East Asian countries. Chinese populations include a majority in Singapore, a large minority in Malaysia, and minorities of less than 5% in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Burma amongst others. Generally urban and often wealthy businesses owners, these transplanted Chinese have traditionally controlled much capital and general economic activity in these countries despite their minority status. One study of Chinese as a "market-dominant minority" notes that: "Chinese market dominance and intense resentment amongst the indigenous majority is characteristic of virtually every country in Southeast Asia." (Chua, 2003, pg. 61)[Full citation needed] In the countries with small Chinese minorities, the economic disparity is remarkable: with 1% of the population in the Philippines and 3% in Indonesia, Chinese controlled 60% and 70% of the nations' private economy, respectively, in 1998 (Chua, pg. 3, pg. 43)[Full citation needed]. Similar statistics hold in Vietnam and Burma.
This radically asymmetrical economic position has often created explosive anti-Chinese sentiment amongst the poorer majorities. This has led to violence, such as in 1969 in Malaysia and in 1998 in Indonesia, where more than 2000 people died in rioting [1]. In the Philippines hundreds of Chinese are kidnapped every year and often killed regardless of a ransom—a problem the poor, ethnic Filipino, police are often indifferent to (Chua, pp. 1-5)[Full citation needed]. The government of Malaysia is constitutionally obliged to uphold the privileged status of the Bumiputra, at the expense of but not limited to ethnic Chinese.
In the West
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/YellowTerror.jpg/220px-YellowTerror.jpg)
China has figured in the Western imagination for more than two millennia in a variety of ways: positively, as an inventive, well-organized alternative civilization and negatively as a monolithic and repressive society.
In modern times, China has been an ambivalent immigration source for the west and obviously Sinophobic policies (such as the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, the policies of Richard Seddon, and the White Australia policy) and pronouncements on the "yellow peril" were in evidence as late as the mid-20th century in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. This has largely subsided however, and Chinese immigrants are often considered to be a model minority. In Russia, and especially in Siberia and the Russian Far East, there is a fear of a demographic takeover by Chinese immigrants in sparsely populated Russian areas [2] [3].
Internationally, China's booming economy and tremendous growth in power has been the subject of much speculation and apprehension with many believing that China could soon be in a position to challenge the United States as the sole superpower. Many are uneasy with the prospect of burgeoning Chinese hegemony as a country controlled by an unelected, single-party communist state. Many observers concerned with the lack of political and religious freedom in China increased their dislike of Chinese political machinations after watching the suppression of protesters during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.