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{{Short description|Strong aversion and prejudice against Armenians}} |
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{{Lead too short|date=February 2022}} |
{{Lead too short|date=February 2022}} |
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[[File:HamidianSassounmassacres.jpg|thumb|250px|Sketch by an eyewitness of the [[Hamidian massacres|massacre of Armenians]] in Sasun in 1894]] |
[[File:HamidianSassounmassacres.jpg|thumb|250px|Sketch by an eyewitness of the [[Hamidian massacres|massacre of Armenians]] in Sasun in 1894]] |
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{{Discrimination sidebar| |
{{Discrimination sidebar|expand-ethnic=yes}}'''Anti-Armenian sentiment''', also known as '''anti-Armenianism''' and '''Armenophobia''', is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, [[racism]], derision and/or [[prejudice]] towards [[Armenians]], [[Armenia]], and [[Culture of Armenia|Armenian culture]]. |
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Historically, anti-Armenianism has manifested itself in several ways, ranging from expressions of [[hatred]] of or [[discrimination]] against individual Armenians to [[List of massacres of Armenians|organized pogroms by mobs or state-sanctioned genocide]]. Notable instances of persecution include the [[Hamidian massacres|Hamidean massacres]] (1894-1897), the [[Adana massacre]] (1909), the [[Armenian genocide]] (1915), the [[Sumgait pogrom]] (1988), and [[Operation Ring]] (1991). |
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⚫ | Modern anti-Armenianism |
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⚫ | Modern anti-Armenianism frequently consists of expressions of opposition to the actions or existence of [[Armenia|an Armenian state]], aggressive [[denial of the Armenian genocide]] or belief in an Armenian [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy]] to fabricate history and manipulate public and political opinion for political gain.<ref>Black Garden, by Thomas De Waal (Aug 25, 2004), page 42</ref> Anti-Armenianism has also manifested as [[extrajudicial killing]] or intimidation of people of Armenian heritage and destruction of cultural monuments. |
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==Turkey== |
==Turkey== |
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[[File:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story p314.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story p314.jpg|thumb|250px|Of this photo, the United States ambassador wrote, "Scenes like this were common throughout the Armenian provinces, in the spring and summer months of 1915. Death in its several forms—massacre, [[starvation]], [[Fatigue (medical)|exhaustion]]—destroyed the larger part of the [[refugee]]s. The Turkish policy was that of [[genocide|extermination]] under the guise of [[deportation]]."]] |
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{{main|Anti-Armenian sentiment in Turkey|Armenian genocide recognition#Position of Turkey|Armenia–Turkey relations}} |
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{{see also|Racism in Turkey}} |
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===Armenian genocide and its denial=== |
===Armenian genocide and its denial=== |
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{{main|Armenian genocide denial}} |
{{main|Armenian genocide denial}} |
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Although it was possible for Armenians to achieve status and wealth in the [[Ottoman Empire]], as a community they were never accorded more than "second-class citizen" status and were regarded as fundamentally alien to the Muslim character of Ottoman society.<ref>Communal Violence: The Armenians and the Copts as Case Studies, by Margaret J. Wyszomirsky, World Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Apr., 1975), p. 438</ref> In 1895, revolts among the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire led to [[Abdul Hamid II|Sultan Abdül Hamid]]'s decision to massacre tens of thousands of Armenians in the [[Hamidian massacres]].<ref name = "Hamidia">[http://www.armenian-genocide.org/hamidian.html Hamidian Massacres], Armenian Genocide.</ref> |
Although it was possible for Armenians to achieve status and wealth in the [[Ottoman Empire]], as a community they were never accorded more than "second-class citizen" status and were regarded as fundamentally alien to the Muslim character of Ottoman society.<ref>Communal Violence: The Armenians and the Copts as Case Studies, by Margaret J. Wyszomirsky, World Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Apr., 1975), p. 438</ref> In 1895, revolts among the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire in pursuit of equal treatment led to [[Abdul Hamid II|Sultan Abdül Hamid]]'s decision to massacre tens of thousands of Armenians in the [[Hamidian massacres]].<ref name = "Hamidia">[http://www.armenian-genocide.org/hamidian.html Hamidian Massacres], Armenian Genocide.</ref> |
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During [[World War I]], the Ottoman government massacred between 1.2 and 1 |
During [[World War I]], the Ottoman government massacred between 1.2 and 1.8 million Armenians in the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref>Levon Marashlian. ''Politics and Demography: Armenians, Turks, and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire''. Cambridge, MA: Zoryan Institute, 1991.</ref><ref>Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) ''Dictionary of Genocide''. Greenwood Publishing, 2008, {{ISBN|0-313-34642-9}}, p. 19.</ref><ref>Noël, Lise. ''Intolerance: A General Survey''. Arnold Bennett, 1994, {{ISBN|0-7735-1187-3}}, p. 101.</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society | first = Richard T | last = Schaefer | year = 2008 | page = 90}}.</ref> The Turkish government continues to aggressively deny the Armenian genocide. This position has been criticized in a letter from the [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] to – then Turkish [[Prime Minister of Turkey|Prime Minister]], now [[President of Turkey|President]] – [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |title=INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GENOCIDE SCHOLARS |access-date=April 16, 2006 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060416082159/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2006 }} from the [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] to [[Prime Minister of Turkey|Prime Minister]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], June 13, 2005</ref> |
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====Contemporary==== |
====Contemporary==== |
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[[Cenk Saraçoğlu]] argues that anti-Armenian attitudes in Turkey "are no longer constructed and shaped by social interactions between the 'ordinary people' ... Rather, the Turkish media and state promote and disseminate an overtly anti-Armenian discourse."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saraçoğlu|first1=Cenk|title=Kurds of Modern Turkey: Migration, Neoliberalism and Exclusion in Turkish Society|date=2011|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=London|isbn=9780857719102|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LogAAwAAQBAJ |
[[Cenk Saraçoğlu]] argues that anti-Armenian attitudes in Turkey "are no longer constructed and shaped by social interactions between the 'ordinary people' ... Rather, the Turkish media and state promote and disseminate an overtly anti-Armenian discourse."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saraçoğlu|first1=Cenk|title=Kurds of Modern Turkey: Migration, Neoliberalism and Exclusion in Turkish Society|date=2011|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=London|isbn=9780857719102|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LogAAwAAQBAJ&dq=are+no+longer+constructed+and+shaped+by+social+interactions+between+the+%27ordinary+people&pg=PA175 175]}}</ref> According to a 2011 survey in Turkey, 73.9% of respondents admitted having unfavorable views toward Armenians. The survey showed an unfavorable stance toward Armenians was "relatively more widespread among those participants with lower levels of education and socioeconomic status."<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish citizens mistrust foreigners, opinion poll says|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=turkish-citizens-mistrustful-of-foreigners-opinion-poll-says-2011-05-02|work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=2 May 2011}}</ref> According to [[Minority Rights Group]], while the government recognizes Armenians as a minority group, as used in Turkey this term denotes second-class status.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minorityrights.org/4404/turkey/armenians.html |title=Minority Rights Group International: Turkey: Armenians |access-date=6 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508084309/http://www.minorityrights.org/4404/turkey/armenians.html |archive-date=8 May 2015 }}</ref> |
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| source = - Turkish lawyer [[Fethiye Çetin]]<ref name=monitor>{{cite news|last1=Tremblay|first1=Pinar|title=Grew up Kurdish, forced to be Turkish, now called Armenian|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/turkey-armenian-kurds-minorities-forced-to-be-turkish.html|agency=Al-Monitor|date=11 October 2015}}</ref> |
| source = - Turkish lawyer [[Fethiye Çetin]]<ref name=monitor>{{cite news|last1=Tremblay|first1=Pinar|title=Grew up Kurdish, forced to be Turkish, now called Armenian|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/turkey-armenian-kurds-minorities-forced-to-be-turkish.html|agency=Al-Monitor|date=11 October 2015}}</ref> |
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The [[Ankara Chamber of Commerce]] included a documentary, accusing the Armenian people of slaughtering Turks, with its paid tourism advertisements in the June 6, 2005 edition of the magazine ''[[Time Europe]]''. The magazine later apologized for allowing the inclusion of the DVDs and published a critical letter signed by five French organizations.<ref>"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/29/AR2005092902240.html In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History]", ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 2005-09-29</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialmirror.com/News/Cyprus_and_World_News/5780 |title=Time carries documentary, adopts policy on Armenian Genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605040256/http://www.financialmirror.com/News/Cyprus_and_World_News/5780 |archive-date=2011-06-05 |date=February 3, 2007}}</ref> The February 12, 2007, edition of ''Time Europe'' included an acknowledgment of the truth of the Armenian genocide and a DVD of a documentary by French director Laurence Jourdan about the genocide.<ref>{{Citation |publisher=Pseka |url=http://news.pseka.net/index.php?module=article&id=6444 |title=Time magazine: Carries documentary, adopts policy on Armenian Genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928194242/http://news.pseka.net/index.php?module=article&id=6444 |archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref> |
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⚫ | [[File:Ogunsamastflag.jpg|thumbnail|Shortly after [[Hrant Dink]] was murdered, the assassin was honored as a hero while in police custody, posing with a Turkish flag with policemen.<ref>{{cite news|title=Samast'a jandarma karakolunda kahraman muamelesi|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=211902|newspaper=Radikal|date=2 February 2007|language=tr|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205085530/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=211902|archive-date=5 February 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Watson|first1=Ivan|title=Turkey remembers murdered journalist|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/meast/turkey-journalist-anniversary/|agency=CNN|date=12 January 2012}}</ref>]] |
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[[Hrant Dink]], the editor of the weekly bilingual newspaper ''[[Agos]]'', [[Assassination of Hrant Dink|was assassinated]] in Istanbul on January 19, 2007, by Ogün Samast, who was reportedly acting on the orders of [[Yasin Hayal]], a militant Turkish ultra-nationalist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6369111,00.html |title=Suspect in Journalist Death Makes Threat |access-date=2007-01-24 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]|last=Harvey|first=Benjamin|date=2007-01-24 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6279241.stm |title=Turkish-Armenian writer shot dead|access-date=2007-01-19 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2007-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204160146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6279241.stm|archive-date=4 February 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> For his statements on Armenian identity and the Armenian genocide, Dink had been prosecuted three times under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code for "insulting Turkishness".<ref name="CPJ06SP">{{Cite web |title=Bad blood in Turkey |author=Robert Mahoney |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |access-date=2007-01-17 |date=2006-06-15 |url=http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2006/DA_spring_06/DA_spring_06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116202030/http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2006/DA_spring_06/DA_spring_06.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IPI070122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/statements_detail.html?ctxid=CH0055&docid=CMS1169459655335 |title=IPI Deplores Callous Murder of Journalist in Istanbul |publisher=[[International Press Institute]] |date=2007-01-22 |access-date=2007-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303055331/http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/statements_detail.html?ctxid=CH0055&docid=CMS1169459655335 |archive-date=3 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (The law was later amended by the [[Turkish parliament]], changing "Turkishness" to "Turkish Nation" and making it more difficult to prosecute individuals for the said offense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2008/6/article28.en.html|title=Turkey|access-date=6 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114070709/http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2008/6/article28.en.html|archive-date=14 January 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>) Dink had also received numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists who viewed his "iconoclastic" journalism (particularly regarding the Armenian genocide) as an act of treachery.<ref name="CPJ070119quote">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/mideast/turkey19jan07na.html |title=Turkish-Armenian editor murdered in Istanbul |author=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]] |date=2007-01-19|access-date=2007-01-24 |quote=Dink had received numerous death threats from nationalist Turks who viewed his iconoclastic journalism, particularly on the mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century, as an act of treachery.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125033034/http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/mideast/turkey19jan07na.html|archive-date=25 January 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
[[Hrant Dink]], the editor of the weekly bilingual newspaper ''[[Agos]]'', [[Assassination of Hrant Dink|was assassinated]] in Istanbul on January 19, 2007, by Ogün Samast, who was reportedly acting on the orders of [[Yasin Hayal]], a militant Turkish ultra-nationalist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6369111,00.html |title=Suspect in Journalist Death Makes Threat |access-date=2007-01-24 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]|last=Harvey|first=Benjamin|date=2007-01-24 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6279241.stm |title=Turkish-Armenian writer shot dead|access-date=2007-01-19 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2007-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204160146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6279241.stm|archive-date=4 February 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> For his statements on Armenian identity and the Armenian genocide, Dink had been prosecuted three times under [[Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)|Article 301]] of the Turkish Penal Code for "insulting Turkishness".<ref name="CPJ06SP">{{Cite web |title=Bad blood in Turkey |author=Robert Mahoney |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |access-date=2007-01-17 |date=2006-06-15 |url=http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2006/DA_spring_06/DA_spring_06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116202030/http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2006/DA_spring_06/DA_spring_06.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IPI070122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/statements_detail.html?ctxid=CH0055&docid=CMS1169459655335 |title=IPI Deplores Callous Murder of Journalist in Istanbul |publisher=[[International Press Institute]] |date=2007-01-22 |access-date=2007-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303055331/http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/statements_detail.html?ctxid=CH0055&docid=CMS1169459655335 |archive-date=3 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (The law was later amended by the [[Turkish parliament]], changing "Turkishness" to "Turkish Nation" and making it more difficult to prosecute individuals for the said offense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2008/6/article28.en.html|title=Turkey|access-date=6 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114070709/http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2008/6/article28.en.html|archive-date=14 January 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>) Dink had also received numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists who viewed his "iconoclastic" journalism (particularly regarding the Armenian genocide) as an act of treachery.<ref name="CPJ070119quote">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/mideast/turkey19jan07na.html |title=Turkish-Armenian editor murdered in Istanbul |author=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]] |date=2007-01-19|access-date=2007-01-24 |quote=Dink had received numerous death threats from nationalist Turks who viewed his iconoclastic journalism, particularly on the mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century, as an act of treachery.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125033034/http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/mideast/turkey19jan07na.html|archive-date=25 January 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[İbrahim Şahin]] and 36 other alleged members of Turkish ultra-nationalist [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon]] group were arrested in January, 2009 in [[Ankara]]. The Turkish police said the roundup was triggered by orders Şahin gave to assassinate 12 Armenian community leaders in [[Sivas]].<ref>[http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/turkish-police-uncover-arms-cache/story.aspx?guid={689660F3-E034-49B9-A123-C2E808A2AE8A}&dist=msr_1 Turkish police uncover arms cache, ''The Wall Street Journal'', Jan. 10, 2009]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.eirna.com/201131/ergenekon-arrests-preempt-coup-plan-operation-glove|title=E.I.R. GmbH|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> According to the official investigation in Turkey, Ergenekon also had a role in the murder of Hrant Dink.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/07/turkey-arrests-two-ex-generals-for.php |access-date=2008-07-07 |first=Devin |last=Montgomery |title=Turkey arrests two ex-generals for alleged coup plot |work=[[JURIST]] |date=2008-07-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226082910/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/07/turkey-arrests-two-ex-generals-for.php |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> |
[[İbrahim Şahin]] and 36 other alleged members of the Turkish ultra-nationalist [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon]] group were arrested in January, 2009 in [[Ankara]]. The Turkish police said the roundup was triggered by orders Şahin gave to assassinate 12 Armenian community leaders in [[Sivas]].<ref>[http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/turkish-police-uncover-arms-cache/story.aspx?guid={689660F3-E034-49B9-A123-C2E808A2AE8A}&dist=msr_1 Turkish police uncover arms cache, ''The Wall Street Journal'', Jan. 10, 2009]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.eirna.com/201131/ergenekon-arrests-preempt-coup-plan-operation-glove|title=E.I.R. GmbH|access-date=6 April 2015|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417190632/http://news.eirna.com/201131/ergenekon-arrests-preempt-coup-plan-operation-glove|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the official investigation in Turkey, Ergenekon also had a role in the murder of Hrant Dink.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/07/turkey-arrests-two-ex-generals-for.php |access-date=2008-07-07 |first=Devin |last=Montgomery |title=Turkey arrests two ex-generals for alleged coup plot |work=[[JURIST]] |date=2008-07-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226082910/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/07/turkey-arrests-two-ex-generals-for.php |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | In 2002, a monument was erected in memory of Turkish-Armenian composer [[Onno Tunç]] in [[Yalova]], Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=77786|access-date=2008-07-09|work=Hürriyet|date=2002-06-11|first=İbrahim |last=BÜYÜKFURAN ARMUTLU|language=tr|title=Onno Tunç anıtı açıldı}}</ref> The monument to the composer of Armenian origin was subjected to much vandalism over the course of the years, in which unidentified people had taken out the letters on the monument. In 2012 Yalova Municipal Assembly decided to remove the monument. Bilgin Koçal, the former mayor of Yalova, informed the public that the memorial had been destroyed by time and that it would shortly be replaced with a new one in the memory of Tunç.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.am/eng/news/103401.html|title=Turkish municipality destroys monument of Armenian musician, composer|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panorama.am/en/popular/2012/04/30/ono-tunch/|title=Monument to Armenian musician Onno Tunc destroyed in Turkey|author=Helix Consulting LLC|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2012/04/30/onno-tunc-anitini-yiktik-cunku|title=Onno Tunç anıtını yıktık çünkü ...|date=30 April 2012|work=Sabah|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> On the other hand, a similar memorial stays in place at the village of [[Armutlu, Yalova|Selimiye]], where an aircraft had crashed; and the people in the village of 187 expressed their protest about the vandalism claims regarding the memorial in Yalova, adding that they paid from their own funds to keep up the maintenance of the monument in their village against the wearing effect of natural causes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emlak.kanald.com.tr/t/panjin_parki/Onno_Tunc_anitina_Selimiye_halki_el_surdurmuyor/21315.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130418170415/http://emlak.kanald.com.tr/t/panjin_parki/Onno_Tunc_anitina_Selimiye_halki_el_surdurmuyor/21315.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2013 |title=Haber - Onno Tunç anıtı'na Selimiye halkı el sürdürmüyor! |access-date=6 April 2015 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | [[File:Hate speech in Turkish news outlets.jpg|thumb|350px|Accounts of hate speech towards targeted groups in Turkish news outlets with Armenians shown as being targeted the most according to a January–April 2014 Media Watch on Hate Speech and Discriminatory Language Report |
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⚫ | [[File:Hate speech in Turkish news outlets.jpg|thumb|350px|Accounts of hate speech towards targeted groups in Turkish news outlets with Armenians shown as being targeted the most according to a January–April 2014 Media Watch on Hate Speech and Discriminatory Language Report<ref>{{cite web|last1=Şahan|first1=İdil Engindeniz|last2=Fırat|first2=Derya|last3=Şannan|first3=Barış|title=January-April 2014 Media Watch on Hate Speech and Discriminatory Language Report|url=http://nefretsoylemi.org/rapor/HDV_ocak-nisan2014_rapor.pdf|publisher=Hrant Dink Foundation|access-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207071436/http://nefretsoylemi.org/rapor/HDV_ocak-nisan2014_rapor.pdf|archive-date=2019-12-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] |
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⚫ | [[Sevag Balikci]], a Turkish soldier of Armenian descent, was shot dead on April 24, 2011, the day of the commemoration of the Armenian genocide during his military service in [[Batman, Turkey|Batman]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian private killed intentionally, new testimony shows |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/mobile_detailn.action?newsId=269806 |access-date=14 December 2012 |newspaper=Today's Zaman |date=2012-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231448/http://www.todayszaman.com/mobile_detailn.action?newsId=269806 |archive-date=1 February 2014 }}</ref> It was later discovered that killer Kıvanç Ağaoğlu was an ultra-nationalist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sevag Şahin'i vuran asker BBP'li miydi?|url=http://www.firatnews.com/index.php?rupel=nuce&nuceID=42295|access-date=14 December 2012|language=tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831111538/http://www.firatnews.com/index.php?rupel=nuce&nuceID=42295|archive-date=31 August 2011}}</ref> Through his [[Facebook]] profile, it was uncovered that he was a sympathizer of nationalist politician [[Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu]] and Turkish agent / contract killer [[Abdullah Çatlı]], who himself had a history of anti-Armenian activity, such as the [[Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial Bombing|Armenian Genocide Memorial bombing]] in a Paris suburb in 1984.<ref name="Halavurt: Sevag 24 Nisan'da Planlı Şekilde Öldürülmüş Olabilir">{{cite news|title=Halavurt: "Sevag 24 Nisan'da Planlı Şekilde Öldürülmüş Olabilir"|url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/bianet/129759-halavurt-sevag-24-nisanda-planli-sekilde-oldurulmus-olabilir|access-date=29 December 2012|newspaper=Bianet|date=May 4, 2011|language=tr|quote=:Translated from Turkish: "On May 1, 2011, after investigating into the background of the suspect, we discovered that he was a sympathizer of the BBP. We also have encountured nationalist themes in his social networks. For example, Muhsin Yazicioglu and Abdullah Catli photos were present" according to Balikci lawyer Halavurt.}}</ref><ref name="What Happened to Sevag Balikci?">{{cite news|title=Title translated from Turkish: What Happened to Sevag Balikci?|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/Radikal.aspx?aType=RadikalYazar&Date=09.05.2011&ArticleID=1048713|access-date=29 December 2012|newspaper=Radikal|language=tr|quote=Translated from Turkish: "We discovered that he was a sympathizer of the BBP. We also have encountered nationalist themes in his social networks. For example, Muhsin Yazicioglu and Abdullah Catli photos were present" according to Balikci lawyer Halavurt.}}</ref><ref name="Sevag'ın Ölümünde Şüpheler Artıyor">{{cite news|title=Sevag'ın Ölümünde Şüpheler Artıyor |url=http://www.norzartonk.org/2011/05/07/sevag%E2%80%99in-olumunde-supheler-artiyor/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415113228/http://www.norzartonk.org/2011/05/07/sevag%E2%80%99in-olumunde-supheler-artiyor/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2013 |access-date=29 December 2012 |newspaper=Nor Zartonk |language=tr |quote=Title translated from Turkish: Doubts emerge on the death of Sevag }}</ref> His Facebook profile also showed that he was a [[Great Union Party]] (BBP) sympathizer, a far-right nationalist party in Turkey.<ref name="Halavurt: Sevag 24 Nisan'da Planlı Şekilde Öldürülmüş Olabilir" /> Testimony given by Sevag Balıkçı's fiancée stated that he was subjected to psychological pressure at the military compound.<ref name="Fiancé of Armenian soldier killed in Turkish army testifies before court">{{cite news|title=Fiancé of Armenian soldier killed in Turkish army testifies before court |url=http://newsam.com/eng/news/100211.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130022330/http://newsam.com/eng/news/100211.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=29 December 2012 |newspaper=News.am }}</ref> She was told by Sevag over the phone that he feared for his life because a certain military serviceman threatened him by saying, "If war were to happen with Armenia, you would be the first person I would kill."<ref name="Fiancé of Armenian soldier killed in Turkish army testifies before court" /><ref name="Nişanlıdan 'Ermenilerle savaşırsak ilk seni öldürürüm' iddiası">{{cite news|title=Nişanlıdan 'Ermenilerle savaşırsak ilk seni öldürürüm' iddiası|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Yasam/2012/04/06/nisanlidan-ermenilerle-savasirsak-ilk-seni-oldururum-iddiasi|access-date=29 December 2012|newspaper=Sabah|date=2012-04-06|language=tr|quote=Title translated from Turkish: From the fiance: If we were to go to war with Armenia, I would kill you first"}}</ref> |
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⚫ | On February 26, 2012, on the anniversary of the [[Khojaly Massacre]], the [[Atsız Youth]] led [[2012 Istanbul rally to commemorate the Khojaly massacre|a demonstration]] took place in Istanbul which contained hate speech and threats towards [[Armenia]] and [[Armenian people|Armenians]].<ref name="Azeris mark 20th anniversary of Khojaly Massacre in Istanbul">{{cite news|title=Azeris mark 20th anniversary of Khojaly Massacre in Istanbul|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/azeris-mark-20th-anniversary-of-khojaly-massacre-in-istanbul.aspx?pageID=238&nid=14673|access-date=22 December 2012|newspaper=Hurriyet|date=February 26, 2012|quote=One banner carried by dozens of protestors said, 'You are all Armenians, you are all bastards.'}}</ref><ref name="Inciting Hatred: Turkish Protesters Call Armenians 'Bastards'">{{cite news|title=Inciting Hatred: Turkish Protesters Call Armenians 'Bastards'|url=http://asbarez.com/101211/inciting-hatred-turkish-protesters-call-armenians-%E2%80%98bastards%E2%80%99/|access-date=22 December 2012|newspaper=Asbarez|date=February 28, 2012|quote='Mount Ararat will Become Your Grave' Chant Turkish Students|archive-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318114520/http://asbarez.com/101211/inciting-hatred-turkish-protesters-call-armenians-%e2%80%98bastards%e2%80%99/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Khojaly Massacre Protests gone wrong in Istanbul: ' You are all Armenian, you are all bastards '">{{cite news|title=Khojaly Massacre Protests gone wrong in Istanbul: ' You are all Armenian, you are all bastards '|url=http://www.nationalturk.com/en/khodzhaly-massacre-protests-gone-wrong-in-istanbul-you-are-all-armenian-you-are-all-bastards-16707|access-date=22 December 2012|newspaper=National Turk|date=28 February 2012}}</ref><ref name='Protests in Istanbul: "You are all Armenian, you are all bastards"'>{{cite news|title=Protests in Istanbul: "You are all Armenian, you are all bastards"|url=http://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/21966/protests-in-istanbul-you-are-all-armenian-you-are|access-date=22 December 2012|newspaper=LBC International|date=2012-02-26}}</ref> Chants and slogans during the demonstration include: "You are all Armenian, you are all bastards", "bastards of Hrant [Dink] can not scare us", and "[[Taksim Square]] today, [[Yerevan]] Tomorrow: We will descend upon you suddenly in the night."<ref name="Azeris mark 20th anniversary of Khojaly Massacre in Istanbul" /><ref name="Inciting Hatred: Turkish Protesters Call Armenians 'Bastards'" /> |
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⚫ | In 2002, a monument was erected in memory of Turkish-Armenian composer [[Onno Tunç]] in [[Yalova]], Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=77786|access-date=2008-07-09|work=Hürriyet|date=2002-06-11|first=İbrahim |last=BÜYÜKFURAN ARMUTLU|language=tr|title=Onno Tunç anıtı açıldı}}</ref> The monument to the composer of Armenian origin was subjected to much vandalism over the course of the years, in which unidentified people had taken out the letters on the monument. In 2012 Yalova Municipal Assembly decided to remove the monument. Bilgin Koçal, the former mayor of Yalova, informed the public that the memorial had been destroyed by time and that it would shortly be replaced with a new one in the memory of Tunç.<ref>{{cite |
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⚫ | In 2012 the ultra-nationalist ASIM-DER group (founded in 2002) had targeted Armenian schools, churches, foundations and individuals in Turkey as part of an anti-Armenian hate campaign.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ultra-nationalist group targets Turkey's Armenians|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-299589-ultra-nationalist-group-targets-turkeys-armenians.html|access-date=31 May 2013|newspaper=Zaman|date=28 November 2012|archive-date=29 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129035729/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-299589-ultra-nationalist-group-targets-turkeys-armenians.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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⚫ | [[Sevag Balikci]], |
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⚫ | On February 26, 2012, on the anniversary of the [[Khojaly Massacre]] [[2012 Istanbul |
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⚫ | In 2012 the ultra-nationalist ASIM-DER group (founded in 2002) had targeted Armenian schools, churches, foundations and individuals in Turkey as part of an anti-Armenian hate campaign.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ultra-nationalist group targets Turkey's Armenians|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-299589-ultra-nationalist-group-targets-turkeys-armenians.html|access-date=31 May 2013|newspaper=Zaman|date=28 November 2012}}</ref> |
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<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Nm mezar taslari 1630.jpg|thumb|left|Armenian tombstones from the [[Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery]], discovered in 2013 during the excavations for the [[pedestrian zone|pedestrianization]] project of [[Taksim Square]]. The cemetery was located on the northern section of Taksim Gezi Park.]] --> |
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Nm mezar taslari 1630.jpg|thumb|left|Armenian tombstones from the [[Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery]], discovered in 2013 during the excavations for the [[pedestrian zone|pedestrianization]] project of [[Taksim Square]]. The cemetery was located on the northern section of Taksim Gezi Park.]] --> |
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On 23 February 2014, a group of protestors carrying a banner that said, "Long live the Ogun Samasts! Down with Hrant Dink!" went in front of an Armenian school in Istanbul and later walked in front of the main building of the Agos newspaper, the same location where Hrant Dink was assassinated in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Agos'un önünde ırkçı eylem (English: In front of Agos a racist act) |url=http://birgun.net/haber/agosun-onunde-irkci-eylem-11550.html |newspaper=BirGun |date=23 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307053908/http://birgun.net/haber/agosun-onunde-irkci-eylem-11550.html |archive-date=7 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=EMO İstanbul Seçimlerinde faşist provokasyon|url=http://www.turnusol.biz/public/haber.aspx?id=18855|newspaper=Turnusol|date=23 February 2014|language=tr}}</ref> |
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On 5 August 2014, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, in a televised interview on [[NTV (Turkey)|NTV]] news network, remarked that being Armenian is "uglier" even than being Georgian, saying "You wouldn't believe the things they have said about me. They have said I am Georgian ... they have said even uglier things - they have called me Armenian, but I am Turkish."<ref name=altintas>{{cite news|last1=Altintas|first1=Baris|title=PM uses offensive, racist language targeting Armenians|url=https://www.todayszaman.com/son-dakika_erdogan-even-worse-i-apologize-i-was-called-an-armenian_354746.html|agency=Zaman|date=6 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Adam|title=Is 'Armenian' an insult? Turkey's prime minister seems to think so.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/08/06/is-armenian-an-insult-turkeys-prime-minister-seems-to-think-so/|agency=The Washington Post|date=6 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's Erdogan accused of inciting racial hatred for comment on Armenian descent |url=http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/8743cb2799aa430c911c126e308dcda9/EU--Turkey-Erdogan-Racism |publisher=The Republic |date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812184110/http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/8743cb2799aa430c911c126e308dcda9/EU--Turkey-Erdogan-Racism |archive-date=2014-08-12 }}</ref> |
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In February 2015, graffiti was discovered near the wall of an Armenian church in the [[Kadikoy]] district of Istanbul saying, "You're Either Turkish or Bastards" and "You Are All Armenian, All Bastards."<ref name=ihdmit>{{cite news|title=İHD: Hocalı mitinginin amacı ırkçı nefreti kışkırtmak |url=http://www.imctv.com.tr/2015/02/20/70829/ihd-hocali-mitinginin-amaci-irkci-nefreti-kiskirtmak |agency=IMC |date=20 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221123601/http://www.imctv.com.tr/2015/02/20/70829/ihd-hocali-mitinginin-amaci-irkci-nefreti-kiskirtmak |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gunes|first1=Deniz|title=Kadıköy esnafına ırkçı bildiri dağıtıldı|url=http://www.demokrathaber.net/guncel/kadikoy-esnafina-irkci-bildiri-dagitildi-h45114.html|agency=Demokrat Haber|date=20 February 2015|language=tr|access-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221234937/http://www.demokrathaber.net/guncel/kadikoy-esnafina-irkci-bildiri-dagitildi-h45114.html|archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=İHD: Mitingin amacı ırkçı nefreti kışkırtmaktır|url=http://www.yuksekovahaber.com/haber/ihd-mitingin-amaci-irkci-nefreti-kiskirtmaktir-148847.htm|agency=Yüksekova Haber|date=20 February 2015|language=tr}}</ref> It is claimed that the graffiti was done by organizing members of a rally entitled "Demonstrations Condemning the Khojali Genocide and Armenian Terror". The Human Rights Association of Turkey petitioned the local government of Istanbul calling it a "Pretext to Incite Ethnic Hate Against Armenians in Turkey".<ref name=ihdmit /><ref>{{cite news|title=Khojali: A Pretext to Incite Ethnic Hatred|url=http://armenianweekly.com/2015/02/22/ethnic-hate-against-armenians/|newspaper=[[Armenian Weekly]]|date=22 February 2015}}</ref> In the same month banners celebrating the Armenian genocide were spotted in several cities throughout Turkey. They declared: "We celebrate the 100th anniversary of our country being cleansed of Armenians. We are proud of our glorious ancestors."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barsoumian|first1=Nanore|title=Banners Celebrating Genocide Displayed in Turkey|url=http://armenianweekly.com/2015/02/23/celebrating-genocide/|work=Armenian Weekly|date=23 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Irkçı afişte 1915 itirafı!|url=http://www.demokrathaber.net/guncel/irkci-afiste-1915-itirafi-h45304.html|work=Demokrat Haber|date=23 February 2015|language=tr|access-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224021138/http://www.demokrathaber.net/guncel/irkci-afiste-1915-itirafi-h45304.html|archive-date=24 February 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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On 20 February 2015, the Mayor of [[Bayburt]] Mete Memis called the deeds of Turkish soldiers who massacred Armenians a hundred years ago "heroism". He made a congratulatory statement on the 97th anniversary of Bayburt's sacking, in which its Armenian resident were massacred and exiled as part of the Armenian genocide, claiming that 97 years ago, the Turkish soldiers in Bayburt had "written their name in history for defending the homeland."<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish Mayor of Bayburt Calls Armenian Holocaust Heroism|url=http://www.horizonweekly.ca/news/details/62036|date=20 February 2015|newspaper=Haberler|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref> |
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In March 2015, the mayor of [[Ankara]], [[Melih Gökçek]], filed a formal complaint on defamation charges against journalist Hayko Bağdat because he called him an Armenian. The complaint petitioned that the statements by the journalist are "false and include insult and libel".<ref name=zamanhayko>{{cite news|title=Ankara mayor files complaint against journalist for calling him 'Armenian'|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_ankara-mayor-files-complaint-against-journalist-for-calling-him-armenian_376181.html|agency=Today's Zaman|date=24 March 2015}}</ref> Gökçek also demanded 10,000 [[Turkish lira|liras]] in compensation under a civil lawsuit against Bağdat for psychological damages, and the lawsuit is now pending.<ref name=zamanhayko /> |
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During the official state funeral of Turkish serviceman Olgun Karakoyunlu, a man exclaimed: "The PKK are all Armenians, but are hiding. I am Kurdish and a Muslim, but I am not an Armenian. The end of Armenians is near. God willingly, we will bring an end to them. Oh Armenians, whatever you do it is in vain, we know you well. Whatever you do will be in vain."<ref name=sabah>{{cite news|title='PKK'lıların hepsi Ermeni!'|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2015/09/02/pkklilarin-hepsi-ermeni|agency=Sabah|date=2 September 2015|language=tr|quote="Bu PKK'lıların hepsi Ermeni, kendilerini saklıyorlar. Ben Kürdüm, Müslümanım ama ben Ermeni değilim. Ermenilerin sonu gelecek. Allah'ın izniyle sizin sonunuzu getireceğiz. Ne etseniz boş ey Ermeniler, biz sizi biliyoruz. Ne yapsanız boş Ermeniler"}}</ref> Similarly, in 2007, a state-appointed [[imam]], presiding over a funeral of a Turkish soldier killed by the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]], said that the death was due to "Armenian bastards".<ref>{{cite news|title=Unearthing the past, endangering the future|url=http://www.economist.com/node/9987685|agency=Economist|date=18 October 2007}}</ref> |
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In September 2015, during the [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|Kurdish–Turkish conflict]], a video was released which captured police in [[Cizre]] announcing on a loudspeaker to the local Kurdish population that they were "Armenian bastards".<ref>https://twitter.com/cildiris_/status/641373057681068032 {{Bare URL inline|date=December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kivanc|first1=Umit|title=Bildiklerimiz, bilmediklerimiz|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/umit_kivanc/bildiklerimiz_bilmediklerimiz-1431345|agency=Radikal|date=10 September 2015}}</ref> A few days later, in another instance, the Cizre police made repeated announcements on loudspeaker saying "You are all Armenians."<ref name=monitor /><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynYWp2k9vRE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117043536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynYWp2k9vRE |archive-date=2016-01-17 |url-status=dead|title=YouTube|access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Polis, Cizre'de halka böyle seslendi: Hepiniz Ermenisiniz|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/video/video/365881/Polis__Cizre_de_halka_boyle_seslendi__Hepiniz_Ermenisiniz.html|agency=Cumhurriyet|date=11 September 2015}}</ref> |
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On 9 September 2015, a crowd of Turkish youth rallying in Armenian populated districts of Istanbul chanted "We must turn these districts into Armenian and Kurdish cemeteries."<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian-Populated Districts of Istanbul Attacked|url=http://asbarez.com/139676/armenian-populated-districts-of-istanbul-attacked/|agency=Asbarez|date=9 September 2015}}</ref> |
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In September 2015, a 'Welcome' sign was installed in [[Iğdır]] and written in four languages, Turkish, Kurdish, English, and Armenian. The Armenian portion of the sign was protested by ASIMDER who demanded its removal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kurdish Mayor of Igdir Installs 'Welcome' Sign in Armenian|url=http://asbarez.com/140032/kurdish-mayor-of-igdir-town-installs-welcome-sign-in-armenian/|agency=Asbarez|date=22 September 2015}}</ref> In October 2015, the Armenian writing on the 'Welcome' sign was heavily vandalized.<ref>{{cite news|title=İlçe girişindeki Ermenice yazıyı tahrip ettiler|url=http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/ilce-girisindeki-ermenice-yaziyi-tahrip-ettiler|agency=CNN Turk|date=12 October 2015|language=tr}}</ref> The Armenian portion of the sign was ultimately removed in June 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian Signboards Removed in Igdir|url=http://asbarez.com/151966/armenian-signboards-removed-in-igdir/|agency=Asbarez|date=21 June 2016}}</ref> |
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In April 2016, Barbaros Leylani, the head of the Turkish Worker's Union in Sweden, referred to Armenians as "dogs" in a public speech in Stockholm, and added: "Turks awaken! Armenian scums must be finished, die Armenian scums, die, die!" ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LyR6cOdyf8 external link of speech (in Turkish)])<ref name=fox>{{cite news|title=Insulting remarks about Armenia forces resignation in Sweden|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/04/11/insulting-remarks-about-armenia-forces-resignation-in-sweden.html|agency=Fox News|date=11 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish-Azerbaijani tandem engaged in anti-Armenian racist activities in Europe's heart|url=http://armenpress.am/eng/news/843024/turkish-azerbaijani-tandem-engaged-in-anti-armenian-racist-activities-in-europe%E2%80%99s-heart.html|agency=Armenpress|date=11 April 2016}}</ref> Juridikfronten, a Swedish watchdog organization, filed a report to the police due to an "incitement to racial hatred". Thereafter, Leylani resigned from his post.<ref name=fox /> |
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In August 2020 the statue of [[Komitas]] in Paris has been vandalized. The inscription "it is false" has been written in red ink on the plinth of the Armenian Genocide Memorial.<ref>[https://en.armradio.am/2020/08/31/french-mp-valerie-boyer-condemns-the-profanation-of-komitas-statue-in-paris/ French MP Valerie Boyer condemns the profanation of Komitas statue in Paris, by Siranush Ghazanchyan, Public Radio of Armenia, August 31, 2020]</ref><ref>[https://www.panorama.am/en/news/2020/08/31/Komitas-statue-vandalized-in-Paris/2351652 Komitas statue vandalized in Paris, Panorama.am, August 31, 2020]</ref> |
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==Azerbaijan== |
==Azerbaijan== |
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{{main|Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan|Armenia–Azerbaijan relations}} |
{{main|Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan|Armenia–Azerbaijan relations}} |
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| image1 = İlham Əliyev Bakıda Hərbi Qənimətlər Parkının açılışında (23).jpg |
| image1 = İlham Əliyev Bakıda Hərbi Qənimətlər Parkının açılışında (23).jpg |
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| image2 = İlham Əliyev Bakıda Hərbi Qənimətlər Parkının açılışında (72).jpg |
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| footer = Helmets of deceased Armenian troops |
| footer = Helmets of deceased Armenian troops, wax mannequins of captured Armenian soldiers of the [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]] showcased at [[Military Trophy Park (Baku)|Baku military park]] in [[Azerbaijan]]. President [[Ilham Aliyev]] shown in the first image during a visit to the park. |
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Anti-Armenian sentiment exists in [[Azerbaijan]] on institutional<ref>{{in lang|ru}} |
Anti-Armenian sentiment exists in [[Azerbaijan]] on institutional<ref>{{in lang|ru}} {{ill|Fyodor Lukyanov|ru|Лукьянов, Фёдор Александрович}}, Editor-in-Chief of the journal ''Russia in Global Affairs'' {{cite news|title=Первый и неразрешимый|url=http://vz.ru/opinions/2011/8/2/511811.html|access-date=12 January 2013|date=2 August 2011|agency=[[Vzglyad (newspaper)|Vzglyad]]|quote=Армянофобия – институциональная часть современной азербайджанской государственности, и, конечно, Карабах в центре этого всего. "Armenophobia is the institutional part of the modern Azerbaijani statehood and Karabakh is in the center of it."}}</ref> and social<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on Azerbaijan |url=http://hudoc.fcnm.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_02/02_CbC_eng/02-cbc-azerbaijan-eng.pdf |publisher=[[European Commission against Racism and Intolerance]] |access-date=22 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921073055/http://hudoc.fcnm.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_02/02_CbC_eng/02-cbc-azerbaijan-eng.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |location=Strasbourg |date=15 April 2003 |page=2 |quote=Due to the conflict, there is a widespread negative sentiment toward Armenians in Azerbaijani society today." "In general, hate-speech and derogatory public statements against Armenians take place routinely. |url-status=dead }}</ref> levels. [[Armenians]] are "the most vulnerable group in Azerbaijan in the field of racism and racial discrimination."<ref name="2007 ecri report">{{cite web|title=Second report on Azerbaijan|url=http://hudoc.fcnm.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/AZE-CbC-III-2007-22-ENG.pdf|publisher=[[European Commission against Racism and Intolerance]]|access-date=23 January 2013|location=Strasbourg|date=24 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921072548/http://hudoc.fcnm.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/AZE-CbC-III-2007-22-ENG.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> |
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Throughout the 20th century, [[Armenians]] and the Muslim |
Throughout the 20th century, [[Armenians|Armenian]] and the [[Turkic languages|Turkish-speaking]] Muslim (Shia and Sunni; then known as "Caucasian Tatars" , later as [[Azerbaijanis]]){{efn|The term "Tatars", employed by the Russians, referred to [[Turkic languages|Turkish-speaking]] Muslims (Shia and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]) of [[Transcaucasia]].<ref name="BournoutianTatarMuslim">{{cite book |last1=Bournoutian |first1=George |author1-link=George Bournoutian |title=Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900-1914 |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |page=35 (note 25)}}</ref> Unlike Armenians and [[Georgians]], the Tatars did not have their own alphabet and used the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]].<ref name="BournoutianTatarMuslim"/> After 1918 with the establishment of the [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]], and "especially during the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] era", the Tatar group identified itself as "[[Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijani]]".<ref name="BournoutianTatarMuslim"/> }} inhabitants of [[South Caucasus|Transcaucasia]] have been involved in numerous conflicts. [[Pogroms]], massacres and wars solidified oppositional ethnic identities between the two groups, and have contributed to the development of [[national consciousness]]es among both Armenians and Azeris.<ref name="Dawisha2">{{cite book|last=Dawisha|first=Karen|title=The International Politics of Eurasia|author2=Parrot, Bruce|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1994|isbn=9781563243530|location=Armonk, NY|page=242}}</ref> From 1918 to 1920, organized killings of Armenians occurred in Azerbaijan, especially in the Armenian cultural centers in [[Baku]] and [[Shusha]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap94gZsbu6QC|title=War in peace : paramilitary violence in Europe after the Great War|date=27 September 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199654918|editor1=Robert Gerwarth|location=Oxford|editor2=John Horne}}</ref> |
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Contemporary Armenophobia in Azerbaijan traces its roots to the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|last years]] of the [[Soviet Union]], when Armenians demanded that the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities transfer the mostly Armenian-populated [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] (NKAO) in the [[Azerbaijan SSR]] to the [[Armenian SSR]].<ref name="IHF 2005 report2">{{cite web|title=Human Rights in the OSCE Region: Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2005 (Events of 2004)|url=http://www.ihf-hr.org/viewbinary/viewdocument.php?doc_id=6322|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429230856/http://www.ihf-hr.org/viewbinary/viewdocument.php?doc_id=6322|archive-date=29 April 2010|access-date=19 January 2013|publisher=[[International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights]]|quote=The unresolved conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh stimulated "armenophobia."}}</ref> In response to these demands, anti-Armenian rallies were held in various cities, where Azeri nationalist groups incited anti-Armenian sentiments that led to pogroms in [[Sumgait pogrom|Sumgait]], [[Kirovabad pogrom|Kirovabad]] and [[Baku pogrom|Baku]]. From 1988 through 1990, an estimated 300,000-350,000 Armenians either fled under threat of violence or were deported from Azerbaijan, and roughly 167,000 Azeris were forced to flee Armenia, often under violent circumstances.<ref name="hrw2">{{cite book|author=[[Human Rights Watch]]|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijanseveny00huma|title=Azerbaijan: seven years of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh|publisher=Humans Rights Watch|year=1994|isbn=1-56432-142-8|location=New York}}</ref> The rising tensions between the two nations eventually escalated into a [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War|large-scale military conflict]] over [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], in which Azerbaijan lost control over around 14%<ref>{{cite book|last=de Waal|first=Thomas|url=|title=Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war|publisher=New York University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780814719459|location=New York|page=286|quote=This means that the combined area of Azerbaijan under Armenian occupation was approximately 11,797 km2 or 4,555 square miles. Azerbaijan's total area is 86,600 km2. So the occupied zone is in fact 13.62 percent of Azerbaijan—still a large figure, but a long way short of President Aliev's repeated claim.|author-link=Thomas de Waal}}</ref> of the country's territory to the self-proclaimed [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]].<ref name="IHF 2005 report2" /> [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict|Ever-increasing tensions]] over the loss of the territory, which sparked more anti-Armenian sentiment,<ref name="2007 ecri report2">{{cite web|date=24 May 2007|title=Second report on Azerbaijan|url=http://hudoc.fcnm.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/AZE-CbC-III-2007-22-ENG.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921072548/http://hudoc.fcnm.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/AZE-CbC-III-2007-22-ENG.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013|access-date=23 January 2013|publisher=[[European Commission against Racism and Intolerance]]|location=Strasbourg}}</ref> and the urge to revenge the loss of the territory internationally recognized as Azeri led Azerbaijan to start the [[ |
Contemporary Armenophobia in Azerbaijan traces its roots to the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|last years]] of the [[Soviet Union]], when Armenians demanded that the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities transfer the mostly Armenian-populated [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] (NKAO) in the [[Azerbaijan SSR]] to the [[Armenian SSR]].<ref name="IHF 2005 report2">{{cite web|title=Human Rights in the OSCE Region: Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2005 (Events of 2004)|url=http://www.ihf-hr.org/viewbinary/viewdocument.php?doc_id=6322|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429230856/http://www.ihf-hr.org/viewbinary/viewdocument.php?doc_id=6322|archive-date=29 April 2010|access-date=19 January 2013|publisher=[[International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights]]|quote=The unresolved conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh stimulated "armenophobia."}}</ref> In response to these demands, anti-Armenian rallies were held in various cities, where Azeri nationalist groups incited anti-Armenian sentiments that led to pogroms in [[Sumgait pogrom|Sumgait]], [[Kirovabad pogrom|Kirovabad]] and [[Baku pogrom|Baku]]. From 1988 through 1990, an estimated 300,000-350,000 Armenians either fled under threat of violence or were deported from Azerbaijan, and roughly 167,000 Azeris were forced to flee Armenia, often under violent circumstances.<ref name="hrw2">{{cite book|author=[[Human Rights Watch]]|url=https://archive.org/details/azerbaijanseveny00huma|title=Azerbaijan: seven years of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh|publisher=Humans Rights Watch|year=1994|isbn=1-56432-142-8|location=New York}}</ref> The rising tensions between the two nations eventually escalated into a [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War|large-scale military conflict]] over [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], in which Azerbaijan lost control over around 14%<ref>{{cite book|last=de Waal|first=Thomas|url=|title=Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war|publisher=New York University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780814719459|location=New York|page=286|quote=This means that the combined area of Azerbaijan under Armenian occupation was approximately 11,797 km2 or 4,555 square miles. Azerbaijan's total area is 86,600 km2. So the occupied zone is in fact 13.62 percent of Azerbaijan—still a large figure, but a long way short of President Aliev's repeated claim.|author-link=Thomas de Waal}}</ref> of the country's territory to the self-proclaimed [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]].<ref name="IHF 2005 report2" /> [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict|Ever-increasing tensions]] over the loss of the territory, which sparked more anti-Armenian sentiment,<ref name="2007 ecri report2">{{cite web|date=24 May 2007|title=Second report on Azerbaijan|url=http://hudoc.fcnm.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/AZE-CbC-III-2007-22-ENG.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921072548/http://hudoc.fcnm.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/AZE-CbC-III-2007-22-ENG.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013|access-date=23 January 2013|publisher=[[European Commission against Racism and Intolerance]]|location=Strasbourg}}</ref> and the urge to revenge the loss of the territory internationally recognized as Azeri led Azerbaijan to start the [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War|second war over the territory in 2020]], in which they managed to recapture part of the area. In a November 2020 alert, Genocide Watch reported that Armenians in Azerbaijan are dehumanized, being called “terrorists”, “bandits,” “infidels,” “leftovers of the sword" (a referral to the 1915 genocide<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watch |first=Genocide |date=2020-05-11 |title=Turkey: Erdogan uses "Leftovers of the Sword" anti-Christian hate speech |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/2020/05/11/turkey-erdogan-uses-leftovers-of-the-sword-anti-christian-hate-speech |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=genocidewatch |language=en}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watch |first=Genocide |date=2020-11-06 |title=Genocide Emergency Alert on the War in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/_files/ugd/137a5c_612fc0b2ce6f4d0f99f99a942d0d8516.pdf |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=genocidewatch |language=en}}</ref> |
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The Armenian side has accused the Azerbaijani government of carrying out anti-Armenian policy inside and outside the country, which includes propaganda of hate toward Armenia and Armenians and the destruction of [[Armenian cultural heritage in Azerbaijan|Armenian cultural heritage]].<ref>{{cite web|year=1993|title=Azerbaijan: The Status of Armenians, Russians, Jews and other minorities|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/ins/azerba93.pdf|access-date=25 January 2013|publisher=[[Immigration and Naturalization Service]]|location=Washington, DC|page=10|quote=Despite the constitutional guarantees against religious discrimination, numerous acts of vandalism against the Armenian Apostolic Church have been reported throughout Azerbaijan. These acts are clearly connected to anti-Armenian sentiments brought to the surface by the war between Armenia and Azerbaijan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter G. Stone|title=The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq|author2=Joanne Farchakh Bajjaly|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2008|isbn=9781843833840|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk|page=xi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Adalian|first=Rouben Paul|title=Historical dictionary of Armenia|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2010|isbn=9780810860964|location=Lanham, Md.|page=95}}</ref> According to Fyodor Lukyanov, editor-in-chief of the journal ''Russia in Global Affairs'', "Armenophobia is the institutional part of the modern Azerbaijani statehood and Karabakh is in the center of it".<ref>{{in lang|ru}} |
The Armenian side has accused the Azerbaijani government of carrying out anti-Armenian policy inside and outside the country, which includes propaganda of hate toward Armenia and Armenians and the destruction of [[Armenian cultural heritage in Azerbaijan|Armenian cultural heritage]].<ref>{{cite web|year=1993|title=Azerbaijan: The Status of Armenians, Russians, Jews and other minorities|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/ins/azerba93.pdf|access-date=25 January 2013|publisher=[[Immigration and Naturalization Service]]|location=Washington, DC|page=10|quote=Despite the constitutional guarantees against religious discrimination, numerous acts of vandalism against the Armenian Apostolic Church have been reported throughout Azerbaijan. These acts are clearly connected to anti-Armenian sentiments brought to the surface by the war between Armenia and Azerbaijan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter G. Stone|title=The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq|author2=Joanne Farchakh Bajjaly|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2008|isbn=9781843833840|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk|page=xi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Adalian|first=Rouben Paul|title=Historical dictionary of Armenia|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2010|isbn=9780810860964|location=Lanham, Md.|page=95}}</ref> According to {{ill|Fyodor Lukyanov|ru|Лукьянов, Фёдор Александрович}}, editor-in-chief of the journal ''Russia in Global Affairs'', "Armenophobia is the institutional part of the modern Azerbaijani statehood and Karabakh is in the center of it".<ref>{{in lang|ru}} {{ill|Fyodor Lukyanov|ru|Лукьянов, Фёдор Александрович}}, editor-in-chief of the journal ''Russia in Global Affairs'' {{cite news|date=2 August 2011|title=Первый и неразрешимый|newspaper=[[Vzglyad (newspaper)|Vzglyad]]|url=http://vz.ru/opinions/2011/8/2/511811.html|access-date=25 April 2014|quote=Армянофобия – институциональная часть современной азербайджанской государственности, и, конечно, Карабах в центре этого всего.}}</ref> In 2011, the [[European Commission against Racism and Intolerance|ECRI]] report on Azerbaijan stated that "the constant negative official and media discourse" against Armenia fosters "a negative climate of opinion regarding people of Armenian origin, who remain vulnerable to discrimination."<ref name="2011 ecri report2">{{cite web|date=31 May 2011|title=ECRI report on Azerbaijan (fourth monitoring cycle)|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/Country-by-country/Azerbaijan/AZE-CbC-IV-2011-019-ENG.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316045847/http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/Country-by-country/Azerbaijan/AZE-CbC-IV-2011-019-ENG.pdf|archive-date=16 March 2013|access-date=19 January 2013|publisher=[[European Commission against Racism and Intolerance]]|location=Strasbourg, France}} [[iarchive:2011ReportOfTheEuropeanCommissionAgainstRacismAndIntoleranceOn|Alt URL]]</ref> According to historian [[Jeremy Smith (historian)|Jeremy Smith]], "National identity in post-Soviet Azerbaijan rests in large part, then, on the cult of the Alievs, alongside a sense of embattlement and victimisation and a virulent hatred of Armenia and Armenians".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cheterian|first1=Vicken|author1-link=Vicken Cheterian|date=2018|title=The Uses and Abuses of History: Genocide and the Making of the Karabakh Conflict|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=70|issue=6|pages=884–903|doi=10.1080/09668136.2018.1489634|s2cid=158760921}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jeremy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYhtAAAAQBAJ&q=%22National+identity+in+post-Soviet+Azerbaijan+rests+in+large+part,+then,+on+the+cult+of+the+Alievs,+alongside+a+sense+of+embattlement+and+victimisation+and+a+virulent+hatred+of+Armenia+and+Armenians%22&pg=PA296|title=Red Nations|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-11131-7|language=en}}</ref> |
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In European Parliament's resolution of 10 March 2022 condemning the destruction of the Armenian heritage in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=EU Parliament condemns destruction of Armenian heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://oc-media.org/eu-parliament-condemns-destruction-of-armenian-heritage-in-nagorno-karabakh/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=OC Media |language=en-US}}</ref> the parliament stated: |
In the European Parliament's resolution of 10 March 2022 condemning the destruction of the Armenian heritage in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=EU Parliament condemns destruction of Armenian heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://oc-media.org/eu-parliament-condemns-destruction-of-armenian-heritage-in-nagorno-karabakh/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=OC Media |language=en-US}}</ref> the parliament stated: |
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<blockquote> European Parliament ... Acknowledges that the erasure of the Armenian cultural heritage is part of a wider pattern of a systematic, state-level policy of Armenophobia, historical revisionism and hatred towards Armenians promoted by the Azerbaijani authorities, including dehumanisation, the glorification of violence and territorial claims against the Republic of Armenia”. |
<blockquote> European Parliament ... Acknowledges that the erasure of the Armenian cultural heritage is part of a wider pattern of a systematic, state-level policy of Armenophobia, historical revisionism and hatred towards Armenians promoted by the Azerbaijani authorities, including dehumanisation, the glorification of violence and territorial claims against the Republic of Armenia”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on the destruction of cultural heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RC-9-2022-0146_EN.html |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> </blockquote>In March 2023, the European Parliament issued another resolution which condemned Azerbaijan's [[Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)|attacks on Armenia]] and called for Azerbaijan to lift its [[2022–2023 blockade of the Republic of Artsakh|blockade of Artsakh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=KOVATCHEV |first=Andrey |title=REPORT on EU-Armenia relations {{!}} A9-0036/2023 {{!}} European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2023-0036_EN.html |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> In response, Azerbaijani President Aliyev described the resolution as "beyond doubt...originat[ing] from Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora, long since a cancerous tumour of Europe."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azerbaijani Parliament issues protest statement regarding European Parliament's resolution |url=https://apa.az/en/domestic-policy/azerbaijani-parliament-issues-protest-statement-regarding-european-parliaments-resolution-398952 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Apa.az |language=en}}</ref> |
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Anti-Armenian hate crimes committed by Azerbaijanis have also occurred internationally beyond the country of Azerbaijan. In 2004, Ramil Safarov [[Ramil Safarov|decapitated an Armenian while he was sleeping in Hungary]]. |
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===Status of Armenian cultural monuments=== |
===Status of Armenian cultural monuments=== |
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<blockquote>Satellite imagery, extensive documentary evidence and personal accounts showed that 89 churches, 5,840 khachkars and 22,000 tombstones were destroyed between 1997 and 2006, including the medieval necropolis of Djulfa, the largest ancient Armenian cemetery in the world. The Azerbaijani response has consistently been to simply deny that Armenians had ever lived in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=The ceasefire agreement with Azerbaijan comes with great risks for Armenia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/19/ceasefire-agreement-azerbaijan-great-risks-armenia |work=The Guardian |date=19 November 2020}}</ref></blockquote> |
<blockquote>Satellite imagery, extensive documentary evidence and personal accounts showed that 89 churches, 5,840 khachkars and 22,000 tombstones were destroyed between 1997 and 2006, including the medieval necropolis of Djulfa, the largest ancient Armenian cemetery in the world. The Azerbaijani response has consistently been to simply deny that Armenians had ever lived in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=The ceasefire agreement with Azerbaijan comes with great risks for Armenia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/19/ceasefire-agreement-azerbaijan-great-risks-armenia |work=The Guardian |date=19 November 2020}}</ref></blockquote> |
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The most publicized case of mass destruction concerns gravestones at a medieval [[Armenian cemetery in Julfa]] |
The most publicized case of mass destruction concerns gravestones at a medieval [[Armenian cemetery in Julfa]], a sacred site of the Armenian Apostolic Church. [[Charles Tannock]], the member of the foreign affairs committee of the [[European Parliament]], argued: "This is very similar to the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan|Buddha statues destroyed]] by the Taliban. They have concreted the area over and turned it into a military camp."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Castle|first1=Stephen|title=Azerbaijan 'flattened' sacred Armenian site|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/azerbaijan-flattened-sacred-armenian-site-480272.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/azerbaijan-flattened-sacred-armenian-site-480272.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The Independent]]|date=23 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The destruction of the cemetery has been widely described by Armenian sources, and some non-Armenian sources, as an act of [[cultural genocide]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Antonyan |first1=Yulia |title=Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe |last2=Siekierski |first2=Konrad |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |editor1-last=Aitamurto |editor1-first=Kaarina |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2L3oBAAAQBAJ&dq=cultural+genocide=+julfa+cemetery&pg=PA280 280] |contribution=A neopagan movement in Armenia: the children of Ara |quote=By analogy, other tragic events or threatening processes are designated today by Armenians as "cultural genocide" (for example, the destruction by Azerbaijanis of the Armenian cemetery in Julfa)... |editor2-last=Simpson |editor2-first=Scott}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghazinyan |first1=Aris |date=13 January 2006 |title=Cultural War: Systematic destruction of Old Julfa khachkars raises international attention |work=[[ArmeniaNow]] |url=http://armenianow.com/news/6092/cultural_war_systematic_destructio |url-status=dead |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125053050/http://armenianow.com/news/6092/cultural_war_systematic_destructio |archive-date=25 November 2015 |quote=...another “cultural genocide being perpetrated by Azerbaijan.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Uğur Ümit Üngör |title=The Routledge History of Genocide |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317514848 |editor1-last=Carmichael |editor1-first=Cathie |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6rvlCAAAQBAJ&dq=cultural+genocide+julfa+cemetery&pg=PA250 250] |contribution=Cultural genocide: Destruction of material and non-material human culture |author-link=Uğur Ümit Üngör |editor2-last=Maguire |editor2-first=Richard C.}}</ref> |
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European Parliament published a resolution on 10 March 2022, condemning the destruction of the Armenian heritage in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh).<ref name=":0" /> The resolution read: |
European Parliament published a resolution on 10 March 2022, condemning the destruction of the Armenian heritage in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh).<ref name=":0" /> The resolution read: |
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<blockquote> European Parliament ... Strongly condemns Azerbaijan's continued policy of erasing and denying the Armenian cultural heritage in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, in violation of international law and the recent decision of the ICJ... |
<blockquote> European Parliament ... Strongly condemns Azerbaijan's continued policy of erasing and denying the Armenian cultural heritage in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, in violation of international law and the recent decision of the ICJ...<ref name=":1" /></blockquote> |
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=== Ongoing genocide risk === |
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Since 2020, Azerbaijan has attacked Armenian positions in Nagorno-Karabakh ([[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]]), Armenia ([[Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)|border crisis]]), and has also [[Blockade of the Republic of Artsakh (2022–present)|blockaded the Republic of Artsakh]]. These events have resulted in numerous organizations, including those which specialize in [[genocide studies]], reporting that Armenians are at risk of being subjected to another genocide.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last1=O'Brien |first1=Melanie |last2=WIlliams |first2=Timothy |last3=Martinez |first3=Elisenda |last4=White |first4=Julia |date=October 24, 2022 |title=Statement on Azerbaijani Aggression Against the Republic of Armenia and the Indigenous Armenians of the South Caucasus |url=https://genocidescholars.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/IAGS-EB-Statement-Armenia-Azerbaijan-Oct-2022_update.pdf |website=The International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Veldkamp |first=Joel |date=19 December 2022 |title=Genocide Warning for Nagorno Karabakh issued by human rights organizations |url=https://anglican.ink/2022/12/19/genocide-warning-for-nagorno-karabakh-issued-by-human-rights-organizations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220013543/https://anglican.ink/2022/12/19/genocide-warning-for-nagorno-karabakh-issued-by-human-rights-organizations/ |archive-date=20 December 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=Anglican Ink}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Citation |title=Genocide Warning: Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh |date=September 23, 2022 |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-warning-azerbaijan-and-nagorno-karabakh-september-2022 |website=Genocide Watch |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="Genocide Warning: Nagorno Karabakh">{{Cite web |title=Genocide Warning: Nagorno Karabakh |url=https://www.genocidewarning-nk.com/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=120,000 people are under siege. |language=en-US}}</ref> The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention considers Armenians to be "one of the most threatened identities in the world today."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2022 {{!}} Lemkin Institute For Genocide Prevention |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/annual-report-2022 |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Lemkin Institute |language=en}}</ref> Sheila Paylan, international criminal lawyer and legal advisor to the United Nations has warned that "The international community should take its R2P [Responsibility to Protect] commitments more seriously or risk becoming silently complicit in the next Armenian genocide—or ethnic cleansing."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Do the Armenians Face a Second Genocide? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/do-armenians-face-second-genocide-opinion-1767132 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> Caucasus expert Laurence Broers draws parallels between "the Russian discourse about Ukraine as an artificial, fake nation, and the Azerbaijani discourse about Armenia, likewise claiming it has a fake history", thereby elevating the conflict to an "existential level" for Armenians.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boy |first=Ann-Dorit |date=2023-01-18 |title=Blockade in the Southern Caucasus: "There Is Every Reason to Expect More Violence This Year" |language=en |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/blockade-in-the-southern-caucasus-there-is-every-reason-to-expect-more-violence-this-year-a-639a972e-cc4e-477d-99f2-766beb2fcbea |access-date=2023-03-14 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref> A coalition of various human rights organizations also issued a collective genocide warning in response to the blockade: "All 14 risk factors for atrocity crimes identified by the [https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/publications-and-resources/Genocide_Framework%20of%20Analysis-English.pdf UN Secretary-General's Office on Genocide Prevention] are now present."<ref name="Genocide Warning: Nagorno Karabakh" /> |
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* The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention – Since 2021, the organization has issued various "Red Flag Alerts" on Azerbaijan which the organization says poses a threat of genocide to Armenians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia Project |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/armeniaproject |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Lemkin Institute |language=en}}</ref> It described the Azerbaijan's blockade of the Republic of Artsakh as "a criminal act which intends to create terror and unbearable conditions of life for the population of Artsakh. These events are not isolated events; they are, instead, being committed within a larger genocidal pattern against Armenia and Armenians by the Azerbaijani regime."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Flag Alert for Genocide - Azerbaijan - Update 5 |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/red-flag-alerts-1/red-flag-alert-for-genocide----azerbaijan---update-5 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Lemkin Institute |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222104640/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/red-flag-alerts-1/red-flag-alert-for-genocide----azerbaijan---update-5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The group also wrote "The genocidal intent of Baku has never been clearer and the actions carried out up to the moment highly predict this outcome."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Flag Alert for Genocide - Azerbaijan Update 4 |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/red-flag-alerts-1/red-flag-alert-for-genocide---azerbaijan-update-4 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Lemkin Institute |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227225601/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/red-flag-alerts-1/red-flag-alert-for-genocide---azerbaijan-update-4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* [[Genocide Watch]] – issued its own genocide warnings in September 2020 saying that "Because of Azerbaijan’s invasion of Artsakh...Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan to be at Stage 9: Extermination and at Stage 10: Denial. Genocide Watch considers that Azerbaijan's leadership may intend to forcibly deport the Armenian population of Artsakh by committing genocidal massacres that will terrorize Armenians into leaving Artsakh."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watch |first=Genocide |date=2020-11-06 |title=Genocide Emergency Alert on the War in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-alert-on-the-war-in-artsakh-nagorno-karabakh |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=genocidewatch |language=en}}</ref> In September 2022, [[Genocide Watch]] issued another alert stating, "Due to its unprovoked attacks and genocidal rhetoric against ethnic Armenians, Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan's assault on Armenia and Artsakh to be at Stage 4: Dehumanization, Stage 7: Preparation, Stage 8: Persecution, and Stage 10: Denial."<ref name=":12" /> The group wrote a letter to the EU council, warning that the European Union "is turning a blind eye to the Azerbaijani dictatorship for geopolitical and resource reasons" and that Azerbaijan's "intentions are clear: to wipe out all traces of Armenian life and of an Armenian presence in this region. Azerbaijani President, Ilham Aliyev, has consistently and repeatedly stated that he intends to eradicate the indigenous Armenians dwelling in Artsakh."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=von Joeden-Forgey |first1=Elisa |last2=Victoria Massimino |first2=Irene |date=2022-05-15 |title=Open Letter to Charles Michel, President of the European Council, Regarding Complicity in Genocide |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/_files/ugd/391abe_2ae755d9e8e64656a2934d4742740353.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=@LemkinInstitute |url=https://twitter.com/LemkinInstitute/status/1657491875824295936 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> |
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* The [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] (IAGS) – issued similar statements in October 2020: "Direct Turkish involvement in the decades-long [Nagorno-Karabakh] conflict is ... a fact that threatens to annihilate Armenians in Artsakh and beyond. A recent statement issued by the Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, read that they, Turkey, were going 'to continue to fulfill the mission of their grandfathers, which was carried out a century ago in the Caucasus'. This constitutes a direct threat of continuing the Armenian genocide that began in 1915...History, from the Armenian genocide to the last three decades of conflict, as well as current political statements, economic policies, sentiments of the societies and military actions by the Azerbaijani and Turkish leadership should warn us that genocide of the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh, and perhaps even Armenia, is a very real possibility."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement from a group of Genocide scholars on the Imminent Genocidal Threat deriving from Azerbaijan and Turkey against Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) |url=http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/23.10.2020.php |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.genocide-museum.am}}</ref> In October 2022, the IAGS issued another statement condeming [[September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes|Azerbaijan's September 2022 attacks on the Republic of Armenia]]: "Significant genocide risk factors exist in the Nagorno-Karabakh situation concerning the Armenian population" and "dehumanizing and other [irredentist] statements [from Azerbaijani government officials] demonstrate the existence of a risk of genocide, and may amount to incitement to genocide and possibly other international crimes."<ref name=":02" /> |
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==Russia== |
==Russia== |
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{{See also|Racism in Russia| |
{{See also|Racism in Russia|Armenia-Russia relations}} |
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{{sect-stub|date=March 2024}} |
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A 19th-century [[Russia]]n explorer, [[Vasili Lvovich Velichko]], who was active during the period when the Russian tzarism carried out a purposeful anti-Armenian policy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/albanskymif.html|title=В.А.Шнирельман, "Албанский миф" в кн.: "Войны памяти. Мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье", М., ИКЦ, "Академкнига", 2003|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> wrote "Armenians are the extreme instance of [[brachycephaly]]; their actual racial instinct make them naturally hostile to the State."<ref>Benthall, Jonathan (ed.), The best of Anthropology Today, 2002, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-26255-0}}, p. 350 by Anatoly Khazanov</ref> |
A 19th-century [[Russia]]n explorer, [[Vasili Lvovich Velichko]], who was active during the period when the Russian tzarism carried out a purposeful anti-Armenian policy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/albanskymif.html|title=В.А.Шнирельман, "Албанский миф" в кн.: "Войны памяти. Мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье", М., ИКЦ, "Академкнига", 2003|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> wrote "Armenians are the extreme instance of [[brachycephaly]]; their actual racial instinct make them naturally hostile to the State."<ref>Benthall, Jonathan (ed.), The best of Anthropology Today, 2002, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-26255-0}}, p. 350 by Anatoly Khazanov</ref> |
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In the late 19th century and early 20th century anti-Armenian sentiment was prevalent in both socialist and nationalist Georgian circles. The economic dominance of [[Armenians in Tbilisi]] fueled verbal attacks on Armenians. ''[[Droeba]]'', an influential journal, described Armenians as people who "strip our streets and fatten their pockets" and "but the last piece of property from our indebted peasant families." Both [[Ilia Chavchavadze]] and [[Akaki Tsereteli]], two major literary figures, attacked Armenians for their perceived mercantilism. Tsereteli portrayed Armenians as a flea sucking Georgian blood in one fable. Chavchavadze denounced Armenians for "eating the bread baked by someone else or drinking that which is creating by another's sweat." Chavchavadze's newspaper, ''Iveria'', depicted Armenians as "sly moneylenders and unscrupulous traders", according to [[Stephen F. Jones]]. The [[Social Democratic Party of Georgia]] (Georgian Mensheviks) attacked the bourgeoisie and imperialism to liberate Georgia from both Russian imperialism and perceived Armenian economic exploitation. During the existence of the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]] (1918–21), the independent Georgian government saw Armenians as a potential "[[fifth column]]" for their supposed loyalty to the [[First Republic of Armenia]] and subject to manipulation by foreign powers. The [[Georgian–Armenian War]] of December 1918 increased anti-Armenian sentiments in Georgia. In post-Soviet Georgia, first president [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]], an outspoken nationalist, viewed Armenians, along with other ethnic minorities, as "guests" or "aliens" who threaten Georgia's territorial integrity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Stephen F. |author-link1=Stephen F. Jones |title=Georgian- Armenian Relations in 1918-20 and 1991-94: A Comparison |journal=[[Armenian Review]] |date=1993 |volume=46 |issue=1–4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ArmeniaGeorgiaRelations/page/n1 57]–77 |url=https://archive.org/details/ArmeniaGeorgiaRelations}}</ref> |
In the late 19th century and early 20th century anti-Armenian sentiment was prevalent in both socialist and nationalist Georgian circles. The economic dominance of [[Armenians in Tbilisi]] fueled verbal attacks on Armenians. ''[[Droeba]]'', an influential journal, described Armenians as people who "strip our streets and fatten their pockets" and "but the last piece of property from our indebted peasant families." Both [[Ilia Chavchavadze]] and [[Akaki Tsereteli]], two major literary figures, attacked Armenians for their perceived mercantilism. Tsereteli portrayed Armenians as a flea sucking Georgian blood in one fable. Chavchavadze denounced Armenians for "eating the bread baked by someone else or drinking that which is creating by another's sweat." Chavchavadze's newspaper, ''Iveria'', depicted Armenians as "sly moneylenders and unscrupulous traders", according to [[Stephen F. Jones]]. The [[Social Democratic Party of Georgia]] (Georgian Mensheviks) attacked the bourgeoisie and imperialism to liberate Georgia from both Russian imperialism and perceived Armenian economic exploitation. During the existence of the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]] (1918–21), the independent Georgian government saw Armenians as a potential "[[fifth column]]" for their supposed loyalty to the [[First Republic of Armenia]] and subject to manipulation by foreign powers. The [[Georgian–Armenian War]] of December 1918 increased anti-Armenian sentiments in Georgia. In post-Soviet Georgia, first president [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]], an outspoken nationalist, viewed Armenians, along with other ethnic minorities, as "guests" or "aliens" who threaten Georgia's territorial integrity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Stephen F. |author-link1=Stephen F. Jones |title=Georgian- Armenian Relations in 1918-20 and 1991-94: A Comparison |journal=[[Armenian Review]] |date=1993 |volume=46 |issue=1–4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ArmeniaGeorgiaRelations/page/n1 57]–77 |url=https://archive.org/details/ArmeniaGeorgiaRelations}}</ref> |
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[[Joseph Stalin]] wrote in his 1913 essay ''[[Marxism and the National Question]]'':<ref>{{cite book |last1=Service |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Service (historian) |title=[[Stalin: A Biography]] |date=2005 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780674016972 |page=[https://books.google. |
[[Joseph Stalin]] wrote in his 1913 essay ''[[Marxism and the National Question]]'':<ref>{{cite book |last1=Service |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Service (historian) |title=[[Stalin: A Biography]] |date=2005 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780674016972 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hSWK6Dh4wRgC&dq=stalin+anti-armenian&pg=PA98 98]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stalin |first1=J. V. |author-link1=Joseph Stalin |title=Marxism and the National Question |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03a.htm |website=marxists.org |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref> |
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{{quote frame|What exists in Georgia is ''anti-Armenian'' nationalism but this is because there is an Armenian big bourgeoisie which, by crushing the small and as yet weak Georgian bourgeoisie, thrusts the latter towards anti-Armenian nationalism.}} |
{{quote frame|What exists in Georgia is ''anti-Armenian'' nationalism but this is because there is an Armenian big bourgeoisie which, by crushing the small and as yet weak Georgian bourgeoisie, thrusts the latter towards anti-Armenian nationalism.}} |
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Around the time of the 2007 parliamentary elections in the breakaway region of Abkhazia, the Georgian media emphasized the factor of ethnic Armenians in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regnum.ru/news/772350.html|title="Ŕđě˙íńęčé âîďđîń" â Ŕáőŕçčč ăëŕçŕěč ăđóçčíńęčő ŃĚČ|work=ČŔ REGNUM|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> The Georgian newspaper ''[[Sakartvelos Respublika]]'' predicted that much of the parliament would be Armenian and that there was even a chance of an Armenian president being elected.<ref name="Abkhaz">{{cite web|url=http://armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=1977&CID=2055&IID=&lng=eng|title=Focus on Faction: Georgian media stirs Abkhazian-Armenian "conflict" - News - ArmeniaNow.com|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> The paper also reported that the Abkhazian republic might already be receiving financial assistance from [[Armenian Americans|Armenians living in the United States]].<ref name="Abkhaz"/> |
Around the time of the 2007 parliamentary elections in the breakaway region of Abkhazia, the Georgian media emphasized the factor of ethnic Armenians in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regnum.ru/news/772350.html|title="Ŕđě˙íńęčé âîďđîń" â Ŕáőŕçčč ăëŕçŕěč ăđóçčíńęčő ŃĚČ|work=ČŔ REGNUM|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> The Georgian newspaper ''[[Sakartvelos Respublika]]'' predicted that much of the parliament would be Armenian and that there was even a chance of an Armenian president being elected.<ref name="Abkhaz">{{cite web|url=http://armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=1977&CID=2055&IID=&lng=eng|title=Focus on Faction: Georgian media stirs Abkhazian-Armenian "conflict" - News - ArmeniaNow.com|access-date=6 April 2015|archive-date=2 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202153752/http://armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=1977&CID=2055&IID=&lng=eng|url-status=dead}}</ref> The paper also reported that the Abkhazian republic might already be receiving financial assistance from [[Armenian Americans|Armenians living in the United States]].<ref name="Abkhaz"/> |
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Some Armenian analysts believe such reports are attempting to create conflict between Armenians and ethnic Abkhazians to destabilize the region.<ref name="Abkhaz" /> |
Some Armenian analysts believe such reports are attempting to create conflict between Armenians and ethnic Abkhazians to destabilize the region.<ref name="Abkhaz" /> |
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In 2018 the Tandoyants Armenian church in Tbilisi was gifted to the Georgian Orthodox Patriarchate. The Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Orthodox Church in Georgia stated that the church was "illegally transferred" to the Georgian Patriarchate. According to the Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center, Tandoyants is not the only historic Armenian church the Georgian Patriarchate has targeted. There are at least six others the Patriarchate has its sights set on.<ref>[https://eurasianet.org/georgian-orthodox-church-takes-aim-at-armenian-churches Georgian Orthodox Church takes aim at Armenian churches "There is interest in erasing any evidence of Armenians in Tbilisi." by Neil Hauer, Bradley Jardine, Eurasianet, Nov 5, 2018]</ref> |
In 2018 the Tandoyants Armenian church in Tbilisi was gifted to the Georgian Orthodox Patriarchate. The Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Orthodox Church in Georgia stated that the church was "illegally transferred" to the Georgian Patriarchate. According to the Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center, Tandoyants is not the only historic Armenian church the Georgian Patriarchate has targeted. There are at least six others the Patriarchate has its sights set on.<ref>[https://eurasianet.org/georgian-orthodox-church-takes-aim-at-armenian-churches Georgian Orthodox Church takes aim at Armenian churches "There is interest in erasing any evidence of Armenians in Tbilisi." by Neil Hauer, Bradley Jardine, Eurasianet, Nov 5, 2018]</ref> |
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==Germany== |
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{{Sect-stub|date=March 2024}} |
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==United States== |
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{{See also|Armenian genocide recognition#Position of the United States|Armenia-United States relations|United States recognition of the Armenian genocide}} |
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===Early 20th century=== |
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There has been historic prejudice against Armenians in the United States throughout various times, at least beginning from the early 1900s. |
There has been historic prejudice against Armenians in the United States throughout various times, at least beginning from the early 1900s. |
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In early 1900s Armenians were among the group of minorities who were barred from loaning money, land, and equipment particularly because of their race. They were referred to as "lower class Jews". Moreover, in Fresno, California, among other minorities Armenians lived on one side of Van Ness Blvd., while the residents of European white origin lived on the other side. A deed from one home there stated, "Neither said premises nor any part thereof shall be used in any matter whatsoever or occupied by any Black, Chinese, Japanese, Hindu, Armenian, Asiatic or native of the Turkish Empire."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kvpr.org/post/diversity-fresno-how-racial-covenants-once-ruled-prestigious-neighborhoods|title=Diversity In Fresno: How Racial Covenants Once Ruled Prestigious Neighborhoods|author=Diana Aguilera|date=8 December 2015|access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> |
In early 1900s Armenians were among the group of minorities who were barred from loaning money, land, and equipment particularly because of their race. They were referred to as "lower class Jews". Moreover, in Fresno, California, among other minorities Armenians lived on one side of Van Ness Blvd., while the residents of European white origin lived on the other side. A deed from one home there stated, "Neither said premises nor any part thereof shall be used in any matter whatsoever or occupied by any Black, Chinese, Japanese, Hindu, Armenian, Asiatic or native of the Turkish Empire."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kvpr.org/post/diversity-fresno-how-racial-covenants-once-ruled-prestigious-neighborhoods|title=Diversity In Fresno: How Racial Covenants Once Ruled Prestigious Neighborhoods|author=Diana Aguilera|date=8 December 2015|access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> |
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Between the 1920s and the 1960s, some houses in the [[Rock Creek Hills]] neighborhood of [[Kensington, Maryland]], a suburb of Washington, D.C., included anti-Armenian language in racial covenants that were part of property deeds. One deed in Rock Creek Hills declared that homes in the neighborhood "shall never be used or occupied by...negroes or any person or persons, of negro blood or extraction, or to any person of the Semitic Race, blood or origin, or Jews, Armenians, Hebrews, Persians and Syrians, except...partial occupancy of the premises by domestic servants."<ref name="Racist housing covenants">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/racist-housing-covenants/2020/10/21/9d262738-0261-11eb-8879-7663b816bfa5_story.html |title=Racist housing covenants haunt property records across the country. New laws make them easier to remove. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=2022-04-17}}</ref> |
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In Anny Bakalian's book ''Armenian-Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian'', various groups of Armenians were polled for discrimination based on their identity. Roughly 77% of US-born Armenians felt they were discriminated in getting a job while 80% responded positively to a question whether they felt discriminated in getting admitted to a school.<ref>Anny Bakalian. Armenian-Americans, From Being to Feeling Armenian. 1993. {{ISBN|978-1560000259}}, pp. 223-4</ref> |
In Anny Bakalian's book ''Armenian-Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian'', various groups of Armenians were polled for discrimination based on their identity. Roughly 77% of US-born Armenians felt they were discriminated in getting a job while 80% responded positively to a question whether they felt discriminated in getting admitted to a school.<ref>Anny Bakalian. Armenian-Americans, From Being to Feeling Armenian. 1993. {{ISBN|978-1560000259}}, pp. 223-4</ref> |
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American historian [[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|Justin McCarthy]] is known for his controversial view that no genocide was intended by the Ottoman Empire but that both Armenians and Turks died as the result of civil war. Some attribute his [[denial of the Armenian genocide]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide, With or Without a Debate |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/17/arts/television/17stan.html?ex=1302926400&en=42703f4960edef66&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |date=2006-04-17 |access-date=2006-09-02 | first=Alessandra | last=Stanley}}</ref> to anti-Armenianism, as he holds an [[honorary doctorate]] of the Turkish [[Boğaziçi University]] and he is also a board member of the [[Institute of Turkish Studies]].<ref name="MacDonald, David B. p.121">MacDonald, David B. ''Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide: the Holocaust and Historical Representation''. London: Routledge, 2008, p. 121. {{ISBN|0-415-43061-5}}.</ref><ref name="Board of Governors">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishstudies.org/index.php?id=3 |access-date=2008-11-05 |title=Board of Governors |publisher=[[Institute of Turkish Studies]] |date=2008-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224100942/http://www.turkishstudies.org/index.php?id=3 |archive-date=2008-12-24 }}</ref> |
American historian [[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|Justin McCarthy]] is known for his controversial view that no genocide was intended by the Ottoman Empire but that both Armenians and Turks died as the result of civil war. Some attribute his [[denial of the Armenian genocide]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide, With or Without a Debate |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/17/arts/television/17stan.html?ex=1302926400&en=42703f4960edef66&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |date=2006-04-17 |access-date=2006-09-02 | first=Alessandra | last=Stanley}}</ref> to anti-Armenianism, as he holds an [[honorary doctorate]] of the Turkish [[Boğaziçi University]] and he is also a board member of the [[Institute of Turkish Studies]].<ref name="MacDonald, David B. p.121">MacDonald, David B. ''Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide: the Holocaust and Historical Representation''. London: Routledge, 2008, p. 121. {{ISBN|0-415-43061-5}}.</ref><ref name="Board of Governors">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishstudies.org/index.php?id=3 |access-date=2008-11-05 |title=Board of Governors |publisher=[[Institute of Turkish Studies]] |date=2008-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224100942/http://www.turkishstudies.org/index.php?id=3 |archive-date=2008-12-24 }}</ref> |
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===Since the 1990s=== |
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On April 24, 1998 during a campus exhibit organized by the [[Armenian Students' Association]] at UC Berkeley, |
On April 24, 1998, during a campus exhibit organized by the [[Armenian Students' Association]] at UC Berkeley, [[Hamid Algar]], a Professor of Islamic & Persian Studies, reportedly approached a group of organizers and shouted, "It was not a genocide but I wish it was—you lying pigs!" The students also claimed that Algar also spat at them. Following the incident members of the Armenian Students' Association filed a report with campus police calling for an investigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asbarez.com/35569/berkeley-professor-spits-at-armenian-student/|title=Berkeley Professor Spits at Armenian Student|work=Asbarez.com|access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> After a five-month investigation the Chancellor's office issued an apology, though no hate charges were filed as incident did not create a "hostile environment".<ref name=asbarez>{{cite web|url=http://asbarez.com/39065/uc-berkeley-senate-calls-on-prof-to-apologize/.|title=UC Berkeley Senate Calls On Prof. to Apologize|work=Asbarez.com|access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> On March 10, 1999, the Associated Students of University of California (ASUC) passed a resolution titled, "A Bill Against Hate Speech and in Support of Reprimand for Prof. Algar", condemning the incident and calling for Chancellor to review the University decision not to file charges.<ref name=asbarez /> |
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In 1999, after Rafi Manoukian got elected to Glendale City Council, one resident attended the council's meetings every week to "tell Armenians to go back where they came from." Manoukian campaign had made a point to galvanize Glendale's large Armenian American electorate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asbarez.com/156656/xenophobia-and-death-threats-plague-glendale-politics/|title=Xenophobia and Death Threats Plague Glendale Politics|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> |
In 1999, after Rafi Manoukian got elected to Glendale City Council, one resident attended the council's meetings every week to "tell Armenians to go back where they came from." Manoukian campaign had made a point to galvanize Glendale's large Armenian American electorate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asbarez.com/156656/xenophobia-and-death-threats-plague-glendale-politics/|title=Xenophobia and Death Threats Plague Glendale Politics|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> |
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On April 20, 2016, Armenian genocide denial propaganda appeared in the sky over the Hudson River between Manhattan and Northern New Jersey. The skywriting featured messages such as "101 years of Geno-lie", "BFF = Russia + Armenia", and "[[FactCheckArmenia.com]]". The aerial stunt was part of a campaign by the website Fact Check Armenia, an Armenian genocide denialist site. The writing could be seen from roughly a 15-mile (24 km) radius. The media attention from the incident resulted in an official apology by the skywriting company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/7xamwg/geico-helped-put-a-sky-message-above-nyc-denying-turkeys-genocide-in-armenia|title=GEICO-Sponsored Company Put a Sky Message Above NYC Denying Turkey's Genocide of Armenians |
On April 20, 2016, Armenian genocide denial propaganda appeared in the sky over the Hudson River between Manhattan and Northern New Jersey. The skywriting featured messages such as "101 years of Geno-lie", "BFF = Russia + Armenia", and "[[FactCheckArmenia.com]]". The aerial stunt was part of a campaign by the website Fact Check Armenia, an Armenian genocide denialist site. The writing could be seen from roughly a 15-mile (24 km) radius. The media attention from the incident resulted in an official apology by the skywriting company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/7xamwg/geico-helped-put-a-sky-message-above-nyc-denying-turkeys-genocide-in-armenia|title=GEICO-Sponsored Company Put a Sky Message Above NYC Denying Turkey's Genocide of Armenians |
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|date=22 April 2016 |
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|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> |
|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> |
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In the [[List of 2 Broke Girls episodes#Season 3 .282013.E2.80.9314.29|4th episode of Season 3]] of the [[CBS]] sitcom ''[[2 Broke Girls]]'' (aired on October 14, 2013) "when a new cappuccino maker is brought into the cupcake store by a co-worker, he says he bought it for a cheap price from a person who stole it but sells it at a profit, adding 'it's the Armenian way.' When the character is pressed that he is not Armenian, he says 'I know. But, it's the Armenian way.{{'"}} This scene was characterized as "racist" by ''[[Asbarez]]'' Editor Ara Khachatourian, who criticized CBS for promotion of racial stereotypes in their shows.<ref>{{cite news|last=Khachatourian|first=Ara|title=CBS Network's Streak of Racism Continues|url=http://asbarez.com/115142/cbs-network%E2%80%99s-streak-of-racism-continues/|work=[[Asbarez]]|date=16 October 2013}}</ref> |
In the [[List of 2 Broke Girls episodes#Season 3 .282013.E2.80.9314.29|4th episode of Season 3]] of the [[CBS]] sitcom ''[[2 Broke Girls]]'' (aired on October 14, 2013) "when a new cappuccino maker is brought into the cupcake store by a co-worker, he says he bought it for a cheap price from a person who stole it but sells it at a profit, adding 'it's the Armenian way.' When the character is pressed that he is not Armenian, he says 'I know. But, it's the Armenian way.{{'"}} This scene was characterized as "racist" by ''[[Asbarez]]'' Editor Ara Khachatourian, who criticized CBS for promotion of racial stereotypes in their shows.<ref>{{cite news|last=Khachatourian|first=Ara|title=CBS Network's Streak of Racism Continues|url=http://asbarez.com/115142/cbs-network%E2%80%99s-streak-of-racism-continues/|work=[[Asbarez]]|date=16 October 2013|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129194851/http://asbarez.com/115142/cbs-network%e2%80%99s-streak-of-racism-continues/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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In the January 9, 2018 episode of the [[Comedy Central]] late-night program ''[[The Daily Show]]'' [[Trevor Noah]] stated: "This is, like, really funny. Only Donald Trump could defend himself and, in the same sentence, completely undermine his whole point. It would be like someone saying, 'I'm the most tolerant guy out there, just ask this filthy Armenian.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nevins|first1=Jake|title=Late-night hosts on Oprah's Golden Globes speech: 'A year ago, I would've called it presidential'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/jan/09/late-night-hosts-on-oprahs-golden-globes-speech-a-year-ago-i-wouldve-called-it-presidential|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=9 January 2018}}</ref> Armenian American organizations criticized Noah for alleged racism against Armenians. In a joint press release the Armenian Bar Association and the Armenian Rights Watch Committee (ARWC) compared "Filthy Armenians" to other offensive racial epithets, which although "may have been intended to coax a laugh from the audience by ridiculing President Trump's self-proclaimed genius and tolerance", constitutes "affront and slander". The organizations called for ''The Daily Show'' and Trevor Noah to issue a retraction and an apology.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Nationally Televised "Comedy Central" Joke about Trump Bombs, Smearing All Armenians|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/84854/us-nationally-televised-comedy-central-joke-about-trump-bombs-smearing-all-armenians.html|work=[[Hetq Online]]|date=10 January 2018}}</ref> The [[Armenian National Committee of America]] (ANCA) also called for an apology.<ref>{{cite news|title=Action Alert: Stand Up to Trevor Noah and the Daily Show|url=http://asbarez.com/169786/action-alert-stand-up-to-trevor-noah-and-the-daily-show/|work=[[Asbarez]]|date=12 January 2018}}</ref> |
In the January 9, 2018, episode of the [[Comedy Central]] late-night program ''[[The Daily Show]]'' [[Trevor Noah]] stated: "This is, like, really funny. Only Donald Trump could defend himself and, in the same sentence, completely undermine his whole point. It would be like someone saying, 'I'm the most tolerant guy out there, just ask this filthy Armenian.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nevins|first1=Jake|title=Late-night hosts on Oprah's Golden Globes speech: 'A year ago, I would've called it presidential'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/jan/09/late-night-hosts-on-oprahs-golden-globes-speech-a-year-ago-i-wouldve-called-it-presidential|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=9 January 2018}}</ref> Armenian American organizations criticized Noah for alleged racism against Armenians. In a joint press release the Armenian Bar Association and the Armenian Rights Watch Committee (ARWC) compared "Filthy Armenians" to other offensive racial epithets, which although "may have been intended to coax a laugh from the audience by ridiculing President Trump's self-proclaimed genius and tolerance", constitutes "affront and slander". The organizations called for ''The Daily Show'' and Trevor Noah to issue a retraction and an apology.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Nationally Televised "Comedy Central" Joke about Trump Bombs, Smearing All Armenians|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/84854/us-nationally-televised-comedy-central-joke-about-trump-bombs-smearing-all-armenians.html|work=[[Hetq Online]]|date=10 January 2018}}</ref> The [[Armenian National Committee of America]] (ANCA) also called for an apology.<ref>{{cite news|title=Action Alert: Stand Up to Trevor Noah and the Daily Show|url=http://asbarez.com/169786/action-alert-stand-up-to-trevor-noah-and-the-daily-show/|work=[[Asbarez]]|date=12 January 2018}}</ref> |
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In July 2020 the [[KZV Armenian School]] and its adjacent Armenian Community Center in [[San Francisco]] were vandalized overnight with threatening and racist graffiti. According to San Francisco officials, the attack claimed to support a violent, anti-Armenian movement led by [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>[https://www.sfchronicle.com/crime/article/Armenian-school-in-SF-vandalized-with-threats-15432780.php Armenian school in SF vandalized with threats, hate speech as conflicts with Azerbaijan intensify, Megan Cassidy and Brett Simpson, San Francisco Chronicle, July 25, 2020]</ref> The messages contained curse words and appeared to be connected to increased [[2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani |
In July 2020 the [[KZV Armenian School]] and its adjacent Armenian Community Center in [[San Francisco]] were vandalized overnight with threatening and racist graffiti. According to San Francisco officials, the attack claimed to support a violent, anti-Armenian movement led by [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>[https://www.sfchronicle.com/crime/article/Armenian-school-in-SF-vandalized-with-threats-15432780.php Armenian school in SF vandalized with threats, hate speech as conflicts with Azerbaijan intensify, Megan Cassidy and Brett Simpson, San Francisco Chronicle, July 25, 2020]</ref> The messages contained curse words and appeared to be connected to increased [[July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes|tensions between Azerbaijan and Armenia]].<ref>[https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/SF-Armenian-school-community-center-vandalized-15434127.php SF Armenian school, community center vandalized with hateful graffiti, By Eric Ting, SFGATE, 25.07.2020]</ref> The [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] noted that "The KZV Armenian School is a part of the beautiful fabric of our San Francisco family. The hateful defacing of this place of community and learning is a disgrace." [[San Francisco District Attorney]] [[Chesa Boudin]] and [[San Francisco Mayor]] [[London Breed]] also condemned the hate act.<ref>[http://asbarez.com/195693/attack-on-kzv-school-armenian-center-to-be-investigated-as-hate-crime/ Attack on KZV School, Armenian Center to be Investigated as Hate Crime], [[Asbarez Daily]], 25.07.2020</ref> |
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On September 24, 2021, the St. Peter Armenian Church in [[San Fernando Valley|Fernando Valley, California]] was vandalized. The suspect broke eight very rare stained glass windows of the church with a baseball bat. The ANCA-WR Executive Director Armen Sahakyan said “This act of vandalism is especially concerning as we recently marked one year since the Armenophobic hate crimes that took place in [[San Francisco]].”. The Los Angeles Police Department continues its investigation on this crime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Peter Armenian Church in San Fernando Valley vandalized|url=https://en.armradio.am/2021/09/24/st-peter-armenian-church-in-van-nuys-vandalized/|access-date=2021-09-24|website=Public Radio of Armenia|language=en-US}}</ref> |
On September 24, 2021, the St. Peter Armenian Church in [[San Fernando Valley|Fernando Valley, California]], was vandalized. The suspect broke eight very rare stained glass windows of the church with a baseball bat. The ANCA-WR Executive Director Armen Sahakyan said “This act of vandalism is especially concerning as we recently marked one year since the Armenophobic hate crimes that took place in [[San Francisco]].”. The Los Angeles Police Department continues its investigation on this crime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Peter Armenian Church in San Fernando Valley vandalized|url=https://en.armradio.am/2021/09/24/st-peter-armenian-church-in-van-nuys-vandalized/|access-date=2021-09-24|website=Public Radio of Armenia|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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In the [[2022 Los Angeles City Council scandal]], [[Nury Martinez]] referred to Areen Ibranossian, an advisor to councillor [[Paul Krekorian]], as "The guy with one eyebrow." Martinez wasn't able to recall the last name and Cedillo replied "It ends in [[Armenian name#Surnames|i-a-n]], I bet you."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lin |first1=Summer |title=Nury Martinez leak reveals insults about Jews, Armenians too |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-10-11/nury-martinez-leak-reveals-crude-comments-about-jews-armenians |access-date=October 12, 2022 |date=October 11, 2022 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011230707/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-10-11/nury-martinez-leak-reveals-crude-comments-about-jews-armenians |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibranossian said, "This type of depiction of Armenians is not uncommon and is too often tolerated." Growing up in [[Torrance, California]], he was called "[[towel head]]" and "[[camel jockey]]."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abcarian |first1=Robin |title=Column: Almost no one was spared in that racist conversation among top L.A. Latino officials |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2022-10-11/racist-slurs-city-council-nuri-martinez-armenian |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 11, 2022}}</ref> |
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In 2023, the [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB) ordered [[Citigroup]] to pay $24.5 million in fines and $1.4 million in restitution to Armenian Americans, alleging that the bank had illegally discriminated against members of the ethnic group and had unjustly denied them credit cards for which they had applied in a period beginning in 2015 and ending in 2021.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Benoit |first1=David |last2=Feuer |first2=Will |date=8 November 2023 |title=Citigroup Fined for Discriminating Against Armenian Americans |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/finance/regulation/citi-to-pay-25-9m-for-discriminating-against-armenian-american-credit-card-applicants-c5618771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Matthews |first=Chris |date=8 November 2023 |title=CFPB fines Citi $26 million for 'intentional' discrimination against Armenian Americans |work=[[MarketWatch]] |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/cfpb-fines-citi-26-million-for-intentional-discrimination-against-armenian-americans-fd485d35}}</ref> According to the CFPB, Citigroup employees used the presence of ''-ian'' or ''-yan'' in applicant surnames as an indicator that a customer should undergo enhanced screening processes, while also deciding to avoid making mention of this screening method in emails.<ref name=":2" /> (The suffixes ''-ian'' and ''-yan'' are frequently found in Armenian surnames.)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saul |first=Derek |date=8 November 2023 |title=Citigroup Fined $25.9 Million For Allegedly Discriminating Against Armenian Americans |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2023/11/08/citigroup-fined-259-million-for-allegedly-discriminating-against-armenian-americans/?sh=27903cfe5b1e}}</ref> |
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== Israel == |
== Israel == |
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{{See also|Armenian |
{{See also|Armenian genocide recognition#Position of Israel|Armenian–Jewish relations|Armenia-Israel relations}} |
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[[Israel-Armenia relations]] have been complicated throughout history, resulting in anti-Armenian sentiments in Israel. |
[[Israel-Armenia relations]] have been complicated throughout history, resulting in anti-Armenian sentiments in Israel. |
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An early source of hostility between the two was the [[Lebanese Civil War]], when the Marxist–Leninist [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]], an ally of Palestinian groups like the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]], fought against the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, and cooperated with Israeli adversaries like [[Hezbollah]] and [[Iran]]. Today, [[Lebanese Armenian]] political party [[Dashnaktsutyun]] has openly cooperated with [[Hezbollah]] and the [[Syrian government]], reflecting a continuous hostility between Israelis and Armenians in the Middle East.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} |
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''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' reported in 2009 that out of all Christians in [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Jerusalem's Old City]] Armenians were most often [[Spitting|spat on]] by [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] and [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] Jews.<ref>{{cite news|last=Derfner|first=Larry|date=26 November 2009|title=Mouths filled with hatred|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|url=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Mouths-filled-with-hatred|quote=Of all Old City Christians, the Armenians get spat on most frequently because their quarter stands closest to those hot spots.}}</ref> In 2011 several instances of spitting and [[verbal attack]]s on Armenian clergymen by Haredi Jews were reported in the Old City.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rosenberg|first=Oz|date=6 November 2011|title=Armenian clergy subjected to Haredi spitting attacks|newspaper=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/armenian-clergy-subjected-to-haredi-spitting-attacks-1.393912|access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> In a 2013 interview Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem [[Nourhan Manougian]] stated that [[Armenians in Israel]] are treated as "third-class citizens".<ref>{{cite news|date=29 June 2012|title='We are third-class citizens,' says Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/.premium-1.532541|access-date=31 August 2013}}</ref> In 2019, it was reported that 60 [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Church]] students attempted to lynch two Jewish men on the eve of [[Shavuot]] in Jerusalem, further increasing tensions between the religious groups.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Israel |first1=David |title=Report: 60 Armenian-Church Students Attempted Lynching of 2 Jews on Eve of Shavuot |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/israeli-arabs/report-60-armenian-church-students-attempted-lynching-of-2-jews-on-eve-of-shavuot/2019/06/18/ |website=The Jewish Press |date=18 June 2019}}</ref> |
''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' reported in 2009 that out of all Christians in [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Jerusalem's Old City]] Armenians were most often [[Spitting|spat on]] by [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] and [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] Jews.<ref>{{cite news|last=Derfner|first=Larry|date=26 November 2009|title=Mouths filled with hatred|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|url=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Mouths-filled-with-hatred|quote=Of all Old City Christians, the Armenians get spat on most frequently because their quarter stands closest to those hot spots.}}</ref> In 2011 several instances of spitting and [[verbal attack]]s on Armenian clergymen by Haredi Jews were reported in the Old City.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rosenberg|first=Oz|date=6 November 2011|title=Armenian clergy subjected to Haredi spitting attacks|newspaper=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/armenian-clergy-subjected-to-haredi-spitting-attacks-1.393912|access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> In a 2013 interview Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem [[Nourhan Manougian]] stated that [[Armenians in Israel]] are treated as "third-class citizens".<ref>{{cite news|date=29 June 2012|title='We are third-class citizens,' says Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/.premium-1.532541|access-date=31 August 2013}}</ref> In 2019, it was reported that 60 [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Church]] students attempted to lynch two Jewish men on the eve of [[Shavuot]] in Jerusalem, further increasing tensions between the religious groups.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Israel |first1=David |title=Report: 60 Armenian-Church Students Attempted Lynching of 2 Jews on Eve of Shavuot |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/israeli-arabs/report-60-armenian-church-students-attempted-lynching-of-2-jews-on-eve-of-shavuot/2019/06/18/ |website=The Jewish Press |date=18 June 2019}}</ref> |
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In 2023, Al Jazeera reported that anti-Christian violence, coinciding with anti-Palestinian violence, is becoming more widespread and normalized, especially by fundamentalist and right-wing Jews. Various anti-Christian laws were made, including limiting the amount of worshippers who can enter the Holy Sepulchre. 30 graves in Mount Zion were vandalized, and the Armenian quarter was spray-painted with the words "Death to Arabs, Christians and Armenians."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Jazeera Staff |date=9 April 2023 |title='Death to Christians': Violence steps up under new Israeli gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/4/9/under-netanyahu-violence-against-christians-is-being-normalised}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Israel has long refused to |
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⚫ | Israel has long refused to recognize the [[Armenian Genocide]], mainly to avoid harming its relations with [[Turkey]]. Former [[President of Israel|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] of Israel [[Shimon Peres]] referred to the history of the Armenian Genocide as "meaningless" and said that "We reject attempts to create a similarity between the Holocaust and the Armenian allegations. Nothing similar to the Holocaust occurred. It is a tragedy what the Armenians went through but not a genocide."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ataa.org/armenian-issue-revisited/quote-by-israeli-foreign-minister-shimon-peres|title = Quote by Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres| date=5 September 2017 }}</ref> Other major figures and organizations in Israel have also propped up Turkey's genocide denial. In particular, the [[Turkish Jews in Israel|Turkish Israeli]] and [[Azerbaijani Jews in Israel|Azerbaijani Israeli]] communities have encouraged genocide denial in Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-the-jews-who-befriended-turkey-and-became-genocide-deniers-1.8792672|title = The Jews Who Befriended Turkey and Became Genocide Deniers|newspaper = Haaretz}}</ref> The [[Knesset Committee on Education, Culture and Sports]] recognized the Armenian Genocide on August 1, 2016.<ref name="anca.org">{{Cite web|date=2016-08-01|title=Israeli Knesset Committee Recognizes Armenian Genocide|url=https://anca.org/israeli-knesset-committee-recognizes-armenian-genocide/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=Armenian National Committee of America|language=en-US}}</ref> When visiting the Israeli President the [[Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem]] on May 9, 2016, [[Reuven Rivlin]] concluded his speech by saying that "the Armenians were massacred in 1915. My parents remember thousands of Armenian migrants finding asylum at the Armenian Church. No one in Israel denies that an entire nation was massacred.<ref name="anca.org"/> Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in Israel remains to be an extremely contentious issue influenced heavily by [[Azerbaijan–Israel relations|Azerbaijan-Israel Relations]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Lazar Berman |title=Why Israel won't follow Biden's lead and recognize Armenian genocide |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/why-israel-wont-follow-bidens-lead-and-recognize-armenian-genocide/ |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=26 September 2021 |language=en |date=27 April 2021}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Israel's strategic alliance with [[Azerbaijan]] and Armenia's [[Armenia–Iran relations|alliance]] with [[Iran]] have both resulted in hostility between the Israeli and Armenian governments and the subsequent deterioration of [[Armenia–Israel relations|Armenia-Israel relations]]. In both the |
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⚫ | Israel's strategic alliance with [[Azerbaijan]] and Armenia's [[Armenia–Iran relations|alliance]] with [[Iran]] have both resulted in hostility between the Israeli and Armenian governments and the subsequent deterioration of [[Armenia–Israel relations|Armenia-Israel relations]]. In both the First and Second Nagorno-Karabakh Wars, Israel has supplied Azerbaijan with advanced weaponry. At a protest against Israel's arms sales to Azerbaijan, counter-protesters smashed a protester's car and blocked the road they were driving along.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gagrule.net/in-israel-azeris-attacked-peaceful-armenian-protesters-with-batons-and-stones/|title = In Israel, Azeris attacked peaceful Armenian protesters with batons and stones|date = 17 October 2020}}</ref> Many Israelis have also sympathized with Azerbaijan due to Azerbaijan's long and peaceful historical relations with Jews. Because of strong relations between Israel and Azerbaijan, pro-Israeli lobbying groups such as [[AIPAC]] have defended and lobbied for Azerbaijan against Armenia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-how-pro-israel-jews-became-azerbaijan-s-secret-weapon-in-washington-1.6033307|title = How pro-Israel Jews Became Azerbaijan's Secret Weapon in Washington|newspaper = Haaretz}}</ref> |
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== Daesh == |
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{{further|Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State}} |
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With the breakout of the [[Syrian civil war|Syrian Civil War]] and subsequent rise of [[Islamic State|Daesh]], Armenians, alongside Assyrians, Alawites and Shia Muslims, were some of the groups persecuted in areas occupied by Daesh militants. Armenian sites were targets of Daesh' infamous cultural destruction. After occupying [[Raqqa]], Daesh fighters destroyed the Church of the Martyrs, an Armenian Catholic church.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hubbard |first=Ben |date= 23 July 2014|title=Islamic State Controls Raqqa |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/world/middleeast/islamic-state-controls-raqqa-syria.html |access-date= }}</ref> |
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More infamously, Daesh fighters destroyed the [[Armenian Genocide Memorial Church, Der Zor|Armenian Genocide Memorial]] in [[Deir ez-Zor|Deir-ez-Zor]],<ref>{{Cite web |author=Toi Staff |title=IS said to destroy Armenian Genocide memorial |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/is-reportedly-destroys-armenian-genocide-memorial/ |website=Times of Israel}}</ref> culturally significant to Armenians, as Deir-ez-Zor was the last destination before Armenians in 1915 would reach the [[Syrian Desert]], with many dying along the way. |
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As Daesh began taking control of many cities, towns and villages, thousands of Christians were forced to flee, either abroad or to other, safer areas in Syria. |
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===Pakistan=== |
===Pakistan=== |
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{{See also|Armenia-Pakistan relations}} |
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Pakistan is the only [[United Nations]] member state that has not recognized the Republic of Armenia, citing its support to Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani President: "Islamabad will support Azerbaijan in Nagorno Karabakh issue"|url=http://www.armenianow.com/karabakh/35575/palistan_azerbaijan_partnership_nagorno_karabakh|access-date=2 March 2014|newspaper=[[ArmeniaNow]]|date=14 February 2012}}</ref> |
Pakistan is the only [[United Nations]] member state that has not recognized the Republic of Armenia, citing its support to Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani President: "Islamabad will support Azerbaijan in Nagorno Karabakh issue"|url=http://www.armenianow.com/karabakh/35575/palistan_azerbaijan_partnership_nagorno_karabakh|access-date=2 March 2014|newspaper=[[ArmeniaNow]]|date=14 February 2012}}</ref> |
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===Tajikistan=== |
===Tajikistan=== |
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In early 1990, 39 Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan were settled in Tajikistan. False rumors spread that allegedly up to 5,000 Armenians were being resettled in new housing in [[Dushanbe]] experiencing acute housing shortage at that time. This led to [[Dushanbe riots|riots]] which targeted both the Communist government and Armenians.<ref name="Horowitz">{{cite book|author-link=Donald L. Horowitz|last=Horowitz|first=Donald L.|title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UwA1aaB2WGgC |
In early 1990, 39 Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan were settled in Tajikistan. False rumors spread that allegedly up to 5,000 Armenians were being resettled in new housing in [[Dushanbe]] (which was experiencing acute housing shortage at that time). This led to [[Dushanbe riots|riots]] which targeted both the Communist government and Armenians.<ref name="Horowitz">{{cite book|author-link=Donald L. Horowitz|last=Horowitz|first=Donald L.|title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UwA1aaB2WGgC&dq=armenians+dushanbe+1990&pg=PA74 74]|isbn=0-520-23642-4}}</ref> The [[Soviet Ministry of Interior]] (MVD) suppressed the demonstrations, during which more than 20 people were killed and over 500 were injured.<ref>{{cite book|last=Takeyh|first=Ray |author2=Nikolas K. Gvosdev|title=The Receding Shadow of the Prophet|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn= 0-275-97629-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85BTay8abYsC&q=Dushanbe+riots&pg=PA126}}</ref> |
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===Ukraine=== |
===Ukraine=== |
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{{See also|Armenia-Ukraine relations}} |
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In 1944, in the town of [[Kuty]] in eastern Poland, Ukrainian nationalists from the [[OUN-UPA]] massacred (as part of the [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]]) Armenians and Poles, killing 200 people. Kuty was the largest concentration of [[Armenians in Poland]].<ref>[[Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski]], ''Przemilczane ludobójstwo na Kresach'', Kraków 2008,{{ISBN|978-83-922939-8-9}}</ref><ref>Romuald Niedzielko, ''Kresowa księga sprawiedliwych 1939-1945. O Ukraińcach ratujących Polaków poddanych eksterminacji przez OUN i UPA'', Warszawa 2007, {{ISBN|978-83-60464-61-8}}</ref> |
In 1944, in the town of [[Kuty]] in eastern Poland, Ukrainian nationalists from the [[OUN-UPA]] massacred (as part of the [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]]) Armenians and Poles, killing 200 people. Kuty was the largest concentration of [[Armenians in Poland]].<ref>[[Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski]], ''Przemilczane ludobójstwo na Kresach'', Kraków 2008,{{ISBN|978-83-922939-8-9}}</ref><ref>Romuald Niedzielko, ''Kresowa księga sprawiedliwych 1939-1945. O Ukraińcach ratujących Polaków poddanych eksterminacji przez OUN i UPA'', Warszawa 2007, {{ISBN|978-83-60464-61-8}}</ref> |
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In 2009, an ethnic conflict broke out in the city of [[Marhanets]] following the murder of a Ukrainian man by an Armenian. A fight between Ukrainians and Armenians started in the "Scorpion" café,{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and later turned into riots and pogroms against Armenians,<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanamyan |first=Emil |title=Armenians targeted in Ukraine incident |url=http://www.reporter.am/go/article/2009-07-03-armenians-targeted-in-ukraine-incident |access-date=3 March 2014 |newspaper=[[Armenian Reporter]] |date=3 July 2009 |quote=The knifing death of Sergei Bondarenko (pictured) was followed by anti-Armenian reprisals in a small Ukrainian town. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020033420/http://www.reporter.am/go/article/2009-07-03-armenians-targeted-in-ukraine-incident |archive-date=20 October 2014 }}</ref> accompanied by the burning of houses and cars, which led to exodus of Armenians from the city.<ref>[http://www.analitik.org.ua/current-comment/int/4a530eba67afe/ Межнациональные столкновения в Марганце] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426031125/http://www.analitik.org.ua/current-comment/int/4a530eba67afe/ |date=2012-04-26 }} "Армяне массово выезжают в другие города."</ref> |
In 2009, an ethnic conflict broke out in the city of [[Marhanets]] following the murder of a Ukrainian man by an Armenian. A fight between Ukrainians and Armenians started in the "Scorpion" café,{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and later turned into riots and pogroms against Armenians,<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanamyan |first=Emil |title=Armenians targeted in Ukraine incident |url=http://www.reporter.am/go/article/2009-07-03-armenians-targeted-in-ukraine-incident |access-date=3 March 2014 |newspaper=[[Armenian Reporter]] |date=3 July 2009 |quote=The knifing death of Sergei Bondarenko (pictured) was followed by anti-Armenian reprisals in a small Ukrainian town. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020033420/http://www.reporter.am/go/article/2009-07-03-armenians-targeted-in-ukraine-incident |archive-date=20 October 2014 }}</ref> accompanied by the burning of houses and cars, which led to exodus of Armenians from the city.<ref>[http://www.analitik.org.ua/current-comment/int/4a530eba67afe/ Межнациональные столкновения в Марганце] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426031125/http://www.analitik.org.ua/current-comment/int/4a530eba67afe/ |date=2012-04-26 }} "Армяне массово выезжают в другие города."</ref> |
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In 2023, Armenian media accused [[Oleksiy Danilov]], the secretary of Ukraine's [[National Security and Defense Council]], of making anti-Armenian statements.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ukrainian Official Explains 'Anti-Armenian' Statement|url=https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32239536.html|work=Azatutyun.am|date=25 January 2023|access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> |
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===East Turkestan=== |
===East Turkestan=== |
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Uyghur separatist leader [[Isa Alptekin]] spouted anti-Armenian rhetoric while he was in Turkey and |
Uyghur separatist leader [[Isa Alptekin]] spouted anti-Armenian rhetoric while he was in Turkey and claimed that "our innocent Turkish Muslim brothers" were massacred by "Armenian murderers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.konyayenigun.com/haber/93883/Isa_Yusuf_Alptekin_ve_Turkiyenin_Siyasal_Hayatina_Etkileri.html|title=İsa Yusuf Alptekin ve Türkiye'nin Siyasal Hayatına Etkileri|access-date=1 May 2016|archive-date=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005024427/http://www.konyayenigun.com/haber/93883/Isa_Yusuf_Alptekin_ve_Turkiyenin_Siyasal_Hayatina_Etkileri.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Anti-Oriental Orthodox sentiment]] |
* [[Anti-Oriental Orthodox sentiment]] |
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* [[Anti-Assyrian sentiment]] |
* [[Anti-Assyrian sentiment]] |
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* [[Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians]] |
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* [[Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians|Armenian exodus from Nagorno-Karabakh]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Kasbarian |first1=Sossie |last2=Öktem |first2=Kerem |title=Subversive friendships: Turkish and Armenian encounters in transnational space |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |date=2014 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=121–146 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2014.900208|s2cid=144649549 }} |
*{{cite journal |last1=Kasbarian |first1=Sossie |last2=Öktem |first2=Kerem |title=Subversive friendships: Turkish and Armenian encounters in transnational space |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |date=2014 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=121–146 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2014.900208|s2cid=144649549 }} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Ihrig |first1=Stefan |author-link1=Stefan Ihrig |title=[[Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler]] |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-50479-0 |language=en}} |
*{{cite book |last1=Ihrig |first1=Stefan |author-link1=Stefan Ihrig |title=[[Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler]] |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-50479-0 |language=en}} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Nefes |first1=Türkay Salim |title=The Relationship between Perceived Security Threats and Negative Descriptions of Armenians in Turkish Politics (1946–1960) |journal=Nationalities Papers |date=2021 |pages= |
*{{cite journal |last1=Nefes |first1=Türkay Salim |title=The Relationship between Perceived Security Threats and Negative Descriptions of Armenians in Turkish Politics (1946–1960) |journal=Nationalities Papers |date=2021 |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1217–1231 |doi=10.1017/nps.2021.6|doi-access=free }} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Nefes |first1=Türkay Salim |title=Explaining negative descriptions of Armenians in Turkish parliamentary speeches (1960–1980) via group position theory |journal=Quality & Quantity |date=2021 |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=2237–2252 |doi=10.1007/s11135-021-01108-8|s2cid=233944826 }} |
*{{cite journal |last1=Nefes |first1=Türkay Salim |title=Explaining negative descriptions of Armenians in Turkish parliamentary speeches (1960–1980) via group position theory |journal=Quality & Quantity |date=2021 |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=2237–2252 |doi=10.1007/s11135-021-01108-8|s2cid=233944826 |hdl=10261/306132 |hdl-access=free }} |
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*Richard Albrecht, [http://www.trend.infopartisan.net/Armenozid/[3-Richard%20Albrecht]%20Armenien%20ohne%20Armenier%20(SZRKG%202012).pdf «nous voulons une Arménie sans Arméniens». Drei Jahrzehnte Armenierbilder in kolonial-imperialistischen und totalitär-faschistischen Diskursen in Deutschland, 1913–1943] page 625 Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Religions- und Kulturgeschichte 106 (2012) |
*Richard Albrecht, [http://www.trend.infopartisan.net/Armenozid/[3-Richard%20Albrecht]%20Armenien%20ohne%20Armenier%20(SZRKG%202012).pdf «nous voulons une Arménie sans Arméniens». Drei Jahrzehnte Armenierbilder in kolonial-imperialistischen und totalitär-faschistischen Diskursen in Deutschland, 1913–1943] page 625 Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Religions- und Kulturgeschichte 106 (2012) |
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{{Discrimination}} |
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{{Anti-Armenianism}} |
{{Anti-Armenianism}} |
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{{Anti-cultural sentiment}} |
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[[Category:Anti- |
[[Category:Anti-Armenian sentiment| ]] |
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[[Category:Anti-national sentiment|Armenian]] |
[[Category:Anti-national sentiment|Armenian]] |
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[[Category:Racism]] |
Revision as of 14:59, 21 May 2024
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Discrimination |
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Anti-Armenian sentiment, also known as anti-Armenianism and Armenophobia, is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, racism, derision and/or prejudice towards Armenians, Armenia, and Armenian culture.
Historically, anti-Armenianism has manifested itself in several ways, ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Armenians to organized pogroms by mobs or state-sanctioned genocide. Notable instances of persecution include the Hamidean massacres (1894-1897), the Adana massacre (1909), the Armenian genocide (1915), the Sumgait pogrom (1988), and Operation Ring (1991).
Modern anti-Armenianism frequently consists of expressions of opposition to the actions or existence of an Armenian state, aggressive denial of the Armenian genocide or belief in an Armenian conspiracy to fabricate history and manipulate public and political opinion for political gain.[1] Anti-Armenianism has also manifested as extrajudicial killing or intimidation of people of Armenian heritage and destruction of cultural monuments.
Turkey
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/250px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg)
Armenian genocide and its denial
Although it was possible for Armenians to achieve status and wealth in the Ottoman Empire, as a community they were never accorded more than "second-class citizen" status and were regarded as fundamentally alien to the Muslim character of Ottoman society.[2] In 1895, revolts among the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire in pursuit of equal treatment led to Sultan Abdül Hamid's decision to massacre tens of thousands of Armenians in the Hamidian massacres.[3]
During World War I, the Ottoman government massacred between 1.2 and 1.8 million Armenians in the Armenian genocide.[4][5][6][7] The Turkish government continues to aggressively deny the Armenian genocide. This position has been criticized in a letter from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to – then Turkish Prime Minister, now President – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[8]
Contemporary
Cenk Saraçoğlu argues that anti-Armenian attitudes in Turkey "are no longer constructed and shaped by social interactions between the 'ordinary people' ... Rather, the Turkish media and state promote and disseminate an overtly anti-Armenian discourse."[9] According to a 2011 survey in Turkey, 73.9% of respondents admitted having unfavorable views toward Armenians. The survey showed an unfavorable stance toward Armenians was "relatively more widespread among those participants with lower levels of education and socioeconomic status."[10] According to Minority Rights Group, while the government recognizes Armenians as a minority group, as used in Turkey this term denotes second-class status.[11]
The new generations are being taught to see Armenians not as human, but [as] an entity to be despised and destroyed, the worst enemy. And the school curriculum adds fuel to the existing fires.
- Turkish lawyer Fethiye Çetin[12]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Ogunsamastflag.jpg/220px-Ogunsamastflag.jpg)
Hrant Dink, the editor of the weekly bilingual newspaper Agos, was assassinated in Istanbul on January 19, 2007, by Ogün Samast, who was reportedly acting on the orders of Yasin Hayal, a militant Turkish ultra-nationalist.[15][16] For his statements on Armenian identity and the Armenian genocide, Dink had been prosecuted three times under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code for "insulting Turkishness".[17][18] (The law was later amended by the Turkish parliament, changing "Turkishness" to "Turkish Nation" and making it more difficult to prosecute individuals for the said offense.[19]) Dink had also received numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists who viewed his "iconoclastic" journalism (particularly regarding the Armenian genocide) as an act of treachery.[20]
İbrahim Şahin and 36 other alleged members of the Turkish ultra-nationalist Ergenekon group were arrested in January, 2009 in Ankara. The Turkish police said the roundup was triggered by orders Şahin gave to assassinate 12 Armenian community leaders in Sivas.[21][22] According to the official investigation in Turkey, Ergenekon also had a role in the murder of Hrant Dink.[23]
In 2002, a monument was erected in memory of Turkish-Armenian composer Onno Tunç in Yalova, Turkey.[24] The monument to the composer of Armenian origin was subjected to much vandalism over the course of the years, in which unidentified people had taken out the letters on the monument. In 2012 Yalova Municipal Assembly decided to remove the monument. Bilgin Koçal, the former mayor of Yalova, informed the public that the memorial had been destroyed by time and that it would shortly be replaced with a new one in the memory of Tunç.[25][26][27] On the other hand, a similar memorial stays in place at the village of Selimiye, where an aircraft had crashed; and the people in the village of 187 expressed their protest about the vandalism claims regarding the memorial in Yalova, adding that they paid from their own funds to keep up the maintenance of the monument in their village against the wearing effect of natural causes.[28]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hate_speech_in_Turkish_news_outlets.jpg/350px-Hate_speech_in_Turkish_news_outlets.jpg)
Sevag Balikci, a Turkish soldier of Armenian descent, was shot dead on April 24, 2011, the day of the commemoration of the Armenian genocide during his military service in Batman.[30] It was later discovered that killer Kıvanç Ağaoğlu was an ultra-nationalist.[31] Through his Facebook profile, it was uncovered that he was a sympathizer of nationalist politician Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu and Turkish agent / contract killer Abdullah Çatlı, who himself had a history of anti-Armenian activity, such as the Armenian Genocide Memorial bombing in a Paris suburb in 1984.[32][33][34] His Facebook profile also showed that he was a Great Union Party (BBP) sympathizer, a far-right nationalist party in Turkey.[32] Testimony given by Sevag Balıkçı's fiancée stated that he was subjected to psychological pressure at the military compound.[35] She was told by Sevag over the phone that he feared for his life because a certain military serviceman threatened him by saying, "If war were to happen with Armenia, you would be the first person I would kill."[35][36]
On February 26, 2012, on the anniversary of the Khojaly Massacre, the Atsız Youth led a demonstration took place in Istanbul which contained hate speech and threats towards Armenia and Armenians.[37][38][39][40] Chants and slogans during the demonstration include: "You are all Armenian, you are all bastards", "bastards of Hrant [Dink] can not scare us", and "Taksim Square today, Yerevan Tomorrow: We will descend upon you suddenly in the night."[37][38]
In 2012 the ultra-nationalist ASIM-DER group (founded in 2002) had targeted Armenian schools, churches, foundations and individuals in Turkey as part of an anti-Armenian hate campaign.[41]
Azerbaijan
Anti-Armenian sentiment exists in Azerbaijan on institutional[42] and social[43] levels. Armenians are "the most vulnerable group in Azerbaijan in the field of racism and racial discrimination."[44]
Throughout the 20th century, Armenian and the Turkish-speaking Muslim (Shia and Sunni; then known as "Caucasian Tatars" , later as Azerbaijanis)[a] inhabitants of Transcaucasia have been involved in numerous conflicts. Pogroms, massacres and wars solidified oppositional ethnic identities between the two groups, and have contributed to the development of national consciousnesses among both Armenians and Azeris.[46] From 1918 to 1920, organized killings of Armenians occurred in Azerbaijan, especially in the Armenian cultural centers in Baku and Shusha.[47]
Contemporary Armenophobia in Azerbaijan traces its roots to the last years of the Soviet Union, when Armenians demanded that the Soviet authorities transfer the mostly Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) in the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR.[48] In response to these demands, anti-Armenian rallies were held in various cities, where Azeri nationalist groups incited anti-Armenian sentiments that led to pogroms in Sumgait, Kirovabad and Baku. From 1988 through 1990, an estimated 300,000-350,000 Armenians either fled under threat of violence or were deported from Azerbaijan, and roughly 167,000 Azeris were forced to flee Armenia, often under violent circumstances.[49] The rising tensions between the two nations eventually escalated into a large-scale military conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, in which Azerbaijan lost control over around 14%[50] of the country's territory to the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.[48] Ever-increasing tensions over the loss of the territory, which sparked more anti-Armenian sentiment,[51] and the urge to revenge the loss of the territory internationally recognized as Azeri led Azerbaijan to start the second war over the territory in 2020, in which they managed to recapture part of the area. In a November 2020 alert, Genocide Watch reported that Armenians in Azerbaijan are dehumanized, being called “terrorists”, “bandits,” “infidels,” “leftovers of the sword" (a referral to the 1915 genocide[52]).[53]
The Armenian side has accused the Azerbaijani government of carrying out anti-Armenian policy inside and outside the country, which includes propaganda of hate toward Armenia and Armenians and the destruction of Armenian cultural heritage.[54][55][56] According to Fyodor Lukyanov , editor-in-chief of the journal Russia in Global Affairs, "Armenophobia is the institutional part of the modern Azerbaijani statehood and Karabakh is in the center of it".[57] In 2011, the ECRI report on Azerbaijan stated that "the constant negative official and media discourse" against Armenia fosters "a negative climate of opinion regarding people of Armenian origin, who remain vulnerable to discrimination."[58] According to historian Jeremy Smith, "National identity in post-Soviet Azerbaijan rests in large part, then, on the cult of the Alievs, alongside a sense of embattlement and victimisation and a virulent hatred of Armenia and Armenians".[59][60]
In the European Parliament's resolution of 10 March 2022 condemning the destruction of the Armenian heritage in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh),[61] the parliament stated:
European Parliament ... Acknowledges that the erasure of the Armenian cultural heritage is part of a wider pattern of a systematic, state-level policy of Armenophobia, historical revisionism and hatred towards Armenians promoted by the Azerbaijani authorities, including dehumanisation, the glorification of violence and territorial claims against the Republic of Armenia”.[62]
In March 2023, the European Parliament issued another resolution which condemned Azerbaijan's attacks on Armenia and called for Azerbaijan to lift its blockade of Artsakh.[63] In response, Azerbaijani President Aliyev described the resolution as "beyond doubt...originat[ing] from Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora, long since a cancerous tumour of Europe."[64]
Anti-Armenian hate crimes committed by Azerbaijanis have also occurred internationally beyond the country of Azerbaijan. In 2004, Ramil Safarov decapitated an Armenian while he was sleeping in Hungary.
Status of Armenian cultural monuments
In November 2020, newspaper The Guardian wrote about Azerbaijan's campaign of comprehensive "cultural cleansing" in Nakhichevan:
Satellite imagery, extensive documentary evidence and personal accounts showed that 89 churches, 5,840 khachkars and 22,000 tombstones were destroyed between 1997 and 2006, including the medieval necropolis of Djulfa, the largest ancient Armenian cemetery in the world. The Azerbaijani response has consistently been to simply deny that Armenians had ever lived in the region.[65]
The most publicized case of mass destruction concerns gravestones at a medieval Armenian cemetery in Julfa, a sacred site of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Charles Tannock, the member of the foreign affairs committee of the European Parliament, argued: "This is very similar to the Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban. They have concreted the area over and turned it into a military camp."[66] The destruction of the cemetery has been widely described by Armenian sources, and some non-Armenian sources, as an act of cultural genocide.[67][68][69]
European Parliament published a resolution on 10 March 2022, condemning the destruction of the Armenian heritage in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh).[61] The resolution read:
European Parliament ... Strongly condemns Azerbaijan's continued policy of erasing and denying the Armenian cultural heritage in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, in violation of international law and the recent decision of the ICJ...[62]
Ongoing genocide risk
Since 2020, Azerbaijan has attacked Armenian positions in Nagorno-Karabakh (Second Nagorno-Karabakh War), Armenia (border crisis), and has also blockaded the Republic of Artsakh. These events have resulted in numerous organizations, including those which specialize in genocide studies, reporting that Armenians are at risk of being subjected to another genocide.[70][71][72][73] The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention considers Armenians to be "one of the most threatened identities in the world today."[74] Sheila Paylan, international criminal lawyer and legal advisor to the United Nations has warned that "The international community should take its R2P [Responsibility to Protect] commitments more seriously or risk becoming silently complicit in the next Armenian genocide—or ethnic cleansing."[75] Caucasus expert Laurence Broers draws parallels between "the Russian discourse about Ukraine as an artificial, fake nation, and the Azerbaijani discourse about Armenia, likewise claiming it has a fake history", thereby elevating the conflict to an "existential level" for Armenians.[76] A coalition of various human rights organizations also issued a collective genocide warning in response to the blockade: "All 14 risk factors for atrocity crimes identified by the UN Secretary-General's Office on Genocide Prevention are now present."[73]
- The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention – Since 2021, the organization has issued various "Red Flag Alerts" on Azerbaijan which the organization says poses a threat of genocide to Armenians.[77] It described the Azerbaijan's blockade of the Republic of Artsakh as "a criminal act which intends to create terror and unbearable conditions of life for the population of Artsakh. These events are not isolated events; they are, instead, being committed within a larger genocidal pattern against Armenia and Armenians by the Azerbaijani regime."[78] The group also wrote "The genocidal intent of Baku has never been clearer and the actions carried out up to the moment highly predict this outcome."[79]
- Genocide Watch – issued its own genocide warnings in September 2020 saying that "Because of Azerbaijan’s invasion of Artsakh...Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan to be at Stage 9: Extermination and at Stage 10: Denial. Genocide Watch considers that Azerbaijan's leadership may intend to forcibly deport the Armenian population of Artsakh by committing genocidal massacres that will terrorize Armenians into leaving Artsakh."[80] In September 2022, Genocide Watch issued another alert stating, "Due to its unprovoked attacks and genocidal rhetoric against ethnic Armenians, Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan's assault on Armenia and Artsakh to be at Stage 4: Dehumanization, Stage 7: Preparation, Stage 8: Persecution, and Stage 10: Denial."[72] The group wrote a letter to the EU council, warning that the European Union "is turning a blind eye to the Azerbaijani dictatorship for geopolitical and resource reasons" and that Azerbaijan's "intentions are clear: to wipe out all traces of Armenian life and of an Armenian presence in this region. Azerbaijani President, Ilham Aliyev, has consistently and repeatedly stated that he intends to eradicate the indigenous Armenians dwelling in Artsakh."[81][82]
- The International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) – issued similar statements in October 2020: "Direct Turkish involvement in the decades-long [Nagorno-Karabakh] conflict is ... a fact that threatens to annihilate Armenians in Artsakh and beyond. A recent statement issued by the Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, read that they, Turkey, were going 'to continue to fulfill the mission of their grandfathers, which was carried out a century ago in the Caucasus'. This constitutes a direct threat of continuing the Armenian genocide that began in 1915...History, from the Armenian genocide to the last three decades of conflict, as well as current political statements, economic policies, sentiments of the societies and military actions by the Azerbaijani and Turkish leadership should warn us that genocide of the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh, and perhaps even Armenia, is a very real possibility."[83] In October 2022, the IAGS issued another statement condeming Azerbaijan's September 2022 attacks on the Republic of Armenia: "Significant genocide risk factors exist in the Nagorno-Karabakh situation concerning the Armenian population" and "dehumanizing and other [irredentist] statements [from Azerbaijani government officials] demonstrate the existence of a risk of genocide, and may amount to incitement to genocide and possibly other international crimes."[70]
Russia
A 19th-century Russian explorer, Vasili Lvovich Velichko, who was active during the period when the Russian tzarism carried out a purposeful anti-Armenian policy,[84] wrote "Armenians are the extreme instance of brachycephaly; their actual racial instinct make them naturally hostile to the State."[85]
According to a 2012 VTSIOM opinion research, 6% of respondents in Moscow and 3% in Saint Petersburg were "experiencing feelings of irritation, hostility" toward Armenians.[86] In the 2000s there have been racist murders of Armenians in Russia.[87][88][89] In 2002 an explosion took place in Krasnodar near the Armenian church which the local community believed was a terrorist act.[90]
Georgia
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Uprooted_Armenian_gravestones_in_a_church_yard_in_Velistsikhe%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-Uprooted_Armenian_gravestones_in_a_church_yard_in_Velistsikhe%2C_Georgia.jpg)
In the late 19th century and early 20th century anti-Armenian sentiment was prevalent in both socialist and nationalist Georgian circles. The economic dominance of Armenians in Tbilisi fueled verbal attacks on Armenians. Droeba, an influential journal, described Armenians as people who "strip our streets and fatten their pockets" and "but the last piece of property from our indebted peasant families." Both Ilia Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli, two major literary figures, attacked Armenians for their perceived mercantilism. Tsereteli portrayed Armenians as a flea sucking Georgian blood in one fable. Chavchavadze denounced Armenians for "eating the bread baked by someone else or drinking that which is creating by another's sweat." Chavchavadze's newspaper, Iveria, depicted Armenians as "sly moneylenders and unscrupulous traders", according to Stephen F. Jones. The Social Democratic Party of Georgia (Georgian Mensheviks) attacked the bourgeoisie and imperialism to liberate Georgia from both Russian imperialism and perceived Armenian economic exploitation. During the existence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–21), the independent Georgian government saw Armenians as a potential "fifth column" for their supposed loyalty to the First Republic of Armenia and subject to manipulation by foreign powers. The Georgian–Armenian War of December 1918 increased anti-Armenian sentiments in Georgia. In post-Soviet Georgia, first president Zviad Gamsakhurdia, an outspoken nationalist, viewed Armenians, along with other ethnic minorities, as "guests" or "aliens" who threaten Georgia's territorial integrity.[91]
Joseph Stalin wrote in his 1913 essay Marxism and the National Question:[92][93]
What exists in Georgia is anti-Armenian nationalism but this is because there is an Armenian big bourgeoisie which, by crushing the small and as yet weak Georgian bourgeoisie, thrusts the latter towards anti-Armenian nationalism.
Around the time of the 2007 parliamentary elections in the breakaway region of Abkhazia, the Georgian media emphasized the factor of ethnic Armenians in the area.[94] The Georgian newspaper Sakartvelos Respublika predicted that much of the parliament would be Armenian and that there was even a chance of an Armenian president being elected.[95] The paper also reported that the Abkhazian republic might already be receiving financial assistance from Armenians living in the United States.[95] Some Armenian analysts believe such reports are attempting to create conflict between Armenians and ethnic Abkhazians to destabilize the region.[95]
A policy of desecration of Armenian churches and historical monuments on the territory of Georgia has actively been pursued.[96][97][98] On November 16, 2008, Georgian monk Tariel Sikinchelashvili vandalised the graves of patrons of art Mikhail and Lidia Tamamshev.[97] The Armenian Church of Norashen in Tbilisi, built in the middle of the 15th century,[96] has been desecrated and misappropriated by the Georgian government despite the fact that both Armenia's and Georgia's Prime-Ministers have reached an agreement on not to maltreat the church.[97] Due to no law on religion, the status of Surb Norashen, Surb Nshan, Shamhoretsor Surb Astvatsatsin (Karmir Avetaran), Yerevanots Surb Minas and Mugni Surb Gevorg in Tbilisi and Surb Nshan in Akhaltsikhe is unknown since being confiscated during the Soviet era.[99] Armenians in Georgia and Armenia have demonstrated against the destruction. On November 28, 2008, Armenian demonstrators in front of the Georgian embassy in Armenia demanded that the Georgian government immediately cease encroachments on the Armenian churches and punish those guilty, calling the Georgian party's actions "white genocide".[100]
In August, 2011, Georgia's Culture Minister Nika Rurua sacked director Robert Sturua as head of the Tbilisi national theatre for "xenophobic" comments he made earlier this year, officials reported. "We are not going to finance xenophobia. Georgia is a multicultural country", Rurua said.[101] Provoking public outrage, Sturua said in an interview with local news agency that "Saakashvili doesn't know what Georgian people need because he is Armenian." "I do not want Georgia to be governed by a representative of a different ethnicity", he added.[101][102]
In July 2014, the Armenian Ejmiatsin Church in Tbilisi was attacked. The Armenian diocese said it was "a crime committed on ethnic and religious grounds."[103]
In 2018 the Tandoyants Armenian church in Tbilisi was gifted to the Georgian Orthodox Patriarchate. The Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Orthodox Church in Georgia stated that the church was "illegally transferred" to the Georgian Patriarchate. According to the Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center, Tandoyants is not the only historic Armenian church the Georgian Patriarchate has targeted. There are at least six others the Patriarchate has its sights set on.[104]
Germany
United States
Early 20th century
There has been historic prejudice against Armenians in the United States throughout various times, at least beginning from the early 1900s.
In early 1900s Armenians were among the group of minorities who were barred from loaning money, land, and equipment particularly because of their race. They were referred to as "lower class Jews". Moreover, in Fresno, California, among other minorities Armenians lived on one side of Van Ness Blvd., while the residents of European white origin lived on the other side. A deed from one home there stated, "Neither said premises nor any part thereof shall be used in any matter whatsoever or occupied by any Black, Chinese, Japanese, Hindu, Armenian, Asiatic or native of the Turkish Empire."[105]
Between the 1920s and the 1960s, some houses in the Rock Creek Hills neighborhood of Kensington, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C., included anti-Armenian language in racial covenants that were part of property deeds. One deed in Rock Creek Hills declared that homes in the neighborhood "shall never be used or occupied by...negroes or any person or persons, of negro blood or extraction, or to any person of the Semitic Race, blood or origin, or Jews, Armenians, Hebrews, Persians and Syrians, except...partial occupancy of the premises by domestic servants."[106]
In Anny Bakalian's book Armenian-Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian, various groups of Armenians were polled for discrimination based on their identity. Roughly 77% of US-born Armenians felt they were discriminated in getting a job while 80% responded positively to a question whether they felt discriminated in getting admitted to a school.[107]
American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial view that no genocide was intended by the Ottoman Empire but that both Armenians and Turks died as the result of civil war. Some attribute his denial of the Armenian genocide[108] to anti-Armenianism, as he holds an honorary doctorate of the Turkish Boğaziçi University and he is also a board member of the Institute of Turkish Studies.[109][110]
Since the 1990s
On April 24, 1998, during a campus exhibit organized by the Armenian Students' Association at UC Berkeley, Hamid Algar, a Professor of Islamic & Persian Studies, reportedly approached a group of organizers and shouted, "It was not a genocide but I wish it was—you lying pigs!" The students also claimed that Algar also spat at them. Following the incident members of the Armenian Students' Association filed a report with campus police calling for an investigation.[111] After a five-month investigation the Chancellor's office issued an apology, though no hate charges were filed as incident did not create a "hostile environment".[112] On March 10, 1999, the Associated Students of University of California (ASUC) passed a resolution titled, "A Bill Against Hate Speech and in Support of Reprimand for Prof. Algar", condemning the incident and calling for Chancellor to review the University decision not to file charges.[112]
In 1999, after Rafi Manoukian got elected to Glendale City Council, one resident attended the council's meetings every week to "tell Armenians to go back where they came from." Manoukian campaign had made a point to galvanize Glendale's large Armenian American electorate.[113]
In April 2007, the Los Angeles Times Managing Editor Douglas Frantz blocked a story on the Armenian genocide written by Mark Arax, allegedly citing the fact Arax was of Armenian descent and therefore had a biased opinion on the subject. Arax, who has published similar articles before,[114] has lodged a discrimination complaint and threatened a federal lawsuit. Frantz, who did not cite any specific factual errors in the article, is accused of having a bias obtained while being stationed in Istanbul, Turkey. Harut Sassounian, an Armenian community leader, accused Frantz of having expressed support for denial of the Armenian genocide and has stated he personally believed that Armenians rebelled against the Ottoman Empire, an argument commonly used to justify the killings.[114] Frantz resigned from the paper not long afterward, possibly due to the mounting requests for his dismissal from the Armenian community.[115]
In March 2012 three of five Glendale Police Department's officers of Armenian origin filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court against Glendale Police Department claiming racial discrimination.[116]
Another incident that received less coverage was a series of hate mail campaigns directed at Paul Krekorian, a city council candidate for Californian Democratic Primary, making racist remarks and accusations that the Armenian community was engaging in voter fraud.[117]
In 2016, during a race between Glendale City Clerk Ardy Kassakhian and Glendale Council Member Laura Friedman for the 43rd District Assembly seat, Kassakhian's campaign faced numerous threats and criticism based on the candidate's ethnicity. At one point in the campaign Kassakhian's office was evacuated after receiving a phone call that threatened the safety of employees and volunteers.[118]
On April 20, 2016, Armenian genocide denial propaganda appeared in the sky over the Hudson River between Manhattan and Northern New Jersey. The skywriting featured messages such as "101 years of Geno-lie", "BFF = Russia + Armenia", and "FactCheckArmenia.com". The aerial stunt was part of a campaign by the website Fact Check Armenia, an Armenian genocide denialist site. The writing could be seen from roughly a 15-mile (24 km) radius. The media attention from the incident resulted in an official apology by the skywriting company.[119]
In the 4th episode of Season 3 of the CBS sitcom 2 Broke Girls (aired on October 14, 2013) "when a new cappuccino maker is brought into the cupcake store by a co-worker, he says he bought it for a cheap price from a person who stole it but sells it at a profit, adding 'it's the Armenian way.' When the character is pressed that he is not Armenian, he says 'I know. But, it's the Armenian way.'" This scene was characterized as "racist" by Asbarez Editor Ara Khachatourian, who criticized CBS for promotion of racial stereotypes in their shows.[120]
In the January 9, 2018, episode of the Comedy Central late-night program The Daily Show Trevor Noah stated: "This is, like, really funny. Only Donald Trump could defend himself and, in the same sentence, completely undermine his whole point. It would be like someone saying, 'I'm the most tolerant guy out there, just ask this filthy Armenian.'"[121] Armenian American organizations criticized Noah for alleged racism against Armenians. In a joint press release the Armenian Bar Association and the Armenian Rights Watch Committee (ARWC) compared "Filthy Armenians" to other offensive racial epithets, which although "may have been intended to coax a laugh from the audience by ridiculing President Trump's self-proclaimed genius and tolerance", constitutes "affront and slander". The organizations called for The Daily Show and Trevor Noah to issue a retraction and an apology.[122] The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) also called for an apology.[123]
In July 2020 the KZV Armenian School and its adjacent Armenian Community Center in San Francisco were vandalized overnight with threatening and racist graffiti. According to San Francisco officials, the attack claimed to support a violent, anti-Armenian movement led by Azerbaijan.[124] The messages contained curse words and appeared to be connected to increased tensions between Azerbaijan and Armenia.[125] The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi noted that "The KZV Armenian School is a part of the beautiful fabric of our San Francisco family. The hateful defacing of this place of community and learning is a disgrace." San Francisco District Attorney Chesa Boudin and San Francisco Mayor London Breed also condemned the hate act.[126]
On September 24, 2021, the St. Peter Armenian Church in Fernando Valley, California, was vandalized. The suspect broke eight very rare stained glass windows of the church with a baseball bat. The ANCA-WR Executive Director Armen Sahakyan said “This act of vandalism is especially concerning as we recently marked one year since the Armenophobic hate crimes that took place in San Francisco.”. The Los Angeles Police Department continues its investigation on this crime.[127]
In the 2022 Los Angeles City Council scandal, Nury Martinez referred to Areen Ibranossian, an advisor to councillor Paul Krekorian, as "The guy with one eyebrow." Martinez wasn't able to recall the last name and Cedillo replied "It ends in i-a-n, I bet you."[128] Ibranossian said, "This type of depiction of Armenians is not uncommon and is too often tolerated." Growing up in Torrance, California, he was called "towel head" and "camel jockey."[129]
In 2023, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ordered Citigroup to pay $24.5 million in fines and $1.4 million in restitution to Armenian Americans, alleging that the bank had illegally discriminated against members of the ethnic group and had unjustly denied them credit cards for which they had applied in a period beginning in 2015 and ending in 2021.[130][131] According to the CFPB, Citigroup employees used the presence of -ian or -yan in applicant surnames as an indicator that a customer should undergo enhanced screening processes, while also deciding to avoid making mention of this screening method in emails.[130] (The suffixes -ian and -yan are frequently found in Armenian surnames.)[132]
Israel
Israel-Armenia relations have been complicated throughout history, resulting in anti-Armenian sentiments in Israel.
The Jerusalem Post reported in 2009 that out of all Christians in Jerusalem's Old City Armenians were most often spat on by Haredi and Orthodox Jews.[133] In 2011 several instances of spitting and verbal attacks on Armenian clergymen by Haredi Jews were reported in the Old City.[134] In a 2013 interview Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem Nourhan Manougian stated that Armenians in Israel are treated as "third-class citizens".[135] In 2019, it was reported that 60 Armenian Church students attempted to lynch two Jewish men on the eve of Shavuot in Jerusalem, further increasing tensions between the religious groups.[136]
In 2023, Al Jazeera reported that anti-Christian violence, coinciding with anti-Palestinian violence, is becoming more widespread and normalized, especially by fundamentalist and right-wing Jews. Various anti-Christian laws were made, including limiting the amount of worshippers who can enter the Holy Sepulchre. 30 graves in Mount Zion were vandalized, and the Armenian quarter was spray-painted with the words "Death to Arabs, Christians and Armenians."[137]
Israel has long refused to recognize the Armenian Genocide, mainly to avoid harming its relations with Turkey. Former President and Prime Minister of Israel Shimon Peres referred to the history of the Armenian Genocide as "meaningless" and said that "We reject attempts to create a similarity between the Holocaust and the Armenian allegations. Nothing similar to the Holocaust occurred. It is a tragedy what the Armenians went through but not a genocide."[138] Other major figures and organizations in Israel have also propped up Turkey's genocide denial. In particular, the Turkish Israeli and Azerbaijani Israeli communities have encouraged genocide denial in Israel.[139] The Knesset Committee on Education, Culture and Sports recognized the Armenian Genocide on August 1, 2016.[140] When visiting the Israeli President the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem on May 9, 2016, Reuven Rivlin concluded his speech by saying that "the Armenians were massacred in 1915. My parents remember thousands of Armenian migrants finding asylum at the Armenian Church. No one in Israel denies that an entire nation was massacred.[140] Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in Israel remains to be an extremely contentious issue influenced heavily by Azerbaijan-Israel Relations.[141]
Israel's strategic alliance with Azerbaijan and Armenia's alliance with Iran have both resulted in hostility between the Israeli and Armenian governments and the subsequent deterioration of Armenia-Israel relations. In both the First and Second Nagorno-Karabakh Wars, Israel has supplied Azerbaijan with advanced weaponry. At a protest against Israel's arms sales to Azerbaijan, counter-protesters smashed a protester's car and blocked the road they were driving along.[142] Many Israelis have also sympathized with Azerbaijan due to Azerbaijan's long and peaceful historical relations with Jews. Because of strong relations between Israel and Azerbaijan, pro-Israeli lobbying groups such as AIPAC have defended and lobbied for Azerbaijan against Armenia.[143]
Daesh
With the breakout of the Syrian Civil War and subsequent rise of Daesh, Armenians, alongside Assyrians, Alawites and Shia Muslims, were some of the groups persecuted in areas occupied by Daesh militants. Armenian sites were targets of Daesh' infamous cultural destruction. After occupying Raqqa, Daesh fighters destroyed the Church of the Martyrs, an Armenian Catholic church.[144]
More infamously, Daesh fighters destroyed the Armenian Genocide Memorial in Deir-ez-Zor,[145] culturally significant to Armenians, as Deir-ez-Zor was the last destination before Armenians in 1915 would reach the Syrian Desert, with many dying along the way.
As Daesh began taking control of many cities, towns and villages, thousands of Christians were forced to flee, either abroad or to other, safer areas in Syria.
Others
Pakistan
Pakistan is the only United Nations member state that has not recognized the Republic of Armenia, citing its support to Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[146]
Tajikistan
In early 1990, 39 Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan were settled in Tajikistan. False rumors spread that allegedly up to 5,000 Armenians were being resettled in new housing in Dushanbe (which was experiencing acute housing shortage at that time). This led to riots which targeted both the Communist government and Armenians.[147] The Soviet Ministry of Interior (MVD) suppressed the demonstrations, during which more than 20 people were killed and over 500 were injured.[148]
Ukraine
In 1944, in the town of Kuty in eastern Poland, Ukrainian nationalists from the OUN-UPA massacred (as part of the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia) Armenians and Poles, killing 200 people. Kuty was the largest concentration of Armenians in Poland.[149][150]
In 2009, an ethnic conflict broke out in the city of Marhanets following the murder of a Ukrainian man by an Armenian. A fight between Ukrainians and Armenians started in the "Scorpion" café,[citation needed] and later turned into riots and pogroms against Armenians,[151] accompanied by the burning of houses and cars, which led to exodus of Armenians from the city.[152]
In 2023, Armenian media accused Oleksiy Danilov, the secretary of Ukraine's National Security and Defense Council, of making anti-Armenian statements.[153]
East Turkestan
Uyghur separatist leader Isa Alptekin spouted anti-Armenian rhetoric while he was in Turkey and claimed that "our innocent Turkish Muslim brothers" were massacred by "Armenian murderers".[154]
See also
- List of anti-Armenian massacres
- Anti-Oriental Orthodox sentiment
- Anti-Assyrian sentiment
- Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
- Armenian exodus from Nagorno-Karabakh
Notes
- ^ The term "Tatars", employed by the Russians, referred to Turkish-speaking Muslims (Shia and Sunni) of Transcaucasia.[45] Unlike Armenians and Georgians, the Tatars did not have their own alphabet and used the Perso-Arabic script.[45] After 1918 with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[45]
References
- ^ Black Garden, by Thomas De Waal (Aug 25, 2004), page 42
- ^ Communal Violence: The Armenians and the Copts as Case Studies, by Margaret J. Wyszomirsky, World Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Apr., 1975), p. 438
- ^ Hamidian Massacres, Armenian Genocide.
- ^ Levon Marashlian. Politics and Demography: Armenians, Turks, and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Zoryan Institute, 1991.
- ^ Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing, 2008, ISBN 0-313-34642-9, p. 19.
- ^ Noël, Lise. Intolerance: A General Survey. Arnold Bennett, 1994, ISBN 0-7735-1187-3, p. 101.
- ^ Schaefer, Richard T (2008), Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, p. 90.
- ^ "INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GENOCIDE SCHOLARS". Archived from the original on April 16, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2006.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, June 13, 2005 - ^ Saraçoğlu, Cenk (2011). Kurds of Modern Turkey: Migration, Neoliberalism and Exclusion in Turkish Society. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 175. ISBN 9780857719102.
- ^ "Turkish citizens mistrust foreigners, opinion poll says". Hürriyet Daily News. 2 May 2011.
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- ^ Tremblay, Pinar (11 October 2015). "Grew up Kurdish, forced to be Turkish, now called Armenian". Al-Monitor.
- ^ "Samast'a jandarma karakolunda kahraman muamelesi". Radikal (in Turkish). 2 February 2007. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
- ^ Watson, Ivan (12 January 2012). "Turkey remembers murdered journalist". CNN.
- ^ Harvey, Benjamin (2007-01-24). "Suspect in Journalist Death Makes Threat". The Guardian. London: Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-01-24. [dead link]
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- ^ Robert Mahoney (2006-06-15). "Bad blood in Turkey" (PDF). Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
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Dink had received numerous death threats from nationalist Turks who viewed his iconoclastic journalism, particularly on the mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century, as an act of treachery.
- ^ Turkish police uncover arms cache, The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 10, 2009
- ^ "E.I.R. GmbH". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
- ^ Montgomery, Devin (2008-07-12). "Turkey arrests two ex-generals for alleged coup plot". JURIST. Archived from the original on 2008-12-26. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
- ^ BÜYÜKFURAN ARMUTLU, İbrahim (2002-06-11). "Onno Tunç anıtı açıldı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-07-09.
- ^ "Turkish municipality destroys monument of Armenian musician, composer". Retrieved 6 April 2015.
- ^ Helix Consulting LLC. "Monument to Armenian musician Onno Tunc destroyed in Turkey". Retrieved 6 April 2015.
- ^ "Onno Tunç anıtını yıktık çünkü ..." Sabah. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
- ^ "Haber - Onno Tunç anıtı'na Selimiye halkı el sürdürmüyor!". Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
- ^ Şahan, İdil Engindeniz; Fırat, Derya; Şannan, Barış. "January-April 2014 Media Watch on Hate Speech and Discriminatory Language Report" (PDF). Hrant Dink Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-07. Retrieved 2014-09-15.
- ^ "Armenian private killed intentionally, new testimony shows". Today's Zaman. 2012-01-27. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
- ^ "Sevag Şahin'i vuran asker BBP'li miydi?" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
- ^ a b "Halavurt: "Sevag 24 Nisan'da Planlı Şekilde Öldürülmüş Olabilir"". Bianet (in Turkish). May 4, 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
:Translated from Turkish: "On May 1, 2011, after investigating into the background of the suspect, we discovered that he was a sympathizer of the BBP. We also have encountured nationalist themes in his social networks. For example, Muhsin Yazicioglu and Abdullah Catli photos were present" according to Balikci lawyer Halavurt.
- ^ "Title translated from Turkish: What Happened to Sevag Balikci?". Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 29 December 2012.
Translated from Turkish: "We discovered that he was a sympathizer of the BBP. We also have encountered nationalist themes in his social networks. For example, Muhsin Yazicioglu and Abdullah Catli photos were present" according to Balikci lawyer Halavurt.
- ^ "Sevag'ın Ölümünde Şüpheler Artıyor". Nor Zartonk (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
Title translated from Turkish: Doubts emerge on the death of Sevag
- ^ a b "Fiancé of Armenian soldier killed in Turkish army testifies before court". News.am. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ "Nişanlıdan 'Ermenilerle savaşırsak ilk seni öldürürüm' iddiası". Sabah (in Turkish). 2012-04-06. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
Title translated from Turkish: From the fiance: If we were to go to war with Armenia, I would kill you first"
- ^ a b "Azeris mark 20th anniversary of Khojaly Massacre in Istanbul". Hurriyet. February 26, 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
One banner carried by dozens of protestors said, 'You are all Armenians, you are all bastards.'
- ^ a b "Inciting Hatred: Turkish Protesters Call Armenians 'Bastards'". Asbarez. February 28, 2012. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
'Mount Ararat will Become Your Grave' Chant Turkish Students
- ^ "Khojaly Massacre Protests gone wrong in Istanbul: ' You are all Armenian, you are all bastards '". National Turk. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Protests in Istanbul: "You are all Armenian, you are all bastards"". LBC International. 2012-02-26. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Ultra-nationalist group targets Turkey's Armenians". Zaman. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
- ^ (in Russian) Fyodor Lukyanov , Editor-in-Chief of the journal Russia in Global Affairs "Первый и неразрешимый". Vzglyad. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Армянофобия – институциональная часть современной азербайджанской государственности, и, конечно, Карабах в центре этого всего. "Armenophobia is the institutional part of the modern Azerbaijani statehood and Karabakh is in the center of it."
- ^ "Report on Azerbaijan" (PDF). Strasbourg: European Commission against Racism and Intolerance. 15 April 2003. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
Due to the conflict, there is a widespread negative sentiment toward Armenians in Azerbaijani society today." "In general, hate-speech and derogatory public statements against Armenians take place routinely.
- ^ "Second report on Azerbaijan" (PDF). Strasbourg: European Commission against Racism and Intolerance. 24 May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ a b c Bournoutian, George (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900-1914. Routledge. p. 35 (note 25).
- ^ Dawisha, Karen; Parrot, Bruce (1994). The International Politics of Eurasia. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 242. ISBN 9781563243530.
- ^ Robert Gerwarth; John Horne, eds. (27 September 2012). War in peace : paramilitary violence in Europe after the Great War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199654918.
- ^ a b "Human Rights in the OSCE Region: Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2005 (Events of 2004)". International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
The unresolved conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh stimulated "armenophobia."
- ^ Human Rights Watch (1994). Azerbaijan: seven years of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York: Humans Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-142-8.
- ^ de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. New York: New York University Press. p. 286. ISBN 9780814719459.
This means that the combined area of Azerbaijan under Armenian occupation was approximately 11,797 km2 or 4,555 square miles. Azerbaijan's total area is 86,600 km2. So the occupied zone is in fact 13.62 percent of Azerbaijan—still a large figure, but a long way short of President Aliev's repeated claim.
- ^ "Second report on Azerbaijan" (PDF). Strasbourg: European Commission against Racism and Intolerance. 24 May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ Watch, Genocide (2020-05-11). "Turkey: Erdogan uses "Leftovers of the Sword" anti-Christian hate speech". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
- ^ Watch, Genocide (2020-11-06). "Genocide Emergency Alert on the War in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh)" (PDF). genocidewatch. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
- ^ "Azerbaijan: The Status of Armenians, Russians, Jews and other minorities" (PDF). Washington, DC: Immigration and Naturalization Service. 1993. p. 10. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Despite the constitutional guarantees against religious discrimination, numerous acts of vandalism against the Armenian Apostolic Church have been reported throughout Azerbaijan. These acts are clearly connected to anti-Armenian sentiments brought to the surface by the war between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
- ^ Peter G. Stone; Joanne Farchakh Bajjaly (2008). The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. p. xi. ISBN 9781843833840.
- ^ Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical dictionary of Armenia. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780810860964.
- ^ (in Russian) Fyodor Lukyanov , editor-in-chief of the journal Russia in Global Affairs "Первый и неразрешимый". Vzglyad. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
Армянофобия – институциональная часть современной азербайджанской государственности, и, конечно, Карабах в центре этого всего.
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- ^ Smith, Jeremy (2013). Red Nations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11131-7.
- ^ a b "EU Parliament condemns destruction of Armenian heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh". OC Media. 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
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Further reading
- Hilmar Kaiser: Imperialism, Racism, and Development Theories. The Construction of a Dominant Paradigm on Ottoman Armenians, Gomidas Institute, Ann Arbor (MI) 1997
- Onat, Ismail; Cubukcu, Suat; Demir, Fatih; Akca, Davut (2020). "Framing anti-Americanism in Turkey: An empirical comparison of domestic and international media". International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics. 16 (2): 139–157. doi:10.1386/macp_00021_1. S2CID 225861881.
- Suciyan, Talin (2015). The Armenians in Modern Turkey: Post-Genocide Society, Politics and History. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-773-2.
- Naydenova, Desislava (2014). "Anti-Armenian Polemics in a Slavic Canon Law Miscellany (Ms. Slav. No 461 from the Manuscript Collection of the Romanian Academy)". Études balkaniques (3): 82–95. ISSN 2534-8574.
- Kolstø, Pål; Blakkisrud, Helge (2013). "Yielding to the sons of the soil: Abkhazian democracy and the marginalization of the Armenian vote". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 36 (12): 2075–2095. doi:10.1080/01419870.2012.675079. S2CID 144252799.
- Kasbarian, Sossie; Öktem, Kerem (2014). "Subversive friendships: Turkish and Armenian encounters in transnational space". Patterns of Prejudice. 48 (2): 121–146. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2014.900208. S2CID 144649549.
- Ihrig, Stefan (2016). Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-50479-0.
- Nefes, Türkay Salim (2021). "The Relationship between Perceived Security Threats and Negative Descriptions of Armenians in Turkish Politics (1946–1960)". Nationalities Papers. 50 (6): 1217–1231. doi:10.1017/nps.2021.6.
- Nefes, Türkay Salim (2021). "Explaining negative descriptions of Armenians in Turkish parliamentary speeches (1960–1980) via group position theory". Quality & Quantity. 55 (6): 2237–2252. doi:10.1007/s11135-021-01108-8. hdl:10261/306132. S2CID 233944826.
- Richard Albrecht, «nous voulons une Arménie sans Arméniens». Drei Jahrzehnte Armenierbilder in kolonial-imperialistischen und totalitär-faschistischen Diskursen in Deutschland, 1913–1943 page 625 Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Religions- und Kulturgeschichte 106 (2012)