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{{About|the region|the continent|Antarctica|other uses|Antarctic (disambiguation)}} |
{{About|the region|the continent|Antarctica|other uses|Antarctic (disambiguation)}} |
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{{AFI}} |
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[[File:Antarctic-Overview-Map-EN.tif|thumb|A map of the Antarctic region, including the [[Antarctic Convergence]] and the [[60th parallel south]]]] |
[[File:Antarctic-Overview-Map-EN.tif|thumb|A map of the Antarctic region, including the [[Antarctic Convergence]] and the [[60th parallel south]]]] |
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[[File:AntarcticPlate.png|thumb|The [[Antarctic Plate]]]] |
[[File:AntarcticPlate.png|thumb|The [[Antarctic Plate]]]] |
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The '''Antarctic''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|t|ɑr|t|ɪ|k}} or {{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|t|ɑr|k|t|ɪ|k}}, American English also {{IPAc-en|æ|n|t|ˈ|ɑr|t|ɪ|k}} or {{IPAc-en|æ|n|t|ˈ|ɑr|k|t|ɪ|k}}; commonly {{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|n|ɑr|t|ɪ|k}}){{refn|The word was originally pronounced without the first {{IPA|/k/}}, but the [[spelling pronunciation]] has become common and is often considered more correct. The pronunciation without the first k sound and the first t sound is however widespread and a typical phenomenon of English in many other similar words too.<ref> |
The '''Antarctic''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|t|ɑr|t|ɪ|k}} or {{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|t|ɑr|k|t|ɪ|k}}, American English also {{IPAc-en|æ|n|t|ˈ|ɑr|t|ɪ|k}} or {{IPAc-en|æ|n|t|ˈ|ɑr|k|t|ɪ|k}}; commonly {{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|n|ɑr|t|ɪ|k}}){{refn|The word was originally pronounced without the first {{IPA|/k/}}, but the [[spelling pronunciation]] has become common and is often considered more correct. The pronunciation without the first k sound and the first t sound is however widespread and a typical phenomenon of English in many other similar words too.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Antarctica|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208004718/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Antarctica|url-status=dead|title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Antarctica|first=HarperCollins|last=Publishers|archivedate=8 December 2015|website=www.ahdictionary.com}}</ref> The "c" was added to the spelling for etymological reasons and then began to be pronounced, but (as with other spelling pronunciations) at first only by less educated people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |date=2006 |title=The Fight for English |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-920764-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fightforenglishh00crys/page/172 172] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fightforenglishh00crys/page/172}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=Antarctic |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=antarctic&allowed_in_frame=0 |access-date=16 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111152745/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=antarctic&allowed_in_frame=0 |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>|group="Note"}} is a [[polar regions of Earth|polar region]] around [[Earth]]'s [[South Pole]], opposite the [[Arctic]] region around the [[North Pole]]. |
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The Antarctic comprises the continent of [[Antarctica]], the [[Kerguelen Plateau]], and other [[list of Antarctic and Subantarctic islands|island territories]] located on the [[Antarctic Plate]] or south of the [[Antarctic Convergence]]. The Antarctic region includes the [[ice shelf|ice shelves]], waters, and all the [[island]] territories in the [[Southern Ocean]] situated south of the [[Antarctic Convergence]], a zone approximately {{convert|32|to|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and varying in latitude seasonally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scar.org/ |title= |
The Antarctic comprises the continent of [[Antarctica]], the [[Kerguelen Plateau]], and other [[list of Antarctic and Subantarctic islands|island territories]] located on the [[Antarctic Plate]] or south of the [[Antarctic Convergence]]. The Antarctic region includes the [[ice shelf|ice shelves]], waters, and all the [[island]] territories in the [[Southern Ocean]] situated south of the [[Antarctic Convergence]], a zone approximately {{convert|32|to|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and varying in latitude seasonally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scar.org/ |title=Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research website |publisher=SCAR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214094758/http://www.scar.org/ |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=}}</ref> The region covers some 20 percent of the [[Southern Hemisphere]], of which 5.5 percent (14 million km<sup>2</sup>) is the surface area of the Antarctica continent itself. All of the land and [[ice shelf|ice shelves]] south of [[60th parallel south|60°S latitude]] are administered under the [[Antarctic Treaty System]]. |
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[[Biogeography |
[[Biogeography|Biogeographically]], the [[Antarctic realm]] is one of eight [[biogeographic realm]]s on Earth's land surface. [[Climate change in Antarctica]] is particularly important because the melting of the [[Antarctic ice sheet]] has a high potential to add to the global [[sea level rise]]. Further, this melting also disrupts the flow of [[Southern Ocean overturning circulation]], which would have significant effects on the local climate and [[marine ecosystem]] functioning. |
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== Geography == |
== Geography == |
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[[File:Orthographic projection centered on the Prince Edward Island.png|thumb|Location of the Antarctic on a map of the [[Earth]]]] |
[[File:Orthographic projection centered on the Prince Edward Island.png|thumb|Location of the Antarctic on a map of the [[Earth]]]] |
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As defined by the [[Antarctic Treaty System]], the Antarctic region is everything south of the [[60th parallel south|60°S latitude]]. The Treaty area covers Antarctica and the [[archipelago]]s of the [[Balleny Islands]], [[Peter I Island]], [[Scott Island]], the [[South Orkney Islands]], and the [[South Shetland Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Antarctic Treaty {{!}} NSF |
As defined by the [[Antarctic Treaty System]], the Antarctic region is everything south of the [[60th parallel south|60°S latitude]]. The Treaty area covers Antarctica and the [[archipelago]]s of the [[Balleny Islands]], [[Peter I Island]], [[Scott Island]], the [[South Orkney Islands]], and the [[South Shetland Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Antarctic Treaty {{!}} NSF |url=https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/antarct/anttrty.jsp |access-date=7 October 2020 |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]] |website=www.nsf.gov |archive-date=11 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511130543/http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/anttrty.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref> However, this area does not include the [[Antarctic Convergence]], a transition zone where the cold waters of the [[Southern Ocean]] collide with the warmer waters of the north, forming a natural border to the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources – Department of Agriculture |url=https://www.agriculture.gov.au/fisheries/international/ccamlr |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=www.agriculture.gov.au |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920181241/https://www.agriculture.gov.au/fisheries/international/ccamlr |url-status=live }}</ref> Because the Convergence changes seasonally, the [[Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources]] approximates the Convergence line by joining specified points along [[circle of latitude|parallels of latitude]] and [[meridian (geography)|meridians of longitude]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/e_pubs/bd/pt1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505214806/http://www.ccamlr.org/pu/E/e_pubs/bd/pt1.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources|archivedate=5 May 2010}}</ref> The implementation of the convention is managed through an international commission headquartered in [[Hobart]], Australia, by an efficient system of annual [[fishing]] quotas, licenses, and international inspectors on the fishing vessels, as well as [[satellite]] surveillance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schedule of Conservation Measures in Force 2023/24 |url=https://www.ccamlr.org/en/system/files/e-schedule2023-24.pdf |website=CCAMLR |access-date=15 April 2024 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208225737/https://www.ccamlr.org/en/system/files/e-schedule2023-24.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The islands situated between 60°S latitude parallel to the south and the [[Antarctic Convergence]] to the north and their respective {{convert|200|nmi|km|adj=on}} [[exclusive economic zone]]s fall under the national jurisdiction of the countries that possess them: [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] (United Kingdom), [[Bouvet Island]] (Norway), and [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands|Heard and McDonald Islands]] (Australia). |
The islands situated between 60°S latitude parallel to the south and the [[Antarctic Convergence]] to the north and their respective {{convert|200|nmi|km|adj=on}} [[exclusive economic zone]]s fall under the national jurisdiction of the countries that possess them: [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] (United Kingdom), [[Bouvet Island]] (Norway), and [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands|Heard and McDonald Islands]] (Australia). |
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=== Antarctica === |
=== Antarctica === |
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[[File: |
[[File:Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba).jpg|thumb|Antarctic krill.]] |
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A variety of animals live in Antarctica for at least some of the year, including:<ref>{{cite web|title=Polar Wildlife|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/wildlife/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801003734/https://www.bas.ac.uk/web/20230801003734/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/wildlife/|archive-date=1 August 2023|access-date=|publisher=Natural Environment Research Council|website= |
A variety of animals live in Antarctica for at least some of the year, including:<ref>{{cite web |title=Polar Wildlife |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/wildlife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801003734/https://www.bas.ac.uk/web/20230801003734/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/wildlife/ |archive-date=1 August 2023 |access-date= |publisher=Natural Environment Research Council |website=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Vanessa Woods |date=14 October 2011 |title=Antarctic wildlife |url=http://www.csiro.au/Portals/Education/Kids/Read-it/Polar-eyes/About-Antarctica/Antarctic-wildlife.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214120508/http://www.csiro.au/Portals/Education/Kids/Read-it/Polar-eyes/About-Antarctica/Antarctic-wildlife.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=20 November 2012 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]]}}</ref> |
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* [[Pinniped|Seals]] |
* [[Pinniped|Seals]] |
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* [[Penguins]] |
* [[Penguins]] |
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* [[Squid]], including the [[colossal squid]] |
* [[Squid]], including the [[colossal squid]] |
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* [[Antarctic krill]] |
* [[Antarctic krill]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:South Shetland-2016-Deception Island%E2%80%93Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 04.jpg|thumb|Chinstrap penguin.]] |
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Most of the Antarctica continent is permanently covered by ice and snow, leaving less than 1 percent of the land exposed. There are only two species of flowering plant, [[Antarctic hair grass]] and [[Antarctic pearlwort]], but a range of [[moss]]es, [[liverwort]]s, [[lichen]]s and [[macrofungi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Plants |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/wildlife/plants/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926072301/https://www.bas.ac.uk/web/20230926072301/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/wildlife/plants/|archive-date=26 September 2023|access-date=|publisher=Natural Environment Research Council |website= |
Most of the Antarctica continent is permanently covered by ice and snow, leaving less than 1 percent of the land exposed. There are only two species of flowering plant, [[Antarctic hair grass]] and [[Antarctic pearlwort]], but a range of [[moss]]es, [[liverwort]]s, [[lichen]]s and [[macrofungi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Plants |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/wildlife/plants/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926072301/https://www.bas.ac.uk/web/20230926072301/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/wildlife/plants/ |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date= |publisher=[[Natural Environment Research Council]] |website=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> |
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=== Sub-Antarctic Islands === |
=== Sub-Antarctic Islands === |
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[[Biodiversity]] among terrestrial flora and fauna is low on the islands: studies have theorized that the harsh climate was a major contributor towards species richness, but multiple correlations have been found with area, temperature, remoteness of islands, and food chain stability. For example, herbivorous insects are poor in number due to low plant richness, and likewise, indigenous bird numbers are related to insects, which are a major food source.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chown|last2=Gremmen|last3=Gaston|date=1998|title=Ecological Biogeography of Southern Ocean Islands: Species-Area Relationships, Human Impacts, and Conservation|url= |
[[Biodiversity]] among terrestrial flora and fauna is low on the islands: studies have theorized that the harsh climate was a major contributor towards species richness, but multiple correlations have been found with area, temperature, remoteness of islands, and food chain stability. For example, herbivorous insects are poor in number due to low plant richness, and likewise, indigenous bird numbers are related to insects, which are a major food source.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chown |last2=Gremmen |last3=Gaston |date=1998 |title=Ecological Biogeography of Southern Ocean Islands: Species-Area Relationships, Human Impacts, and Conservation |url=https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/files/472624/Chown_ea_2534.pdf |journal=[[The American Naturalist]]|volume=152 |issue=4 |pages=562–75 |doi=10.2307/2463357 |jstor=2463357 |pmid=18811364 |issn=0003-0147}}</ref> |
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* {{Flagdeco|Argentina}} [[Isla de los Estados]] ([[Argentina]]) |
* {{Flagdeco|Argentina}} [[Isla de los Estados]] ([[Argentina]]) |
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* {{Flagdeco|Chile}} [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] ([[Chile]]) |
* {{Flagdeco|Chile}} [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] ([[Chile]]) |
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== Conservation == |
== Conservation == |
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[[File: |
[[File:Mt Herschel, Antarctica, Jan 2006.jpg|thumb|[[Moubray Bay]] and [[Mount Herschel]] in Eastern Antarctica]] |
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The Antarctic hosts the world's largest [[protected area]] comprising 1.07 million km<sup>2</sup>, the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protection Area created in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url |
The Antarctic hosts the world's largest [[protected area]] comprising 1.07 million km<sup>2</sup>, the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protection Area created in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The latter exceeds the surface area of another vast protected territory, the [[Greenland National Park]]'s {{Convert|972,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428161458/http://www.stat.gl/LinkClick.aspx?link=Intranet%2fGIF_2009_WEB.pdf&tabid=57&mid=473&language=en-US |title=Greenland in figures 2009 |date=2009 |url=http://www.stat.gl/LinkClick.aspx?link=Intranet%2fGIF_2009_WEB.pdf&tabid=57&mid=473&language=en-US |archive-date=28 April 2010 |publisher=Statistics Greenland}}</ref> (While the [[Ross Sea]] Marine Protection Area established in 2016 is still larger at 1.55 million km<sup>2</sup>, its protection is set to expire in 35 years.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170423204236/https://www.ccamlr.org/en/organisation/ccamlr-create-worlds-largest-marine-protected-area CCAMLR to create world's largest Marine Protected Area.] CCAMLR Website</ref><ref name="Guardian Slezak 2016">{{cite web |last1=Slezak |first1=Michael |date=26 October 2016 |title=World's largest marine park created in Ross Sea in Antarctica in landmark deal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/28/worlds-largest-marine-park-created-in-ross-sea-in-antarctica-in-landmark-deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028152059/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/28/worlds-largest-marine-park-created-in-ross-sea-in-antarctica-in-landmark-deal |archive-date=28 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>) To protect the area, all Antarctic ships over 500 tonnes are subject to mandatory regulations under the [[International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters|Polar Code]], adopted by the [[International Maritime Organization]] (in force since 1 January 2017).<ref name="IMOPolar">{{cite web |url=https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Polar-default.aspx |title=Shipping in polar waters |publisher=IMO |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802101244/https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Polar-default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IMOPolar1Year">{{cite web |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/magazine/the-polar-code-one-year-on |title=The Polar Code, One Year On |publisher=The Maritime Executive |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802101829/https://www.maritime-executive.com/magazine/the-polar-code-one-year-on |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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== Climate change == |
== Climate change == |
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The first recorded sighting of Antarctica is credited to the [[Spaniards|Spaniard]] [[Gabriel de Castilla]], who reported seeing distant southern snow-capped mountains in 1603. The first Antarctic land discovered was the island of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands#Geography|South Georgia]], visited by the [[Kingdom of England|English]] merchant [[Anthony de la Roché]] in 1675. Although myths and speculation about a ''[[Terra Australis]]'' ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent of [[Antarctica]] is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the [[List of Russian explorers|Russian expedition]] of [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] and [[Mikhail Lazarev]] on ''[[Vostok (sloop-of-war)|Vostok]]'' and ''[[Mirny (sloop-of-war)|Mirny]]''. |
The first recorded sighting of Antarctica is credited to the [[Spaniards|Spaniard]] [[Gabriel de Castilla]], who reported seeing distant southern snow-capped mountains in 1603. The first Antarctic land discovered was the island of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands#Geography|South Georgia]], visited by the [[Kingdom of England|English]] merchant [[Anthony de la Roché]] in 1675. Although myths and speculation about a ''[[Terra Australis]]'' ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent of [[Antarctica]] is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the [[List of Russian explorers|Russian expedition]] of [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] and [[Mikhail Lazarev]] on ''[[Vostok (sloop-of-war)|Vostok]]'' and ''[[Mirny (sloop-of-war)|Mirny]]''. |
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The Australian [[James Kerguelen Robinson]] (1859–1914) was the first human born in the Antarctic, on board the [[Seal hunting|sealing]] ship ''Offley'' in the [[Golfe du Morbihan (Kerguelen)|Gulf of Morbihan]] (Royal Sound then), Kerguelen Island on 11 March 1859.<ref>{{cite report |last=Robinson |first=James |year=1906 |chapter=Appendix B: Log of the ''Offley'' |title=Reminiscences |pages=98–99 |editor-first=D. |editor-last=Cerchi |publisher=Archives Office of Tasmania |place=Hobart, Tasmania, AU |chapter-url=http://www.cerchi.net/destinations/2002_sioe/sioe_kerguelen.html |archive-date=2012 |
The Australian [[James Kerguelen Robinson]] (1859–1914) was the first human born in the Antarctic, on board the [[Seal hunting|sealing]] ship ''Offley'' in the [[Golfe du Morbihan (Kerguelen)|Gulf of Morbihan]] (Royal Sound then), Kerguelen Island on 11 March 1859.<ref>{{cite report |last=Robinson |first=James |year=1906 |chapter=Appendix B: Log of the ''Offley'' |title=Reminiscences |pages=98–99 |editor-first=D. |editor-last=Cerchi |publisher=Archives Office of Tasmania |place=Hobart, Tasmania, AU |chapter-url=http://www.cerchi.net/destinations/2002_sioe/sioe_kerguelen.html |archive-date=6 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206155915/http://www.cerchi.net/destinations/2002_sioe/sioe_kerguelen.html}}</ref><ref>L. Ivanov and N. Ivanova. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364087925_The_World_of_Antarctica ''The World of Antarctica''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101200659/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364087925_The_World_of_Antarctica |date=1 November 2022 }} Generis Publishing, 2022. 241 pp. {{ISBN|979-8-88676-403-1}}</ref> The first human born and raised on an Antarctic island was [[Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen]] born on 8 October 1913 in [[Grytviken]], South Georgia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Headland |first=Robert |title=The Island of South Georgia |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1984 |isbn=9780521424745}}</ref> |
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[[File:Port of Ushuaia, Argentina.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ushuaia]] in [[Argentina]] is the most active gateway to Antarctica.]] |
[[File:Port of Ushuaia, Argentina.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ushuaia]] in [[Argentina]] is the most active gateway to Antarctica.]] |
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[[Emilio Marcos Palma]] (born 7 January 1978) is an Argentine man who was the first documented person born on the continent of Antarctica at the [[Esperanza Base]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diarioc.com.ar/inf_general/Emilio_Palma_argentino_y-Adan-de_la_Antartida/2029|title |
[[Emilio Marcos Palma]] (born 7 January 1978) is an Argentine man who was the first documented person born on the continent of Antarctica at the [[Esperanza Base]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diarioc.com.ar/inf_general/Emilio_Palma_argentino_y-Adan-de_la_Antartida/2029|title=Emilio Palma, argentino y "Adán" de la Antártida | Información General|website=www.diarioc.com.ar|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225015801/http://www.diarioc.com.ar/inf_general/Emilio_Palma_argentino_y-Adan-de_la_Antartida/2029|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, Captain Jorge Palma, was head of the Argentine Army detachment at the base. While ten people have been born in Antarctica since, Palma's birthplace remains the southernmost. In late 1977, Silvia Morella de Palma, who was then seven months pregnant, was airlifted to [[Esperanza Base]], in order to complete her pregnancy in the base. The airlift was a part of the Argentine solutions to the sovereignty dispute over territory in Antarctica. Emilio was automatically granted Argentine citizenship by the government since his parents were both Argentine citizens, and he was born in the claimed [[Argentine Antarctica]]. Palma can be considered to be the first native Antarctican. |
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[[File:SPSM.05.jpg|thumb|The [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station]], the [[geographic South Pole]], with its signpost in the background]] |
[[File:SPSM.05.jpg|thumb|The [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station]], the [[geographic South Pole]], with its signpost in the background]] |
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The Antarctic region had no [[indigenous population]] when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient [[science|scientific]] and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen [[Research stations in Antarctica|research stations]] maintained by various countries. |
The Antarctic region had no [[indigenous population]] when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient [[science|scientific]] and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen [[Research stations in Antarctica|research stations]] maintained by various countries. However, the region is visited by more than 40,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://image.zenn.net/REPLACE/CLIENT/1000037/1000116/application/pdf/touristsbynationality_total2.pdf|title=IAATO tourist statistics 2007/08|access-date=20 July 2009|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801191534/http://image.zenn.net/REPLACE/CLIENT/1000037/1000116/application/pdf/touristsbynationality_total2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> tourists annually, the most popular destinations being the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] area (especially the [[South Shetland Islands]]) and [[South Georgia (island)|South Georgia Island]]. |
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In December 2009, the growth of [[tourism in Antarctica|tourism]], with consequences for both the ecology and the safety of the travellers in its great and remote wilderness, was noted at a conference in New Zealand by experts from signatories to the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]]. The definitive results of the conference were presented at the Antarctic Treaty states' meeting in Uruguay in May 2010.<ref>[http://www.680news.com/news/world/article/5976 Antarctic Nations Considering New Controls On Ships Amid Tourism Explosion.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118154613/http://www.680news.com/news/world/article/5976 |date= |
In December 2009, the growth of [[tourism in Antarctica|tourism]], with consequences for both the ecology and the safety of the travellers in its great and remote wilderness, was noted at a conference in New Zealand by experts from signatories to the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]]. The definitive results of the conference were presented at the Antarctic Treaty states' meeting in Uruguay in May 2010.<ref>[http://www.680news.com/news/world/article/5976 Antarctic Nations Considering New Controls On Ships Amid Tourism Explosion.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118154613/http://www.680news.com/news/world/article/5976 |date=18 January 2012 }} Ray Lilley, [[The Associated Press]], 8 December 2009.</ref> |
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=== Time zones === |
=== Time zones === |
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{{Main|Time in Antarctica}} |
{{Main|Time in Antarctica}} |
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Because Antarctica surrounds the [[South Pole]], it is theoretically located in all [[time zone]]s. For practical purposes, time zones are usually based on [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|territorial claims]] or the time zone of a station's owner country or supply base.<ref>{{cite web | |
Because Antarctica surrounds the [[South Pole]], it is theoretically located in all [[time zone]]s. For practical purposes, time zones are usually based on [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|territorial claims]] or the time zone of a station's owner country or supply base.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[National Geographic Spciety]]|title=South Pole |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/south-pole/ |website=National Geographic Society |access-date=9 April 2022 |language=en |date=14 August 2012 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328154532/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/south-pole/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==List of offshore islands== |
==List of offshore islands== |