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[[Image:Wikipe-tan full length.png|thumb|An example of an anime drawing style]] |
[[Image:Wikipe-tan full length.png|thumb|An example of an anime drawing style]] |
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{{nihongo|'''Anime'''|アニメ|extra=[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA pronunciation]]: /{{IPA|ɑnime}}/ ''{{Audio|Anime.ogg|listen}}'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], but typically /{{IPA|ˈænɪˌme(ɪ)}}/ or /{{IPA|ˈænɪmə}}/ in [[English language|English]]}} (plural anime) is an abbreviation of the word "[[animation]]". Outside [[Japan]], the term most popularly refers to animation originating in Japan. To the West, not all animation is considered ''anime''; ''anime'' is considered a subset of animation. |
{{nihongo|'''Anime'''|アニメ|extra=[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA pronunciation]]: /{{IPA|ɑnime}}/ ''{{Audio|Anime.ogg|listen}}'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], but typically /{{IPA|ˈænɪˌme(ɪ)}}/ or /{{IPA|ˈænɪmə}}/ in [[English language|English]]}} (plural anime) is an abbreviation of the word "[[animation]]". Outside [[Japan]], the term most popularly refers to animation originating in Japan. To the West, not all animation is considered ''anime''; ''anime'' is considered a subset of animation. |
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And Jake Delk just delted the entire anime article. LOL |
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While some anime is hand drawn, [[Computer animation|computer assisted animation]] techniques have become quite common in recent years. Like any entertainment medium, the story lines represent most major genres of fiction. Anime is broadcast on [[television]], distributed on media such as [[DVD]] and [[VHS]], and included in [[video game]]s. Additionally, some are produced as [[film|full length motion pictures]]. Anime often draws influence from [[manga]], [[light novel]]s, and other cultures. Some anime [[storyline]]s have been adapted into [[live action]] films and [[television series]]. |
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==History== |
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{{main|History of anime}} |
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The history of anime begins at the start of the 20th century, when Japanese [[Film director|filmmakers]] experimented with the [[animation]] techniques that were being explored in France, Germany, the United States, and Russia.<ref name="manga!">{{cite book |last=Schodt |first=Frederik L. | title=Manga! Manga!: The World of Japanese Comics |publisher=[[Kodansha]] International |date=Reprint edition (August 18, 1997) |location =ToKyo, Japan |isbn=ISBN 0-87011-752-1 }}</ref> The oldest known anime is in 1907, a short 3 second clip of a sailor boy.<ref name="Brief History"> |
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{{cite web|url=http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/291539/a_brief_history_of_anime.html|title=A Brief History of Anime|date=2007-07-28|accessdate=2007-08-14|work=Allen Butler}}</ref> |
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By the 1930s, animation became an alternative format of storytelling compared to the underdeveloped live-action industry in Japan. Unlike America, the live-action industry in Japan remained a small market and suffered from budgeting, location, and casting restrictions. The lack of Western-looking actors, for example, made it next to impossible to shoot films set in Europe, America, or fantasy worlds that do not naturally involve Japan. The varied use of animation allowed artists to create any characters and settings.<ref name="manga characters look white">{{cite web|title=Do Manga Characters Look "White"?|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060517194357sh_re_/www.matt-thorn.com/mangagaku/faceoftheother.html <!-- ([[Internet Archive]] backup)--> | accessmonthday = 11 December | accessyear = 2005 }}</ref> |
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During the 1970s, there was a surge of growth in the popularity of [[manga]]— which were often later animated — especially those of [[Osamu Tezuka]], who has been called a "legend"<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200605110157.html| title = 5 missing manga pieces by Osamu Tezuka found in U.S.| accessdate = 2006-08-29| last = Ohara| first = Atsushi| authorlink = | coauthors = [[Asahi Shimbun]]| date = [[May 11]], [[2006]]| publisher = Asahi.com| language = English}}</ref> and the "god of manga".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.abcb.com/ency/t/tezuka_osamu.htm| title = Dr. Osamu Tezuka| accessdate = 2006-08-29| date = [[2000-03-14]]| work = The Anime Encyclopedia| publisher = The Anime Café| language = English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.paulgravett.com/articles/006_tezuka/006_tezuka.htm| title = Osamu Tezuka: The God of Manga| accessdate = 2006-08-29| last = Gravett| first = Paul|year = 2003}}</ref> As a result of his work and that of other pioneers in the field, anime developed characteristics and genres that are fundamental elements of the art today. The giant [[robot]] genre (known as "[[mecha]]" outside [[Japan]]), for instance, took shape under Tezuka, developed under [[Go Nagai]] and others, and was revolutionized at the end of the decade by [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]. Robot anime like [[Gundam]] and [[Macross]] became instant classics in the 80s, and the robot genre of anime is still one of the most heard of in Japan and worldwide today. In the 1980s, anime was accepted in the [[mainstream]] in Japan, and experienced a boom in production (it should be noticed that manga has significantly more [[mainstream]] exposure than anime in Japan). The mid-to-late '90s, on into the 2000s, saw an increased acceptance of anime in overseas markets. |
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==Terminology== |
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===Etymology and pronunciation=== |
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{{IPA notice}} |
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The [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term for animation is アニメーション (''animēshon'', pronounced {{IPA|/ɑnime:ɕoɴ/}}), written in [[katakana]]. It is borrowed from the French word for animation, "l'animé" (it's lacking the article--both are pronounced similarly).<ref name="manga!" /> Both words come from the Latin, "animare" meaning "to breathe life into" thus "animated" means to be full of activity, or moving pictures. <ref>http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/animation "Animation \An`i*ma"tion\, noun. [Latin expression animatio, from animare.]."</ref><ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=animation&searchmode=none "animate (v.) 1538, 'to fill with boldness or courage,'from L. animatus pp. of animare 'give breath to,' from anima 'life, breath' (see animus). The adj. meaning 'alive' is from 1605. Animated 'full of activity' is from 1585. In ref. to 'moving pictures' it dates from 1895; animation in the cinematographic sense is from 1912."</ref> The Japanese term is spelled アニメ (''anime'', pronounced {{IPA|/ɑnime/}}). Both the original and abbreviated forms are valid and interchangeable in Japanese, but as could be expected the shorter form is more commonly used. |
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The pronunciation of ''anime'' |
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in English differs significantly from Japanese. The first vowel is further forward in English than Japanese: /{{IPA|æ}}/ is more likely than /{{IPA|ɑ}}/. As English [[stress (linguistics)|stress]]es words differently than Japanese, the second vowel is likely to emerge as an unstressed [[schwa]] /{{IPA|ə}}/ or /{{IPA|<tt>I</tt>}}/ in English, whereas in Japanese each [[mora (linguistics)|mora]] carries equal stress. As with a few other Japanese words such as ''[[Pokémon]]'' and ''[[Kobo Abé]]'', ''anime'' is sometimes spelled as ''animé'' in English with an [[acute accent]] over the final ''e'' to cue the reader that the letter is pronounced as a Japanese {{IPA|/e/}}. However, this accent does not appear in any commonly used system of [[Romaji|romanized Japanese]], and English [[native speaker]]s may produce {{IPA|/e<tt>I</tt>/}}. |
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===Definition=== |
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[[Linguistically]], the anime definition is subject to interpretation. In Japan, the term does not specify an animation's nation of origin or style; instead, it is used as a [[blanket term]] to refer to all forms of animation from around the world.<ref name="AniDB">{{cite web|url=http://wiki.anidb.info/w/AniDB_Definition:Anime|title=AniDB Definition:Anime|accessdate=2006-10-09|work=AniDB}}</ref> In English, main dictionary sources define anime as "a Japanese style of motion-picture animation" or "a style of animation developed in Japan".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/anime|title=Anime Dictionary Definition|accessdate=2006-10-09|work=[[Reference.com|Dictionary.com]]}}</ref> Thus, non-Japanese works are sometimes called [[anime-influenced animation]] if they borrow stylistically from Japanese animation. |
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In western countries the word is used usually only to refer to animated programming of Japanese origin, with the term "[[cartoon]]" or "[[animated series]]" used for most other visual styles. The online anime database [http://anidb.net/ AniDB] generally defines anime (in the [[wikt:singular#Noun|singular]] form) as "an animated, professionally produced, feature film created by a Japanese company for the Japanese market".<ref name="AniDB"/> However, some anime are co-productions with non-Japanese companies like the [[Cartoon Network]]. Thus, anime is no longer specific to the Japanese market. |
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===Syntax and morphology=== |
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''Anime'' can be used as a common [[noun]], "Do you watch anime?" or as a [[suppletive]] [[adjective]], "The anime [[Guyver]] is different from the movie Guyver." It may also be used as a [[mass noun]], as in "How much anime have you collected?" and therefore is never pluralized "animes" (nouns are never pluralized in Japanese). However, in other languages where ''anime'' has been adopted as a [[loan word]], it is sometimes used as a [[count noun]] in singular and in plural as in [[Danish (language)|Danish]] "Jeg tror, jeg vil se en anime" ("I think I'll watch an anime") and "Hvor mange anime'er har du nu?" ("How many animes do you have now?"). |
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===Synonyms=== |
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{{Unreferenced|date=August 2007}} |
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Anime is sometimes referred to as '''Japanimation''', but this term has fallen into disuse. ''Japanimation'' saw the most usage during the 1970s and 1980s, which broadly comprise the first and second waves of anime [[fandom]], and had continued use up until before the mid-1990s anime resurgence. In general, the term now only appears in nostalgic contexts. The term is much more commonly used within Japan to refer to domestic animation. Since ''anime'' or ''animēshon'' is used to describe all forms of animation, ''Japanimation'' is used to distinguish Japanese work from that of the rest of the world. |
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In more recent years, anime has also frequently been referred to as "[[manga]]" in European countries, a practice that may stem from the Japanese usage: In [[Japan]], manga can refer to both animation and comics (although the use of manga to refer to animation is mostly restricted to non-fans). Among English speakers, manga usually has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics". An alternate explanation is that it is due to the prominence of [[Manga Entertainment]], a distributor of anime to the US and UK markets. Because Manga Entertainment originated in the UK the use of the term is common outside of Japan. The [[portmanteau]] "[[animanga]]" has been used to collectively refer to anime and manga, though it is also a term used to describe comics produced from animation cels. |
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==Visual characteristics== |
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{{original research}} |
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[[Image:Dragonballz.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'' (1989) is a popular [[shōnen]] anime based on the [[Dragon Ball|original manga series]] which spanned 291 episodes and 13 movies.]] |
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As an art form, anime places a large emphasis towards visual styles. They can vary from artist to artist or by studio to studio. Some titles make extensive use of common stylization: ''[[FLCL]]'', for example, is known for its wild, exaggerated stylization. In contrast, titles such as ''[[Only Yesterday (film)|Only Yesterday]]'' or ''[[Jin-Roh]]'' take much more realistic approaches, featuring few stylistic exaggerations. |
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The basics of anime is based on [[traditional animation]]. While anime is considered separate from [[cartoons]], anime still uses multiple still images in rapid succession to produce the animated visual effect. Like all animation, the production processes of [[storyboard]]ing, [[voice acting]], character design, cel production, etc. still apply. With improvements in computer technology, [[computer animation]] increased the efficiency of the whole production process. |
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Anime is often considered a form of [[limited animation]]. That means that stylistically, even in bigger productions the conventions of limited animation are used to fool the eye into thinking there is more movement than there is.<ref name="manga!" /> <!--What sets it apart from limited animation made outside of Japan, such as [[UPA]] cartoons is to what effect and ability it uses the limited animation and for what reason. (clarify please)--> |
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While different titles and different artists have their own artistic styles, many stylistic elements have become so common such that they are described as being definitive of anime in general. <!--These elements have been given names of their own. (names such as?) --> <!--Previous Text used under "Animation Process" See:Discussion. This passage can be reincorporateed somwhere--> |
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<!--Osamu Tezuka adapted and simplified many Disney animation precepts to reduce the budget costs and number of frames in the production. This was intended to be a temporary measure to allow him to produce one episode every week with an inexperienced animation staff. Some animators in Japan overcome production budgets by utilizing different techniques than the Disney or the old Tezuka/Otsuka methods of animating anime. Due to reduced frame rate, several still shots and scrolling backgrounds, more time can be spent on detail in each drawing.--> |
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<!--Will need to work these parts in here somehow, otherwise, omit most of it--> |
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Another stylistic element is that use of lines. In anime the lines are often influenced more from a stylistic look from brush work, rather than that of the calligrapher's pen.<ref name="manga!" /> This may be due to the fact that Japanese was traditionally written with a brush and has had a large influence on Japanese art, thus how the lines are treated tend to be different from the Western art. Western lettering was done with a calligrapher's pen. the influences of these things can most influentially be seen in the amount of tapering and thickness of the lines involved. |
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Anime also tends to borrow many elements from [[manga]] including text in the background, and borrowing panel layouts from the manga as well. For example, a opening may employ manga panels to tell the story, or to dramatize a point for humorous effect. This is best demonstrated in the anime ''[[Kare Kano]]''. |
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====Human body proportions==== |
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Body proportions emulated in anime come from proportions of the human body. The height of the head is considered as the base unit of proportion. Head heights can vary as long as the remainder of the body remain proportional. Most anime characters are about seven to eight heads tall, and extreme heights are set around nine heads tall.<ref name="headheight">{{cite web|url=http://animeworld.com/howtodraw/bodies1.html|title=Body Proportion|accessdate=2007-08-16|work=Akemi's Anime World}}</ref> |
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With regard to the limbs, both the arms and legs have their joints, the elbows and knees respectively, at the midpoint of their total lengths.{{fact}} The arms range from the shoulders to the midpoint of the thigh. Leg lengths are at least the same as from head to hips. Naturally, the lengths and proportions remain consistent regardless of a characters position and orientation.{{fact}} |
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Variations to proportion can be modded. [[Chibi]] or [[super deformed]] characters feature a non-proportionally small body compared to the head. Sometimes specific body parts, like legs, are shortened or elongated for added emphasis. Mostly chibi are three heads tall. Some anime works like [[Crayon Shin-chan]] completely disregard these proportions. It is enough such that it resembles a Western cartoon. Then, early anime works did not have guidelines on body proportions at all. At the time, the main frame of reference were American cartoons, particularly Disney.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} For exaggeration, certain body features are increased in proportion.<ref name="headheight" /> |
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====Eyes==== |
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A common approach is the large [[eye]]s style drawn on many anime and [[manga]] characters. [[Osamu Tezuka]] was inspired by the exaggerated features of American cartoon characters such as [[Betty Boop]], [[Mickey Mouse]], and Disney's ''[[Bambi]]''.<ref name="manga!" /> <ref name="Dreamland">{{cite book |last=Schodt |first=Frederik L. | title=Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga |publisher=Stone Bridge Press |date=1996 |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=1-8806562-3-X }}</ref> Tezuka found that large eyes style allowed his characters to show emotions distinctly. When Tezuka began drawing ''[[Princess Knight|Ribbon no Kishi]]'', the first manga specifically targeted at young girls, Tezuka further exaggerated the size of the characters' eyes. Indeed, through ''Ribbon no Kishi'', Tezuka set a stylistic template that later ''shōjo'' artists tended to follow. |
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Coloring is added to give eyes, particularly the cornea, some depth. The depth is accomplished by applying variable color shading. Generally, a mixture of a light shade, the tone color, and a dark shade is used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biorust.com/tutorials/detail/141/en/|title=Basic Anime Eye Tutorial|accessdate=2008-08-22|work=Centi, Biorust.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyJ9yfYl_Fc|title=How to color anime eye (YouTube)|date=2007-06-06|accessdate=2007-08-22|work=Carlus}}</ref> |
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Cultural anthropologist [[Matt Thorn]] argues that Japanese animators and audiences do not perceive such stylized eyes as inherently more or less foreign.<ref name="manga characters look white">{{cite web|title=Do Manga Characters Look White"?|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060517194357sh_re_/www.matt-thorn.com/mangagaku/faceoftheother.html <!-- ([[Internet Archive]] backup)--> | accessmonthday = 11 December | accessyear = 2005 }}</ref> |
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However, not all anime have large eyes. For example [[Hayao Miyazaki]] is known for not having large eyes and having realistic hair colors on his characters.<ref name="companion">{{cite book |last=Poitras |first=Gilles | title=Anime Companion |publisher=Stone Bridge Press |date=1998 |location =Berkeley, California |isbn=ISBN 1-880656-32-9 }}</ref> In addition many other productions also have been known to use smaller eyes. This design tends to have more resemblance to traditional Japanese art. Some characters have even smaller eyes, where simple black dots are used. |
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<!-- However, many western audiences associate anime with large detailed eyes as many [[shounen]] or boy comics and [[shoujo]] young girl comics are the comics being imported over the [[Josei]] or women's comics and adult, but not pornographic comics. (relevance?)--> |
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====Facial expression==== |
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[[Image:Rosette and Chrono.jpeg|right|thumb|200 px|Facial expression like this are normal in anime.]] |
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A wide variety of facial expressions are used by characters to denote moods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangatutorials.com/tut/expressions.htm|title=Manga Tutorials: Emotional Expressions|accessdate=2008-08-22|work=Rio}}</ref> Anime uses a different set of facial expressions in comparison to western animation. |
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Other stylistic elements are common as well; often in comedic anime, characters that are shocked or surprised will perform a "[[face fault]]", in which they display an extremely exaggerated expression. Angry characters may exhibit a "vein" or "stressmark" effect, where lines representing bulging veins will appear on their forehead. Angry women will sometimes summon a mallet from nowhere and strike someone with it, leading to the concept of [[Hammerspace]] and [[cartoon physics]]. Male characters will develop a [[bloody nose]] around their female love interests (typically to indicate arousal, based on an old wives' tale).<ref name=bloody nose">The concept of a bloody nose is supposedly due to blood rushing to the face in an exaggerated blush. Sometimes the character will even be propelled up into the air by a fountain of blood. (See [[Nosebleed#Nosebleeds in fiction|Nosebleeds in fiction]].)</ref> Embarrassed characters will invariably produce a massive [[sweat-drop]], which has become one of the most widely recognized stereotype motifs of anime. |
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====Non-Humans==== |
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Some non-human characters further diversify the array of characters. Some include robots, animals, spirits, and demons. Also, hybrid beings such as [[catgirl]]s or [[hanyō]] are also created. Non-humanoid characters have a very wide variety of shapes and sizes, which can range from miniature characters to those the size of skyscrapers. The use of size proportions will vary. |
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<!--The typical style for non-humans is a dramatization of size for most, or a drastic shrinkage for others. Typical spirits and demons as well as robots and some animals will be shown out of proportion and sometimes the size of skyscrapers and buildings. Often for the purpose of giving the impression of great power or often synched with mecha-anime series in which the main character uses a giant robot to defeat another giant robot or creature. Some robots and animals though are shown to be accurate sized or even miniature for the sake of comical or story important reasons.--> |
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====Scenes==== |
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Anime scenes place emphasis on achieving three-dimensional views. |
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Backgrounds depict the scenes' atmosphere.<ref name="manga!"/> For example, anime often puts emphasis on changing seasons, as can be seen in numerous anime, such as [[Tenchi Muyo]]. Sometimes actual settings have been duplicated into an anime. The backgrounds for the [[The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (anime)|Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya]] are based on various locations within the suburb of [[Nishinomiya, Hyogo]], Japan.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.rinku.zaq.ne.jp/p_v/haruhi.html|title=Reference pictures to actual places|accessdate=2007-01-25}}</ref> |
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Camera angles, camera movement, and lighting play an important role in scenes. Directors often have the discretion of determining viewing angles for scenes, particularly regarding backgrounds. In addition, camera angles show [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]]. <ref name="production">{{citeweb|url=http://www.huitula.com/productionIG2_page2.htm|title=Anime production process - feature film|date=2000|accessdate=2007-08-27|work=PRODUCTION I.G}}</ref> Directors can also choose camera effects within [[cinematography]], such as panning, zooming, facial closeup, and panoramic.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.understandinganime.com/cinematography.php|title=Cinematography: Looping and Animetion Techniques |date=1999|accessdate=2007-08-29|work=Understanding Anime}}</ref> Lighting effects are used in conjunction with camera effects. For additional three-dimensional effects, various shades of lighting are used.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} |
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==Genres== |
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Anime has many genres typically found in any mass media form. Such genres include [[action film|action]], [[adventure]], children's stories, [[comedy]], [[drama]], [[erotica]] (more specifically [[ecchi]] or [[hentai]]), medieval [[fantasy]], [[occult]]/[[Horror film|horror]], [[Romance (genre)|romance]], and [[science fiction]]. |
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Most anime includes content from several different genres, as well as a variety of thematic elements. Thus, some series may be categorized under multiple genres. For example, ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion (TV)|Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'' might be considered to fall into the genres of post-apocalyptic, science fiction, mecha, and drama. A show may have a seemingly simple surface plot, but at the same time may feature a far more complex, deeper storyline and character development. It is not uncommon for an action themed anime to also involve humor, romance, and even [[social commentary]]. The same can be applied to a romance themed anime in that it may involve an action element, or in some cases brutal violence. |
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The following is a list of the major genres and designations that are specific to anime and manga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php|title=Anime News Network – Lexicon|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> |
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{{for2|other possible genres|[[Film genre]]}} |
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===General types=== |
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The following genres are typically found with any form of art: |
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* [[Action/Adventure]] primarily focuses on battles, war, and physical competition. Martial arts, weapon fighting, or other action oriented material are usually featured. Examples: ''[[Ninja Scroll]]'' or ''[[One Piece]]''. |
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* [[Drama]] primarily has a high degree of [[character development]] and emotional themes. Many center around relationship complications. Examples: ''[[Fushigi Yuugi]]''. |
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* [[Horror fiction|Horror]] use darker and/or supernatural themes. Examples: ''[[Vampire Hunter D]]'' series ''[[Chrono Crusade]]'' or ''[[Wicked City (film)|Wicked City]]''. |
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* [[Science Fiction]] consists of futuristic elements, particularly featuring future science and technology. They can be drawn from [[Hard Science Fiction|current scientific studies and inventions]] or [[Soft Science Fiction|created to meet the needs of the world]]. Examples: ''[[Crest of the Stars]]'', ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'', ''[[Wings of Honneamise]]''. |
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* '''Progressive''' are "Art films" or are extremely stylized. Examples: ''[[Sayonara Zetsubō Sensei]]'' or ''[[Byōsoku 5 Centimetre]]''. |
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===Demographic=== |
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<!--Needs better wording, descriptions--> |
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* [[Shōjo manga|Shōjo]] is Japanese for 'young lady' or 'little girl'. These are generally targeted at girls. Examples: ''[[Fruits Basket]]'' or ''[[Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch]]''. |
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* [[Shōnen]] is Japanese for 'young boy'. These are generally targeted at younger boys. Examples: ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'' or ''[[Digimon]]''. |
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* [[Seinen]] is Japanese for 'young man'. These are generally targeted at teenage or young male adults. Examples: ''[[Oh My Goddess!]]'' or ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]''. |
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* [[Josei]] is Japanese for 'young woman'. These are generally that is aimed at young women. Examples: ''[[Gokusen]]'', ''[[Nana (manga|Nana]]'', ''[[Hachimitsu to Clover]]''. |
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* [[Kodomo]] is Japanese for 'child'. Children's series fall into this category. Examples: ''[[Hello Kitty]]'' or ''[[Pokémon]]. |
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===Thematic=== |
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* [[Bishōjo]] is Japanese for 'beautiful girl'. A blanket term that features pretty girl characters. Sometimes conflated with [[Moe (slang)|Moè]]. Examples: ''[[Magic Knight Rayearth]]'' or ''[[Negima!: Magister Negi Magi|Negima]]''. |
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* [[Bishōnen]] is Japanese for 'beautiful boy'. A blanket term that can be used to describe any anime that features "pretty" and elegant boys and men. Examples: ''[[Fushigi Yūgi]]'' or most [[Clamp (manga artists)|CLAMP]] shows. |
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* [[Sentai]] is literally a "fighting team" in Japanese. It refers to any show that involves a superhero team. Examples: ''[[Cyborg 009]]'' or ''[[Power Rangers]]'' (called Henshin Hero in Japanese). |
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* [[Robot]]/[[Mecha]] features [[super robot]]s. Examples: ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]'' or ''[[Mazinger Z]]''. |
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* [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|Post-Apocalyptic]] simply deals with a post-apocalyptic world. Examples: ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion (TV)|Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'' or ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]''. |
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* [[Magical girl|Mahō shōjo]] is a subgenre of shōjo known for 'Magical Girl' stories. Examples: ''[[Sailor Moon]]'' or ''[[Tokyo Mew Mew]]''. |
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* [[Magical Boys|Mahō shōnen]] is a male equivalent of Mahō Shōjo. Examples: ''[[D.N.Angel]]''. |
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* [[Moe (slang)|Moé]] features characters with perky, [[kawaii|cute]], weak, or naivè behaviors. In some way, they are not overly independant.<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php?id=77|title="Anime News Network Encylopedia: Moe"|accessdate=2007-8-21}}</ref> Examples: ''[[A Little Snow Fairy Sugar]]''. |
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* '''Expertise''' specializes with a specific topic in depth. Topics range from sports, the arts, and cooking. Examples: ''[[Eyeshield 21]]'' with football, or ''[[Yakitate! Japan]]'' with bread-making. |
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===Romantic genres=== |
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* [[Harem (genre)|Harem]] is a genre which focuses on a male character surrounded by the romance of multiple female characters. Typically, the male cohabits with at least one female.<ref name = "Happy Footnote"> The romantic element is arguable. {{cite web|url=http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=296|title=Happy Lesson}}, an anime about a boy with five moms is listed as a "harem show" in this review while the {{cite web |url=http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=294|title=Happy Lesson OVA}} is listed as a "faúx harem show" in a review from the same source. Retrieved on August 9th, 2007.</ref> It is usually marketed as a Shōnen or Seinen.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/ai-yori-aoshi/manga|title=Anime News Network Ai Yori Aoshi Manga Review|accessdate=2007-08-21}} This review suggests that the term Seinen may be used as synonymous with that of Harem or even romantic comedy.</ref> Examples: ''[[Ranma ½]]'' or ''[[Love Hina]]''. |
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*'''Reverse Harem''' reverses the gender balance in harem, where a female character is romantically involved with many male characters. It is more often than not a Shōjo or Josei Anime. Examples: ''[[Ouran Host Club]]'' or ''[[Fruits Basket]]''. |
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*'''Magical Girlfriend''' is more accurately termed '''Exotic Girlfriend'''. This genre focuses on the romantic (and cohabitation) relationship between a man and at least one woman of extradinary origins such as alien (''[[Tenchi Muyo!]]'', ''[[Urusei Yatsura]]''), supernatural (''Oh My Goddess!''), or technological (''[[Chobits]]''). Often considered a subgenre of Harem.<ref>A good example of this treatment is with ''[[Oh My Goddess!]]'' which is "often called a classic example of a 'harem' anime" despite the short-lived nature of most of the romantic rivalries and the focus on one romantic relationship. Quote from Fujishima, Kosuke. ''[[Oh My Goddess!]]'' (manga, unflopped) Volume 3. p. 187</ref><ref name ="OMG Review"> {{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/ah-my-goddess/dvd-1|title=Anime News Network review of Ah! My Goddess DVD 1|accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref> |
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* [[Ecchi]] is Japanese for 'indecent sexuality', derived from the pronunciation of the letter 'H', (the origin of the term is not well known, even in Japan. See main article for more information.) Sexual humor and [[fan service]] are prevalent. Examples: ''[[Oruchuban Ebichu]]'' or ''[[He Is My Master]]''. |
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* [[Hentai]] is Japanese for 'abnormal' or 'perverted'. This term is synonymous to pornography or [[erotica]], as hentai content specifically consists of such. Examples: ''[[La Blue Girl]]'' or ''[[Bible Black]]''. |
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* [[Yuri (term)|Shōjo-ai/Yuri]] is Japanese for 'girl-love'. These focus on love and romance between female characters. It is often being replaced by the term "Girls Love" (GL). Yuri is like Shōjo-ai, but sometimes involves older characters or explicit sexual activity. Examples: ''[[Revolutionary Girl Utena]]'' or ''[[Kannazuki no Miko]]''. |
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* [[Shōnen-ai]] or [[Yaoi]] is Japanese for 'boy-love'. These focus on love and romance between male characters. The term "Shōnen-ai" is being phased out in Japan due to its other meaning of [[pederasty]], and is being replaced by the term "Boys Love" (BL). Examples: ''[[Loveless (manga)|Loveless]]'' or ''[[Gravitation (manga)|Gravitation]]'' |
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==Distribution== |
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<!--This section needs to be much less US-centric--> |
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While anime had entered markets beyond Japan in the 1960s, it grew as a major cultural export during its market expansion during the 1980s and 1990s. The anime market for the United States alone is "worth approximately $4.35 billion, according to the [[Japan External Trade Organization]]".<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118851157811713921.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Manga Mania|date=2007-08-31|accessdate=2007-08-31|work=Bianca Bosker (Wall Street Journal)}}</ref> |
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===Licensing=== |
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{{original research}} |
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{{see|Anime licensing}} |
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Anime distribution companies handled the licensing and distribution of anime beyond Japan. Licensed anime is modified by distributors through [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] into the language of the country and adding language subtitles to the Japanese language track. |
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Anime has also been a commercial success in Asia, Europe and Latin America, where anime has become even more mainstream than in the United States. For example, the ''[[Saint Seiya]]'' video game was released in Europe due to the popularity of the show even years after the series has been off-air. Using a similar [[Regional lockout|global distribution pattern]] as [[Hollywood]], the world is divided into [[Anime industry|five regions]]. |
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Some [[edited movie|editing]] of cultural references may occur to better follow the references of the non-Japanese culture. Certain companies may remove any objectionable content, complying with domestic law. This editing process was far more prevalent in the past (e.g. [[Robotech]]), but its use has declined because of the demand for anime in its original form. This "light touch" approach to localization has favored viewers formerly unfamiliar with anime. The use of such methods is evident by the success of [[Naruto]], and [[Cartoon Network]]'s [[Adult Swim]] programming block, both of which employ minor edits.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} |
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With the advent of [[DVD]], it was possible to include multiple language tracks into a simple product. This was not the case with [[VHS|VHS cassette]], in which separate VHS media were used and with each VHS cassette priced the same as a single DVD. The "light touch" approach also applies to DVD releases as they often include both the dubbed audio and the original Japanese audio with [[subtitles]], typically unedited. Anime edited for television is usually released on [[DVD]] "uncut," with all scenes intact. |
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===Television=== |
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TV networks regularly broadcast anime programming. In Japan, major national TV networks, such as [[TV Tokyo]] broadcast anime regularly. Smaller regional stations broadcast anime under the [[UHF anime|UHF]]. In the United States, Cable TV channels such as [[Cartoon Network]], [[Disney]], [[Sci-Fi]], and others dedicate some of their time slots for anime. Then the [[Anime Network]] specifically shows anime. Disney's [[Jetix]] channel broadcasts anime within many countries in the world. |
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===Fansubs=== |
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{{main|Fansub}} |
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Although it is a violation of [[copyright]] laws in many countries, some fans add subtitles to anime on their own. These are distributed as fansubs. The ethical implications of producing, distributing, or watching fansubs are topics of much controversy even when fansub groups do not profit from their activities. Upon licensing, fansub groups cease distribution of their work once the series has been licensed outside of Japan. In one case, [[Media Factory Incorporated]] requested that no fansubs of their material be made, which was respected by the fansub community.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} In another instance, Bandai specifically thanked fansubbers for their role in helping to make ''[[The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya]]'' popular in the English speaking world.<ref>{{cite web | title=Adventures of the ASOS Brigade Episode 00: Made by Fans for Fans | work= | url=http://asosbrigade.com/ | accessdate=2006-12-23}}</ref> |
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===The Internet=== |
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{{Expand|date=August 2007}} |
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The [[Internet]] had played a significant role in the exposure of anime beyond Japan. Prior to the 1990s, anime has had limited exposure beyond Japan's borders. Coincidentally, as the popularity of the Internet grew, so did for anime. Much of the fandom of anime grew through the Internet. The combination of internet communities and increasing amounts of anime material, from video to images, helped spur the growth of fandom.<ref name="anime-internet">{{cite web|url=http://comipress.com/article/2006/07/20/489|title=100 Questions About Anime & Manga Overseas|date=2006-07-20|accessdate=2007-08-23|work=Comipress}}</ref> As the Internet gained more widespread use, Internet advertising revenues grew from 1.6 billion yen to over 180 billion yen between 1995 to 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.j-cast.com/2005/12/21000171.html|title=Free Anime: Providers Bear Losses to Build Business|date=2005-12-21|accessdate=2007-08-27|work=J-Cast Business News}}</ref> |
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==Influence on Western culture== |
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Anime has become commercially profitable in western countries as early commercially successful western adaptations of anime, such as ''Astro Boy'', have revealed.<ref name="commercially successful">{{cite web | title = Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation | url = http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/6805/student-papers/fall03-papers/Progress_Against_the_Law.html | accessmonthday = 1 May | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref><!-- This appears to be a student paper that was not peer reviewed or published in a journal or conference proceeding. --> The phenomenal success of [[Nintendo]]'s multi-billion [[United States dollar|dollar]] [[Pokémon]] franchise<ref>{{cite news | title = Pokemon (sic) Franchise Approaches 150 Million Games Sold | url = http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20051004/LATU06404102005-1.html | publisher = PR Newswire | date = [[2005]]-[[10-04]]|accessdate = 2006-09-16 }}</ref> was helped greatly by the [[Pokémon (anime)|spin-off anime series]] that, first broadcast in the late 1990s, is still running worldwide to this day. In doing so, anime has made significant impacts upon Western culture. |
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Since the 19th century, many Westerners have expressed a [[Japanophile|particular interest towards Japan]]. Anime dramatically exposed more Westerners to the culture of Japan. Aside from anime, other facets of Japanese culture increased in popularity<!--need better word-->.<ref>{{cite news | last = Faiola| first = Anthony| title = Japan's Empire of Cool| work = [[The Washington Post]]| pages = A1| publisher = [[Washington Post Company]]| date = 2003-12-27| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A33261-2003Dec26?language=printer| accessdate = 2007-08-17 }}</ref> Worldwide, the number of people studying Japanese increased. In 1984, the [[JLPT|Japanese Language Profiency test]] was devised to meet increasing demand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://momo.jpf.go.jp/jlpt/e/about_e.html|title=JLPT Communication Square|accessdate=2007-08-17|work=Japan Foundation}}</ref> Among fans, the food product [[Pocky]] became a frequent choice.{{citation needed}} |
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[[Anime-influenced animation]] refers to non-Japanese works of animation that emulate the visual style of anime.<ref name="whatisanime">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/editorial/2002-07-26|title=What is anime?|date=2002-07-26|accessdate=2007-08-18|work=ANN}}</ref> Though most of these works are created by studios in the United States, Europe, and non-Japanese Asia. They generally incorporated stylizations, methods, and gags described in [[anime physics]]. They may also incorporate Asian themes, like ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]''. Critics and the general anime fanbase do not consider them as anime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenation.net/news/askjohn.php?id=1318|title=What is anime?|date=2006-05-15|accessdate=2007-08-18|work=AnimeNation}}</ref> Instead, they remain as [[animated television series]]. |
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Some American animated television series have singled out anime styling with satirical intent, for example ''[[South Park]]'' (with "[[Chinpokomon]]" and "[[Good Times With Weapons]]"). ''South Park'' has a notable drawing style, which was itself parodied in "[[Brittle Bullet]]", the fifth episode of the anime ''[[FLCL]]'', released several months after "Chinpokomon" aired.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0343314/trivia</ref> |
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[[Anime convention]]s began to appear in the early 1990s, starting with [[Anime Expo]], [[Animethon]], [[Otakon]], and [[JACON]]. Eventually, anime conventions are held annually [[List of anime conventions|in various cities]] across the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. Many attendees participate in [[cosplay]], where they dress up as anime characters. |
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==References== |
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<div class="references-small"><references/></div> |
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==Book sources== |
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* {{cite book | last = Clements | first = Jonathan | coauthors = McCarthy, Helen | title = The Anime Encyclopedia | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge Press | year = 2001 | id = ISBN 1-880656-64-7}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Napier | first = Susan J. | title = Anime: From Akira to Princess Mononoke | location = New York | publisher = [[Palgrave]] | year = 2001 | id = ISBN 0-312-23862-2}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Poitras | first = Gilles | title = Anime Essentials | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge Press | year = 2000 | id = ISBN 1-880656-53-1}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Baricordi | first = Andrea | coauthors = Pelletier, Claude | title = Anime: A Guide to Japanese Animation (1958–1988) | location = Montreal, Canada | publisher = Protoculture | year = 2000 | id = ISBN 2-9805759-0-9}} |
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==See also== |
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{{col-begin}} |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[Animated cartoon]] |
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* [[:Category:Anime and manga terminology|Anime and manga terminology]] |
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* [[List of video games based on anime or manga]] |
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* [[Anime music video]] |
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* [[Caricature]] |
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* [[Dōjinshi|Dōjinshi or Doujinshi]] |
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* [[Editing of anime in American distribution]] |
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* [[Fanfic]] |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[J-pop|Japanese pop music]] |
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* [[Wikt:Glossary:Japanese film credit terms|Japanese film credit terms]] |
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* [[Kaoani]] |
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* [[Late night anime]] |
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* [[Otaku]] |
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* [[Original Video Animation]] |
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* [[Seiyū]] |
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{{col-break}} |
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{{wiktionary|anime}} |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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{{col-end}} |
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===Online encyclopedias=== |
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* [[AnimeNfo]] |
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* [[AniDB]] |
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* [[Anime News Network]] |
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===Lists=== |
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* '''List of anime by decade''' |
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::[[:Category:Anime of the 1910s|1910s]], [[:Category:Anime of the 1940s|1940s]], [[:Category:Anime of the 1950s|1950s]], [[:Category:Anime of the 1960s|1960s]], [[:Category:Anime of the 1970s|1970s]], [[:Category:Anime of the 1980s|1980s]], [[:Category:Anime of the 1990s|1990s]] |
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::[[:Category:Anime of the 2000s|2000s]] |
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* '''List of anime by type''' |
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::[[:Category:Anime series|Series]], [[:Category:Anime films|Films]], [[:Category:Anime OVAs|OVAs]] |
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* '''Other''' |
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::[[List of anime companies|Anime Companies]] |
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::[[List of anime conventions|Conventions]] |
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::[[List of anime theatrically released in America]] |
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==External links== |
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* {{dmoz|Arts/Animation/Anime}} |
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Revision as of 15:33, 5 September 2007
Anime (アニメ, IPA pronunciation: /ɑnime/ in Japanese, but typically /ˈænɪˌme(ɪ)/ or /ˈænɪmə/ in English) (plural anime) is an abbreviation of the word "animation". Outside Japan, the term most popularly refers to animation originating in Japan. To the West, not all animation is considered anime; anime is considered a subset of animation. And Jake Delk just delted the entire anime article. LOL