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[[File:Qur'anic Verses WDL6811.pdf|thumbnail|First verses of al-Baqarah]] |
[[File:Qur'anic Verses WDL6811.pdf|thumbnail|First verses of al-Baqarah]] |
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'''Al-Baqarah''' |
'''Al-Baqarah''' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْبَقَرَة}}, "The Heifer" or "The Cow") is the second and longest chapter ([[Surah]]) of the [[Quran]].<ref>[[Salwa M. S. El - Awa]], Introduction to ''Textual Relations in Qur'an'', pg. 1. Part of the ''Routledge Studies in the Qur'an'' series. [[London]]: [[Routledge]], 2005. {{ISBN|9781134227471}}</ref> It consists of 286 verses ([[āyāt]]), 6,201 words and 25,500 letters.<ref>[[Ibn Kathir]]</ref> |
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It is a [[Medinan surah]], that is to say that it was supposedly revealed at [[Medina]] after the [[Hegira|Hijrah]], with the exception the verses with regard to [[riba]] (interest or usury) which Muslims believe were revealed during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]], the last Hajj of Muhammad.<ref name=ayoub>Mahmoud Ayoub, ''The Qurʾan and its interpreters'', pg. 55. [[Albany, New York|Albany]]: [[State University of New York Press]], 1984. {{ISBN|9780791495469}}</ref><ref>[[Maariful Quran]]</ref> in particular, Verse 281 in this chapter is believed to be the last verse of the Quran to be revealed, on the 10th of Dhul al Hijjah 10 A.H., when Muhammad was in the course of performing his last Hajj, and only 80 or 90 days later he died.<ref>[[Qurtubi]]</ref> |
It is a [[Medinan surah]], that is to say that it was supposedly revealed at [[Medina]] after the [[Hegira|Hijrah]], with the exception the verses with regard to [[riba]] (interest or usury) which Muslims believe were revealed during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]], the last Hajj of Muhammad.<ref name=ayoub>Mahmoud Ayoub, ''The Qurʾan and its interpreters'', pg. 55. [[Albany, New York|Albany]]: [[State University of New York Press]], 1984. {{ISBN|9780791495469}}</ref><ref>[[Maariful Quran]]</ref> in particular, Verse 281 in this chapter is believed to be the last verse of the Quran to be revealed, on the 10th of Dhul al Hijjah 10 A.H., when Muhammad was in the course of performing his last Hajj, and only 80 or 90 days later he died.<ref>[[Qurtubi]]</ref> |
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The surah includes a few Islamic rules related to varying subjects, such as: prayers, fasting, striving on the path of God, the pilgrimage to Mecca, the change of the direction of prayer ([[Qiblah]]) from [[Jerusalem]] to [[Mecca]], marriage and divorce, commerce, debt, and a great many of the ordinances concerning interest or usury.<ref name=sayyid/> |
The surah includes a few Islamic rules related to varying subjects, such as: prayers, fasting, striving on the path of God, the pilgrimage to Mecca, the change of the direction of prayer ([[Qiblah]]) from [[Jerusalem]] to [[Mecca]], marriage and divorce, commerce, debt, and a great many of the ordinances concerning interest or usury.<ref name=sayyid/> |
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== |
== Notable verses == |
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===Verse 2:65=== |
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{{See also|Antisemitism in Islam}} |
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Lewis in, ''The Jews and Islam'' says that negative attributes ascribed to Judaism and Christianity are usually expressed in religious and social terms, but only very rarely in ethnic or racial terms. However, this does sometimes occur. The language of abuse is often quite strong. It has been argued that the conventional Muslim epithets for Jews, [[apes]], and Christians, pigs derive from Quranic usage. Lewis adduces three passages in the Quran ({{Quran-usc|2|65}}, {{Quran-usc|5|60}}, {{Quran-usc|7|166}}) used to ground this view.<ref>Lewis, ''The Jews and Islam'', pp. 33, 198</ref> The interpretation of these 'enigmatic'<ref>Firestone, p. 242 n.8</ref> passages in Islamic exegetics is highly complex, dealing as they do with infractions like breaking the Sabbath,.<ref>On 2:62, the reference is to Jewish Sabbath breakers. See the synthesis of commentaries in Mahmoud Ayoub, ''The Qur'an and Its Interpreters'', SUNY Press, New York,1984, Vol. 1 pp. 108–116</ref> |
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===Verses 2:190 - 2:195=== |
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{{quote|2:190. Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed. Allah does not like transgressors. |
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2:191. And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out. And Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And fight not with them at Al-Masjid-al-Haram, unless they fight you there. But if they attack you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers. And fight them until there is no more Fitnah |
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2:192. And if they cease, then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful. |
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2:193. Fight them until there is no [more] fitnah and [until] worship is [acknowledged to be] for Allah . But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors. |
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2:194. [Fighting in] the sacred month is for [aggression committed in] the sacred month, and for [all] violations is legal retribution. So whoever has assaulted you, then assault him in the same way that he has assaulted you. And fear Allah and know that Allah is with those who fear Him. |
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2:195. And spend in the way of Allah and do not throw [yourselves] with your [own] hands into destruction [by refraining]. And do good; indeed, Allah loves the doers of good.<ref>https://quran.com/2/190-200?translations=20</ref> |
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|sign=|source=}} |
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[[Tafsir]] [[Ibn Kathir]] says in relation to verse 2:191: |
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And fight them until there is no more [[Fitna (word)|Fitnah]] . . [which means], "So that the religion of Allah becomes dominant above all other religions."<ref name="Quran 4 U2"/>{{rp|Verse 2:191}} According to Ibn Qayyim, he said "most of the scholars have explained the word 'Fitnah' here as meaning [[Shirk (Islam)|'Shirk']] "<ref>{{Citation|last=Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb|first=Imam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JRzr6mC55IC&printsec=frontcover|title=Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād|year=2003|publisher=Darussalam publishers Ltd|isbn=978-9960-897-18-9 |page=347|postscript=}}</ref> |
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===Verse 2:207=== |
===Verse 2:207=== |
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[[Islamic terrorism|Terror groups]] have used ({{cite quran|2|207|s=ns}}), "And there is the type of man who gives his life to earn the pleasure of Allah: And Allah is full of kindness to (His) devotees," to justify their actions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-inghamasi-isil%E2%80%99s-new-way-of-war |title=The Inghamasi: |
[[Islamic terrorism|Terror groups]] have used ({{cite quran|2|207|s=ns}}), "And there is the type of man who gives his life to earn the pleasure of Allah: And Allah is full of kindness to (His) devotees," to justify their actions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-inghamasi-isil%E2%80%99s-new-way-of-war |title=The Inghamasi: ISIL’s New Way of War |author=Rowley, John|date=17 May 2015|work=Small Wars Journal|accessdate=30 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=vlzPoZsW_GsC&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&dq=terror+%22Quran+2:207%22&source=bl&ots=xFdNX_N-W6&sig=ACfU3U0PGJfma3RfKVfVo2x8nkMd4w2HtA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikyoeJuZHmAhVVU30KHeWTDfkQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=terror%20%22Quran%202%3A207%22&f=false |title=Discourse, War and Terrorism |author=Hodge, Adam| p=151|accessdate=30 November 2019}}</ref> One early group, the [[Khawarij]] fighting an insurrection against the Caliphate, used what they understood, within the context of this Islamic scripture and philosophy, to mean "those who have traded the mortal life ([[al-Dunya]]) for the other life [with God] ([[al-Akhirah]])".<ref name=Glasse-255>{{cite book|last1=Glasse|first1=Cyril|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2001|publisher=Altamira Press|location=California|isbn=978-0759101890|pages=255–56}}</ref><ref name=bhala>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Bhala|first=Raj|title=Understanding Islamic Law: Sharīʻa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Idp6FWByq6oC&pg=PT1087|year=2011|publisher=LexisNexis|isbn=978-1-4224-1748-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World|last=Martin|first=Richard C.|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|year=2004|isbn=978-0028656038|location=|pages=390}}</ref> |
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===Verse 2:216=== |
===Verse 2:216=== |
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⚫ | Verse 216 is termed the [[The Jihad verse (Al-Baqara 216)|"The Jidad Verse"]]. "Fighting is prescribed for you, and ye dislike it. But it is possible that ye dislike a thing which is good for you, and that ye love a thing which is bad for you. But Allah knoweth, and ye know not."<ref name="Quran 4 U">{{cite web|url=http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/002%20Baqarah%20II.htm|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Baqarah|work=Quran 4 U|accessdate=30 November 2019}}</ref> |
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{{See also|The Jihad verse (Al-Baqara 216)}} |
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⚫ | Verse 216 is termed the [[The Jihad verse (Al-Baqara 216)|"The Jidad Verse"]]. "Fighting is prescribed for you, and ye dislike it. But it is possible that ye dislike a thing which is good for you, and that ye love a thing which is bad for you. But Allah knoweth, and ye know not."<ref name |
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===Verse 2:219=== |
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{{Quote| They ask you (O Muhammad) concerning alcoholic drink and gambling. Say: "In them is a great (kabeerun) sin, and (some) benefits for men, but the sin of them is greater (akbaru) than their benefit. And they ask you what they ought to spend. Say: "That which is (spare) beyond your needs. Thus Allah makes clear to you His Laws in order that you may give thought.<ref name = "Quran 4 U2"/>{{rp|2:219}}}} |
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"So avoid (strictly all) that (abomination) in order that you may be successful'.<ref name = "Quran 4 U2"/>{{rp|2:219}} |
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===Verse 2:223=== |
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{{Quote|Your wives are a tilth for you, so go to your tilth, when or how you will, and send (good deeds, or ask Allah to bestow upon you pious offspring) for your own selves beforehand. And fear Allah, and know that you are to meet Him (in the Hereafter), and give good tidings to the believers (O Muhammad).<ref name = "Quran 4 U2"/>{{rp|2:223}}}} |
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In the [[Tafsir al-Jalalayn]] by [[Jalalayn]] the verses context is reveled "Your women are a tillage for you that is the place where you sow the seeds of your children; so come to your tillage that is the specified place the front part as in whichever way you wish whether standing up sitting down lying down from the front or the back this was revealed in response to the Jews saying that if a person had vaginal intercourse with his wife from behind the child would be born cross-eyed; and offer for your souls righteous deeds such as saying ‘In the Name of God’ bismillāh when you commence intercourse; and fear God in what He commands and prohibits; and know that you shall meet Him at the Resurrection where He will requite you according to your deeds; and give good tidings of Paradise to the believers who feared Him." {{rp|2:223}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=2&tAyahNo=223&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2|title=Altafsir.com - The Tafsirs - التفاسير|website=www.altafsir.com|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> |
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=== Verse 2:228 === |
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{{see also|At-Talaq}} |
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Regarding divorce and [[Iddah]]: |
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{{quote|And divorced women shall wait (as regards their marriage) for three menstrual periods, and it is not lawful for them to conceal what Allah has created in their wombs, if they believe in Allah and the Last Day. And their husbands have the better right to take them back in that period, if they wish for reconciliation.<ref name="Quran 4 U2"/>{{rp|2:228}}}} |
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=== Verse 2:255 === |
=== Verse 2:255 === |
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{{See also|Ayatul Kursi}} |
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⚫ | Verse 255 is "[[The Throne Verse]]" (''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾāyatu-l-kursī}}'') |
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=== Verse 2:256 === |
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{{see also| Al-Baqara 256}} |
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⚫ | [[Verse (ayah) 256 of Al-Baqara|Verse 256]] starts with the phrase "there shall be no compulsion in religion/faith" |
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⚫ | Verse 255 is "[[The Throne Verse]]" ({{lang|ar| آية الكرسي }} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾāyatu-l-kursī}}''). It is one of the most famous verses of the [[Quran]] and is widely memorized and displayed in the [[Islamic world]] due to its emphatic description of God's omnipotence in Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, note 295-298|last=Ali|first=Yusuf|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Formation of the Classical Tafsīr Tradition, pp. 102-105, note 5|last=Walid A. Saleh|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> |
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===Verse 2:257=== |
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{{Explain|reason= seems all the 2:256 citations and all of verse 2:257 and citations ("But as for those who disbelieve, their Awliya' (supporters and helpers) are Taghut (false deities and false leaders), they bring them out from light into darknesses. Those are the dwellers of the Fire, and they will abide therein forever") are now missing |date=December 2019}} |
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{{Quotation|But as for those who disbelieve, their Awliya' (supporters and helpers) are Taghut (false deities and false leaders), they bring them out from light into darknesses. Those are the dwellers of the Fire, and they will abide therein forever.<ref name="Quran 4 U2"/>}} |
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=== |
=== Verses 2:256 === |
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⚫ | [[Verse (ayah) 256 of Al-Baqara|Verse 256]] starts with the phrase "there shall be no compulsion in religion/faith". which according to muslim exegetes & "Islamic jurists (fuqaha'), without any exception, holds that forcible conversion is under all circumstances null and void, and that any attempt at coercing a non-believer to accept the faith of Islam is a grievous sin.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Message of the Quran, Surah 2:256, note 249|last=Asad|first=Mohammad|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=The term din denotes both the contents of and the compliance with a morally binding law consequently, it signifies "religion" in the widest sense of this term, extending over all that pertains to its doctrinal contents and their practical implications, as well as to man's attitude towards the object of his worship, thus comprising also the concept of "faith". The rendering of din as "religion", "faith", "religious law" or "moral law" (see note [3] on 109:6) depends on the context in which this term is used. On the strength of the above categorical prohibition of coercion (ikrah) in anything that pertains to faith or religion, all Islamic jurists (fuqaha'), without any exception, hold that forcible conversion is under all circumstances null and void, and that any attempt at coercing a non-believer to accept the faith of Islam is a grievous sin: a verdict which disposes of the widespread fallacy that Islam places before the unbelievers the alternative of "conversion or the sword".}}</ref> |
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{{see also|Verse of Loan|Status of women's testimony in Islam}} |
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This verse covers the concept of borrowing.<ref name="Quran 4 U2"/> |
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== Structure == |
== Structure == |
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Surat al-Baqarah is arranged in ring composition structure. The structure of the surah has been commented on by Dr. Raymond Farrin, Arabic professor at the American University of Kuwait. He notes in his book ''Structure and Qur'anic Interpretation''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Structure and Qur'anic interpretation : a study of symmetry and coherence in Islam's holy text|last=Raymond|first=Farrin|isbn=9781935952985|edition= First|location=Ashland, Oregon|oclc=860756355 |
Surat al-Baqarah is arranged in ring composition structure. The structure of the surah has been commented on by Dr. Raymond Farrin, Arabic professor at the American University of Kuwait. He notes in his book ''Structure and Qur'anic Interpretation''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/860756355|title=Structure and Qur'anic interpretation : a study of symmetry and coherence in Islam's holy text|last=Raymond,|first=Farrin,|isbn=9781935952985|edition= First|location=Ashland, Oregon|oclc=860756355}}</ref> that the themes of the surah form a ring, where the first themes resemble the last themes, the second themes resemble the second last themes, and so on. The middle theme group includes verse 143 of the surah, that talks about the change in prayer direction. |
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A more detailed description of the ring composition of this surah is demonstrated [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYY1BGKrr1E here]. |
A more detailed description of the ring composition of this surah is demonstrated [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYY1BGKrr1E here]. |
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It is also worth noting that the 143rd verse of |
It is also worth noting that the 143rd verse of surat al-Baqarah, which is composed of 286 verses, contains the word "middle" (143 is half of 286)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quran.com/|title=Surah Al-Baqarah [2:143]|website=Surah Al-Baqarah [2:143]|language=en|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{Portal|Islam}} |
{{Portal|Islam}} |
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* [[ |
* [[Ayatul Kursi]] |
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* |
*[[Verse of Loan]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 06:57, 29 December 2019
Arabic: ٱلْبَقَرَة Al-Baqarah The Heifer | |
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Classification | Medinan |
Position | Juzʼ 1–3 |
No. of Rukus | 40 |
No. of verses | 286 |
Opening muqaṭṭaʻāt | Alif Lam Mim |
Quran |
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Al-Baqarah (Arabic: ٱلْبَقَرَة, "The Heifer" or "The Cow") is the second and longest chapter (Surah) of the Quran.[1] It consists of 286 verses (āyāt), 6,201 words and 25,500 letters.[2]
It is a Medinan surah, that is to say that it was supposedly revealed at Medina after the Hijrah, with the exception the verses with regard to riba (interest or usury) which Muslims believe were revealed during the Farewell Pilgrimage, the last Hajj of Muhammad.[3][4] in particular, Verse 281 in this chapter is believed to be the last verse of the Quran to be revealed, on the 10th of Dhul al Hijjah 10 A.H., when Muhammad was in the course of performing his last Hajj, and only 80 or 90 days later he died.[5]
Surah al-Baqarah (Quran 2) enjoins fasting on the believer during the month of Ramadan.[6]
Background
It is the longest chapter in the Quran and was revealed over a long period. It is a Mediniite Surah dealing with the Hypocrite (Munaafiqoon) and injunctions pertaining to various matters.
It includes many verses which have virtues like the first four and last three verses and the special Verse of the Throne (Aayatul Kursi). Muhammad is reported to have said,
“Do not turn your houses into graves. Verily, Satan does not enter the house where Surat Al-Baqarah is recited.” [Muslim, Tirmidhi, Musnad Ahmed]
Ad-Darimi also recorded that Ash-Sha`bi said that `Abdullah bin Mas`ud said, "Whoever recites ten Ayat from Surat Al-Baqarah in a night, then Satan will not enter his house that night. (These ten Ayat are) four from the beginning, Ayat Al-Kursi (255), the following two Ayat (256-257) and the last three Ayat.
Theme and subject matter
The surah addresses a wide variety of topics, including substantial amounts of law, and retells stories of Adam, Ibrahim and Musa. A major theme is guidance: urging the pagans (Al-Mushrikeen) and the Jews of Medina to embrace Islam, and warning them and the hypocrites (Munafiqun) of the fate God had visited in the past on those who failed to heed his call.[7]
The stories in this chapter are told to help the reader understand the theological conception of truth in Islam.[8]
Surah Baqarah also mentions three qualities of the God-fearing (Al-Muttaqin), that is those who possess Taqwa: 1) They believe in the unseen. Faith (Imaan) is believing and accepting something one cannot see i.e. trusting in Muhammad and the Quran. It is believing everything which is part of Imaan, the Angels, destiny etc. 2) They establish Prayer (Salah). The major sign of a person with Taqwa is they perform Prayer/Salaah. “Establishing” Salaah is fulfilling its requirements, internally with feelings in the heart, and externally fulfilling its requirements (Wudu, compulsory elements (Fard), Sunnahs, reciting with tajwid etc.) and feeling a connection with Allah. In a tradition or hadith, Muhammad said, “Prayer is the Mi’raaj of a Mu’min” and in Mi’raaj he spoke to Allah. (In the Surah preceding Surah Al Baqarah, i.e. Surah Fatiha Muslims are believed to have a dialogue with Allah). 3) They spend from what Allah has given them, as this is a form of worship too- namely, considered a financial worship. Spending in the way of God (i.e. giving Sadaqah), is to spend from what Muslims believe that Allah Himself gave them. Sadaqah comes from “Sidq” which means “True” as it shows the truth of a Muslim's Imaan (faith).
Verses 8-20 in Surah Al Baqarah refer to the hypocrites (Munafiqun). In the Meccan phase of Muhammad, there existed two groups, the Believers and the Mushrikeen (non-believers). However, after Hijrah (Emigration to Medina) Muhammad had to deal with the opposition of those who openly accepted Islam while secretly plotting against Muslims. Their leader was Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy who was about to be crowned king before the arrival of Muhammad in Medina. The hypocrites benefitted from the Muslims while not losing their association with the disbelievers. They were considered disloyal to either parties and inclined towards those who benefited them the most in the worldly sense
The surah also sheds light on the concept of Nifaq, which is opposite of sincerity. It is of two types:
1) Nifaq in belief: outwardly showing belief however in reality there is no belief 2) Nifaq in practice: where people believe however they act like hypocrites. The signs of a hypocrite are lying, breaking promises, not keeping an amaanah or trust and when they argue they curse or use bad language.
According to a prominent scholar, Kamaluddin Ahmed, Nifaq is something that is within the heart, hence no one knows of its existence except Allah. Therefore, no one can be called a hypocrite or Munaafiq through one's own self-assessment. This would amount to making Takfeer i.e. calling someone a Kafir (non-believer) since Nifaq (hypocrisy) in belief is kufr.
Condemnation of alcoholic beverages and gambling is also first found in the chapter,[9] and it is one of only four chapters in the Quran to refer to Christians as Nazarenes instead of the more frequent terms People of the Book or "Helpers of Christ."[10]
Al-Baqarah contains several verses dealing with the subject of warfare. Verses 2:190-194 are quoted on the nature of battle in Islam.
The surah includes a few Islamic rules related to varying subjects, such as: prayers, fasting, striving on the path of God, the pilgrimage to Mecca, the change of the direction of prayer (Qiblah) from Jerusalem to Mecca, marriage and divorce, commerce, debt, and a great many of the ordinances concerning interest or usury.[7]
Notable verses
Verse 2:207
Terror groups have used (Quran 2:207), "And there is the type of man who gives his life to earn the pleasure of Allah: And Allah is full of kindness to (His) devotees," to justify their actions.[11][12] One early group, the Khawarij fighting an insurrection against the Caliphate, used what they understood, within the context of this Islamic scripture and philosophy, to mean "those who have traded the mortal life (al-Dunya) for the other life [with God] (al-Akhirah)".[13][14][15]
Verse 2:216
Verse 216 is termed the "The Jidad Verse". "Fighting is prescribed for you, and ye dislike it. But it is possible that ye dislike a thing which is good for you, and that ye love a thing which is bad for you. But Allah knoweth, and ye know not."[16]
Verse 2:255
Verse 255 is "The Throne Verse" (آية الكرسي ʾāyatu-l-kursī). It is one of the most famous verses of the Quran and is widely memorized and displayed in the Islamic world due to its emphatic description of God's omnipotence in Islam.[17][18]
Verses 2:256
Verse 256 starts with the phrase "there shall be no compulsion in religion/faith". which according to muslim exegetes & "Islamic jurists (fuqaha'), without any exception, holds that forcible conversion is under all circumstances null and void, and that any attempt at coercing a non-believer to accept the faith of Islam is a grievous sin.[19]
Structure
Surat al-Baqarah is arranged in ring composition structure. The structure of the surah has been commented on by Dr. Raymond Farrin, Arabic professor at the American University of Kuwait. He notes in his book Structure and Qur'anic Interpretation[20] that the themes of the surah form a ring, where the first themes resemble the last themes, the second themes resemble the second last themes, and so on. The middle theme group includes verse 143 of the surah, that talks about the change in prayer direction.
A more detailed description of the ring composition of this surah is demonstrated here.
It is also worth noting that the 143rd verse of surat al-Baqarah, which is composed of 286 verses, contains the word "middle" (143 is half of 286)[21]
See also
References
- ^ Salwa M. S. El - Awa, Introduction to Textual Relations in Qur'an, pg. 1. Part of the Routledge Studies in the Qur'an series. London: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 9781134227471
- ^ Ibn Kathir
- ^ Mahmoud Ayoub, The Qurʾan and its interpreters, pg. 55. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984. ISBN 9780791495469
- ^ Maariful Quran
- ^ Qurtubi
- ^ Michael Binyon, Fighting is 'allowed' during the holy month of fasting The Times, 18 December 1998
- ^ a b Sadr-'ameli Sayyid Abbas. "Surah Al-Baqarah, Chapter 2, Introduction". Al-islam. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ^ R. G. Ghattas and Carol B. Ghattas, A Christian Guide to the Qur'an: Building Bridges in Muslim Evangelism, pg. 40. Kregel Academic, 2009. ISBN 9780825493423
- ^ Kathryn Kueny, The Rhetoric of Sobriety: Wine in Early Islam, pg. 66. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. ISBN 9780791450536
- ^ Karen Steenbrink, "Muslims and the Christian Other: Nasara in Qur'anic Readings." Taken from Mission is a Must: Intercultural Theology and the Mission of the Church, pg. 200. Eds. Frans Jozef Servaas Wijsen and Peter J. A. Nissen. Volume 40 of Church and Theology in Context Series. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002. ISBN 9789042010819
- ^ Rowley, John (17 May 2015). "The Inghamasi: ISIL's New Way of War". Small Wars Journal. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
- ^ Hodge, Adam. "Discourse, War and Terrorism". p. 151. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
- ^ Glasse, Cyril (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. California: Altamira Press. pp. 255–56. ISBN 978-0759101890.
- ^ Bhala, Raj (2011). Understanding Islamic Law: Sharīʻa. LexisNexis. ISBN 978-1-4224-1748-5.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - ^ Martin, Richard C. (2004). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 390. ISBN 978-0028656038.
- ^ "Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Baqarah". Quran 4 U. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
- ^ Ali, Yusuf. The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, note 295-298.
- ^ Walid A. Saleh. The Formation of the Classical Tafsīr Tradition, pp. 102-105, note 5.
- ^ Asad, Mohammad. The Message of the Quran, Surah 2:256, note 249.
The term din denotes both the contents of and the compliance with a morally binding law consequently, it signifies "religion" in the widest sense of this term, extending over all that pertains to its doctrinal contents and their practical implications, as well as to man's attitude towards the object of his worship, thus comprising also the concept of "faith". The rendering of din as "religion", "faith", "religious law" or "moral law" (see note [3] on 109:6) depends on the context in which this term is used. On the strength of the above categorical prohibition of coercion (ikrah) in anything that pertains to faith or religion, all Islamic jurists (fuqaha'), without any exception, hold that forcible conversion is under all circumstances null and void, and that any attempt at coercing a non-believer to accept the faith of Islam is a grievous sin: a verdict which disposes of the widespread fallacy that Islam places before the unbelievers the alternative of "conversion or the sword".
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at position 455 (help) - ^ Raymond,, Farrin,. Structure and Qur'anic interpretation : a study of symmetry and coherence in Islam's holy text (First ed.). Ashland, Oregon. ISBN 9781935952985. OCLC 860756355.
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: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Surah Al-Baqarah [2:143]". Surah Al-Baqarah [2:143]. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
External links
- "The Cow", a manuscript, dating from the 13th-century, of the al-Baqarah via the World Digital Library
- Qur'anic Verses, a manuscript for al-Baqarah from the 13th-century