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===Lahore (1759)=== |
===Lahore (1759)=== |
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Ahmed Shah sent Jahan Khan to face S. Jassa Singh's army. Singh's forces surrounded the Durranis, attacking from both sides. The battle ensued until evening, resulting in 2,000 Durranis killed and Jahan Khan wounded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69) |location=1978 |page=154 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiEvolutionOfSikhConfederacies1707-69/page/n171/mode/2up}}</ref> Both armies retreated. Khalsa forces dispersed across Majha, prepared to strike Durranis upon Ahmed Shah's departure.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |page=102 |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia/page/n117/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> |
Ahmed Shah sent Jahan Khan to face S. Jassa Singh's army. Singh's forces surrounded the Durranis, attacking from both sides. The battle ensued until evening, resulting in 2,000 Durranis killed and Jahan Khan wounded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69) |location=1978 |page=154 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiEvolutionOfSikhConfederacies1707-69/page/n171/mode/2up}}</ref> Both armies retreated. Khalsa forces dispersed across Majha, prepared to strike Durranis upon Ahmed Shah's departure.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |page=102 |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia/page/n117/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> |
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===Goindwal (1761)=== |
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After winning the Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmad Shah Abdali prepared to return to Afghanistan with his spoils.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies |first1=Punjabi University |title=The Panjab Past and Present |date=1992 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA9DAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> |
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Sikh groups launched nightly attacks on the Durrani Army, looting them and retreating into the forest by day. They ambushed Ahmad Shah Abdali at the Beas River at Goindwal, seizing riches worth lakhs of rupees and freeing 2,200 captives.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=1 Jan 2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=9781932705546 |page=302 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708-1769 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |location=Punjab (India) |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxJDAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Khushwant |title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1839 |date=1963 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Punjab |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nsGAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Latif |first1=Muhammed |title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time |date=1891 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company |location=Punjab (India) |page=317 |edition=limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gopal |title=A History Of The Sikh People |date=1939 |publisher=WORLD BOOK CENTRE |page=403 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527/page/n415/mode/2up}}</ref> |
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==Royal dynasty== |
==Royal dynasty== |
Revision as of 01:54, 8 May 2024
Ahluwalia (also transliterated as Ahluvalia) was a misl, that is, a sovereign state in the Sikh Confederacy of Punjab region in present-day India and Pakistan. The misl's name is derived from Ahlu, the ancestral village of the misl leaders. The Ahluwalia misl was one of the 12 major Sikh misls, and held land to the north of Sutlej river.[1]
Misls of the Sikh Confederacy |
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History
Different scholars variously name the misl's founder as Sadho Singh,[2][3] his descendant Bagh Singh,[4][5] or Bagh Singh's nephew Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.[6][7]
The misl rose to prominence under Jassa Singh,[1][8] who was the first person to use the name "Ahluwalia". Originally known as Jassa Singh Kalal, he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village of Ahlu.[9]
Even after other misls lost their territories to Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire, the emperor permitted the descendants of Jassa Singh to retain their estates. After the British took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh's descendants became the ruling family of the Kapurthala State.[10]
Battles
Lahore (1753)
In 1753, an army led by Aziz Khan was sent to confront the Sikhs, but Jassa Singh's leadership led to the complete rout of the government forces.[11]
Fatehabad (1755)
In the year 1755, the Ahluwalia chief achieved a significant victory by defeating Adeena Beg at Kadar, seizing control of the territory of Fatehbad from him. Subsequently, he established his headquarters in Fatehbad, situated on the right bank of the Beas River. [12]
Jalandhar (1756)
In the year 1756, Sarbuland Khan, an Afghan general entrusted by Ahmad Shah Durrani, the ruler of Kabul, with the governance of Jalandhar, suffered a defeat at the hands of Jassa Singh and his allies. [13]
Mehalpur (1757)
Adina Begh sought support from Sodhi Wadbhag Singh Kartarpuria and S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, who eagerly backed him. The Khalsa, preparing for battle with the Durranis, gathered at Mehalpur in December 1757. To distinguish allies from enemies, they tied green grass on their heads. Despite the Durranis' light artillery, they couldn't contain the furious Khalsa. Buland Khan fell, and Morad Khan fled, leaving their army defeated.[14]
Jalandhar (1757)
S. Jassa Singh launched a direct attack on Jalandhar, overwhelming Saadat Khan Afridi's forces, forcing them to retreat in defeat. With the city now vulnerable, the Singhs held sway. In the chaos, residents from Tangri village arrived in Jalandhar, joining in the looting. Witnessing the turmoil, Adina Begh offered Rs. 3 lakh and 25 thousand to the Singhs, pleading with them to restore peace and order in the city.[15]
Kalanaur (1758)
After the Khalsa took over Jalandhar, Saadat Khan Afridi fled to the hills, and the Singhs' bravery spread across Doaba. S. Jassa Singh gained renown. Upon hearing this, Tehmur Shah dispatched a 25,000-strong cavalry under Khwajah Ubedullah Khan to Lahore. However, they were defeated, losing all artillery to the Singhs, who then extended control over Bari Doab, including Batala and Kalanaur, and the outskirts of Lahore in the south.[16]
Lahore (1758)
In 1758, Adeena Beg sought assistance from the Marathas and Sikhs to capture Lahore. Prince Timur and his minister Jahan Khan fled to Afghanistan in panic.[17] On April 20, Adina Begh Khan, Raghunath Rao, and the Khalsa seized Lahore. Key Sikh leaders like S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Charal Singh Shukarchakia ousted the Durranis. Singh forces, led by S. Charat Singh, pursued and captured around 200 Afghan prisoners, who were then put to work cleansing the holy tank in Sri Darbar Sahib.[18]
Urmar Tanda (1758)
In the Jalandhar Doab the Sikhs were opposed by Bishambar Das, the diwan of Adina Beg. He assembled an army of about 25,000-30,000 troops and attacked the Sikh[19] Raja Bhoop Chand attacked S. Jassa Singh, injuring his horse. In retaliation, S. Jassa Singh severed Bhoop Chand's arm, causing his death and leading to confusion in his army.[20] S. Jassa Singh and fellow Sardars then defeated the armies of Sirhind and Phagwara, bringing them under Khalsa control.[21]
Lahore (1759)
Ahmed Shah sent Jahan Khan to face S. Jassa Singh's army. Singh's forces surrounded the Durranis, attacking from both sides. The battle ensued until evening, resulting in 2,000 Durranis killed and Jahan Khan wounded.[22] Both armies retreated. Khalsa forces dispersed across Majha, prepared to strike Durranis upon Ahmed Shah's departure.[23]
Goindwal (1761)
After winning the Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmad Shah Abdali prepared to return to Afghanistan with his spoils.[24] Sikh groups launched nightly attacks on the Durrani Army, looting them and retreating into the forest by day. They ambushed Ahmad Shah Abdali at the Beas River at Goindwal, seizing riches worth lakhs of rupees and freeing 2,200 captives.[25][26][27][28][29]
Royal dynasty
Sardars
- Jassa Singh (1777 – 20 October 1783)[30] (b. 1718 – d. 1783)[31]
- Bagh Singh (20 October 1783 – 10 July 1801) (b. 1747 – d. 1801)[citation needed]
Rajas
- Fateh Singh Ahluwalia (10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837) (b. 1784 – d. 1837)[32][33][34]
- Nihal Singh (20 October 1837 – 13 September 1852) (b. 1817 – d. 1852)
- Randhir Singh (13 September 1852 – 12 March 1861) (b. 1831 – d. 1870)[31]
Raja-i Rajgan
- Randhir Singh (12 March 1861 – 2 April 1870) (b. 1831 – d. 1870)
- Kharak Singh (2 April 1870 – 3 September 1877) (b. 1850 – d. 1877)
- Jagatjit Singh (3 September 1877 – 12 December 1911) (b. 1872 – d. 1949)[31]
Maharajas
- Jagatjit Singh (12 December 1911 – 15 August 1947) (b. 1872 – d. 1949)[31]
- Paramjit Singh (b. 1892 - d. 1955)
- Brigadier Sukhjit Singh MVC(b. 1934)
Crown Prince
- Tikka Raja Shatrujit Singh (b. 1961)[35]
Gallery
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Equestrian painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Punjab Plains, circa 1850
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Miniature painting of Bhag Singh Ahluwalia, ca.1785
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Painting of Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia
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Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, CIE
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Photograph of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's haveli
References
- ^ a b Kaushik Roy (2015). Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 9781317321279.
- ^ G. S. Chhabra (1972). Advanced History of the Punjab: Ranjit Singh & post Ranjit Singh period. New Academic. p. 21.
Its founder was one Sadhu Singh, a jat of the Kalal or distiller caste. But the true founder of the confederacy was Jussa Singh...
- ^ Surjit Singh Gandhi (1999). Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy. Singh Bros. p. 393. ISBN 978-81-7205-217-1.
The Misl was founded by Sadda Singh who was Jat by race and Kalal (wine distiller) by profession and lived seven miles east of Lahore in a village named Ahlu which gave its name to the Misl
- ^ Gurbachan Singh Nayyar (1979). Sikh Polity and Political Institutions. Oriental. p. 120.
The founder of Ahluwalia misl was Bagh Singh.
- ^ Khazan Singh (1970). History of the Sikh religion. Department of Languages, Punjab. p. 289.
The real founder of the misl was Sardar Bagh Singh, Kalal, of Hallo-Sadho. He was initiated with pahaul by Bhai Mani Singh in Sambat in 1771 (1714 A D ) and soon after that became leader of a considerable body of troops.
- ^ Jagjiwan Mohan Walia (1982). Parties and politics at the Sikh court, 1799-1849. Master. p. 6.
The Ahluwalia Misl was founded by Jassa Singh, who belonged to village Ahlu.
- ^ Harish Jain (2003). The Making of Punjab. Unistar. p. 201.
Ahluwalia Misl - This was founded by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and was named after his village Ahlu.
- ^ Singhia, H.S. (2009). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
- ^ Donald Anthony Low (1968). Soundings in Modern South Asian History. University of California Press. p. 70-71. OCLC 612533097.
- ^ W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.
- ^ Latif, Syad Mohommad (1891). History of the Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time. Calcutta Central Press Company. p. 315.
- ^ Singh, Bhagat (January 1, 2009). History of the Sikh Misals. Punjabi University. p. 59.
- ^ Singh, Bhagat (January 1, 2009). History of the Sikh Misals. Punjabi University. p. 59.
- ^ Singh, Ganda (1990). Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Punjabi University Patiala. p. 106.
- ^ Singh, Ganda (1990). Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Punjabi University. p. 90.
- ^ Singh, Ganda (1990). Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Punjabi University. p. 90.
- ^ Bhagat, Siṅgha (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Punjabi University. p. 59.
- ^ Singh, Ganda (1990). Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Punjab University. p. 92.
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1978). History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69). p. 155.
- ^ Singh, Ganda (1990). Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Punjab University. p. 100.
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). History Of The Sikhs Vol I. p. 131.
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram. History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69). 1978. p. 154.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Singh, Ganda (1990). Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. p. 102.
- ^ Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University (1992). The Panjab Past and Present. Department of Punjab Historical Studies. p. 71.
- ^ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1 Jan 2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 302. ISBN 9781932705546.
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1978). History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708-1769. Punjab (India): Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 168.
- ^ Singh, Khushwant (1963). A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1839. Punjab: Princeton University Press. p. 151.
- ^ Latif, Muhammed (1891). History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time (limited ed.). Punjab (India): Calcutta Central Press Company. p. 317.
- ^ Singh, Gopal (1939). A History Of The Sikh People. WORLD BOOK CENTRE. p. 403.
- ^ "Kapurthala". Archived from the original on 2018-08-08. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
- ^ a b c d "KAPURTHALA". Royal Family of India. 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
- ^ "History | Kapurthala Web Portal | India". Government of India. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej. Cunningham, Joseph Davey, 1812-1851., Garrett, H. L. O. ed. (Herbert Leonard Offley), 1881-1941
- ^ Griffin, Lepel Henry (1892). Ranjit Singh. Oxford : Clarendon press.
- ^ "An undivided India?". NDTV. 29 August 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2020.