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{{short description|Misl}} |
{{short description|Misl}} |
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[[File:Ahluwalia Quila.jpg|thumb|Ahluwalia Fort]] |
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'''Ahluwalia''' (also transliterated as '''Ahluvalia''') was a [[Sikh Confederacy|misl]], that is, a sovereign state in the [[Sikh Confederacy]] of [[Punjab]] region in present-day India and Pakistan. The misl's name is derived from Ahlu, the ancestral village of the misl leaders. The Ahluwalia misl was one of the 12 major Sikh misls, and held land to the north of [[Sutlej river]].<ref name="KR_2015">{{cite book |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |author=Kaushik Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT88 |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781317321279 |page=88 }}</ref> |
'''Ahluwalia''' (also transliterated as '''Ahluvalia''') was a [[Sikh Confederacy|misl]], that is, a sovereign state in the [[Sikh Confederacy]] of [[Punjab]] region in present-day India and Pakistan. The misl's name is derived from Ahlu, the ancestral village of the misl leaders. The Ahluwalia misl was one of the 12 major Sikh misls, and held land to the north of [[Sutlej river]].<ref name="KR_2015">{{cite book |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |author=Kaushik Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT88 |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781317321279 |page=88 }}</ref> |
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{{Misls}} |
{{Misls}} |
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The misl rose to prominence under Jassa Singh,<ref name="KR_2015"/><ref>{{cite book |last =Singhia |first=H.S. |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2009 |location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA111 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=111}}</ref> who was the first person to use the name "Ahluwalia". Originally known as Jassa Singh [[Kalal]], he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village of Ahlu.<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book |author=Donald Anthony Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 |year=1968 |publisher=University of California Press |page=70-71 |oclc=612533097 }}</ref> |
The misl rose to prominence under Jassa Singh,<ref name="KR_2015"/><ref>{{cite book |last =Singhia |first=H.S. |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2009 |location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA111 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=111}}</ref> who was the first person to use the name "Ahluwalia". Originally known as Jassa Singh [[Kalal]], he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village of Ahlu.<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book |author=Donald Anthony Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 |year=1968 |publisher=University of California Press |page=70-71 |oclc=612533097 }}</ref> |
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Although the Ahluwalia Misal was not the biggest, yet the influence of Jassa Singh was great and whenever any combination of Misals took place he was made the commander-in-chief though each body of troops fought under its own leader.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=46 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n45/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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Jassa Singh did more than any other chief to consolidate the Sikh power which after his death got disorganised, until the strong hand of Maharaja Ranjit Singh again forced it into cohesion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=46 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n45/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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Even after other misls lost their territories to [[Ranjit Singh]]'s [[Sikh Empire]], the emperor permitted the descendants of Jassa Singh to retain their estates. After the [[British India|British]] took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh's descendants became the ruling family of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="WHMcLeod_2009">{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA6 |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |page=6 }}</ref> |
Even after other misls lost their territories to [[Ranjit Singh]]'s [[Sikh Empire]], the emperor permitted the descendants of Jassa Singh to retain their estates. After the [[British India|British]] took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh's descendants became the ruling family of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="WHMcLeod_2009">{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA6 |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |page=6 }}</ref> |
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==Battles== |
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===Battle of Lahore (1753)=== |
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In 1753, an army led by Aziz Khan was sent to confront the Sikhs, but Jassa Singh's leadership led to the complete rout of the government forces.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Latif |first1=Syad Mohommad |title=History of the Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time |date=1891 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company |page=315 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34649/page/n337/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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===Battle of Fatehabad (1755)=== |
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In the year 1755, the Ahluwalia chief achieved a significant victory by defeating Adeena Beg at Kadar, seizing control of the territory of Fatehbad from him. Subsequently, he established his headquarters in Fatehbad, situated on the right bank of the Beas River. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History of the Sikh Misals |date=January 1, 2009 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=59 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n42/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> |
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===Battle of Jalandhar (1756)=== |
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In the year 1756, Sarbuland Khan, an Afghan general entrusted by Ahmad Shah Durrani, the ruler of Kabul, with the governance of Jalandhar, suffered a defeat at the hands of Jassa Singh and his allies. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History of the Sikh Misals |date=January 1, 2009 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=59 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n42/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> |
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===Attack on Mehalpur (1757)=== |
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Adina Begh sought support against Afghans from Sodhi Wadbhag Singh Kartarpuria and S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, who eagerly backed him. The Khalsa, preparing for battle with the Durranis, gathered at Mehalpur in December 1757. To distinguish allies from enemies, they tied green grass on their heads. Despite the Durranis' light artillery, they couldn't contain the furious Khalsa. Buland Khan fell, and Morad Khan fled, leaving their army defeated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |page=106 |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia/page/n105/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref> |
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===Strike on Jalandhar (1757)=== |
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S. Jassa Singh launched a direct attack on Jalandhar, overwhelming Saadat Khan Afridi's forces, forcing them to retreat in defeat. With the city now vulnerable, the Singhs held sway. In the chaos, residents from Tangri village arrived in Jalandhar, joining in the looting. Witnessing the turmoil, Adina Begh offered Rs. 3 lakh and 25 thousand to the Singhs, pleading with them to restore peace and order in the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=90 |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia/page/n106/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> |
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===Strike on Kalanaur (1758)=== |
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After the Khalsa took over Jalandhar, Saadat Khan Afridi fled to the hills, and the Singhs' bravery spread across Doaba. S. Jassa Singh gained renown. Upon hearing this, Tehmur Shah dispatched a 25,000-strong cavalry under Khwajah Ubedullah Khan to Lahore. However, they were defeated, losing all artillery to the Singhs, who then extended control over Bari Doab, including Batala and Kalanaur, and the outskirts of Lahore in the south.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=90 |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia/page/n106/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> |
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===Battle of Lahore (1758)=== |
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In 1758, Adeena Beg sought assistance from the Marathas and Sikhs to capture Lahore. Prince Timur and his minister Jahan Khan fled to Afghanistan in panic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhagat |first1=Siṅgha |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=59 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n42/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> |
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On April 20, Adina Begh Khan, Raghunath Rao, and the Khalsa seized Lahore. Key Sikh leaders like S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Charal Singh Shukarchakia ousted the Durranis. Singh forces, led by S. Charat Singh, pursued and captured around 200 Afghan prisoners, who were then put to work cleansing the holy tank in Sri Darbar Sahib.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |publisher=Punjab University |page=92 |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia/page/n108/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> |
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===Battle of Urmar Tanda (1758)=== |
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In the Jalandhar Doab the Sikhs were opposed by Bishambar Das, the diwan of Adina Beg. He assembled an army of about 25,000-30,000 troops and attacked the Sikh<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69) |date=1978 |page=155 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiEvolutionOfSikhConfederacies1707-69/page/n173/mode/2up}}</ref> |
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Raja Bhoop Chand attacked S. Jassa Singh, injuring his horse. In retaliation, S. Jassa Singh severed Bhoop Chand's arm, causing his death and leading to confusion in his army.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |publisher=Punjab University |page=100 |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia/page/n116/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> S. Jassa Singh and fellow Sardars then defeated the armies of Sirhind and Phagwara, bringing them under Khalsa control.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol I |date=1944 |page=131 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280260/page/n151/mode/1up?q=bishambar}}</ref> |
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===Battle of Amritsar (1759)=== |
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Ahmed Shah sent Jahan Khan to face S. Jassa Singh's army. Singh's forces surrounded the Durranis, attacking from both sides. The battle ensued until evening, resulting in 2,000 Durranis killed and Jahan Khan wounded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69) |location=1978 |page=154 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiEvolutionOfSikhConfederacies1707-69/page/n171/mode/2up}}</ref> Both armies retreated. Khalsa forces dispersed across Majha, prepared to strike Durranis upon Ahmed Shah's departure.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |page=102 |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia/page/n117/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> |
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===Rescue of Hindu women (1761)=== |
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After winning the Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmad Shah Abdali prepared to return to Afghanistan with his spoils.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies |first1=Punjabi University |title=The Panjab Past and Present |date=1992 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA9DAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> |
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Sikh groups launched nightly attacks on the Durrani Army, looting them and retreating into the forest by day. They ambushed Ahmad Shah Abdali at the Beas River at Goindwal, seizing riches worth lakhs of rupees and freeing 2,200 captives.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=1 Jan 2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=9781932705546 |page=302 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708-1769 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |location=Punjab (India) |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxJDAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Khushwant |title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1839 |date=1963 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Punjab |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nsGAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Latif |first1=Muhammed |title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time |date=1891 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company |location=Punjab (India) |page=317 |edition=limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gopal |title=A History Of The Sikh People |date=1939 |publisher=WORLD BOOK CENTRE |page=403 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527/page/n415/mode/2up}}</ref> |
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===Battle at Gujranwala (1761)=== |
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In 1761, Afghan General Khwaja Obed Khan aimed to punish Sikhs but was thwarted when Sikhs, led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Hari Singh Dhillon, and Jai Singh Kanheya, defeated his forces at Gujranwala, forcing him to flee.<ref name="KakshiPathak2007">{{cite book|last1=Kakshi|first1=S.R.|last2=Pathak|first2=Rashmi|last3=Pathak|first3=S.R.Bakshi R.|title=Punjab Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_FRF3a5y2EC|access-date=12 June 2010|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1|pages=15}}</ref> |
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===Conquest of Lahore (1761)=== |
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Following consecutive victories, the Sikhs, emboldened, convened in Amritsar on Diwali, October 27, 1761, and resolved to seize Lahore. They laid siege to the city, encountering little resistance from Khawaja Obed Khan. The Sikhs breached Lahore's defenses, entered the city, and looted it.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J.S. |date=1990 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&q=%22jamadar+khushal+singh%22&pg=PA91 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=91 |isbn=0-521-63764-3 |access-date=15 April 2014 }}</ref> captured the Royal mint and struck coins bearing Sikka Zad dar Jahan Bafazat-i-Akal, mulk-i-Ahmad garift Jassa Kalal, which means 'the coin struck by Grace of God in the country of Ahmad captured by Jassa Kalal.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Sikhs: Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years |author= Raj Pal Singh |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ra19YSPDliQC&q=hargobind+jahangir&pg=P114|publisher= Pentagon Press|year= 2004|isbn= 9788186505465|page= 116}}</ref> |
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The Khalsa Dal reveled in their triumphs, basking in a state of bliss. Jassa Singh, having secured the capital of Punjab for them, elevated the prestige of the Panth. In recognition of his leadership, they bestowed upon him the title of "Sultan-ul-Qaum" — the king of the community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=110 |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia/page/n125/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref> |
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===Battle of Kup (1762)=== |
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Jassa Singh played a pivotal role in countering the Afghans, notably during the Wada Ghallughara in 1762.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=59 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n42/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Afghan forces reached [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]], west of [[Sirhind]]. They were met by between 30,000 and 50,000 Sikhs.<ref name="landford"/><ref name="Gupta">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiEvolutionOfSikhConfederacies1707-69/page/n195/mode/2up |title=History of the Sikhs Volume II Evolution of the Sikh confederacies (1707-1769) |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-215-0248-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=180}}</ref> Abdali's forces outnumbered the Sikhs in hand-to-hand combat and the Sikhs couldn't use their usual tactics of [[Hit and run tactics|hit and run]], but had to engage in battle while protecting the civilians at the same time.<ref name="singh" /> The Sikhs created a human ring around civilians as protection and fought the battle as they advanced towards Barnala.<ref name="singh" /> Abdali was able to break the ring and carried out a full scale massacre of the Sikh civilians.<ref name="gupta"/> Ahmad Shah's forces killed several thousand Sikhs, and the surviving Sikhs fled to [[Barnala]]. According to various different estimates, as many as 5,000 to 30,000 Sikh men, women, elderly and children were killed in what is known as the second Sikh genocide ([[Vadda Ghalughara]]).<ref name="landford">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&q=1762+sikhs+afghans&pg=PA21|title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century|page=21|author=Lansford, Tom|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598847604|year=2017}}</ref><ref name="gupta">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SluAAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Sikhs, Volume 1|author=Gupta, Hari Ram|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=9788121505406|year=2001}}</ref><ref name="singh">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838|author=Singh, Khushwant|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195673081|year=2004}}</ref><ref name="Shani">{{Cite book |last=Shani |first=Giorgio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckd8AgAAQBAJ&dq=vadda+ghallughara&pg=PT104 |title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age |date=2007-12-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-10188-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sandhu">{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gian Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIa2EAAAQBAJ&dq=vadda+ghallughara&pg=PT101 |title=Who Are the Sikhs?: An Exploration of the Beliefs, Practices, & Traditions of the Sikh People |date=2023-03-28 |publisher=Archway Publishing |isbn=978-1-6657-3953-5 |language=en}}</ref> |
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===Battle of Harnaulgarh (1762)=== |
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The [[Sikhs]] assembled in May 1762 and plundered the baggage of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subahdar|governor]] of [[Sirhind]], [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]].<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|title=Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan |last1=Ganḍā |first1=Singh |year=1959|publisher=Asia Pub. House |isbn=978-1-4021-7278-6 |page=285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_A8AAAAMAAJ|access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bhagata|first=Siṅgha|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|year=1993|page= 181|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=charhat+singh|quote=...}}</ref> The Sikh forces then marched and fought a severe battle with the [[Durrani Empire|Durranis]] at Harnaulgarh, a place 30 miles from [[Sirhind]]. The Sikhs secured a decisive victory at Harnaulgarh by driving away the [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]] and the defeated governor of [[Sirhind]], [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]], was forced to pay tribute of Rs. 50,000 to the [[Sikhs]] as a penalty for his loss.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|title=History of Sikhs Vol. 2 - Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69)|publisher={{!}}{{!}}Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd{{!}}{{!}}|year=2007|isbn=978-81-215-0248-1|location=New Delhi}}</ref> |
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===Attack on Jalandhar (1763)=== |
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In June 1763, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia marched towards [[Jalandhar]], Sadat Yar-Khan, the Governor of Jalandhar so much terrified he did not stir out of his capital, Jassa Singh sacked [[Jalandhar]], In December 1763, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia defeated and Killed Bhikhan Khan, the Nawab of [[Malerkotla]], and plundered Morinda,<ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies|publisher=Munshilal Manohorlal, Pvt Ltd|first= Hari Ram |last=Gupta|author-link= Hari Ram Gupta}}</ref> |
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===Conquest of Sirhind (1764)=== |
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Under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's leadership, a coalition of Sikh factions attacked Sirhind in 1764, defeating and killing Governor Zain Khan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=130 |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia/page/n145/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref> This retaliation was fueled by the tragic fate of Guru Gobind Singh's sons at Sirhind. The town was razed, and surrounding territories fell to the Sikhs.<ref name="Bhagata 1993 181">{{cite book|last=Bhagata|first=Siṅgha|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|year=1993|page= 60|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n43/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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===Sikh Invasion of Ganga-Yamuna (1764)=== |
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In February 1764, the Sikhs crossed [[Yamuna|Jamuna]] under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, [[Khushal Singh Singhpuria|Khushal Singh]], [[Sardar Tara Singh Ghaiba]], [[Baghel Singh]], and Gurbaksh Singh, at the head of strong force. They plundered [[Saharanpur]], [[Shamli]], [[Kandhla]], [[Miranpur, Uttar Pradesh|Miranpur]], [[Deoband]], [[Jawalapur]], [[Chandausi]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], and [[Najibabad]]. [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] made peace with the Sikhs by offering them 11 lakhs of rupees tribute.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2 January 2023|edition=2nd|date=11 October 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1}}</ref> |
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===Punishing the Jammu chief (1765)=== |
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The Sikhs harbored resentment towards Jammu Raja Ranjit Deo for paying tribute to Ahmad Shah Durrani. In 1765, when Durrani left for Kabul, Ranjit Deo paid him tribute. A faction of the Dal Khalsa, led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, launched an attack on Jammu. They obtained a fine of three lakh and seventy-five thousand rupees from Ranjit Deo and made him a tributary of the Dal Khalsa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=61 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n43/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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===Acquisition of territories (1766-1768)=== |
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In 1766, Jassa Singh led a southern expedition alongside the chiefs of Patiala and Jind, pillaging Jhajjar, Rewari, and Baghpat. Additionally, he seized Payal from the Kotla Afghans. During his final invasion in 1766-1767, Ahmad Shah Durrani realized the difficulty of reconquering Punjab, which was largely under Sikh control. In 1768, Jassa Singh extended his influence to the vicinity of Delhi and Anupshahr, triumphing over Mirza Sukhan, dispatched by the Emperor to counter him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=63|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n44/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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===Capture of Jalandhar (1769)=== |
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In 1769, Jassa Singh and Singhpuria chief Khushal Singh captured Jalandhar and its vicinity. Jassa Singh initially retained control of Jalandhar but later handed it over to Khushal Singh, who made it his headquarters, as a gesture of respect for Nawab Kapur Singh. |
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<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=63|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n44/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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===Capture of Raikot and Kapurthala (1771-1780)=== |
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In 1771, Jassa Singh seized Raikot from the Pathans and Rajputs of Berowal. The following year, in 1772, he advanced towards Kapurthala, governed by Rai Ibrahim, who had pledged annual tribute. Only after capturing thirteen forts surrounding Kapurthala and laying siege to the town itself did Rai Ibrahim fulfill his promise.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=63|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n44/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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===Aid to Patiala chief (1779)=== |
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In September 1779, Abdul Ahad, a Delhi minister, invaded Patiala. Maharaja Amar Singh sought aid from Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, who swiftly came with allies Khushal Singh Singhpuria and Tara Singh Ghaiba. The Delhi minister retreated upon seeing the Sikh reinforcements. |
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<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=64|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n45/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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===Battle of Delhi (1783)=== |
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In early March 1783, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, accompanied by Sardar Baghel Singh and others, entered Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=65|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n45/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> On March 11, they headed for the Red Fort. Finding the Emperor and his courtiers hiding in their private quarters, the Sikhs entered the Diwan-i-Am. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was placed on the throne of Delhi as Badshah Singh of Delhi but Ramgarhia objected that no one can sit on the throne without the approval of [[Sarbat Khalsa]].{{sfn|Singha|2000|p=26-27}}<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sg_9N_AHbMC&pg=PA89 |title=Views and Reviews |first=Jasbir Singh |last=Sethi |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |isbn=9788190825986}}</ref><ref>Hari Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803,'' second ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2000) {{ISBN|978-8-12150-213-9}}</ref><ref>Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Misls'', rev. ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2001) {{ISBN|978-8-12150-165-1}}</ref> |
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So the Ahluwalia chief immediately declined the honour thrust upon him, and be left the Durbar. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia discarded the distinction of royalty twice, once in 1761, and again in 1783.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=65|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n45/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> |
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==Royal dynasty== |
==Royal dynasty== |
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===Sardars=== |
===Sardars=== |
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* [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] (1777 – 20 October 1783)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |title=Kapurthala |access-date=2021-01-05 |archive-date=2018-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808230543/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
* [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia|Jassa Singh]] (1777 – 20 October 1783)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |title=Kapurthala |access-date=2021-01-05 |archive-date=2018-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808230543/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (b. 1718 – d. 1783)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/kapurthala/|title=KAPURTHALA|date=2013-04-12|work=Royal Family of India|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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*Bagh Singh (20 October 1783 – 10 July 1801) (b. 1747 – d. 1801){{cn|date=June 2020}} |
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*Bagh Singh Ahluwalia (1783–1801) |
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Jassa Singh Ahluwalia had a son born in 1747, who unfortunately passed away shortly after birth. He had two daughters, one wedded to Mohar Singh of Fatahabad and the other to Murar Singh of Sultanwind.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=48 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n47/mode/1up}}</ref> Since daughters or their sons weren't considered legal heirs during that time, he had no direct male successor. Consequently, his second cousin Bhag Singh, son of Ladha Singh and born in the same year, 1747, inherited his position.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |page=44 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh/page/n55/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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*Fateh Singh Ahluwalia (1801–1837) |
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Fateh Singh, the sole offspring of Bhag Singh and born in 1784, assumed leadership of the Misl in 1801. Following his father's demise in Phagwara, he took control of Phagwara and Banga from Chaudhri Chuhar Mai. Known for his tranquil disposition and accommodating nature, he preferred to focus on managing his own territories rather than engaging in territorial expansion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |page=46 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh/page/n57/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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Fateh Singh accompanied the Maharaja Ranjit in various extended military campaigns as well such as : |
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Jamke and Kathua (1802), Sujanpur (1803), Kasur (1804 and 1807), Amritsar (1805), Jhang (1807), Sialkot (1807), and across the Satluj (1806-08). He was also present in the expeditions against Find Dadan Khan (1809-10), Jalandhar (1810-11), Mandi (1811), Kulu (1811), Hazara (1813), Kashmir (1814), and the Yusufzai territories (1824).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=51|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals/page/n50/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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===Rajas=== |
===Rajas=== |
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* [[Fateh Singh Ahluwalia]] (10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837) (b. 1784 – d. 1837)<ref>{{cite web |title=History {{!}} Kapurthala Web Portal {{!}} India |url=https://kapurthala.gov.in/history/ |publisher=Government of India |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AFH9527.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej.] Cunningham, Joseph Davey, 1812-1851., Garrett, H. L. O. ed. (Herbert Leonard Offley), 1881-1941</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Lepel Henry |title=Ranjit Singh |year=1892 |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon press |url=https://archive.org/details/ranjitsingh00grif}}</ref> |
* [[Fateh Singh Ahluwalia]] (10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837) (b. 1784 – d. 1837)<ref>{{cite web |title=History {{!}} Kapurthala Web Portal {{!}} India |url=https://kapurthala.gov.in/history/ |publisher=Government of India |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AFH9527.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej.] Cunningham, Joseph Davey, 1812-1851., Garrett, H. L. O. ed. (Herbert Leonard Offley), 1881-1941</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Lepel Henry |title=Ranjit Singh |year=1892 |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon press |url=https://archive.org/details/ranjitsingh00grif}}</ref> |
Latest revision as of 13:45, 11 May 2024
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ahluwalia_Quila.jpg/220px-Ahluwalia_Quila.jpg)
Ahluwalia (also transliterated as Ahluvalia) was a misl, that is, a sovereign state in the Sikh Confederacy of Punjab region in present-day India and Pakistan. The misl's name is derived from Ahlu, the ancestral village of the misl leaders. The Ahluwalia misl was one of the 12 major Sikh misls, and held land to the north of Sutlej river.[1]
Misls of the Sikh Confederacy |
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History
Different scholars variously name the misl's founder as Sadho Singh,[2][3] his descendant Bagh Singh,[4][5] or Bagh Singh's nephew Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.[6][7]
The misl rose to prominence under Jassa Singh,[1][8] who was the first person to use the name "Ahluwalia". Originally known as Jassa Singh Kalal, he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village of Ahlu.[9]
Even after other misls lost their territories to Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire, the emperor permitted the descendants of Jassa Singh to retain their estates. After the British took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh's descendants became the ruling family of the Kapurthala State.[10]
Royal dynasty
Sardars
- Jassa Singh (1777 – 20 October 1783)[11] (b. 1718 – d. 1783)[12]
- Bagh Singh (20 October 1783 – 10 July 1801) (b. 1747 – d. 1801)[citation needed]
Rajas
- Fateh Singh Ahluwalia (10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837) (b. 1784 – d. 1837)[13][14][15]
- Nihal Singh (20 October 1837 – 13 September 1852) (b. 1817 – d. 1852)
- Randhir Singh (13 September 1852 – 12 March 1861) (b. 1831 – d. 1870)[12]
Raja-i Rajgan
- Randhir Singh (12 March 1861 – 2 April 1870) (b. 1831 – d. 1870)
- Kharak Singh (2 April 1870 – 3 September 1877) (b. 1850 – d. 1877)
- Jagatjit Singh (3 September 1877 – 12 December 1911) (b. 1872 – d. 1949)[12]
Maharajas
- Jagatjit Singh (12 December 1911 – 15 August 1947) (b. 1872 – d. 1949)[12]
- Paramjit Singh (b. 1892 - d. 1955)
- Brigadier Sukhjit Singh MVC(b. 1934)
Crown Prince
- Tikka Raja Shatrujit Singh (b. 1961)[16]
Gallery
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Equestrian painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Punjab Plains, circa 1850
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Miniature painting of Bhag Singh Ahluwalia, ca.1785
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Painting of Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia
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Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, CIE
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Photograph of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's haveli
References
- ^ a b Kaushik Roy (2015). Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 9781317321279.
- ^ G. S. Chhabra (1972). Advanced History of the Punjab: Ranjit Singh & post Ranjit Singh period. New Academic. p. 21.
Its founder was one Sadhu Singh, a jat of the Kalal or distiller caste. But the true founder of the confederacy was Jussa Singh...
- ^ Surjit Singh Gandhi (1999). Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy. Singh Bros. p. 393. ISBN 978-81-7205-217-1.
The Misl was founded by Sadda Singh who was Jat by race and Kalal (wine distiller) by profession and lived seven miles east of Lahore in a village named Ahlu which gave its name to the Misl
- ^ Gurbachan Singh Nayyar (1979). Sikh Polity and Political Institutions. Oriental. p. 120.
The founder of Ahluwalia misl was Bagh Singh.
- ^ Khazan Singh (1970). History of the Sikh religion. Department of Languages, Punjab. p. 289.
The real founder of the misl was Sardar Bagh Singh, Kalal, of Hallo-Sadho. He was initiated with pahaul by Bhai Mani Singh in Sambat in 1771 (1714 A D ) and soon after that became leader of a considerable body of troops.
- ^ Jagjiwan Mohan Walia (1982). Parties and politics at the Sikh court, 1799-1849. Master. p. 6.
The Ahluwalia Misl was founded by Jassa Singh, who belonged to village Ahlu.
- ^ Harish Jain (2003). The Making of Punjab. Unistar. p. 201.
Ahluwalia Misl - This was founded by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and was named after his village Ahlu.
- ^ Singhia, H.S. (2009). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
- ^ Donald Anthony Low (1968). Soundings in Modern South Asian History. University of California Press. p. 70-71. OCLC 612533097.
- ^ W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.
- ^ "Kapurthala". Archived from the original on 2018-08-08. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
- ^ a b c d "KAPURTHALA". Royal Family of India. 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
- ^ "History | Kapurthala Web Portal | India". Government of India. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej. Cunningham, Joseph Davey, 1812-1851., Garrett, H. L. O. ed. (Herbert Leonard Offley), 1881-1941
- ^ Griffin, Lepel Henry (1892). Ranjit Singh. Oxford : Clarendon press.
- ^ "An undivided India?". NDTV. 29 August 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2020.