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'''Ahl al-Hadith''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: أهل الحديث; ''The people of hadith'') or (''Aşḥāb al-ḥadīth''; أصحاب الحديث), is |
'''Ahl al-Hadith''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: أهل الحديث; ''The people of hadith'') or (''Aşḥāb al-ḥadīth''; أصحاب الحديث), is a term that has been used to refer to many Islamic movements (both historical and modern) that emphasize the use of [[hadith]] in Islam. It refers to the adherent's belief that they are not bound by ''[[taqlid]]'' (as are ''Ahl al-Rai'', literally "the people of rhetorical theology"), but consider themselves free to seek guidance in matters of religious faith and practices from the authentic [[hadith]] which, together with the [[Qur'an]], are in their view the principal worthy guide for [[Muslim]]s. |
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In the contemporary sense, it refers to a reformist movement.<ref name="Roy">[[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]], ''The Failure of Political Islam'', by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.118-9</ref> The term ''Ahl al-Hadith'' is often used interchangeably with the term [[Salafi]],<ref>Rabasa, Angel M. ''The Muslim World After 9/11'' By Angel M. Rabasa, p. 275</ref> although they are often called [[Wahhabi]]s by their adversaries.<ref name="Roy"/> The movement has the most adherents in the [[Indian subcontinent]], where it possesses some notable distinctions from the Salafi movement,In the modern era, the movement draws both inspiration and financial support from Saudi Arabia.<ref name="TH">[[Barry Rubin]], [http://books.google.ca/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA349&dq=Ahl+al-Hadith+saudi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VwIHUdfoArOM0QGL44DwDg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwADgK#v=snippet&q=ideological%20stream&f=false Guide to Islamist Movements, Volume 1], pg. 349. [[Armonk, New York|Armonk]]: [[M. E. Sharpe]], 2010.</ref> most of whose adherents are found in the [[Arab world]] and [[Indonesia]]. |
In the contemporary sense, it refers to a reformist movement.<ref name="Roy">[[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]], ''The Failure of Political Islam'', by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.118-9</ref> The term ''Ahl al-Hadith'' is often used interchangeably with the term [[Salafi]],<ref>Rabasa, Angel M. ''The Muslim World After 9/11'' By Angel M. Rabasa, p. 275</ref> although they are often called [[Wahhabi]]s by their adversaries.<ref name="Roy"/> The movement has the most adherents in the [[Indian subcontinent]], where it possesses some notable distinctions from the Salafi movement,In the modern era, the movement draws both inspiration and financial support from Saudi Arabia.<ref name="TH">[[Barry Rubin]], [http://books.google.ca/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA349&dq=Ahl+al-Hadith+saudi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VwIHUdfoArOM0QGL44DwDg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwADgK#v=snippet&q=ideological%20stream&f=false Guide to Islamist Movements, Volume 1], pg. 349. [[Armonk, New York|Armonk]]: [[M. E. Sharpe]], 2010.</ref> most of whose adherents are found in the [[Arab world]] and [[Indonesia]]. |
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==Ahle Hadees and Terrorism== |
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Lashkar-e-Taiba in Pakistan and Lashkar-e-Jhangwi considers themselves Ahle Hadees organizations.They have been banned in Pakistan for killing innocent Pakistani citizens. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Early Muslim history=== |
===Early Muslim history=== |
Revision as of 04:09, 5 February 2013
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Ahl al-Hadith (Arabic: أهل الحديث; The people of hadith) or (Aşḥāb al-ḥadīth; أصحاب الحديث), is a term that has been used to refer to many Islamic movements (both historical and modern) that emphasize the use of hadith in Islam. It refers to the adherent's belief that they are not bound by taqlid (as are Ahl al-Rai, literally "the people of rhetorical theology"), but consider themselves free to seek guidance in matters of religious faith and practices from the authentic hadith which, together with the Qur'an, are in their view the principal worthy guide for Muslims.
In the contemporary sense, it refers to a reformist movement.[1] The term Ahl al-Hadith is often used interchangeably with the term Salafi,[2] although they are often called Wahhabis by their adversaries.[1] The movement has the most adherents in the Indian subcontinent, where it possesses some notable distinctions from the Salafi movement,In the modern era, the movement draws both inspiration and financial support from Saudi Arabia.[3] most of whose adherents are found in the Arab world and Indonesia.
History
Early Muslim history
Early proponents ascribe the authority of Ahl al-Hadith to specific hadith of Muhammad al-Bukhari. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani mentioned the people of hadith in his commentary of the hadith, "And this nation will continue, established upon Allah's Command, unharmed by those who oppose them until the arrival of Allah's Order." He stated that Muhammad al-Bukhari was adamant that those referred to in this hadith were the people with knowledge of the narrations, Ahl al-Athar, i.e. the people of hadith. And then quoted Ahmad ibn Hanbal as saying, "If they are not Ahl al-Hadith, then I do not know who they are." Qadi Ayyad explained that Ahmad was referring to Ahl al-Sunnah and those who share the beliefs of the people of hadith (Essentially, according to Fath al-Bari, it is the opinion of Imam Ahmad that the faithful Ahl al Sunnah and Ahl al Hadith are not separate) .[4] The followers of the Ahl al-Hadith movement claim their beliefs and practices to be the same as those of early Muslims and, in particular, the Rashidun (rightly guided caliphs). The movement rose to prominence in the 9th century AD during the Abbasid era to counter the beliefs of Mutazilities.[5]
Later Muslim history
They again drew attention in the post-Mongol era, when Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328) started a reformist movement to purge the Islamic community of deviant beliefs.[6] Noting the academic prowess of the people of hadith, Al-Dhahabi remarked, "Where is the knowledge of hadith, and where are its people? I am on the verge of not seeing them except engrossed in a book or under the soil."[7]
Contemporary history
The modern day reformist movement was revived in the mid-nineteenth century in Northern India, drawing much of its membership from the educated upper-class.[8][9] Syed Nazeer Husain from Delhi and Siddiq Hasan Khan of Bhopal drew primarily on the work of hadith scholars from Yemen in the early years of the movement, reintroducing the field into the Indian subcontinent. Their strong emphasis on education and book publishing has often attracted members of the social elite both in South Asia and overseas;[8] University of Paris political scientist Antoine Sfeir has referred to the movement as having an elitist character which perhaps contributes to their status as a minority in South Asia.[9] Folk Islam and Sufism, commonly popular with the poor and working class in the region, are anathema to Ahl al-Hadith beliefs and practices.
From the 1930s the group also began dabbling in the political realm of Pakistan, with Ehsan Elahi Zaheer leading the movement into a full foray in the 1970s, eventually gaining the movement a network of mosques and Islamic schools.[9] Following other South Asian Islamic movements, the Ahl al-Hadith now also administer schools and mosques in the Anglosphere. In the modern era, the movement draws both inspiration and financial support from Saudi Arabia,[10] now being favored over the rival Deobandi movement as a counterbalance to Iranian influence.[11] The number of followers of the movement in Pakistan constitute 4% of the Muslim population,[12] 25-30 million followers in India,[13] and 27.5 million in Bangladesh.[14]
Practices
Like other Islamic movements, the Ahl al-Hadith are distinguished by certain common features and beliefs. The men tend to have a particular style of untrimmed beard often considered a visual indicator. In regard to ritual acts of Muslim worship, the movement's practices are noticeably different from the Hanafi legal school which predominates in South Asia; the men hold their hands above the navel when lined up for congregational prayer, raise them to the level of their heads before bowing, and say "amen" out loud after the prayer leader.[8]
While their educational programs tend to include a diverse array of Muslim academic texts, few adherents of the movement ascribe themselves to one school of Muslim jurisprudence, placing a greater emhpasis on personal responsibility to derive judgments and ritual practice.[8] Some of the movements figureheads have ascribed to the Zahirite legal school, while an even greater number prefer the works of and even ascribe to Yemeni scholar Shawkani; still, the generality of the movement is described as respecting all Sunni schools of Islamic law while preferring to take directly from the Qur'an, prophetic tradition and consensus of the early generations of Muslims.[8] While the movement has been compared to Salafist movement in Arab nations and been branded as Wahhabist by the opposing Barelwi movement,[9] the Ahl al-Hadith remain similar yet distinct.
Adherents of the Ahl al-Hadith movement
See also
- Jamiat Ahle Hadith: the religious-political party in the Indian Subcontinent
- Jamaat-ul-Muslimeen: the religious movement in the Indian Subcontinent.
References
- ^ a b Olivier Roy, The Failure of Political Islam, by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.118-9
- ^ Rabasa, Angel M. The Muslim World After 9/11 By Angel M. Rabasa, p. 275
- ^ Barry Rubin, Guide to Islamist Movements, Volume 1, pg. 349. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 2010.
- ^ Al-`Asqalani, Ahmad ibn `Ali (2005). Abu Qutaybah al-Firyabi (ed.). Fath al-Bari (in Arabic). Vol. 1 (first ed.). Riyadh: Dar al-Taibah. p. 290. ISBN 1-902350-04-9.
- ^ A Brief History of Islam by Karen Armstrong, Phoenix, London
- ^ The Right Way- By Imam Ibn Taymiyyah, Darrussalam publishers KSA
- ^ al-Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad. al-Mu`allimi (ed.). Tadhkirah al-Huffadh (in Arabic). Vol. 1. India. p. 4.
- ^ a b c d e Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps - C. T. R. Hewer - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- ^ a b c d The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism - Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- ^ Rubin, pg. 348
- ^ Sushant Sareen, The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making, pg. 282. New Delhi: Har Anand Publications, 2005.
- ^ Om Gupta. Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. pp.172.
- ^ Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadees
- ^ PROBE NEWS