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[[File:Saudi Arabian agricultural fields.png|thumb|Agricultural fields in the Wadi As-Sirhan Basin of Saudi Arabia as seen from the [[International Space Station]] in 2012.]] |
[[File:Saudi Arabian agricultural fields.png|thumb|Agricultural fields in the Wadi As-Sirhan Basin of Saudi Arabia as seen from the [[International Space Station]] in 2012.]] |
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'''Agriculture in |
'''Agriculture in Saudi Arabia''' is focused on the export of dates, dairy products, eggs, fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables, and flowers to markets around the world.<ref name="AgrSaudi" /> The [[Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia#National_government|government of Saudi Arabia]] is heavily involved in the [[Saudi Arabia#Agriculture|agriculture industry]], and the [[Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia#Members_of_the_Council_of_Ministers|ministry of agriculture]] (part of the ''Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture''<ref>[https://www.saudiembassy.net/agriculture-water] - Retrieved December 10th, 2017</ref>) is primarily responsible for the agricultural policies in the nation. The private sector also plays a role in the nation's agriculture, as the government offers long-term interest-free loans and low-cost water, fuel, electricity, and duty-free imports of raw materials and machinery. Still, [[Saudi Arabia]] is dependent on imports to meet 70% of its food requirements.<ref name="AgrSaudi" /> |
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Over the past decade, the agriculture of Saudi Arabia has drastically deteriorated. Although Saudi Arabia is widely thought of as a [[desert]], it has regions where the climate has favoured agriculture. The government in particular has aided with this process by converting large areas of desert into agricultural fields.<ref name="AgrSaudi">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/agriculture_water |title=Agriculture & Water in Saudi Arabia |publisher=saudiembassy.net|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref> By implementing major irrigation projects and adopting large |
Over the past decade, the agriculture of Saudi Arabia has drastically deteriorated. Although Saudi Arabia is widely thought of as a [[Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia#Great_deserts|desert]], it has regions where the climate has favoured agriculture. The government, in particular, has aided with this process by converting large areas of desert into agricultural fields.<ref name="AgrSaudi">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/agriculture_water |title=Agriculture & Water in Saudi Arabia |publisher=saudiembassy.net|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref> By implementing major irrigation projects and adopting large-scale mechanization, this has progressed in developing agriculture in the country, adding previously barren areas to the stock of cultivatable land.<ref name="Saud">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudinf.com/main/f1.htm |title=Agriculture - SAMIRAD (Saudi Arabia Market Information Resource)|publisher=saudinf.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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During the 1970s and 1980s, the government undertook a massive restructuring of agriculture in Saudi Arabia. The stated objectives were [[food security]] through [[self-sufficiency]] and improvement of rural incomes. Although successful in raising domestic output of several important crops and foodstuffs through the introduction of modern agricultural techniques, the agricultural development program has not entirely achieved these objectives. In |
During the 1970s and 1980s, the government undertook a massive restructuring of agriculture in Saudi Arabia. The stated objectives were [[food security]] through [[self-sufficiency]] and improvement of rural incomes. Although successful in raising the domestic output of several important crops and foodstuffs through the introduction of modern agricultural techniques, the agricultural development program has not entirely achieved these objectives. In regards to self-sufficiency, the kingdom produced a limited surplus, sufficient to [[export]] some quantities of food. However, if the entire production process were considered, the import of [[fertilizer]]s, equipment, and labor have made the Kingdom even more dependent on foreign inputs to bring food to the average Saudi household.<ref name="Saud" /> |
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Two patterns of income distribution emerged: traditional agricultural regions did not benefit from the development program, and the government's financial support led to the establishment of large-scale agricultural production units. Some of these were managed and operated by foreign entities and owned by wealthy individuals and large businesses. From an environmental viewpoint, the program had a less than satisfactory impact. Not only has it caused a serious drain on the kingdom's water resources, drawing mainly from non-renewable [[aquifer]]s, but it has also required the use of massive amounts of chemical fertilizers to boost yields. In 1992 Saudi agricultural strategy was only sustainable as long as the government maintained a high level of direct and indirect [[Subsidy|subsidies]], a drain on its budget and external accounts.<ref name="mongabay">{{cite web|url=http://www.mongabay.com/history/saudi_arabia/saudi_arabia-agriculture.html |title=Saudi Arabia-AGRICULTURE |publisher=mongabay.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref> |
Two patterns of income distribution emerged: traditional agricultural regions did not benefit from the development program, and the government's financial support led to the establishment of large-scale agricultural production units. Some of these were managed and operated by foreign entities and owned by wealthy individuals and large businesses. From an environmental viewpoint, the program had a less than satisfactory impact. Not only has it caused a serious drain on the kingdom's water resources, drawing mainly from non-renewable [[aquifer]]s, but it has also required the use of massive amounts of chemical fertilizers to boost yields. In 1992 Saudi agricultural strategy was only sustainable as long as the government maintained a high level of direct and indirect [[Subsidy|subsidies]], a drain on its budget and external accounts.<ref name="mongabay">{{cite web|url=http://www.mongabay.com/history/saudi_arabia/saudi_arabia-agriculture.html |title=Saudi Arabia-AGRICULTURE |publisher=mongabay.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref> |
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The contribution of agriculture to [[Gross domestic product|the gross domestic product (GDP)]] in 1984 was 3.3%.<ref name="Eur2002">{{cite book|author=Eur|title=The Middle East and North Africa 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA949|accessdate=2012-09-01|date=22 November 2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-85743-132-2|pages=957}}</ref> In 2001, it increased to 5.1%, but it was due to decline in oil revenues.<ref name=Eur2002/> |
The contribution of agriculture to [[Gross domestic product|the gross domestic product (GDP)]] in 1984 was 3.3%.<ref name="Eur2002">{{cite book|author=Eur|title=The Middle East and North Africa 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA949|accessdate=2012-09-01|date=22 November 2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-85743-132-2|pages=957}}</ref> In 2001, it increased to 5.1%, but it was due to decline in oil revenues.<ref name=Eur2002/> |
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==Traditional agriculture and pastoral |
==Traditional agriculture and pastoral nomadism == |
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In the past, the bulk of agricultural production was concentrated in a few limited areas. The produce was largely retained by these communities although some surplus was sold to the cities. [[Nomad]]s played a crucial role in this regard, shipping foods and other goods between the widely dispersed agricultural areas. [[Animal husbandry|Livestock rearing]] was shared between the sedentary communities and nomads, who also used it to supplement their precarious livelihoods.<ref name="Saud" /> |
In the past, the bulk of agricultural production was concentrated in a few limited areas. The produce was largely retained by these communities although some surplus was sold to the cities. [[Nomad]]s played a crucial role in this regard, shipping foods and other goods between the widely dispersed agricultural areas. [[Animal husbandry|Livestock rearing]] was shared between the sedentary communities and nomads, who also used it to supplement their precarious livelihoods.<ref name="Saud" /> |
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Historically, the limited [[arable land]] and the near absence of [[grassland]] forced those raising livestock into a nomadic pattern to take advantage of what [[forage]] was available. Only in summer, the year's driest time, did the nomad keep his animals around an oasis or well for water and forage. The [[Bedouin]] developed special skills knowing where rain had fallen and forage was available to feed their animals and where they could find water en route to various forage areas. |
Historically, the limited [[arable land]] and the near absence of [[grassland]] forced those raising livestock into a nomadic pattern to take advantage of what [[forage]] was available. Only in summer, the year's driest time, did the nomad keep his animals around an oasis or well for water and forage. The [[Bedouin]] developed special skills knowing where rain had fallen and forage was available to feed their animals and where they could find water en route to various forage areas. |
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Traditionally, Bedouin were not self-sufficient but needed some food and materials from agricultural settlements. The near constant movement required to feed their animals limited other activities, such as [[weaving]]. The settled farmers and traders needed the nomads to tend [[camel]]s. Nomads would graze and breed animals belonging to sedentary farmers in return for portions of the farmers' produce. Bedouin groups contracted to provide protection to the agricultural and market areas they frequented in return for such provisions as [[date (fruit)|dates]], cloth, and equipment. Bedouin further supplemented their income by taxing [[Caravan (travellers)|caravans]] for passage and protection through their territory. |
Traditionally, the Bedouin were not self-sufficient but needed some food and materials from agricultural settlements. The near constant movement required to feed their animals limited other activities, such as [[weaving]]. The settled farmers and traders needed the nomads to tend [[camel]]s. Nomads would graze and breed animals belonging to sedentary farmers in return for portions of the farmers' produce. Bedouin groups contracted to provide protection to the agricultural and market areas they frequented in return for such provisions as [[date (fruit)|dates]], cloth, and equipment. Bedouin further supplemented their income by taxing [[Caravan (travellers)|caravans]] for passage and protection through their territory. |
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Bedouin themselves needed protection. Operating in small independent groups of a few households, they were vulnerable to raids by other nomads and therefore formed larger groups, such as tribes. The tribe was responsible for avenging attacks on any of its members. Tribes established territories that they defended vigorously. Within the tribal area, [[Water well|wells]] and [[Spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] were found and developed. Generally, the developers of a water source, such as a well, retained rights to it unless they abandoned it. This system created problems for nomads because many years might elapse between visits to a well they had dug. If people from another tribe just used the well, the first tribe could frequently establish that the well was in territory where they had primary rights; but if another tribe improved the well, primary rights became difficult to establish. By the early twentieth century, control over land, [[water right]]s, and intertribal and intratribal relationships were highly developed and complex. |
Bedouin themselves needed protection. Operating in small independent groups of a few households, they were vulnerable to raids by other nomads and therefore formed larger groups, such as tribes. The tribe was responsible for avenging attacks on any of its members. Tribes established territories that they defended vigorously. Within the tribal area, [[Water well|wells]] and [[Spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] were found and developed. Generally, the developers of a water source, such as a well, retained rights to it unless they abandoned it. This system created problems for nomads because many years might elapse between visits to a well they had dug. If people from another tribe just used the well, the first tribe could frequently establish that the well was in territory where they had primary rights; but if another tribe improved the well, primary rights became difficult to establish. By the early twentieth century, control over land, [[water right]]s, and intertribal and intratribal relationships were highly developed and complex. |
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==Modern agriculture== |
==Modern agriculture== |
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[[Nomadic pastoralism]] declined as a result of several political and economic forces. [[Sedentism|Sedentarization]] was a means of imposing political control over various tribal groupings in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. New legal structures such as the 1968 Public Lands Distribution Ordinance created novel land relations and spurred the dissolution of the Bedouin way of life. The establishment of an activist modern state provided incentives for large numbers of Saudi citizens to enter the regular, wage-based, or urban commercial employment. Moreover, modern technology and new transport networks undermined the primitive services that the Bedouin offered the rest of the economy. |
[[Nomadic pastoralism]] declined as a result of several political and economic forces. [[Sedentism|Sedentarization]] was a means of imposing political control over various tribal groupings in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. New legal structures such as the 1968 Public Lands Distribution Ordinance created novel land relations and spurred the dissolution of the Bedouin way of life. The establishment of an activist modern state provided incentives for large numbers of Saudi citizens to enter the regular, wage-based, or urban commercial employment. Moreover, modern technology and new transport networks undermined the primitive services that the Bedouin offered the rest of the economy. |
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Until the 1970s, sedentary agriculture saw few changes and declined in the face of foreign imports, [[Urbanization|urban drift]], and lack of investment. The use of modern inputs remained relatively limited. Introduction of mechanical pumping in certain areas led to a modest level of commercial production, usually in locations close to urban centers. Nevertheless, regional distribution of agricultural activity remained relatively unchanged, as did the average holding size and patterns of cultivation. |
Until the 1970s, sedentary agriculture saw few changes and declined in the face of foreign imports, [[Urbanization|urban drift]], and lack of investment. The use of modern inputs remained relatively limited. Introduction of mechanical pumping in certain areas led to a modest level of commercial production, usually in locations close to urban centers. Nevertheless, regional distribution of agricultural activity remained relatively unchanged, as did the average holding size and patterns of cultivation. |
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During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the government undertook a multifaceted program to modernize and commercialize agriculture, in order to improve the nation's agricultural industry. Indirect support involved substantial expenditures on [[infrastructure]], which included [[Mains electricity|electricity supply]], [[irrigation]], drainage, secondary road systems |
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the government undertook a multifaceted program to modernize and commercialize agriculture, in order to improve the nation's agricultural industry. Indirect support involved substantial expenditures on [[infrastructure]], which included [[Mains electricity|electricity supply]], [[irrigation]], drainage, secondary road systems and other transportation facilities for distributing and marketing produce. Land distribution was also an integral part of the program. The 1968 Public Lands Distribution Ordinance allocated 5 to 100 hectares of fallow land to individuals at no cost, up to 400 hectares to companies and organizations, and a limit of 4,000 hectares for special projects. The beneficiaries were required to develop a minimum of 25 percent of the land within a set period of time (usually two to five years); thereafter, full ownership was transferred. In FY 1989, the total area distributed stood at more than 1.5 million hectares. Of this total area 7,273 special agricultural projects accounted for just under 860,000 hectares, or 56.5 percent; 67,686 individuals received just under 400,000 hectares or 26.3 percent; 17 agricultural companies received slightly over 260,000 hectares, or 17.2 percent. Judging from these statistics, the average fallow land plot given to individuals was 5.9 hectares, 118 hectares to projects, and 15,375 hectares to companies, the latter being well over the limit of 400 hectares specified in the original plans. |
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The government also mobilized substantial financial resources to support the raising of crops and [[livestock]] during the 1970s and 1980s. The main institutions involved were the Ministry of Agriculture and Water, the Saudi Arabian Agricultural Bank (SAAB) and the Grain Silos and Flour Mills Organization (GSFMO). SAAB provided interest-free loans to farmers; during FY 1989, for example, 26.6 percent of loans were for well drilling and casing, 23 percent for agricultural projects, and the balance for the purchase of [[Agricultural machinery|farm machinery]], pumps, and irrigation equipment. SAAB also provided subsidies for buying other capital inputs. |
The government also mobilized substantial financial resources to support the raising of crops and [[livestock]] during the 1970s and 1980s. The main institutions involved were the Ministry of Agriculture and Water, the Saudi Arabian Agricultural Bank (SAAB) and the Grain Silos and Flour Mills Organization (GSFMO). SAAB provided interest-free loans to farmers; during FY 1989, for example, 26.6 percent of loans were for well drilling and casing, 23 percent for agricultural projects, and the balance for the purchase of [[Agricultural machinery|farm machinery]], pumps, and irrigation equipment. SAAB also provided subsidies for buying other capital inputs. |
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Other food grains also benefited from private investment. For example, output growth rates for [[sorghum]] and barley accelerated even faster than wheat during the 1980s, although the overall amount produced was much smaller. During the 1980s, farmers also experimented with new varieties of vegetables and fruits but with only modest success. More traditional crops, like [[onion]]s and [[Phoenix dactylifera|dates]], did not fare as well and their output declined or remained flat. |
Other food grains also benefited from private investment. For example, output growth rates for [[sorghum]] and barley accelerated even faster than wheat during the 1980s, although the overall amount produced was much smaller. During the 1980s, farmers also experimented with new varieties of vegetables and fruits but with only modest success. More traditional crops, like [[onion]]s and [[Phoenix dactylifera|dates]], did not fare as well and their output declined or remained flat. |
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In the 1970s, increasing incomes in urban areas stimulated the demand for [[meat]] and [[dairy product]]s, but by the early 1980s government programs were only partially successful in increasing domestic production. Bedouin continued to raise a large number of [[sheep]] and [[goat]]s. Payments for increased flocks, however, had not resulted in a proportionate increase of animals for slaughter. Some commercial [[feedlot]]s for sheep and [[cattle]] had been established as well as a few modern [[ranch]]es, but by the early 1980s much of the meat consumed was imported. Although the meat supply was still largely imported in the early 1990s, domestic production of meat had grown by 33 percent between 1984 and 1990, from 101,000 tons to 134,000 tons. This increase, however, masked the dominant role of traditional farms in supplying meat. Although new projects accounted for some of the rapid growth during the 1980s, a sharp decline of roughly 74 percent in beef stock production by specialized projects during 1989 resulted in only a 15 percent fall in meat output. This reversal also highlighted the problems in introducing modern commercial livestock-rearing techniques to the Kingdom. |
In the 1970s, increasing incomes in urban areas stimulated the demand for [[meat]] and [[dairy product]]s, but by the early 1980s government programs were only partially successful in increasing domestic production. Bedouin continued to raise a large number of [[sheep]] and [[goat]]s. Payments for increased flocks, however, had not resulted in a proportionate increase of animals for slaughter. Some commercial [[feedlot]]s for sheep and [[cattle]] had been established as well as a few modern [[ranch]]es, but by the early 1980s, much of the meat consumed was imported. Although the meat supply was still largely imported in the early 1990s, domestic production of meat had grown by 33 percent between 1984 and 1990, from 101,000 tons to 134,000 tons. This increase, however, masked the dominant role of traditional farms in supplying meat. Although new projects accounted for some of the rapid growth during the 1980s, a sharp decline of roughly 74 percent in beef stock production by specialized projects during 1989 resulted in only a 15 percent fall in meat output. This reversal also highlighted the problems in introducing modern commercial livestock-rearing techniques to the Kingdom. |
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Commercial [[Poultry farming|poultry farms]], however, greatly benefited from government incentives and grew rapidly during the 1980s. [[Chicken]]s were usually raised in [[Air conditioning|controlled climatic conditions]]. Despite the doubling of output, as a result of the rapid rise in chicken consumption, which had become a major staple of the Saudi diet, domestic production constituted less than half of total demand. [[Egg (food)|Egg]] production also increased rapidly during the 1980s. The numbers of [[Broiler|broiler chickens]] increased from 143 million in 1984 to 270 million in 1990, while production of eggs increased from 1,852 million in 1984 to 2,059 million in 1990. |
Commercial [[Poultry farming|poultry farms]], however, greatly benefited from government incentives and grew rapidly during the 1980s. [[Chicken]]s were usually raised in [[Air conditioning|controlled climatic conditions]]. Despite the doubling of output, as a result of the rapid rise in chicken consumption, which had become a major staple of the Saudi diet, domestic production constituted less than half of total demand. [[Egg (food)|Egg]] production also increased rapidly during the 1980s. The numbers of [[Broiler|broiler chickens]] increased from 143 million in 1984 to 270 million in 1990, while production of eggs increased from 1,852 million in 1984 to 2,059 million in 1990. |
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Fishing, however, was an underdeveloped aspect of the [[Economy of Saudi Arabia|Saudi economy]] despite the abundance of [[fish]] and [[shellfish]] in coastal waters. The major reasons for the small size of this sector were the limited demand for fish and the comparative lack of fish marketing and processing facilities. Iraqi actions in releasing [[Petroleum|crude oil]] into the [[Persian Gulf]] during the [[Gulf War]] caused appreciable damage to fish and wildlife in the gulf. Data concerning postwar catches were not available in late 1992, but in 1989 the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the [[United Nations]] estimated Saudi Arabia's total catch at more than 53,000 tons. |
Fishing, however, was an underdeveloped aspect of the [[Economy of Saudi Arabia|Saudi economy]] despite the abundance of [[fish]] and [[shellfish]] in coastal waters. The major reasons for the small size of this sector were the limited demand for fish and the comparative lack of fish marketing and processing facilities. Iraqi actions in releasing [[Petroleum|crude oil]] into the [[Persian Gulf]] during the [[Gulf War]] caused appreciable damage to fish and wildlife in the gulf. Data concerning postwar catches were not available in late 1992, but in 1989 the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the [[United Nations]] estimated Saudi Arabia's total catch at more than 53,000 tons. |
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Saudi Arabia is suffering from a major depletion of the water in its underground aquifers and a resultant break down and disintegration |
Saudi Arabia is suffering from a major depletion of the water in its underground aquifers and a resultant break down and disintegration of its agriculture as a consequence.<ref name="revealnews">{{cite web|url=https://www.revealnews.org/article/what-california-can-learn-from-saudi-arabias-water-mystery/|title=What California can learn from Saudi Arabia’s water mystery | Reveal|publisher=revealnews.org|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref name="nationalgeographic">{{cite web|url=http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/saudi-arabia-water-use/|title=Saudi Arabia's Great Thirst - Water Grabbers - National Geographic|publisher=environment.nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref> As a result of the catastrophe, Saudi Arabia has bought agricultural land in the United States,<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAE2QEaF3A0|title=Saudi Farmers Buy Up US Land After Drying Out Theirs - YouTube|publisher=youtube.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref name="alarabiya">{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/property/2014/03/09/Saudi-dairy-giant-Almarai-buys-agricultural-land-in-USA-.html|title=Saudi dairy giant Almarai buys agricultural land in USA|publisher=english.alarabiya.net|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref name="farmfutures">{{cite web|url=http://farmfutures.com/story-foreign-buyers-cold-reception-0-130036|title=Foreign farmland buyers get cold reception in U.S. - Farm Futures|publisher=farmfutures.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref name="cnbc">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/15/saudi-arabia-buying-up-farmland-in-us-southwest.html|title=Saudi Arabia buying up farmland in US Southwest|publisher=cnbc.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref> Argentina,<ref name="usatoday">{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/story/2011-12-25/argentina-farmland-saudi-arabia/52142448/1|title=Saudi firm buys farmland in Argentina – USATODAY.com|publisher=usatoday30.usatoday.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref> Indonesia, Thailand,<ref name="merip">{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer254/editors|title=From the Editors | Middle East Research and Information Project|publisher=merip.org|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref> and Africa.<ref name="economist">{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/node/13692889|title=Outsourcing's third wave|publisher=economist.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref name="foreignpolicy">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/07/15/why-is-saudi-arabia-buying-up-african-farmland/|title=Why is Saudi Arabia buying up African farmland? | Foreign Policy|publisher=foreignpolicy.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/05/21/rich-countries-are-buying-up-farmland-from-poorer-ones-around-the-world/|title=An incredible image shows how powerful countries are buying up much of the world’s land - The Washington Post|publisher=washingtonpost.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref> Saudi Arabia ranked as a major buyer of agricultural land in foreign countries.<ref name="businessinsider">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/transnational-land-deals-india-china-2012-5|title=These 14 Countries Are Buying Incredible Amounts Of Land In Deals You Never Heard About - Business Insider|publisher=businessinsider.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-foreign-farmland-20140329-story.html|title=China looks abroad for greener pastures - LA Times|publisher=latimes.com|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Portal|Agriculture and agronomy|Saudi Arabia}} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110104153957/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/agr_cou_682.pdf EarthTrends: Agriculture and Food - Saudi Arabia] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110104153957/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/agr_cou_682.pdf EarthTrends: Agriculture and Food - Saudi Arabia] |
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*[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/ Country studies] |
*[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/ Country studies] |
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{{Asia topic|Agriculture in}} |
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[[Category:Agriculture in Saudi Arabia]] |
[[Category:Agriculture in Saudi Arabia]] |