Tag: Visual edit |
No edit summary Tag: Visual edit |
||
Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
=== COVID-19 === |
=== COVID-19 === |
||
{{main|Symptoms of COVID-19#Loss of taste and chemesthesis}} |
{{main|Symptoms of COVID-19#Loss of taste and chemesthesis}} |
||
Ageusia and anosmia are among the prominent symptoms commonly associated with COVID-19, with |
Ageusia and anosmia are among the prominent symptoms commonly associated with COVID-19, with symptoms lasting up to 4 weeks.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Vaira |first1=Luigi |last2=Salzano |last3=Deiana |last4=De Riu |title=Anosmia and Ageusia: Common Findings in COVID-19 Patients |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2398912838 |journal=The Laryngoscope © 2020 the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc. |date=2020 |volume=130 |issue=7 |pages=2 |doi=10.1002/lary.28692 |pmid=32237238 |pmc=7228304 |id={{ProQuest|2398912838}} |via=ProQuest}}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> However, it is noteworthy that ageusia may manifest differently from anosmia, as anosmia primarily affects the olfactory system versus ageusia primarily affecting the gustatory receptors.<ref name=":8" /> As a result, emerging research indicates that the various [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2|variants]] of COVID-19 might be associated with differences in the severity of ageusia experienced by patients, as well as the severity of other taste and smell disorders. These findings imply that certain strains of the virus may have differing impacts on the sensory functions of affected individuals.<ref name=":7" /> |
||
Studies investigating the prevalence of taste disorders stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic indicate that a wide range of individuals were impacted, with some experiencing these issues more severely than others:<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Saniasiaya |first=Jeyasakthy |last2=Islam |first2=Md Asiful |last3=Abdullah |first3=Baharudin |date=July 2021 |title=Prevalence and Characteristics of Taste Disorders in Cases of COVID‐19: A Meta‐analysis of 29,349 Patients |url=https://aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1177/0194599820981018 |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |language=en |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=33–42 |doi=10.1177/0194599820981018 |issn=0194-5998}}</ref> |
|||
Studies investigating the prevalence of taste disorders stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic indicate that a wide range of individuals were impacted, with some experiencing these issues more severely than others:<ref name=":1" /> |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
|+ |
|+ |
||
Line 79: | Line 77: | ||
Saliva is essential in taste sensation and perception, partially through its interaction with various receptors on the tongue. Studies have indicated that saliva plays a critical role in detecting a COVID-19 infection, and ageusia can serve as an indication of an infection that is affecting the [[Salivary gland|salivary glands]].<ref name=":3" /> |
Saliva is essential in taste sensation and perception, partially through its interaction with various receptors on the tongue. Studies have indicated that saliva plays a critical role in detecting a COVID-19 infection, and ageusia can serve as an indication of an infection that is affecting the [[Salivary gland|salivary glands]].<ref name=":3" /> |
||
However, there is still insufficient research to fully clarify the full effects of ageusia, COVID-19, and their potential impacts on saliva.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Abduljabbar |first=Tariq |last2=Alhamdan |first2=Rana S. |last3=Al Deeb |first3=M. |last4=AlAali |first4=K. |last5=Vohra |first5=F. |date=2020 |title=Association of Salivary Content Alteration and Early Ageusia Symptoms in COVID-19 Infections: A Systematic Review |journal=European journal of dentistry |volume=01 |issue=14 |doi=10.1055/s-0040-1716986 |pmid=33242917}}</ref> |
However, there is still insufficient research to fully clarify the full effects of ageusia, COVID-19, and their potential impacts on saliva and 'salivary flow rate.'<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Abduljabbar |first=Tariq |last2=Alhamdan |first2=Rana S. |last3=Al Deeb |first3=M. |last4=AlAali |first4=K. |last5=Vohra |first5=F. |date=2020 |title=Association of Salivary Content Alteration and Early Ageusia Symptoms in COVID-19 Infections: A Systematic Review |journal=European journal of dentistry |volume=01 |issue=14 |doi=10.1055/s-0040-1716986 |pmid=33242917}}</ref> |
||
=== Zinc === |
=== Zinc === |
||
In cases of zinc deficiency, a shortage of zinc-binding proteins, could result in taste bud issues associated with ageusia, hypogeusia, and [[Xerostomia|hyposalivation]].<ref name=":3" /> |
In cases of zinc deficiency, a shortage of zinc-binding proteins that help with the growth and development of taste buds, could result in taste bud issues associated with ageusia, hypogeusia, and [[Xerostomia|hyposalivation]].<ref name=":3" /> |
||
Low levels of [[cyclic adenosine monophosphate]] (cAMP) and [[cyclic guanosine monophosphate]] (cGMP) in saliva have also been linked to an impaired taste sensation.<ref name=":3" /> |
Low levels of [[cyclic adenosine monophosphate]] (cAMP) and [[cyclic guanosine monophosphate]] (cGMP), which help with the growth of taste buds, in saliva have also been linked to an impaired taste sensation.<ref name=":3" /> |
||
==Diagnosis== |
==Diagnosis== |
||
Ageusia is usually diagnosed by an [[otolaryngologist]], also known as an ear nose and throat doctor(ENT).<ref name=":0" /> These individuals can evaluate a patient's loss of taste among other things. To do this, a specialist will look into any other factors that could be causing ageusia, such as examining the head, nose, ears, and mouth. As well as imaging of the head and neck, to help further identify or eliminate the presence of tumors, focal lesions, or any type of injury that could possibly be affecting any taste-related networks.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />An otolaryngologist can also conduct a series of tests to assess the severity of ageusia, which includes identifying specific tastes that the patient can sense or recognize.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Ageusia: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment|url=https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/ageusia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Netmeds|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Taste Disorders: Get Facts About Causes, Treatment & Symptoms|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/taste_disorders/article.htm|access-date=2021-03-26|website=MedicineNet|language=en}}</ref> |
Ageusia is usually diagnosed by an [[otolaryngologist]], also known as an ear nose and throat doctor(ENT).<ref name=":0" /> These individuals can evaluate a patient's loss of taste among other things. To do this, a specialist will look into any other factors that could be causing ageusia, such as examining the head, nose, ears, and mouth. As well as imaging of the head and neck, to help further identify or eliminate the presence of tumors, focal lesions, or any type of injury that could possibly be affecting any taste-related networks.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />An otolaryngologist can also conduct a series of tests to assess the severity of ageusia, which includes identifying specific tastes that the patient can sense or recognize.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Ageusia: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment|url=https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/ageusia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Netmeds|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Taste Disorders: Get Facts About Causes, Treatment & Symptoms|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/taste_disorders/article.htm|access-date=2021-03-26|website=MedicineNet|language=en}}</ref> |
Revision as of 18:37, 3 May 2024
Ageusia | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | |
Specialty | Neurology |
Ageusia (from negative prefix a- and Ancient Greek γεῦσις geûsis 'taste') is the loss of taste functions of the tongue, particularly the inability to detect sweetness, sourness, bitterness, saltiness, and umami (meaning 'savory taste'). It is sometimes confused with anosmia – a loss of the sense of smell. True ageusia is relatively rare compared to hypogeusia – a partial loss of taste – and dysgeusia – a distortion or alteration of taste.[1][2]
Even though ageusia is considered relatively rare it can impact individuals of any age or demographic. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in reported cases of ageusia, making it more commonly diagnosed than before.[3]
Causes
Ageusia can arise from various factors:[4][2][5][3]
- Issues with the water-soluble molecules responsible for taste, causing oral dryness or damage to taste buds.[4]
- Radiation therapy treatments. [4]
- Head traumas, traumas to middle ear or jaw.[3][4]
- Sinusitis, strep throat, salivary gland infections, common cold, influenza, and COVID-19.[4][5][3]
- Bell's palsy or dental procedures like a molar extraction and tonsillectomy.[4]
- Epilepsy, tumors, stroke, or multiple sclerosis.[4][3]
- Diseases that can affect the autonomic nervous system.[4]
- Some medications, including muscle relaxants, chemotherapy medication, anti-fungal, chemical compounds found in anti-depressants, anti-seizure medications, and blood pressure medications.[4]
- Sialadenitis, gingivitis, oral infections, or glossodynia (burning mouth syndrome (BMS)).[4][2]
Ageusia resulting from head trauma or significant head injury is relatively uncommon, affecting only around 1% of individuals with this type of injury.[4]
COVID-19
Ageusia and anosmia are among the prominent symptoms commonly associated with COVID-19, with symptoms lasting up to 4 weeks.[6] [7] However, it is noteworthy that ageusia may manifest differently from anosmia, as anosmia primarily affects the olfactory system versus ageusia primarily affecting the gustatory receptors.[6] As a result, emerging research indicates that the various variants of COVID-19 might be associated with differences in the severity of ageusia experienced by patients, as well as the severity of other taste and smell disorders. These findings imply that certain strains of the virus may have differing impacts on the sensory functions of affected individuals.[8]
Studies investigating the prevalence of taste disorders stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic indicate that a wide range of individuals were impacted, with some experiencing these issues more severely than others:[9]
Patients[9] | % |
---|---|
European Patients | 55.2% |
North American Patients | 61.0% |
Asian Patients | 27.1% |
South American Patients | 29.5% |
Australian Patients | 25.0% |
Patients with ageusia observed in 28.0% of patients, hypogeusia in about 33.5%, and dysgeusia in about 41.3% of patients.[9] In April 2020, 88% of a series of over 400 COVID-19 disease patients in Europe were reported to report gustatory dysfunction (86% reported olfactory dysfunction).[10] Additionally, in South Korea, out of approximately 2,000 patients, only 30% exhibited ageusia.[7]
The presence of ageusia in someone with COVID-19 might prompt the initiation of isolation measures to help contain the virus's spread.[7] Therefore, recovery may last one to two weeks, but without treatment, the infection can possibly persist.[3]
Proposed Mechanisms of Infection
Recent research has hinted at a connection between the distribution of taste cells and ACE2 receptors in ageusia. It's been observed that there's a higher proportion of ACE2-positive cells among taste cells suggesting a possible pathway for COVID-19 to invade and cause ageusia.[8]
Ageusia could possibly occur due to changes in the abundance or lack of saliva that can eventually cause damage to the cells on the tongue's surface.[11]
Saliva and Taste Perception
Saliva is essential in taste sensation and perception, partially through its interaction with various receptors on the tongue. Studies have indicated that saliva plays a critical role in detecting a COVID-19 infection, and ageusia can serve as an indication of an infection that is affecting the salivary glands.[7]
However, there is still insufficient research to fully clarify the full effects of ageusia, COVID-19, and their potential impacts on saliva and 'salivary flow rate.'[7]
Zinc
In cases of zinc deficiency, a shortage of zinc-binding proteins that help with the growth and development of taste buds, could result in taste bud issues associated with ageusia, hypogeusia, and hyposalivation.[7]
Low levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which help with the growth of taste buds, in saliva have also been linked to an impaired taste sensation.[7]
Diagnosis
Ageusia is usually diagnosed by an otolaryngologist, also known as an ear nose and throat doctor(ENT).[3] These individuals can evaluate a patient's loss of taste among other things. To do this, a specialist will look into any other factors that could be causing ageusia, such as examining the head, nose, ears, and mouth. As well as imaging of the head and neck, to help further identify or eliminate the presence of tumors, focal lesions, or any type of injury that could possibly be affecting any taste-related networks.[4] [12][13]An otolaryngologist can also conduct a series of tests to assess the severity of ageusia, which includes identifying specific tastes that the patient can sense or recognize.[12][13]
An example of a test used by researchers and doctors is electrogustometry. This test involves applying mild electric currents to specific tongue areas, to assess taste sensitivity in patients exhibiting ageusia and its symptoms.[4]
Another test
Treatment
Treatment for ageusia varies depending on its cause, whether it stems from certain illnesses, medications, traumatic injuries or other causes.
Ageusia can be triggered by medication. Therefore, reducing or discontinuing the medication may alleviate the symptoms. In cases where ageusia is associated with an underlying illness or trauma, treatments such as antihistamines, decongestants, and antibiotics may be prescribed to address it.[4][3]
Complications
People experiencing ageusia can endure daily discomfort, which frequently diminishes their enjoyment of eating. This discomfort can cause many individuals affected by taste disorders with feelings of:[4]
- Isolation in individuals experiences[4]
- Feelings of depression[4]
- Social withdrawal[4]
- Unhealthy eating habits[4]
Such eating habits may involve either insufficient food intake or excessive consumption of sour or sweet foods. This dietary pattern could pose risks, particularly for individuals with diabetes.[4]
Ageusia and Diabetes
Diabetes has been shown to sometimes lead to ageusia, often starting with fluctuations in glucose levels. When blood sugar levels fluctuate, it can disrupt the taste buds, making it difficult to detect flavors. But not everyone with diabetes will experience this, and the severity can differ from person to person.[4]
References
- ^ "Taste Disorders". Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
- ^ a b c Hummel T, Landis BN, Hüttenbrink KB (2011). "Smell and taste disorders". GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. 10: Doc04. doi:10.3205/cto000077. PMC 3341581. PMID 22558054.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Ageusia (Loss of Sense of Taste): Definition, Causes & Treatment". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Doty, R.L. (2014). Aminoff, Michael J. (ed.). Ageusia (Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences 2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 69–71. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385157-4.01112-X. ISBN 9780123851581.
- ^ a b Al-Ani RM, Acharya D (August 2020). "Prevalence of Anosmia and Ageusia in Patients with COVID-19 at a Primary Health Center, Doha, Qatar". Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 74 (Suppl 2): 2703–2709. doi:10.1007/s12070-020-02064-9. PMC 7435125. PMID 32837952.
- ^ a b Vaira, Luigi; Salzano; Deiana; De Riu (2020). "Anosmia and Ageusia: Common Findings in COVID-19 Patients". The Laryngoscope © 2020 the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc. 130 (7): 2. doi:10.1002/lary.28692. PMC 7228304. PMID 32237238. ProQuest 2398912838 – via ProQuest.
- ^ a b c d e f g Abduljabbar, Tariq; Alhamdan, Rana S.; Al Deeb, M.; AlAali, K.; Vohra, F. (2020). "Association of Salivary Content Alteration and Early Ageusia Symptoms in COVID-19 Infections: A Systematic Review". European journal of dentistry. 01 (14). doi:10.1055/s-0040-1716986. PMID 33242917.
- ^ a b Tanasa, Ingrid; Manciuic, Carmen; Carauleanu, Alexandru; Navolan, Dan; Bohiltea, Roxana; Nemescu, Dragos. "Anosmia and Ageusia associated with coronavirus infection (COVID‑19) - what is known?". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 20 (3). Spandidos Publications: 2344–2347. doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8808. ISSN 1792-1015.
- ^ a b c Saniasiaya, Jeyasakthy; Islam, Md Asiful; Abdullah, Baharudin (July 2021). "Prevalence and Characteristics of Taste Disorders in Cases of COVID‐19: A Meta‐analysis of 29,349 Patients". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 165 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1177/0194599820981018. ISSN 0194-5998.
- ^ Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. (August 2020). "Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 277 (8): 2251–2261. doi:10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1. PMC 7134551. PMID 32253535.
- ^ Jeyasakthy, Saniasiaya MD, MMed; Islam, Md Asiful; Abdullah, Baharudin MBBS, MMed (2021-12-15). "Prevalence and Characteristics of Taste Disorders in Cases of COVID-19: A Meta-analysis of 29,349 Patients". Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 165 (1). American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation: 33–42. doi:10.1177/0194599820981018.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Ageusia: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment". Netmeds. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
- ^ a b "Taste Disorders: Get Facts About Causes, Treatment & Symptoms". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
External links
- MedTerms Online Medical Dictionary. "Ageusia" Archived 2013-03-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 15, 2005.
- Family Practice Notebook. "Taste Sensation". Retrieved April 15, 2005.
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. "Taste Disorders". Retrieved May 26, 2010.