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{{Infobox islands |
{{Infobox islands |
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The '''Aeolian Islands'''{{ |
The '''Aeolian Islands''' ({{IPA-en|i(ː)ˈəʊljən|pron}}) ({{lang-it|Isole Eolie}}, {{IPA-it|ˈiːzole eˈɔːlje|pron}}, {{lang-scn|Ìsuli Eoli}}, {{lang-el|Αιολίδες Νήσοι}}, ''Aiolides Nisoi'') are a [[Volcano|volcanic]] [[archipelago]] in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] north of [[Sicily]], named after the demigod of the winds [[Aeolus]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman mythology|author=Mike Dixon-Kennedy|page=15|ISBN=1-57607-094-8}}</ref> The islands' inhabitants are known as Aeolians ({{lang-it|Eoliani}}). The Aeolian Islands are a popular tourist destination in the summer and attract up to 200,000 visitors annually. |
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The largest island is [[Lipari]] and the islands are sometimes referred to as the '''Lipari Islands''' or '''Lipari group'''. The other islands include [[Vulcano]], [[Salina Island|Salina]], [[Stromboli]], [[Filicudi]], [[Alicudi]], [[Panarea]] and [[Basiluzzo]]. |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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[[File:Aeolian Islands.jpg|thumb|left|The Aeolian Islands as seen from space.]] |
[[File:Aeolian Islands.jpg|thumb|left|The Aeolian Islands as seen from space.]] |
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The present shape of the Aeolian Islands is the result of [[Volcano|volcanic activity]] over a period of 260,000 years. There are two active volcanoes - [[Stromboli]] and [[Vulcano]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.italia.it/en/travel-ideas/unesco-world-heritage-sites/the-aeolians-the-volcanic-islands.html |title=The Aeolians: The Volcanic Islands |accessdate=2013-08-03}}</ref> The volcanic activity of steaming [[fumarole]]s and thermal waters are on most of the islands. |
The present shape of the Aeolian Islands is the result of [[Volcano|volcanic activity]] over a period of 260,000 years. There are two active volcanoes - [[Stromboli]] and [[Vulcano]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.italia.it/en/travel-ideas/unesco-world-heritage-sites/the-aeolians-the-volcanic-islands.html |title=The Aeolians: The Volcanic Islands |accessdate=2013-08-03}}</ref> The volcanic activity of steaming [[fumarole]]s and thermal waters are on most of the islands. The volcanic activity has also left the islands with very fertile soil that is conductive to the growth of natural flora.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last1=Gasson|first1=John|title=Falling in Love With Italy’s Blissful, Rustic Aeolian Islands|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/19/t-magazine/travel/aeolian-islands-mediterranean-guide.html|accessdate=4 January 2017|work=The New York Times|date=19 October 2016}}</ref> |
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Geologically the archipelago is defined as a [[volcanic arc]].<ref>[http://www.alexstrekeisen.it/english/provincie/aeolianarc.php The Aeolian archipelago]</ref> The origin of the Aeolian Islands is due to movement of the [[Earth's crust]] as a result of [[plate tectonics]]. The [[African Plate|African]] [[continental shelf]] is in constant movement towards Europe. The resulting collision has created a volcanic area with ruptures in the Earth's crust with consequent eruptions of [[lava]]. The "Aeolian Arc" extends for more than {{convert|140|km|0|abbr=off}}, but the area of geological instability caused by the collision of Africa and Europe is much larger. It includes [[Sicily]], [[Calabria]], and [[Campania]] together with Greece and the [[Aegean islands]]. |
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The complex of the eight Aeolian Islands, covering an area of 1,600 square kilometres, originated in the [[Tyrrhenian Basin]], a great plain at the bottom of the Tyrrhenian |
The complex of the eight Aeolian Islands, covering an area of 1,600 square kilometres, originated in the [[Tyrrhenian Basin]], a great plain at the bottom of the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]. Emissions of lava from depths of up to {{convert|3,600|m|0|abbr=off}} resulted in the formation of the Aeolian Islands, together with [[Ustica]] and a series of submarine volcanoes named Magnani, Vavilov, Marsili and Palinuro, as well as two that are unnamed. |
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==Architectural control== |
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==Profile{{clarify|date=October 2016}}== |
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[[File:Eolie.jpg|thumb|View from Vulcano, Lipari in the middle, Salina at the left, Panarea at the right |
[[File:Eolie.jpg|thumb|View from Vulcano, Lipari in the middle, Salina at the left, Panarea at the right]] |
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Curbing urban development has been a key to preserving the Aeolian islands in a natural state. New buildings are severely restricted. Existing residences can be bought and restored but must be constructed to resemble its whitewashed houses. Traditional houses consist of modular cubes constructed from indigenous building materials—stone, lava, pumice and tufo. Almost all houses have a large outdoor terrace, usually shaded by grape-vines and flowering vines. The houses, balconies and terraces are mostly decorated with brightly patterned terra-cotta tiles, a throwback to long-ago Spanish conquerors. |
Curbing [[urban development]] has been a key to preserving the Aeolian islands in a natural state. New buildings are severely restricted. Existing residences can be bought and restored but must be constructed to resemble its whitewashed houses. Traditional houses consist of modular cubes<ref>{{cite book | last=Belford | first=R. | last2=Dunford | first2=M. | last3=Woolfrey | first3=C. | title=Italy | publisher=Rough Guides | series=Italy (Rough Guides) | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-84353-060-2 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=guMWMVFhqzwC&pg=PA1162 | accessdate=January 5, 2017 | page=1162}}</ref> constructed from indigenous building materials—stone, lava, pumice and tufo. Almost all houses have a large outdoor terrace, usually shaded by grape-vines and flowering vines. The houses, balconies and terraces are mostly decorated with brightly patterned terra-cotta tiles, a throwback to long-ago Spanish conquerors. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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'''1600–1250 BC''' |
'''1600–1250 BC''' |
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During the Bronze Age, the Aeolians prospered by means of maritime commerce in an area which extended from Mycenae to the British |
During the [[Bronze Age]], the Aeolians prospered by means of maritime commerce in an area which extended from [[Mycenae]] to the [[British Isles]], from where tin was imported. Villages on the Aeolian islands flourished on Capo Graziano (Filicudi), Castello (Lipari), Serro dei Cianfi (Salina), Capo Milazzese (Panarea), and Portella (Salina). All these settlements were destroyed by the new Italic invasions in 1250 BC. |
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'''1240–850 BC''' |
'''1240–850 BC''' |
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The Aeolian Islands were occupied by the [[Ausonians]] led by Liparus. Liparus was succeeded by Aeolus whose house, according to Homer, gave hospitality to Odysseus. |
The Aeolian Islands were occupied by the [[Ausones|Ausonians]] led by Liparus. Liparus was succeeded by [[Aeolus]] whose house, according to the ''[[Odyssey]]'' by [[Homer]], gave hospitality to [[Odysseus]]. |
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'''6th–4th century BC''' |
'''6th–4th century BC''' |
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In 580 BC, Greeks exiled from Rhodes and [[Knidos]] landed at Lipari and began a period of Greek domination, which was known for acts of piracy against Etruscan and Phoenician shipping. There was fine work in the production of vases and other ceramics. |
In 580 BC, Greeks exiled from [[Rhodes]] and [[Knidos]] landed at Lipari and began a period of Greek domination, which was known for acts of piracy against [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] and [[Phoenicia|Phoenician ]]shipping. There was fine work in the production of vases and other ceramics. |
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'''3rd century BC – 3rd century AD''' |
'''3rd century BC – 3rd century AD''' |
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The islanders were allies of the Carthaginians against Rome. Although the [[Battle of the Lipari Islands]] in 260 BC led to Carthaginian victory, the Romans later sacked Lipari and their domination led to a period of poverty. |
The islanders were allies of the [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginians]] against Rome during the [[Punic Wars]]. Although the [[Battle of the Lipari Islands]] in 260 BC led to Carthaginian victory, the Romans later sacked Lipari and their domination led to a period of poverty. |
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'''4th–10th century AD''' |
'''4th–10th century AD''' |
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At the fall of the Roman |
At the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire|fall of the Roman Empire]], the Aeolian Islands came under the sway of the barbarian [[Visigoths]], the [[Vandals]] and the [[Ostrogoths]], followed by the harsh domination of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. In the year 264, a coffin which contained the body of [[Bartholomew the Apostle|Bartholomew]] was washed upon the beach of Lipari, with the result that Bartholomew was immediately elected the Patron Saint of the Aeolian Islands. Calogerus the hermit was active on Lipari during the first half of the 4th century and he gave his name to the thermal springs. In 836 the [[Saracen]]s sacked Lipari, massacred the population, and enslaved the survivors. |
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'''11th–15th century AD''' |
'''11th–15th century AD''' |
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The Normans liberated Sicily from the Arabs and laid the foundations of a period of good government and renewal. King Ruggero sent the Benedictine monks to Lipari, which gave rise to considerable development on the islands. A cathedral dedicated to Saint Bartholomew was built, as well as the Benedictine monastery in the castle. Lipari became a bishopric and agriculture made progress in Salina, as well as the smaller islands. In 1208 Frederick II of Swabia acceded to the throne of Sicily. The period of prosperity which followed, and which was consolidated during the course of his reign, ended with the domination of the Angevins and the rebellion of the Sicilians which culminated in the revolt of the Sicilian Vespers. The Aeolians however, remained loyal to Charles of Anjou, and commercial links were established with Naples, the capital of the Angevin kingdom. In 1337 Lipari opened its gates to the French fleet without resistance, and in return obtained various commercial and fiscal benefits. In the middle of the 15th century, Naples and Palermo united in the Kingdom of the two Sicilies under the crown of Alfonso V of Aragon. The Aeolian privileges were recognized. Aeolian privateers fought alongside the Spanish against the French. |
The [[Normans]] liberated Sicily from the Arabs and laid the foundations of a period of good government and renewal. King Ruggero sent the Benedictine monks to Lipari, which gave rise to considerable development on the islands. A cathedral dedicated to Saint Bartholomew was built, as well as the Benedictine monastery in the castle. Lipari became a bishopric and agriculture made progress in Salina, as well as the smaller islands. In 1208 Frederick II of Swabia acceded to the throne of Sicily. The period of prosperity which followed, and which was consolidated during the course of his reign, ended with the domination of the Angevins and the rebellion of the Sicilians which culminated in the revolt of the Sicilian Vespers. The Aeolians however, remained loyal to Charles of Anjou, and commercial links were established with [[Naples]], the capital of the Angevin kingdom. In 1337 Lipari opened its gates to the French fleet without resistance, and in return obtained various commercial and fiscal benefits. In the middle of the 15th century, Naples and [[Palermo]] united in the Kingdom of the two Sicilies under the crown of Alfonso V of Aragon. The Aeolian privileges were recognized. Aeolian privateers fought alongside the Spanish against the French. |
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'''16th–20th century AD''' |
'''16th–20th century AD''' |
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On June 30, 1544, a fleet of 180 Turkish vessels under the command of the great corsair Ariadeno Barbarossa occupied Lipari and laid siege to the castle. The desperate defense of Lipari was no match for the terrible havoc caused by the Muslim cannonade, and the defenders surrendered. 9,000 of the 10,000 citizens of Lipari were captured and enslaved. Many had already been killed while others were finished off while attempting to escape. A number of citizens were ransomed in Messina and returned to the islands. Only after the tragedy did the Spanish authorities turn their attention to Lipari and repopulate the city with Sicilian, Calabrian and Spanish families. The city walls and houses were rebuilt and an Aeolian fleet was constructed which was able to successfully defend the Tyrrhenian Sea from the Turks. |
On June 30, 1544, a fleet of 180 Turkish vessels under the command of the great corsair Ariadeno Barbarossa occupied Lipari and laid siege to the castle. The desperate defense of Lipari was no match for the terrible havoc caused by the Muslim cannonade, and the defenders surrendered. 9,000 of the 10,000 citizens of Lipari were captured and enslaved. Many had already been killed while others were finished off while attempting to escape. A number of citizens were ransomed in [[Messina]] and returned to the islands. Only after the tragedy did the Spanish authorities turn their attention to Lipari and repopulate the city with Sicilian, Calabrian and Spanish families. The city walls and houses were rebuilt and an Aeolian fleet was constructed which was able to successfully defend the Tyrrhenian Sea from the Turks. |
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At the beginning of the year 1693, an [[1693 Sicily earthquake|earthquake]] destroyed all the towns in eastern Sicily, causing |
At the beginning of the year 1693, an [[1693 Sicily earthquake|earthquake]] destroyed all the towns in eastern Sicily, causing around 60,000 deaths.<ref name=deaths1693>{{cite journal|first1=Fernando|last1=Rodríguez de la Torre|year=1995|title=Spanish sources concerning the 1693 earthquake in Sicily|journal=Annali di Geofisica|pages=526|volume=38|issue=5-6|url=http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1744/1/06%20torre.pdf}}, [[Juan Francisco Pacheco y Téllez-Girón, 4th Consort Duke of Uceda]] the Spanish [[Viceroy of Sicily]] at the time reports ''((...) and about sixty thousand people died under the ruins of the earthquake)''(August 4, 1695)</ref> After the population invoked the protection of Saint Bartholomew during prayers in the cathedral, there was not a single victim on the Aeolian Islands. The economic conditions of the islands improved greatly during the 17th century with agricultural progress (malvasia grapes, Capers, excellent variety of fruit, vegetables and fishing). With the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]] came the affliction of criminal and political prisoners. This unhappy imposition continued and worsened until the [[Italian unification|unification of Italy]] in the 19th century. In 1916, the penal colony was closed, but the [[Italian Fascism|fascist regime]] tried to reopen it in 1926 — in vain. The island population reacted by pulling down the remains of the ex-penitentiary in the castle. However, not long after, the castle was converted to accommodate anti-fascist political prisoners in enforced exile. Liparians fraternized with these exiles until the Liberation. After the war, the same room that had housed the opponents of fascism became the Aeolian Archaeological Museum. |
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Towards the end of the 19th century, the Aeolian Islands were visited by [[Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria]] — a friend of the islands and also a man with a profound knowledge of the archipelago. Between the years 1893-96 he published a work of eight volumes on the Aeolian Islands. |
Towards the end of the 19th century, the Aeolian Islands were visited by [[Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria]] — a friend of the islands and also a man with a profound knowledge of the archipelago. Between the years 1893-96 he published a work of eight volumes on the Aeolian Islands. |
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In August 1888, the crater named Fossa on Vulcano erupted and caused many deaths in the sulphur mines. The eruptions continued for 19 months.<ref>Eolian Archaeological Museum. Lipari, Isole Eolie</ref> |
In August 1888, the crater named Fossa on Vulcano erupted and caused many deaths in the sulphur mines. The eruptions continued for 19 months.<ref>Eolian Archaeological Museum. Lipari, Isole Eolie</ref> |
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On New Year's Day in 1909, a rumor appeared in international newspapers that the Aeolian Islands had been "swallowed up by the sea" during a time of volcanic activity.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8117664/aeolian_islands_not_swallowed_up/ "Aeolian Islands Not Sunk"] ''Atchison Daily Champion'' (1 January 1909): 1. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> While communication with the islands was interrupted for a time,<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8117750/aeolian_islands_1909/ "Aeolian Islands Isolated"] ''Dakota Huronite'' (14 January 1909): 7. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> they were not otherwise lost. |
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During [[World War II]], all of the Aeolian Islands were under Allied control by August 1943.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8118045/aeolian_isles_seized_1943/ "Foggia Blasted; Aeolian Isles Seized"] ''Kingsport News'' (21 August 1943): 1. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> |
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==UNESCO World Heritage Sites== |
==UNESCO World Heritage Sites== |
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The Aeolian Islands |
The Aeolian Islands were listed by [[UNESCO]] in 2000 as a [[World Heritage Site]] for providing "an outstanding record of volcanic island-building and destruction, and ongoing volcanic phenomena".<ref>{{cite web|title=World Heritage Committee Inscribes 61 New Sites on World Heritage List|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/184/|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=7 January 2017}}</ref> Status as a World Heritage Site was threatened by Italy's failure to close the pumice quarry as well as its failure to prevent the building of 4 new harbors. <ref>[http://www.eddyburg.it/article/articleview/9588/0/152/ Eddyburg.it - Le Eolie fuori dai siti Unesco<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192641/http://www.eddyburg.it/article/articleview/9588/0/152/ |date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref> However, as of 2017, it is still listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/908/indicators/ ''Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands): Indicators''. UNESCO.]</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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⚫ | * |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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* Ward, Phillip (1974). [https://books.google.com/books?id=lYilHeraY88C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Aeolian Islands'']. The Oleander Press. ISBN 0902675435 |
* Ward, Phillip (1974). [https://books.google.com/books?id=lYilHeraY88C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Aeolian Islands'']. The Oleander Press. ISBN 0902675435 |
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⚫ | * Berlinghieri, Castagnino E.F. (with introduction by A. J. Parker) (2003) ''The Aeolian Islands: crossroads of Mediterranean maritime routes''. A survey on their maritime archaeology and topography from the Prehistoric to the Roman periods, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1181, Oxford. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{sisterlinks|voy=Aeolian Islands|Aeolian Islands}} |
{{sisterlinks|voy=Aeolian Islands|Aeolian Islands}} |
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*{{Wikivoyage-inline}} |
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}} |
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* [http://www.lovesalina.it/en/index.php |
* [http://www.lovesalina.it/en/index.php LoveSalina: tourism website with photos and informations about Salina] |
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* [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=908 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Aeolian Islands] |
* [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=908 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Aeolian Islands] |
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* [http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.69.a.php Richard Stillwell, ed. "Aeoliae Insulae (Lipari Islands), Messina, Sicily"]. ''Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'', 1976. |
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* [http://www.marcllewellyn.com] - Website for Finding Nino—Travelogue about living on Lipari, the 2008 winner of the ASTW Travel Book of the Year Award. |
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* [http://www.aeolianislandsvacations.com Aeolian Islands Website]—Photos and information about Aeolian Islands Archipelago. |
* [http://www.aeolianislandsvacations.com Aeolian Islands Website]—Photos and information about Aeolian Islands Archipelago. |
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{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}} |
{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}} |
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[[Category:Aeolian Islands |
[[Category:Aeolian Islands]] |
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[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy]] |
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy]] |
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[[Category:Archipelagoes of Italy]] |
[[Category:Archipelagoes of Italy]] |