212.129.86.16 (talk) →Western: Rape is not covered in Northern Ireland, only life and mental/physical health. |
K. the Surveyor (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[Image:AbortionLawsMap-NoLegend.png|thumb|right|350px|International status of abortion law |
[[Image:AbortionLawsMap-NoLegend.png|thumb|right|350px|International status of abortion law |
||
{{legend|# |
{{legend|#3236D3|Legal on request}} |
||
{{legend|# |
{{legend|#3f9bbb|Legal for rape, maternal life, health, mental health, socioeconomic factors, and/or fetal defects}} |
||
{{legend|# |
{{legend|#d4df5a|Legal for or illegal with exception for rape, maternal life, health, fetal defects, and/or mental health}} |
||
{{legend|#FA7014|Illegal with exception for rape, maternal life, health, and/or mental health}} |
{{legend|#FA7014|Illegal with exception for rape, maternal life, health, and/or mental health}} |
||
{{legend|#cc7662|Illegal with exception for maternal life, health, and/or mental health}} {{legend|# |
{{legend|#cc7662|Illegal with exception for maternal life, health, and/or mental health}} |
||
{{legend|#FF0000|Illegal with no exceptions}} |
|||
{{legend|#2F2F2F|Varies by region}} {{legend|#B3B3B3|No information}}]] |
{{legend|#2F2F2F|Varies by region}} {{legend|#B3B3B3|No information}}]] |
||
Revision as of 03:13, 5 November 2010
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Abortion_Laws_Map_%282011%29.png/350px-Abortion_Laws_Map_%282011%29.png)
Abortion law is legislation which pertains to the provision of abortion. Abortion has been a controversial subject in several societies around the world because of the moral and ethical issues that surround it, though other considerations, such as a state's pro- or antinatalist policies or questions of inheritance and patriarchy, also dictate abortion law and regulation. It has been regularly banned and otherwise limited. However, abortions continue to be commonplace in many areas where they are illegal; abortion rates are similar in countries where the procedure is legal and in countries where it is not.[1] The same study also reveals that the number of abortions worldwide is declining due to increased access to contraception. Almost 2/3rds of the world's women currently reside in countries where abortion may be obtained on request for a broad range of social, economic or personal reasons. Abortion laws vary widely by country, ranging from those in Chile, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Malta and Vatican City, which ban the procedure entirely,[2] to those in the United Kingdom and the United States, which restrict abortion after the point of fetal viability, and Canada, which has removed abortion from the Criminal Code.
History
Abortion has been part of family planning since ancient times, with natural remedies being found amongst a wide variety of tribal people and in all our written sources. Our earliest texts contain no mention of abortion or abortion law. When it does appear, it is entailed in concerns about male property rights, preservation of social order, and the duty to produce fit citizens for the state or community. The harshest penalties were generally reserved for a woman who procured an abortion against her husband's wishes, and for slaves who produced abortion in a woman of high status.
Religious texts often contained severe condemnations of abortion, recommending penance but seldom enforcing secular punishment.
As a matter of common law in England and the United States, abortion was illegal anytime after quickening – when the movements of the fetus could first be felt by the woman. Under the born alive rule, the fetus was not considered a "reasonable being" in rerum natura; and abortion was not treated as murder in English law.
In the 19th century, many Western countries began to use statutes to codify or place further restrictions on abortion. Pro-life forces were led by a combination of conservative groups opposed to abortion on moral grounds, and by medical professionals who were concerned about the danger presented by the procedure and the regular involvement of non-medical personnel in performing abortions. It became clear in the following years, however, that illegal abortions continued to take place in large numbers even where abortions were expressly illegal.[citation needed] It was difficult to obtain sufficient evidence to prosecute the women and abortion doctors, and judges and juries were often reluctant to convict. Henry Morgentaler, for instance, was never convicted by a jury. (He was acquitted by a jury in the 1973 court case, but the acquittal was overturned by five judges on the Quebec Court of Appeal in 1974. He went to prison, appealed, and was again acquitted. In total, he served 10 months, suffering a heart attack while in solitary confinement. Many[citation needed] were also outraged at the invasion of privacy and the medical problems resulting from abortions taking place illegally in medically dangerous circumstances. Political movements soon coalesced around the legalization of abortion and liberalization of existing laws.
By the early 20th century, many countries had begun to legalize abortions when performed to protect the life of the woman, and in some cases to protect the health of the woman. Under Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet Union legalized all abortions in 1920, but this was fully reversed in 1936 by Joseph Stalin in order to increase population growth. In the 1930s, several countries (Poland, Turkey, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Mexico) legalized abortion in some special cases (rape, threat to mother's health, fetal malformation). In 1948 abortion was legalized in Japan, 1952 in Yugoslavia (on a limited basis) and 1955 in the Soviet Union (on demand). Some Soviet allies (Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania) legalized abortion in the late fifties under Soviet pressure. The adoption of contraceptives the 1950s and 1960s in Western countries resulted in comparatively few statutory changes on abortion law. In Great Britain, the Abortion Act of 1967 clarified and prescribed abortions as legal up to 28 weeks. However just as it was difficult to convict abortion providers it was also difficult for many countries to get the public support necessary for the elected government to legalize it, so countries like Canada and the United States legalized it by the will of the Supreme Court instead. Other countries soon followed, including Canada (1969), the United States (1973 in most states, pursuant to the federal Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion nationwide), France (1975), Austria (1975), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), the Netherlands (1980) and Belgium (1990). However, these countries vary greatly in the circumstances under which abortion is permitted. In 1975, the West German Supreme Court struck down a law legalizing abortion, holding that they contradict the constitution's human rights guarantees. After Germany's reunification, despite the legal status of abortion in the former East Germany, a compromise was reached which deemed most abortions illegal, but prosecutions not performed.
International law
In addition to national and regional laws, there are treaties that may actually be enforced on or within their parties. However, there is an inherent difficulty in the enforcement of international law due to the issue that state sovereignty poses. As such, the effectiveness of even binding multi-national efforts to legislate the rights to life and liberty in general, or abortion in specific, is difficult to measure.
National laws
The following series of tables present the current abortion legislation of the world's nations as divided by continent. Actual access to abortion may vary significantly on the basis of geography, income, cost, health care, social factors, and other issues. Many jurisdictions also place other restrictions on abortion access, including waiting periods, the provision of information, the assent of multiple doctors, and spousal or parental notification.
Legend
- Yes – Legal
- No – Illegal
- 1st – Legal during 1st trimester only (exact date – e.g. number of weeks – may vary)
- 2nd – Legal during 1st and 2nd trimester only (exact date may vary)
- Restricted – Legal but subject to significant restrictions
- Varies – Varies by region
- ? – Information is unavailable or the law is too ambiguous
Africa
Country | To protect woman's life | Physical health | Mental health | Rape | Fetal defects | Socio-economic factors | On request |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Yes | 2nd | 2nd | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
1st | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | ? | Yes | Yes | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st | Yes | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | ? | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st | Yes | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | ? | No | Yes | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | ? | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | ? | ? | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Restricted | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | ? | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | ? | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Restricted | Restricted | Restricted | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Restricted | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
1st | 1st | 1st | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 1st (illegal, but selectively allowed)[3] |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
![]() |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
1st | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
1st | ? | ? | ? | ? | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Asia
East
Country | To protect woman's life | Physical health | Mental health | Rape | Fetal defects | Socio-economic factors | On request |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | 2nd (up to 24 weeks) | 2nd (up to 24 weeks) | 2nd (up to 24 weeks) | 2nd (up to 24 weeks) | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | de facto |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No (but illegal abortions, in this regard, are not punished) |
![]() |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
1st | 1st | 1st | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Restricted | Restricted | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Law is unclear |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Central and South
Country | To protect woman's life | Physical health | Mental health | Rape | Fetal defects | Socio-economic factors | On request |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | No |
![]() |
2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 1st |
![]() |
2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 1st |
![]() |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 1st |
![]() |
2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 1st |
![]() |
2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 1st |
West
Country | To protect woman's life | Physical health | Mental health | Rape | Fetal defects | Socio-economic factors | On request |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Varies | Varies | Varies | Varies | Varies | Varies | Varies |
![]() |
Restricted | Restricted | Restricted | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Restricted | Restricted | Restricted | No | Restricted | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Varies |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Restricted | No | No |
![]() |
1st | Restricted | Restricted | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Restricted | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Restricted | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Europe
Western
Country | To protect woman's life | Physical health | Mental health | Rape | Fetal defects | Socio-economic factors | On request |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st | Yes | 1st | 1st [8] |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st[8] |
![]() |
2nd | No | No | 2nd | 2nd | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | (de facto) Yes; (de jure) No (consult details, colour map) |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st | Yes | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st | 1st | 1st | de facto |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | 2nd | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Restricted | Restricted | Restricted | Restricted | Restricted (under discussion) | No |
![]() |
(de facto) No; (de jure) Yes; consult details | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 2nd | 2nd | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st | 1st | 1st | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 2nd (de facto, de jure No) |
![]() |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Eastern
Country | To protect woman's life | Physical health | Mental health | Rape | Fetal defects | Socio-economic factors | On request |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | 2nd | 1st | 1st | Yes | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | No |
![]() |
2nd | 2nd | 1st | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 2nd | 2nd | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
2nd | 2nd | No | 1st | 2nd | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 2nd | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st | Yes | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | 1st | 1st | Yes | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 1st |
North America
Country | To protect woman's life | Physical health | Mental health | Rape | Fetal defects | Socio-economic factors | On request | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
1st | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | No | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | ? | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
Yes | ? | No | ? | ? | No | No | |
![]() |
Restricted | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
Restricted | Restricted | Restricted | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
Varies | Varies | Varies | Yes | Varies | Varies | Varies | |
![]() |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | No | 1st | Yes | No | No | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Oceania
Country | To protect woman's life | Physical health | Mental health | Rape | Fetal defects | Socio-economic factors | On request |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Varies | Varies | Varies | Varies | Varies | Varies | Varies |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Restricted | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Restricted | Restricted | Restricted | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No (de facto) |
![]() |
Yes | ? | ? | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Restricted | Restricted | Restricted | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Restricted | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
South America
Country | To protect woman's life | Physical health | Mental health | Rape | Fetal defects | Socio-economic factors | On request |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Restricted | No | Restricted | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Restricted | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 1st | 1st | 1st |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Legal restrictions on later abortion
As of 1998, among the 152 most populous countries, 54 either banned abortion entirely or permitted it only to save the life of the pregnant woman.[10] In contrast, another 44 of the 152 most populous countries generally banned late-term abortions after a particular gestational age: 12 weeks (Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia, Greece, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Ukraine, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and the former Yugoslavia), 13 weeks (Italy), 14 weeks (Austria, Belgium, Cambodia, Germany, Hungary, and Romania), 18 weeks (Sweden), viability (Netherlands and to some extent the United States), and 24 weeks (Singapore and the United Kingdom [Northern Ireland excluded]).[10]
Case law
- R v Davidson (1969)
Chancery Law Chronicles- First Bangladesh Online Case Law Database [1]
- Abortion trial of Emily Stowe (1879)
- Azoulay v. The Queen (1952)
- Morgentaler v. The Queen (1976)
- R. v. Morgentaler (1988)
- Borowski v. Canada (Attorney General) (1989)
- Tremblay v. Daigle (1989)
- R. v. Morgentaler (1993)
- Attorney General v. X (1992)
- Roe v. Wade (1973)
- Doe v. Bolton (1973)
- H. L. v. Matheson (1981)
- City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (1983)
- Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)
- Hodgson v. Minnesota (1990)
- Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)
- Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic (1993)
- Stenberg v. Carhart (2000)
- McCorvey v. Hill (2004)
- Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England (2006)
- Gonzales v. Carhart (2007)
See also
- Abortion
- Abortion debate
- Conscience clause
- History of abortion
- Medical law
- Mexico City Policy
- Religion and abortion
- Roe effect
- Henry Morgentaler
- Wrongful abortion
Notes
- ^ Abortion Rates Similar in Countries That Legalize, Prohibit Procedure, a WHO Study Says
- ^ Boseley, Sarah (2010-06-11). "Nicaragua refuses to lift abortion ban". The Guardian.
{{cite web}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ Libombo, Aida, &, Bay Ustá, Momade. (2001). Mozambique Abortion Situation. Retrieved October 27, 2006.
- ^ According to the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Despite Hong Kong technically being part of the People's Republic of China, it still maintains its own legal system and practices English Common Law. As such, the majority of Chinese laws do not apply in Hong Kong. The power of final judgment are vested in the court of final appeal of Hong Kong.
- ^ Assent from 2 doctors are required. See also Law of Hong Kong, Cap 212 Offences Against the Person Ordinance, Sections 46, 47, 47A and Law of Hong Kong, Cap 200 Crimes Ordinance, Sections 47, 118, 119, 120 and 121
- ^ The Korean Law Blog (2007). Abortion in Korea. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
- ^ World Health Organization. (2005). Improving Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health in the South-East Asia Region. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
- ^ a b "Europe's abortion rules". BBC News. 12 February 2007. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Q&A: Abortion in NI. (June 13 , 2001). BBC News. Retrieved October 27, 2006.
- ^ a b Anika Rahman, Laura Katzive and Stanley K. Henshaw. A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985–1997, International Family Planning Perspectives (Volume 24, Number 2, June 1998).
References
- law sidebars.htm Abortion Laws of the World. (n.d.). Annual Review of Population Law. Retrieved July 14, 2006.
- Appel, Jacob M. 'Conscience' vs. Care: How Refusal Clauses are Reshaping the Rights Revolution, Medicine and Health, Rhode Island, August 2005. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- Rahman, Anika, Katzive, Laura, & Henshaw, Stanley K. (1998). A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985–1997. International Family Planning Perspectives, 24 (2). Retrieved July 14, 2006.
- United Nations Population Division. (2002). Abortion Policies: A Global Review. Retrieved July 14, 2006.
- IPPF European Network. (2004). Abortion Legislation in Europe. Retrieved October 27, 2006.
- Center for Reproductive Rights. (2005). law sidebars10.pdf Abortion and the Law: Ten Years of Reform. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
- The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (November 2006). Abortion Laws Around The World. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
- Europe's Abortion Laws. (February 12, 2007). BBC News. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
- United Nations Population Division. (2007). World Abortion Policies 2007. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
External links
- Center for Reproductive Rights
- Pregnant Pause: Summary of Abortion Laws Around the World
- Laws on Abortion in the First and Second Trimesters, The International Consortium for Medical Abortion (ICMA)