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<ref>{{cite journal |author=Van Thuyne W, Van Eenoo P, Mikulcíková P, Deventer K, Delbeke FT. |title=Detection of androst-4-ene-3,6,17-trione (6-OXO) and its metabolites in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in relation to doping analysis |journal=Biomed Chromatogr. |year=2005 |pmid=15828056 |doi=10.1002/bmc.496 |volume=19 |pages=689–95 |issue=9}}</ref> |
<ref>{{cite journal |author=Van Thuyne W, Van Eenoo P, Mikulcíková P, Deventer K, Delbeke FT. |title=Detection of androst-4-ene-3,6,17-trione (6-OXO) and its metabolites in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in relation to doping analysis |journal=Biomed Chromatogr. |year=2005 |pmid=15828056 |doi=10.1002/bmc.496 |volume=19 |pages=689–95 |issue=9}}</ref> |
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4-Androstene-3,6,17-trione (4-AT) is a potent irreversible [[aromatase inhibitor]] that inhibits estrogen biosynthesis by permanently binding and inactivating aromatase in [[adipose]] and peripheral tissue.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Numazawa M, Tsuji M, Mutsumi A|title=Studies on aromatase inhibition with 4-androstene-3,6,17-trione: its 3 beta-reduction and time-dependent irreversible binding to aromatase with human placental microsomes |journal=J Steroid Biochem.|year=1987 | issue = 3|volume=28 |pages=337–44 |pmid=3657156|doi=10.1016/0022-4731(87)91028-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Covey DF, Hood WF. |title=Enzyme-generated intermediates derived from 4-androstene-3,6,17-trione and 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione cause a time-dependent decrease in human placental aromatase activity |journal=Endocrinology |year=1981 |issue=4 |volume=108 |pages=1597–9 |pmid=7472286|doi=10.1210/endo-108-4-1597 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Hsueh AJ, Erickson GF. |title=Glucocorticoid inhibition of FSH-induced estrogen production in cultured rat granulosa cells |journal=Steroids |year=1978 |issue=5 |volume=32 |pages=639–48 |pmid=734698 |doi=10.1016/0039-128X(78)90074-0 }}</ref> [[Aromatase]] is responsible for the conversion of [[testosterone]] to [[estradiol]]. Blocking aromatase causes the body to decrease in levels of estradiol, which then results in increase of [[LH]] and consequently, [[testosterone]]. Since testosterone has myotropic activity and estradiol does not, elevated testosterone levels increase muscle mass. However, there appear to be no human or animal studies testing the hypothesis that 4-AT will produce an anabolic effect. |
4-Androstene-3,6,17-trione (4-AT) is a potent irreversible [[aromatase inhibitor]] that inhibits estrogen biosynthesis by permanently binding and inactivating aromatase in [[adipose]] and peripheral tissue.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Numazawa M, Tsuji M, Mutsumi A|title=Studies on aromatase inhibition with 4-androstene-3,6,17-trione: its 3 beta-reduction and time-dependent irreversible binding to aromatase with human placental microsomes |journal=J Steroid Biochem.|year=1987 | issue = 3|volume=28 |pages=337–44 |pmid=3657156|doi=10.1016/0022-4731(87)91028-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Covey DF, Hood WF. |title=Enzyme-generated intermediates derived from 4-androstene-3,6,17-trione and 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione cause a time-dependent decrease in human placental aromatase activity |journal=Endocrinology |year=1981 |issue=4 |volume=108 |pages=1597–9 |pmid=7472286|doi=10.1210/endo-108-4-1597 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Hsueh AJ, Erickson GF. |title=Glucocorticoid inhibition of FSH-induced estrogen production in cultured rat granulosa cells |journal=Steroids |year=1978 |issue=5 |volume=32 |pages=639–48 |pmid=734698 |doi=10.1016/0039-128X(78)90074-0 }}</ref> [[Aromatase]] is responsible for the conversion of [[testosterone]] to [[estradiol]]. Blocking aromatase causes the body to decrease in levels of estradiol, which then results in increase of [[Luteinizing hormone|LH]] and consequently, [[testosterone]]. Since testosterone has myotropic activity and estradiol does not, elevated testosterone levels increase muscle mass. However, there appear to be no human or animal studies testing the hypothesis that 4-AT will produce an anabolic effect. |
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4-AT is also used by [[anabolic steroid|steroid]] or [[prohormone]] users to counteract [[estrogen]] level increases caused by aromatization during their [[steroid cycle]]. This helps minimize side effects such as [[gynecomastia]] but can lead to [[Acne vulgaris|acne]]. Also, after a steroid cycle, the compound may be used to shorten the recovery from the testicular suppression that can be the result of the use of steroids. |
4-AT is also used by [[anabolic steroid|steroid]] or [[prohormone]] users to counteract [[estrogen]] level increases caused by aromatization during their [[steroid cycle]]. This helps minimize side effects such as [[gynecomastia]] but can lead to [[Acne vulgaris|acne]]. Also, after a steroid cycle, the compound may be used to shorten the recovery from the testicular suppression that can be the result of the use of steroids. |
Revision as of 06:18, 31 December 2011
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Routes of administration | oral |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
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Formula | C19H24O3 |
Molar mass | 300.39 g·mol−1 |
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4-Androstene-3,6,17-trione (also marketed as "6-OXO" or 4-etioallocholen-3,6,17-trione) is a drug or nutritional supplement that may increase the testosterone-estrogen ratio, but has no proven effect on body composition. Its use can be detected in urine.[2] [3]
4-Androstene-3,6,17-trione (4-AT) is a potent irreversible aromatase inhibitor that inhibits estrogen biosynthesis by permanently binding and inactivating aromatase in adipose and peripheral tissue.[4][5][6] Aromatase is responsible for the conversion of testosterone to estradiol. Blocking aromatase causes the body to decrease in levels of estradiol, which then results in increase of LH and consequently, testosterone. Since testosterone has myotropic activity and estradiol does not, elevated testosterone levels increase muscle mass. However, there appear to be no human or animal studies testing the hypothesis that 4-AT will produce an anabolic effect.
4-AT is also used by steroid or prohormone users to counteract estrogen level increases caused by aromatization during their steroid cycle. This helps minimize side effects such as gynecomastia but can lead to acne. Also, after a steroid cycle, the compound may be used to shorten the recovery from the testicular suppression that can be the result of the use of steroids.
A recent United States patent application claims an 88% increase in plasma testosterone levels in men, while decreasing estrogen levels by 11%.[7] The subjects took 300 mg orally twice a day for four weeks without taking any other drugs or supplements.
Baylor University conducted an eight-week study to determine the effects of 300 mg or 600 mg of 6-OXO in resistance-trained males. Compared to baseline, free testosterone increased by 90% for 300 mg group and 84% for 600 mg group, respectively. Also dihydrotestosterone and the ratio of free testosterone to estradiol increased significantly. The report concluded that "[t]he results of this study indicate that eight weeks of 6-OXO supplementation had no effect on body composition or clinical safety markers, but incompletely inhibited aromatase activity and significantly increased endogenous DHT levels that were attenuated after a three-week washout period."[8][9] This study did not utilize a control group and was funded in part by two producers of commercial 4-AT.[8][9]
In a FDA Warning Letter[citation needed] dated July 7, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) argues that marketing of 4-AT (aka, 6-OXO) violates the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and as such products containing it are adulterated by legal definition.
On June 18, 2008, Health Canada issued a warning that 4-AT and 6-OXO had a health risk related to blood clotting and recommended all users immediately cease use. However this warning is based on a single domestic adverse reaction case report "in which an individual with no known predisposing medical conditions developed seizures and blood clots in his brain".
Usage
A typical dosage regimen is 200–600 mg orally once a day in the evening, for a 4-6 week cycle.
References
- ^ The World
- ^ J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2005 Dec 15;828(1-2):21-6 -Regarding detection of 6-OXO in urine
- ^ Van Thuyne W, Van Eenoo P, Mikulcíková P, Deventer K, Delbeke FT. (2005). "Detection of androst-4-ene-3,6,17-trione (6-OXO) and its metabolites in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in relation to doping analysis". Biomed Chromatogr. 19 (9): 689–95. doi:10.1002/bmc.496. PMID 15828056.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Numazawa M, Tsuji M, Mutsumi A (1987). "Studies on aromatase inhibition with 4-androstene-3,6,17-trione: its 3 beta-reduction and time-dependent irreversible binding to aromatase with human placental microsomes". J Steroid Biochem. 28 (3): 337–44. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(87)91028-4. PMID 3657156.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Covey DF, Hood WF. (1981). "Enzyme-generated intermediates derived from 4-androstene-3,6,17-trione and 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione cause a time-dependent decrease in human placental aromatase activity". Endocrinology. 108 (4): 1597–9. doi:10.1210/endo-108-4-1597. PMID 7472286.
- ^ Hsueh AJ, Erickson GF. (1978). "Glucocorticoid inhibition of FSH-induced estrogen production in cultured rat granulosa cells". Steroids. 32 (5): 639–48. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(78)90074-0. PMID 734698.
- ^ Patent application:"Use of 4-androstene-3,6,17-trione to elevate testosterone levels and the testosterone/estrogen ratio in males"
- ^ a b Rohle D, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Mulligan C, Kreider R, Willoughby D. (2007). "Effects of eight weeks of an alleged aromatase inhibiting nutritional supplement 6-OXO (androst-4-ene-3,6,17-trione) on serum hormone profiles and clinical safety markers in resistance-trained, eugonadal males". J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 4: 13. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-13. PMC 2100070. PMID 17949492.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Muscle & Fitness: The science of 6-OXO