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* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[United Kingdom]]''' [[Gordon Brown]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]. |
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[United Kingdom]]''' [[Gordon Brown]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]. |
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* {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[United States]]''' [[George W. Bush]], [[President of the United States|President]].<ref>[http://voanews.com/english/2008-07-05-voa16.cfm "Bush Heads to Japan for G8 Summit,] VOA (Voice of America). July 5, 2008.</ref> |
* {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[United States]]''' [[George W. Bush]], [[President of the United States|President]].<ref>[http://voanews.com/english/2008-07-05-voa16.cfm "Bush Heads to Japan for G8 Summit,] VOA (Voice of America). July 5, 2008.</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|EU}} '''[[European Union]]''' [[Jose Manuel Barroso]], President of [[European Commission|EU Commission]];<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3465359,00.html "EU Promises Food Crisis Aid of 1 Billion Euros Before G8 Summit,"] Deutche Welle (Bonn). July 7, 2008.</ref> Nicolas Sarkozy, President [[President of the European Council|EU Council]] |
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===Invited (partial participation)=== |
===Invited (partial participation)=== |
Revision as of 17:43, 9 July 2008
34th G8 Summit | |
---|---|
File:G8 2008 logo.gif | |
Host country | Japan |
Dates | July 7 – July 9 |
The 34th G8 summit took place in Tōyako (洞爺湖, Tōya-ko, Lake Toya) on the northern island of Hokkaidō, Japan from July 7–9, 2008.[1] The locations of previous G8 summits to have been hosted by Japan include: Tokyo (1979, 1986, 1993); and Nago, Okinawa (2000).
The G8 is an unofficial forum which brings together the heads of the richest industrialized democracies: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976), Russia (since 1998),[2] the President of the European Commission (since 1981).[3]
The G8 summit is an international event which is observed and reported by news media, but the G8's continuing relevance after more than 30 years is somewhat unclear.[4] More than one analyst suggests that a G-8 summit is not the place to flesh out the details of any difficult or controversial policy issue in the context of a three-day event.[5] Rather, the meeting offers an opportunity to bring a range of complex and sometimes inter-related issues. The G8 summit brings leaders together "not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them together."[6]
The G8 summits during the twenty-first century have involved widespread protest by citizens and claimed human rights violations against some of them during massive police/military[7] operations. During the 34th summit, among the reasons cited for protesting against the summit were that the meeting would be "an arbitrary meeting of the governments" which are responsible for accelerating inequality and poverty, for the reduction of social welfare, for the the exclusion of socially disadvantaged people and for the violation their fundamental rights.[8] Over 40 dissidents were arrested before the summit started[9] and nineteen or twenty Koreans critical of the G8 leadership were detained at New Chitose Airport for at least 24 hours.[10][11] During a "non-violent demonstration where no acts against property or people took place" according to a legal observer, at least four people were arrested, including a Reuters cameraman.[12] The No! G8 Legal Team claimed that this "is part of a growing trend of the suppression of human rights in Japan."[12]
The G8 summit was the first for British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda[13] and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev.[14] It was also the last for U.S. president George W. Bush, whose term-limited office denies him an opportunity to return to future G8 summits.[15]
Composition of summit leaders
The composition of the G8 summit is not an agenda item, but wanted to see the group expand to include China, Mexico, India, Brazil and other major economies.
Speaking in Paris only days before the G8 summit, French President Nicolas Sarkozy observed, "I think it is not reasonable to continue to meet as eight to solve the big questions of the world, forgetting China -- one billion 300 million people -- and not inviting India -- one billion people."[16] Japan and the United States announced opposition to Sarkozy's implied suggestion.[17]
Permanent
- Canada Stephen Harper, Prime Minister.[18]
- France Nicolas Sarkozy, President.[19]
- Germany Angela Merkel, Chancellor.[20]
- Italy Silvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister.[21]
- Japan Yasuo Fukuda, Prime Minister.[13]
- Russia Dmitry Medvedev, President.[22]
- United Kingdom Gordon Brown, Prime Minister.
- United States George W. Bush, President.[23]
Invited (partial participation)
G8+5
The G8 plus the five largest emerging economies has come to be known as G8+5.
- Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President.[24]
- China Hu Jintao, President.[25]
- India Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister.[26]
- Mexico Felipe Calderón, President.[27]
- South Africa Thabo Mbeki, President.[28]
Other leaders
- Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President.[29]
- Australia Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister.[30]
- Ethiopia Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister.[31]
- Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor, President.[32]
- Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President.[33]
- Nigeria Umaru Yar'Adua, President.[34]
- Senegal Abdoulaye Wade, President.[35]
- South Korea Lee Myung-bak, President.[36]
- Tanzania Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, President.[37]
Heads of international organizations
Leaders of the major international organisations, such as the United Nations, WTO, OECD, World Bank, the African Union and the International Energy Agency, have also been invited to participate in the outreach sessions.
- African Union Jean Ping, AU Commission Chairman[38] Jakaya Kikwete, AU Chairman.[37]
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General
- File:IEA logo.gif International Energy Agency
- United Nations Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General.[39]
- UNESCO Koichiro Matsuura, Director General
- File:World Bank Logo.png World Bank Robert Zoellick, President.[40]
- World Health Organization
- File:Wto logo.png World Trade Organization
Schedule and agenda
A tentative schedule for the G8 summit was arranged in advance; and contingencies affecting surrounding events have been anticipated the the summit planners.[41]
July 5
Saturday's agenda included the following (all times GMT):[41]
- Peace Walk by activists, including anti-G8 protesters in Sapporo, Hokkaido.[42]
July 6
Sunday's agenda included the following:[41]
- Non-government organizations hold "People's Summit" in Sapporo, Hokkaido (to July 8).[43]
- Bush-Fukuda bilateral meeting,[44] US-Japan summit.[45]
- Harper-Fukuda bilateral meeting,[46] Canada-Japan summit.[47]
- U.S.-Japan leaders dinner.[41]
July 7
The first official day of meetings in Tōyako focused on African development issues. The exchange of views were aired in a number of bilateral meetings and in an expanded afternoon session which brought together the G8 leaders and leaders of seven African countries -- Algeria, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania and the chairman of the African Union Commission. Monday's agenda included the following:[41]
- Merkel-Fukuda bilateral meeting.[48]
- Medvedev-Brown bilateral meeting.[49]
- Medvedev-Merkel bilateral meeting.[49]
- Medvedev-Sarkozy bilateral meeting.[49]
- Medvedev-Bush bilateral meeting.[50]
- Outreach Working Lunch: G8 leaders + 8 African leaders.[51]
- Outreach Working Session: G8 leaders + 8 African leaders.[51]
- Mbeki-Bush bilateral meeting.[52]
- Mbeki-Fukuda bilateral meeting,[52] South Africa-Japan summit.[53]
- Bouteflika-Sarkozy bilateral meeting.[54]
- Bouteflika-Fukuda bilateral meeting.[55]
- Yar'Adua-Fukuda bilateral meeting,[40] Nigeria-Japan summit.[56]
- Brown-Fukuda bilateral meeting.[57]
- G8 Social Event (Tanabata-related event)[51]
- G8 Social Dinner.[58]
July 8
The second day of meetings in Tōyako focused on the food crisis, oil prices, and climate change. Tuesday's agenda included the following:[41]
- 00:00 -- U.S.-Germany leaders bilateral meeting.
- G8 Morning Working Session.[51]
- G8 Working Lunch.[51]
- G8 Afternoon Working Session.[51]
- 00:00 -- Meeting of the "+5" countries (G8+5) in Sapporo ahead of Wednesday' morning session (Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa)
- 00:00 -- Russia-Japan leaders bilateral meeting.
- 00:00 -- Italy-Japan leaders bilateral meeting.
- G8 Working Dinner.[51]
July 9
The third day of the summit is devoted to crafting summary statements to describe some of the substantive issues which have been discussed by the leaders. Wednesday's schedule includes two morning sessions. An outreach meeting with leaders of Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa is planned for the early morning; and a separate meeting is planned with leaders of "major economies" -- Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and South Korea.[19] Wednesday's agenda includes the following:[41]
- Singh-Bush bilateral meeting.[59]
- Singh-Medvedev bilateral meeting.[59]
- Singh-Rudd bilateral meeting.[59]
- Singh-Sarkozy bilateral meeting.[59]
- Singh-Brown bilateral meeting.[59]
- Singh-Merkel bilateral meeting.[59]
- Outreach Working Session.[51]
- Major Economies Meeting.[51]
- G8 Working Lunch with participants from Major Economies Meeting.[51]
- 05:45 -- U.S.-China leaders bilateral meeting.
- 00:00 -- Press Conference.[51]
- 06:45 -- U.S.-South Korea leaders bilateral meeting.
- 00:00 -- China-Japan leaders bilateral meeting
- 00:00 -- India-Japan leaders bilateral meeting
- 00:00 -- Mexico-Japan leaders bilateral meeting
- 00:00 -- Brazil-Japan leaders bilateral meeting
- 00:00 -- Australia-Japan leaders bilateral meeting
Issues
Leaders of the G8 hoped to find common ground on climate change, the global economy and a host of political crises.[60]
Africa
The G8 leaders were in a position to discuss the "full range of issues relating to African development".[61] The need to address long-term planning for African development has been a G8 agenda item for a number of years. In 2008, Japan hosted both the G8 summit and the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD-IV) -— a 5-yearly gathering of African leaders and their development partners. This meant that Japan had the "opportunity to help Africa into in the spotlight of international attention."[62] Africa, which has been on the G8 agenda since 2000 when Japan last chaired the G8, has continued to lag behind on progress towards meeting Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) while Asia has made considerable strides during the same period. Unanswered questions remain about why what has happened in Asia has not happened in Africa.[63]
After discussions, the G8 leaders announced new measures on improving education, health, water supplies and sanitation and increasing the number of doctors and nurses in Africa. However, the Times says that it will be by the presence, or absence, of a headline figure on overall African aid that their talks will be judged a success or failure. Fukuda and Brown are reported to be pressing for the fulfillment of pledges made at the 2005 Gleneagles summit, but Sarkozy and Berlusconi are seen to be for pulling back from those commitments.[64]
The G8 leaders set a five-year deadline to commit $60-billion in funding to help Africa fight disease, including pledging 100 million mosquito nets by 2010 which will prevent thousands of deaths from malaria. They also renewed a commitment made three years ago to double aid for Africa to $25-billion by 2010 and to consider pledging further assistance after 2010.[60]
Climate change
The G8 leaders claimed that they would discuss the "full range of issues relating to climate".[65]
A package of proposals has been developed for further discussion including "a new framework that will ensure participation by the United States and China, the world's largest greenhouse-gas emitters." The G8 conference is claimed by G8 organisers to be "an important platform to firm up commitments" based on the initial framework agreed upon at the December 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Bali, Indonesia.[63]
In the "Challenge to the G8 Governments" by over 100 NGOs and other organisations and individuals, critics of the G8 claimed that the G8 states are themselves responsible for the climate crisis. They called for the G8 governments to "stop financing projects and policies that contribute to climate change".[66]
G8 leaders agreed on the need for the world to cut carbon emissions blamed for global warming by at least 50 percent by 2050 and for each nation to set its own target for near term goals. The communiqué represents a small step forward from last year's call to "consider seriously" such long-term cuts; but environmental activists and leaders from the developing countries were disappointed, describing the statement as a toothless gesture.[60]
The impact of climate change on small Pacific Island nations will also be an "unofficial theme" of the G8 summit, according to a report by the Asahi Evening News. [67] Japan had unveiled a plan called the Cool Earth Partnership in June 2008 in order to help small Pacific states and other developing nations cope with the challenges of climate change.[67] An official for the Japanese Ministry of the Environment stated that it wanted to unveil the new aid package before the G8 Summit in order to further dialogue on the subject.[67] Tavau Teii, the Deputy Prime Minister of Tuvalu, a recipient of Japan's aid package against rising sea levels, toured Japan in the run up to the G8 Summit to raise awareness on the impact of climate change on his small island country.[67][68]
Intellectual property rights controversy
A leaked document[70] details provisions of a proposed plurilateral trade agreement that would impose strict enforcement of intellectual property rights related to Internet activity and trade in information-based goods. If adopted, a treaty of this form would impose a strong, top-down enforcement regime imposing new cooperation requirements upon ISPs, including perfunctory disclosure of customer information, as well as measures restricting the use of online privacy tools. The proposal also specifies a plan to encourage developing nations to accept the legal regime. Talking points from the European Commission, the Office of the United States Trade Representative, the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and others have published selected passages ostensibly from this document; refer to here for useful links.
Political issues
Amongst the important issues which were open for discussion included terrorism and nuclear non-proliferation.[71]
- Zimbabwe: The G8 communiqué expressed "grave concern" about the violence-marred election process which superficially confirmed Robert Mugabe's continuing hold on the presidency. They warned of further action including targeted sanctions against those in Mugabe's government who were behind the violence. The leaders jointly recommended the appointment of a UN special envoy.[60] Gordon Brown pressed for a statement which would have labeled Mugabe an illegitimate president, and George Bush described last month's violent presidential election as a "sham". However, there was no unanimity amongst the G8; and Russia quietly signaled opposition to imposing further sanctions against Mugabe's regime.[72]
- Iran: The G8 communiqué urged the Iranian government to end its uranium enrichment program in line with UN Security Council resolutions; and they formally called on Tehran to respond positively to international mediation.[60]
- North Korea: The G8 communiqué encouraged North Korea to abandon nuclear weapons and to cooperate in the verification of its dossier of nuclear programmes. In support for a key concern of the Japanese government, the G8 leaders also urged progress in resolving unanswered questions about North Korea's abductions of Japanese civilians in the 1970s and 1980s.[60]
World Economy
The Summit Website highlights several key issues surrounding the world economy to be discussed, including: sustained growth of the world economy, investment, trade, protection of intellectual property rights, emerging economies and natural resources.[71]
The requests to the G8 governments expressed in the "Challenge to the G8 Governments" by over 100 NGOs and other organisations and individuals regarding the world economy were to "cancel all illegitimate debt", "end the practice of using loans and debt cancellation to impose conditionalities" and "facilitate the return of stolen assets kept in the banks in the G8 countries."[66]
Food Crisis
Regarding the 2007–2008 world food price crisis, over 100 NGOs and other organisations and individuals issued a "Challenge to the G8 Governments" which called for the G8 to "respect efforts to reverse the harmful policies that have led to the food crisis" and for the G8 to "ban speculation on food prices".[66]
G8 leaders called on those nations with sufficient food stocks to release some of their reserves to help others cope with soaring prices; and the G8's mildly worded communiqué said it was "imperative" to remove export restrictions.[60]
Citizens' responses and authorities' counter-responses
Protesters and demonstrations
Many of the groups planning protests were coordinated through the G8 Action Network.[73] Some of the reasons stated for protesting against the 34th G8 summit were that the meeting would be "an arbitrary meeting of the governments" which are responsible for accelerating inequality and poverty, reduction of social welfare, the exclusion of socially disadvantaged people and the violation their fundamental rights.[8]
Not all demonstrations were agitating in opposition to some issue. At the 2005 Scotland summit, for the first time the tens of thousands of people protesting outside were actually supporting the summit's agenda of African aid;[2] and some activists travelled to Hokkaido for the same purpose. Veteran British actor and Oxfam activist Bill Nighy in Sapporo explained succinctly: "We want to achieve exactly what we wanted to achieve last time [at Heiligendamm, Germany], which is to keep the G8 leaders and their governments to their promise. The promise that they would fulfil the Millennium Development Goals: primary school education for everyone; HIV medicines for all the people that are requiring it; maternal health; sustainable environment. We simply want them not to renege on those promises and to keep it up to schedule. At the moment, they are disastrously behind schedule. So we are looking to remind them of that."[74]
Some protesting organizations in Sapporo during the G8 summit tried to leverage the spirit of the Japanese festival of Tanabata matsuri to focus attention on what they hope this summit will accomplish.[75]
Tanabata matsuri is a traditional early-summer celebration in Japan. At this time of year, it is customary to make a wish on a star on "Tanabata Day." This special wish is written on a small slip of paper called tanzaku. The tanzaku is then hung on a living bamboo as an expression of hope and as an token of the writer's resolve to strive to follow-through with the necessary actions to make that wish become a reality.
In the evening of July 7th, the G8 leaders were invited to create their own tanzaku, and the group was captured by the summit photographer in front of the bamboo on which their private wishes had been tied. The same theme was exploited by non-governmental organizations like Oxfam and CARE International in setting up an online wish petition campaign to coincide with the G8 Summit and Tanabata.[76]
The Iranian international news network, broadcasting in English on a round-the-clock basis, reported activists in the streets of Sapporo who were urging the G8 to pay more attention to food producers and rapidly escalating food prices.[77]
Human rights violations and border controls
One day before the G8 Finance Ministers' Meeting started in Osaka with a very large police presence, a day labourer in Kamagasaki was allegedly tortured by the police. In response, many day labourers and other local citizens carried out several days of street protests.[9]
During the month before the 34th G8 Summit started, "over 40 people were arrested in pre-emptive sweeps of broad left and anarchist groups".[9]
During the days just preceding the summit, Via Campesina complained about the detention for over 24 hours of 19 (or 20) Korean farmers at New Chitose Airport and their likely deportation from Japan, stating that the farmers were travelling with an official invitation letter from Nouminren (Japanese Family Farmers' Movement) and a full programme of their planned activities in Japan as requested by the Japanese authorities. Via Campesina asserted the "right to meet, demonstrate and propose solutions to the problems facing humanity and the environment" and demanded that "all the farmers, workers and other activists detained at the Sapporo Airport be allowed to join the civil society activities parallel to the G8 Summit."[10][11]
During a "non-violent demonstration where no acts against property or people took place, or even appeared likely to take place" according to Ko Watari, a legal observer, at least four people were arrested, including a Reuters cameraman. The arrestees potentially face "years in prison" according to the "No! G8 Legal Team".[12]
Citizen journalism
Citizens' groups organised several citizen journalism centres to provide independent media coverage of the expected protests.[78] In a sense, this text is the work product of something like citizen journalism, creating this article as part of "the first rough draft of history."[79]
Accomplishments
Analysts anticipate that this will not be a summit in which an ambitious new agenda is mapped out, but rather one which will be cautiously focused on trying to keep the lid on growing global discontent.[14] In 1976, the first year Canada attended, the nations issued a 1,600-word statement that made seven commitments, none of which were ever fully delivered by the members. In 2007, the nations made 329 commitments, about a third of which are being turned into reality. This, defenders of the G8 say, is proof of the summits' continuing effectiveness: the G8 are generally doing a better job than ever before of delivering on pledges made at these annual summit meetings.[2]
The projected evaluation of this G8 summit can be assessed or measured in a context which encompasses the most recent G8 summits. At the 2004 summit at Sea Island in United States, the G8 leaders agreed to extend debt relief programs for poor countries, but fell short of demands for a total write-off of loans owed by African nations to multilateral lending agencies. The G8 leaders said they would extend the term of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries initiative, under which poor states can write off some of their debt. A summary of accomplishments from the three most recent G8 summits would include:[80]
2005 summit
In Gleneagles in Scotland, the G8 leaders agreed to more than double aid to Africa by 2010; but aid agencies argued there was little new money in the pledge. They also pledged that G8 nations and other donors would increase total aid for all developing countries by about $50 billion a year by 2010. Assistance to Africa was put at the top of the 2005 summit by British Prime Minister Tony Blair;[81] but those well-intentioned plans were thwarted because Blair was forced to return to London after terrorist bomb explosions disrupted London's public transportation. The discussion about African issues was not as fruitful as the regular G8 sessions and had a "fragmented" character. A credible analysis of the summit suggests that Gleneagles stands apart from the other G8 summits ....
- It would have been a regular summit if not for the terrorist attacks on London, as odd as it may seem at first sight. Although the tragedy took away a considerable portion of attention that would have otherwise been directed to the world richest and most powerful countries ..., the attacks provided for the relative success of the summit ... due to the necessity to demonstrate the united front against terrorism and to achieve somewhat tangible results that terrorists could not prevent.[82]
2006 summit
In St. Petersburg in Russia, the G8 leaders agreed to a formal agenda of energy security, combating infectious diseases and promoting education -- all topics held little controversy and required no financial commitment by G8 members. Assistance to Africa from the 2005 summit agenda re-appeared on the 2006 agenda;[81] but no tangible actions ensued.[80]
2007 summit
In Heiligendamm in Germany, the G8 leaders agreed to consider a global goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and to negotiate a new global climate pact that would extend and broaden the Kyoto Protocols.[83] For Africa, the G8 pledged $60 billion to fight AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis;[81] but the declaration set out no specific timetable, nor did it break down individual countries' contributions or spell out how much of the total funds had been previously promised.[80]
Budget
Japan plans to spend an unprecedented amount on hosting the G-8 Summit.[84]
Total Budget: More than ¥60 billion
- ¥30 billion (£283 million; $561 million) used by the National Police Agency for patrolling the venues, including taking counter-terrorism measures.[85] When the three-day meeting ends, Japanese taxpayers will face a bill which dwarfs the estimated £1.3m Britain stumped up at Gleneagles three years ago. A foreign ministry spokesman suggested that "the number of parties attending this year is unprecedented, which has admittedly complicated the arrangements, and it's simply not fair to compare it with previous summits."[86]
- ¥25.5 billion will be spent by the Foreign Ministry.[84]
- approximately ¥9 billion for communications infrastructure between the summit venue in Toyako and Rusutsu, where the international media center will be located.
- approximately ¥5 billion for the media center, which is constructed on a parking lot in a ski resort and will accommodate around 3,000 people from the press and governments. Inside and outside the center, cutting-edge environmental technology, including fuel cells and heat pumps, will be exhibited. The center itself boasts eco-friendly features, including solar panels, "green" walls and a snow cooling system. Once the summit is over, however, the building will be demolished.
- ¥1 billion each for The Defense Ministry and Japan Coast Guard for transporting the leaders and patrolling sea areas near the venue and monitoring the 46 km no-fly zone surrounding the summit site.[85]
Notable statistics
Delegates
With more than 2,000 delegates in total, it is the largest G8 summit ever. Besides the leaders of the G8 nations attending, there are the government leaders of seven African nations and representatives from the five developing countries. Also in attendance are leaders from Australia, Indonesia and South Korea.[87]
Logistics
- Media: There are approximately 4,000 journalists covering the summit from a specially built ¥2.8-billion ($25.92-million), media center. One hundred antennas were put up for mobile phones.[87]
- Site: The world leaders are staying at the Hotel Windsor, located on the peak of the 625 m tall Mount Poromoi, overlooking Lake Tōya.[87]
- Security: There are more than 20,000 police providing ground-based security.[87]. Military security includes 4 fighter jets, AWACS reconaissance, 12 warships and Patriot surface-to-air-missiles.[7]
- Human rights: Over 40 dissidents were arrested before the summit started.[9] At least 4 people were arrested, including a Reuters cameraman, during what a legal observer claimed was a "non-violent demonstration where no acts against property or people took place[12]
- Freedom of speech: Nineteen or twenty Koreans critical of the G8 leadership and expected to participate in citizens' debates were detained by the Japanese authorities at New Chitose Airport for at least 24 hours and were expected to be deported.[10][11]
- Cost: The total cost of the three-day summit has been estimated at ¥60-billion[87]
- Food: Fifty chefs from 23 local hotels are creating special meals using 105 different local products;[87] and the first night banquet featured 19 dishes.[58] Expressed differently, the summit leaders enjoyed a 6-course lunch followed by an eight-course dinner.
- NGOs: More than 140 non-government organizations are holding an alternative summit in the prefectural capital of Sapporo.[87]
See also
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- The Windsor Hotel Toya Resort & Spa
References
- ^ Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA): 34th G8 summit, overview.
- ^ a b c Saunders, Doug. "Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders," Globe and Mail (Toronto). July 5, 2008. Cite error: The named reference "saunders1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Reuters: "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?", July 3, 2008.
- ^ Lee, Don. "On eve of summit, G-8's relevance is unclear," Los Angeles Times. July 6, 2008.
- ^ Wang Jingzhong and Tian Fan. "News Analysis: G8 summit to wrestle with '3F crisis'," Xinhua (Beijing). July 7, 2008 -- '3F crisis' = Financial turmoil, Fuel and Food price hikes.
- ^ Feldman, Adam. "What's Wrong With The G-8," Forbes (New York). July 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Gipfelsoli Infogroup/Media G8way (2008-07-07). "Anti-G8 protesters are on their way to the G8 Hotel". Indymedia Japan. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Let's Join in G8 Action Network Action Against Social Exclusion and Call for Fair Labor - Join Us in the Movement Against G8". No G8 Action Japan. 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
- ^ a b c d "Resistance action against police in Kamagasaki," Indymedia. June 17, 2008.
- ^ a b c "La Via Campesina Statement on the unfair detention of 19 Korean farmers". Via Campesina. 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ a b c Kubota, Yoko (2008-07-04). "Japan holds 20 anti-G8 Koreans: activists". Retrieved 2008-07-07.
- ^ a b c d No! G8 Legal Team -- NG8LT (2007-08-07). "Call for Solidarity with Counter-G8 Protesters in Japan". Z Communications. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Gilson, Mike. "Land of Rising Sun can shed new light on climate fight," The Scotsman (Edinburgh). June 30, 2008. Cite error: The named reference "scotsman1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b Zakaria, Tabassum. "G8 summit of politically weak facing tough issues," Turkish Daily News (Istanbul). July 3, 2008. Cite error: The named reference "zakaria1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Raum, Tom. "Bush's final G-8 summit could be harmonious," International Herald-Tribune. July 3, 2008.
- ^ Wendlandt, Astrid. "France's Sarkozy says "not reasonable" to meet as G8," Reuters. July 5, 2008; Pascal Liétout, Pascal. "Nicolas Sarkozy veut ouvrir le G8 à la Chine, l'Inde, l'Afrique," L'Express (Paris). July 5, 2008.
- ^ "G8: U. S. Against Broadening to Emerging Economies," AGI (Agenzia Giornolistica Italiana). July 7, 2008.
- ^ <<Harper s'envole pour le Japon,>> Radio-Canada. July 5, 2008. (in French)
- ^ a b Liétout, Pascal. <<La France espère voir les Européens jouer un "rôle pivot" au G8,>> Le Point (Paris). July 5, 2008. (in French) Cite error: The named reference "lietout1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "Merkel demands G8 pledge on carbon<' The Age (Melbourne). July 5, 2008.
- ^ "G8: Berlusconi Arrivato in Giappone, da Domani il Summit," AGI (Agenzia Giornalistica Italia). July 5, 2008. (in Italian)
- ^ Yao, Amber. "Medvedev: G8 summit offers opportunity to jointly tackle global challenges," Xinhua. July 4, 2008.
- ^ "Bush Heads to Japan for G8 Summit, VOA (Voice of America). July 5, 2008.
- ^ Munari, Carmen. "Agenda política - Lula participa de reunião do G8 no Japão," O Globo (São Paulo). July 4, 2008 (in Portugese).
- ^ "President Hu to attend G8 summit in Japan," China Daily (Beijing). July 2, 2008.
- ^ "G-8: world economy will be in focus," The Hindu (Chenai). July 5, 2008; "PM to take up fuel price issue, need for action plan at G8 meet," The Hindu Business Line (New Delhi) -- Dr Singh will have bilateral meeting the Prime Minister of Japan, the US President, and the leaders of Australia, Canada, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Russia and the Secretary General of the United Nations.
- ^ "México: presidente Calderón viaja a Japón por cumbre G8 y visita China," Univision (Mexico). July 4, 2008. (in Spanish)
- ^ Liang, Yan. "Mbeki to attend G-8 outreach session in Japan," Xinhua (Beijing). July 6, 2008; Fabricus, Peter. "Mbeki to press G8 leaders on Africa," The Star (Johannesburg). July 7, 2008.
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{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
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External links
Media related to 34th G8 summit at Wikimedia Commons Antiglobalization protestors march near site of G8 summit at Wikinews