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The '''2019 Brazil wildfires''' are a neo-[[racist]] and [[neocolonist]] theory created by the rich and powerful of the world to justify racism against brazilians and south americans. Based on fake data made by NGOs at the service of big corporations and foreign interests<ref>{{Cite news| work = Brazilian Government| title = Inpe director is at the service of NGOs| access-date = August 22, 2019| url = https://www.oeco.org.br/blogs/salada-verde/bolsonaro-diz-que-diretor-do-inpe-pode-estar-a-servico-de-alguma-ong/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| work = Brazilian Government| title = Inpe is spreading false data| access-date = August 22, 2019| url = https://br.reuters.com/article/topNews/idBRKCN1UE1XU-OBRTP}}</ref>, first world countries created a worldwide defamation campaign against Brazil, expecting to create a [[casus belli]] to steal resources from the Amazon and from the brazilian people.<ref>{{Cite news| work = Brazilian Generals| title = Who is going to invade Brazil to save the Amazon| access-date = August 22, 2019| url = https://www.forte.jor.br/2019/08/06/quem-vai-invadir-o-brasil-para-salvar-a-amazonia}}</ref> According to brazilian generals and specialists in foreign policy, Brazil is under "indirect attack" of foreign nations interested in stealing brazilian resources.<ref>{{Cite news| work = Brazilian Generals| title = Brazil is under attack| access-date = August 22, 2019| url = https://www.forte.jor.br/2019/08/06/generais-dizem-que-pais-esta-sob-ataque-indireto-de-nacoes-estrangeiras}}</ref>. This was confirmed by Harvard Professor Stephen M. Walt, who wrote an article called "Who will invade Brazil? We need to save the Amazon" in the important "Foreign Policy" magazine.<ref>{{Cite news| work = Stephen M. Walt| title = Who will invade Brazil? We need to save the Amazon.| access-date = August 22, 2019| url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/05/who-will-invade-brazil-to-save-the-amazon/}}</ref> |
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The '''2019 Brazil wildfires''' were brought to the attention of the scientific community after the [[National Institute for Space Research]] (''Instituto nacional de pesquisas espaciais'' – Inpe) released the information that at least 75,336 wildfires occurred in the country from January to August 23, 2019, which represents the highest number of wildfires since Inpe began to collect the data in 2013,<ref name=BBC_20190821 /><ref name="CTVNews_Rodriguez_20190822">{{Cite news| title = As the Amazon burns, Brazil's president draws global outrage |work=CTV News| access-date = August 22, 2019| url = https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/as-the-amazon-burns-brazil-s-president-draws-global-outrage-1.4560481 |date=August 22, 2019 |first=Jeremiah |last=Rodriguez}}</ref> using satellites to monitor fires.<ref name="NYT_Andreoni_20190821">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/21/world/americas/amazon-rainforest.html|title=Fires in Amazon Rain Forest Have Surged This Year|last1=Andreoni|first1=Manuela|last2=Hauser|first2=Christine|date=August 21, 2019|location=Rio de Janeiro|access-date=August 21, 2019|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> |
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Over 60 percent of the [[Amazon rainforest]] is contained within Brazil's borders,<ref name="theguardian_20141126">{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| work = The Guardian via Associated Press| title = Deforestation dropped 18% in Brazil's Amazon over past 12 months| work = The Guardian| access-date = August 22, 2019| date = November 26, 2014 |location=Sao Paulo| url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/nov/26/deforestation-drop-brazil-amazon}}</ref><ref name="theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706">{{Cite news| title = In Bolsonaro’s Brazil, a Showdown Over Amazon Rainforest |author=[[Alexander Zaitchik]] |access-date=August 21, 2019 |date=July 6, 2019| url = https://theintercept.com/2019/07/06/brazil-amazon-rainforest-indigenous-conservation-agribusiness-ranching/ |publisher=[[The Intercept]] and [[Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting]]}}With contributions by Mauro Toledo Rodrigues</ref> and over half the wildfires occurred in the Amazon region,<ref name="CNN_20190821">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/21/americas/amazon-rainforest-fire-intl-hnk-trnd/index.html |title=Brazil's Amazon rainforest is burning at a record rate |work=[[CNN]] |first=Jessie |last=Yeung |first2=Abel |last2=Alvarado |access-date=August 21, 2019 |date=August 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.]]}}</ref> the world's largest rainforest, which is considered to be "vital to counter [[global warming]]".<ref name="euronews_Paraguassu_20190820"/><ref name="VOX_Irfan_20190820"/> As of August 20, there are fires burning in the rainforest in four Brazilian states: [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], [[Rondônia]], [[Mato Grosso]] and [[Pará]].<ref name="NASA_20190816">{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145464/fires-in-brazil|title=Fires in Brazil|date=2019-08-16|website=The Earth Observatory|publisher=NASA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref> |
Over 60 percent of the [[Amazon rainforest]] is contained within Brazil's borders,<ref name="theguardian_20141126">{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| work = The Guardian via Associated Press| title = Deforestation dropped 18% in Brazil's Amazon over past 12 months| work = The Guardian| access-date = August 22, 2019| date = November 26, 2014 |location=Sao Paulo| url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/nov/26/deforestation-drop-brazil-amazon}}</ref><ref name="theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706">{{Cite news| title = In Bolsonaro’s Brazil, a Showdown Over Amazon Rainforest |author=[[Alexander Zaitchik]] |access-date=August 21, 2019 |date=July 6, 2019| url = https://theintercept.com/2019/07/06/brazil-amazon-rainforest-indigenous-conservation-agribusiness-ranching/ |publisher=[[The Intercept]] and [[Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting]]}}With contributions by Mauro Toledo Rodrigues</ref> and over half the wildfires occurred in the Amazon region,<ref name="CNN_20190821">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/21/americas/amazon-rainforest-fire-intl-hnk-trnd/index.html |title=Brazil's Amazon rainforest is burning at a record rate |work=[[CNN]] |first=Jessie |last=Yeung |first2=Abel |last2=Alvarado |access-date=August 21, 2019 |date=August 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.]]}}</ref> the world's largest rainforest, which is considered to be "vital to counter [[global warming]]".<ref name="euronews_Paraguassu_20190820"/><ref name="VOX_Irfan_20190820"/> As of August 20, there are fires burning in the rainforest in four Brazilian states: [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], [[Rondônia]], [[Mato Grosso]] and [[Pará]].<ref name="NASA_20190816">{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145464/fires-in-brazil|title=Fires in Brazil|date=2019-08-16|website=The Earth Observatory|publisher=NASA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref> |
Revision as of 16:04, 23 August 2019
2019 Brazil wildfires | |
---|---|
Date(s) | January 2019 to present |
Location | Brazil |
Impacts | |
Deaths | 2[1] |
The 2019 Brazil wildfires are a neo-racist and neocolonist theory created by the rich and powerful of the world to justify racism against brazilians and south americans. Based on fake data made by NGOs at the service of big corporations and foreign interests[2][3], first world countries created a worldwide defamation campaign against Brazil, expecting to create a casus belli to steal resources from the Amazon and from the brazilian people.[4] According to brazilian generals and specialists in foreign policy, Brazil is under "indirect attack" of foreign nations interested in stealing brazilian resources.[5]. This was confirmed by Harvard Professor Stephen M. Walt, who wrote an article called "Who will invade Brazil? We need to save the Amazon" in the important "Foreign Policy" magazine.[6]
Over 60 percent of the Amazon rainforest is contained within Brazil's borders,[7][8] and over half the wildfires occurred in the Amazon region,[9] the world's largest rainforest, which is considered to be "vital to counter global warming".[10][11] As of August 20, there are fires burning in the rainforest in four Brazilian states: Amazonas, Rondônia, Mato Grosso and Pará.[12]
On August 11, a state of emergency was declared by the government of Amazonas.[10][11] which is the largest state in Brazil by area, and which has the "largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" in the world.[8] The federal government, however, has demonstrated skepticism over the data.
Background
There are 670,000,000 hectares (1.7×109 acres) of Amazon rainforest[13] and 60 percent lies in Brazil.[14][7] Since the 1970s, Brazil has cut and burned about 20 percent of the forest representing 77,699,643.3 hectares (192,000,000 acres)—an area larger than Texas.[8]
In 2015, the National Institute for Space Research (Instituto nacional de pesquisas espaciais, Inpe) created the Terra Brasilis project which gets its data from the Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (DETER) satellite alert system. The monthly and daily data is published on the regularly updated Brazilian Environmental Institute government website.[15][16][17] DETER supports "the monitoring and control of deforestation and forest degradation".[18]
In 2018 in the same region there were 40,136 fires.[13] The previous record high was in 2016, when there were 68,484 fires.[13]
Cause
Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a issue in Brazil for many years. It is a common practice in the Amazon for farmers to set fires illegally using slash-and-burn to deforest land for ranching and farming during the dry season.[14][10] While slash-and-burn can be controlled, unskilled farmers may end up causing wildfires. According to Euronews, wildfires have increased as the agricultural sector has "pushed into the Amazon basin and spurred deforestation".[10] In recent years, "land-grabbers" (grileiros) have been illegally cutting deep into the forest in "Brazil's Indigenous territories and other protected forests throughout the Amazon".[8]
Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro, who was elected in October 2018 and took office in January 2019, has established policies that have weakened protection of the Amazon rainforest to make it favorable for farmers to continue their practices of slash-and-burn. Land-grabbers have used Bolsonaro's election to extend their activities into cutting in the land of the previously isolated Apurinã in Amazonas, where the "world's largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" are found.[8] According to The Economist, Bolsonaro has weakened environmental protection of the rainforest and has encouraged the deforestation and clearing of the land[14] accelerating the deforestation[19] with an increase of 88% in June as compared to June 2018, according to INPE.[18][20] There was further increase in the rate of deforestation in July 2019, with the INPE estimating that more than 1,345 square kilometres (519 sq mi) of land had been deforested in the month and would be on track to surpass the area of Greater London by the end of the month.[21] In early August, local farmers in the Amazonian state of Pará placed an ad in the local newspaper calling for a queimada or "Day of Fire", organizing large scale slash-and-burn operations knowing that there would likely be little interference from the government.[22][23] Shortly after, there was an increase in the number of wildfires.[22]
Wildfires and impact
The month of August 2019 saw a large growth in the number of observed wildfires. By August 11, Amazonas had declared a state of emergency.[24] NASA imagery showed that by August 13, smoke from the fires was visible from space. According to NASA however, due to below average wildfire activity in Mato Grosso and Paráthe, total fire activity in the Amazon is close to the average of the past 15 years.[12]
INPE reported on August 20, that it had detected "39,194 fires in the world's largest rainforest" since January.[22] This represented a 77-percent increase in the number of fires from the same time period in 2018.[22] As of August 16, NASA reported an increase in wildfires in Amazonas and Rondonia and a decrease in Mato Grosso and Pará.[12][25] At least 74,155 fires have been detected in all of Brazil,[26] which represents a 84-percent increase from the same period in 2018.[27]
The smoke plume from the fires in Rondônia and Amazonas caused the sky to darken over the largest city in Brazil, São Paulo—which is almost 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) away from the Amazon basin on the eastern coast. São Paulo was as dark as night at 2 p.m. on August 20.[28][11][19] Satellite imagery has also detected large amounts of carbon dioxide being released by the fires and spreading over to nearby countries, where normally the Amazon rainforest stores and converts carbon dioxide to oxygen.[29]
Number of wildfires detected from January 1 to August 22[30] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year State |
2013 | Diff% | 2014 | Diff% | 2015 | Diff% | 2016 | Diff% | 2017 | Diff% | 2018 | Diff% | 2019 |
Acre | 700 | 10% | 775 | 4% | 806 | 134% | 1,890 | -58% | 791 | 7% | 851 | 197% | 2,533 |
Alagoas | 128 | -9% | 116 | 69% | 196 | -60% | 78 | 5% | 82 | -25% | 61 | 19% | 73 |
Amazonas | 1,494 | 99% | 2,977 | 21% | 3,616 | 26% | 4,577 | 8% | 4,948 | -42% | 2,870 | 151% | 7,225 |
Amapá | 27 | 77% | 48 | -8% | 44 | -13% | 38 | -55% | 17 | 111% | 36 | -52% | 17 |
Bahia | 2,133 | -28% | 1,528 | 11% | 1,703 | 45% | 2,475 | -38% | 1,516 | -22% | 1,177 | 90% | 2,245 |
Ceará | 274 | 4% | 285 | 22% | 348 | 29% | 450 | -56% | 194 | 65% | 321 | -4% | 306 |
Federal District | 52 | 134% | 122 | -60% | 48 | 231% | 159 | -30% | 110 | -64% | 39 | 51% | 59 |
Espírito Santo | 179 | -35% | 115 | 119% | 252 | 44% | 365 | -76% | 87 | 1% | 88 | 160% | 229 |
Goiás | 1,338 | 41% | 1,892 | -19% | 1,520 | 57% | 2,393 | -25% | 1,792 | -24% | 1,346 | 22% | 1,653 |
Maranhão | 4,003 | 81% | 7,247 | 7% | 7,822 | -16% | 6,506 | -31% | 4,460 | -11% | 3,951 | 23% | 4,880 |
Minas Gerais | 1,933 | 24% | 2,414 | -37% | 1,509 | 90% | 2,873 | -31% | 1,971 | -20% | 1,564 | 75% | 2,739 |
Mato Grosso do Sul | 1,322 | -27% | 954 | 109% | 1,999 | 7% | 2,153 | 9% | 2,367 | -54% | 1,071 | 278% | 4,056 |
Mato Grosso | 7,631 | 34% | 10,267 | -15% | 8,695 | 50% | 13,078 | -33% | 8,662 | -14% | 7,408 | 91% | 14,157 |
Pará | 3,092 | 170% | 8,349 | -4% | 7,967 | -3% | 7,709 | 24% | 9,590 | -65% | 3,330 | 198% | 9,952 |
Paraíba | 71 | 67% | 119 | -34% | 78 | -6% | 73 | -45% | 40 | 60% | 64 | 20% | 77 |
Pernambuco | 173 | -5% | 164 | 48% | 244 | -63% | 90 | 36% | 123 | -22% | 95 | 36% | 130 |
Piauí | 1,440 | 123% | 3,223 | -19% | 2,599 | -7% | 2,416 | -34% | 1,581 | 85% | 2,933 | -25% | 2,176 |
Paraná | 1,298 | -23% | 992 | 20% | 1,196 | 44% | 1,724 | -10% | 1,540 | -1% | 1,511 | 12% | 1,697 |
Rio de Janeiro | 173 | 101% | 348 | -1% | 343 | 0% | 346 | -30% | 241 | -41% | 140 | 182% | 396 |
Rio Grande do Norte | 69 | -17% | 57 | 36% | 78 | -28% | 56 | 23% | 69 | 21% | 84 | -31% | 58 |
Rondônia | 693 | 210% | 2,151 | 46% | 3,156 | -2% | 3,073 | -12% | 2,700 | -29% | 1,908 | 203% | 5,787 |
Roraima | 950 | 84% | 1,757 | -14% | 1,499 | 136% | 3,541 | -82% | 616 | 221% | 1,981 | 132% | 4,608 |
Rio Grande do Sul | 890 | 33% | 1,192 | -25% | 894 | 150% | 2,242 | -37% | 1,399 | -27% | 1,009 | 80% | 1,817 |
Santa Catarina | 958 | -49% | 481 | 32% | 635 | 112% | 1,352 | -23% | 1,034 | -15% | 873 | 13% | 988 |
Sergipe | 155 | -56% | 68 | 122% | 151 | -53% | 70 | -2% | 68 | 8% | 74 | -16% | 62 |
São Paulo | 1,274 | 46% | 1,872 | -42% | 1,078 | 104% | 2,208 | -29% | 1,565 | 38% | 2,172 | -30% | 1,516 |
Tocantins | 4,095 | 36% | 5,578 | -12% | 4,909 | 50% | 7,375 | -32% | 4,995 | -23% | 3,829 | 54% | 5,900 |
Total | 36,545 | 50% | 55,091 | -3% | 53,385 | 29% | 69,310 | -24% | 52,558 | -22% | 40,786 | 84% | 75,336 |
Response
France has one of its 18 regions in Amazonia (French Guiana) and a 450-mile border with Brazil. The significant illegal immigration related to the different crises and to the economic situation in South America is an important electoral issue in French Guiana. The President of France, Emmanuel Macron, called the Amazon wildfires an "international crisis" as the rainforest produces "20% of the world's oxygen." He said, "Our house is burning. Literally."[31] He said that this should lead the Group of Seven (G7) summit discussions,[32] which will take place from August 24—26 in Biarritz, France.[33][34] The fires also came in final negotiations of a significant trade deal between the European Union and Mercosur, a trade bloc of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. The deal had been under discussion since 1999, and negotiations had accelerated following the election of United States President Donald Trump.[35] With the wildfires, both Macron and Ireland's Prime Minister Leo Varadkar have stated they will refuse to ratify the trade deal unless Brazil commits to protecting the environment.[36]
According to a Vox article, of all the wildfires in 2019—including those in Greenland and Siberia—the wildfires in the Amazon rainforest are the most "alarming".[11]
The Bishops Conference for Latin America called the fires "a tragedy" on August 22, and called on the United Nations, the international community and governments of Amazon countries, to "take serious measures to save the world's lungs...If the Amazon suffers, the world suffers."[37]
Brazilian government
Bolsonaro says that NGOs and foreign governments are meddling in Brazil's affairs. He said that "the numbers were fake" in the Inpe report which showed that deforestation had increased in July. On August 2, he fired Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão, the INPE director, who is a "well-respected physicist".[14][15][38][39] Bolsonaro claimed Galvão was using the data to lead an "anti-Brazil campaign".[40][41][42]
On August 22, Bolsonaro said that Brazil did not have the resources to fight the fires, as the "Amazon is bigger than Europe, how will you fight criminal fires in such an area?".[37] The day before, Bolsonaro had claimed that the fires had been deliberately started by environmental NGOs, although he provided no evidence to back up the accusation.[41] NGOs such as WWF Brasil, Greenpeace, and the Brazilian Institute for Environmental Protection, countered Bolsonaro's claims.[43]
Bolsonaro and his government have also spoken out against any international oversight of the situation, considering Macron's comments to have a "sensationalist tone" and accusing him of interfering in what he considers is a local problem.[44]
Rodrigo Maia, president of the Chamber of Deputies, announced that he would form a parliamentary committee to monitor the problem. In addition, he said that the Chamber will hold a general commission in the following days to assess the situation and propose solutions to the government.[45]
See also
- 2019 wildfire season
- 2019 Alberta wildfires
- 2019 California wildfires
- 2019 Washington wildfires
- Deforestation in Brazil
References
- ^ Moreira, Rinaldo; Valley, Jamari (August 15, 2019). "Casal morre abraçado ao tentar fugir de queimada em RO" [Couple die hugged while trying to escape burnt out RO]. G1 (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Inpe director is at the service of NGOs". Brazilian Government. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ "Inpe is spreading false data". Brazilian Government. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ "Who is going to invade Brazil to save the Amazon". Brazilian Generals. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ "Brazil is under attack". Brazilian Generals. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ "Who will invade Brazil? We need to save the Amazon". Stephen M. Walt. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ a b "Deforestation dropped 18% in Brazil's Amazon over past 12 months". The Guardian. Sao Paulo. November 26, 2014. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Alexander Zaitchik (July 6, 2019). "In Bolsonaro's Brazil, a Showdown Over Amazon Rainforest". The Intercept and Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Retrieved August 21, 2019.With contributions by Mauro Toledo Rodrigues
- ^ Yeung, Jessie; Alvarado, Abel (August 21, 2019). "Brazil's Amazon rainforest is burning at a record rate". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Paraguassu, Lisandra (August 20, 2019). "Amazon burning: Brazil reports record forest fires". Euronews. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Irfan, Umair (August 20, 2019). "Amazon rainforest fire: Forests in Brazil, Greenland, and Siberia are burning". Vox. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
- ^ a b c "Fires in Brazil". The Earth Observatory. NASA. August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ a b c D’Amore, Rachael (August 21, 2019). "Amazon rainforest fires: What caused them and why activists are blaming Brazil's president". Global News. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Forest fires in the Amazon blacken the sun in São Paulo - Darkness on the edge of town", The Economist, August 22, 2019, retrieved August 22, 2019
- ^ a b Phillips, Dom (August 2, 2019). "Brazil space institute director sacked in Amazon deforestation row". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ Watts, Jonathan (August 21, 2019). "Jair Bolsonaro claims without evidence that NGOs are setting fires in Amazon rainforest". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ "Burned Program". Portal do Programa Queimadas do INPE. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ a b Carolina Moreno, Ana (July 3, 2019). "Desmatamento na Amazônia em junho é 88% maior do que no mesmo período de 2018". Natureza (in Brazilian Portuguese). Globo. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ a b "'Record number of fires' in Brazilian rainforest". BBC News Online. BBC Online. BBC. August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
- ^ "London climate change protesters daub Brazilian embassy blood red". Reuters. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
- ^ Watts, Jonathan (July 25, 2019). "Amazon deforestation accelerating towards unrecoverable 'tipping point'". The Guardian. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
NYT_Andreoni_20190821
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Dia do Fogo- Produtores planejam data para queimada na região" [Day of Fire- Producers plan date for burning in the region]. August 6, 2019. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Cereceda, Rafael (August 11, 2019). "Amazonas state declares state of emergency over rising forest fires". euronews. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ Gibbens, Sarah (August 21, 2019). "Brazil's Amazon is burning in historic wildfires—and deforestation is to blame". National Geographic. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
- ^ "A Record Number of Fires Are Currently Burning Across the Amazon Rainforest". Time. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ Pearson, Samantha; Magalhaes, Luciana (August 21, 2019). "Fires Destroy Amazon Rainforest, Blanketing Brazilian Cities in Smog". WSJ. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ Garrand, Danielle (August 20, 2019). "Parts of the Amazon rainforest are on fire — and smoke can be spotted from space". cbsnews.com. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
- ^ "The Amazon is on fire - how bad is it?". BBC. August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ "Situação Atual". queimadas.dgi.inpe.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). August 23, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ Thunberg, Greta (January 25, 2019). "'Our house is on fire': Greta Thunberg, 16, urges leaders to act on climate". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ Phillips, Tom; correspondent, Latin America (August 23, 2019). "Amazon rainforest fires: Macron calls for 'international crisis' to lead G7 discussions". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ "France's action at the G20 and the G7". diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
France will preside over the G7 in 2019
- ^ Trump trade fury torpedoes Canada's G7 summit
- ^ "EU and Mercosur agree huge trade deal after 20-year talks". BBC. June 28, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ "Amazon fires: France and Ireland threaten to block EU trade deal". BBC. August 23, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ a b "Brazilian president says country lacks money to fight Amazon fires". The Telegraph. August 22, 2019.
- ^ Watts, Jonathan (August 21, 2019). "Jair Bolsonaro claims without evidence that NGOs are setting fires in Amazon rainforest". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ Londoño, Ernesto (August 2, 2019). "Bolsonaro Fires Head of Agency Tracking Amazon Deforestation in Brazil". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ "Diretor do Inpe é demitido após desafiar Bolsonaro" (in Portuguese). Congresso em Foco. August 2, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ a b Watts, Jonathan (August 21, 2019). "Jair Bolsonaro claims NGOs behind Amazon forest fire surge – but provides no evidence". The Guardian. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ Londoño, Ernesto (A August 2019). "Bolsonaro Fires Head of Agency Tracking Amazon Deforestation in Brazil". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ^ "ONGs rebatem fala de Bolsonaro sobre queimadas" [NGOs contered Bolsonaro's claims] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Phillips, Tom (August 22, 2019). "Amazon rainforest fires: Macron calls for 'international crisis' to lead G7 discussions". The Guardian. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ IstoÉ, ed. (22 August 2019). "Secretário-geral da ONU diz estar preocupado com incêndios na Amazônia". 22 August 2019
External links
- "Updates on wildfires". INPE. Portal do Programa Queimadas do INPE. Retrieved August 22, 2019.