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Access to social media and instant messaging was cut on 21 December by the country's major service providers, with technical evidence collected by the [[NetBlocks]] internet observatory and Sudanese volunteers indicating the installation of "an extensive [[Internet censorship in Sudan|Internet censorship]] regime".<ref name=Netblocks>{{Cite web|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/study-shows-impact-of-sudan-internet-disruptions-amid-demonstrations-qr8Vj485|title=Study shows extent of Sudan internet disruptions amid demonstrations|date=21 December 2018|website=[[NetBlocks]]|dead-url=|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-protests-internet/sudan-restricts-social-media-access-to-counter-protest-movement-idUSKCN1OW0Z7|author1=Yousef Saba|author2=Nafisa Eltahir|title=Sudan restricts social media access to counter-protest movement|date=2 January 2019|accessdate=3 January 2019|agency=Reuters}}</ref> Curfews were issued across Sudan, with schools closed throughout the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-announces-curfews-shuts-schools-amid-protests/1345638 |title=Sudan announces curfews, shuts schools amid protests |date=22 December 2018 |author=Mohammed Amin |work=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref> |
Access to social media and instant messaging was cut on 21 December by the country's major service providers, with technical evidence collected by the [[NetBlocks]] internet observatory and Sudanese volunteers indicating the installation of "an extensive [[Internet censorship in Sudan|Internet censorship]] regime".<ref name=Netblocks>{{Cite web|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/study-shows-impact-of-sudan-internet-disruptions-amid-demonstrations-qr8Vj485|title=Study shows extent of Sudan internet disruptions amid demonstrations|date=21 December 2018|website=[[NetBlocks]]|dead-url=|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-protests-internet/sudan-restricts-social-media-access-to-counter-protest-movement-idUSKCN1OW0Z7|author1=Yousef Saba|author2=Nafisa Eltahir|title=Sudan restricts social media access to counter-protest movement|date=2 January 2019|accessdate=3 January 2019|agency=Reuters}}</ref> Curfews were issued across Sudan, with schools closed throughout the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-announces-curfews-shuts-schools-amid-protests/1345638 |title=Sudan announces curfews, shuts schools amid protests |date=22 December 2018 |author=Mohammed Amin |work=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref> |
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Darfuri students in [[Sennar]] and Khartoum were arrested by the [[National Intelligence and Security Service]] (NISS) and tortured into confessing membership in the [[Sudan Liberation Movement]] in an effort to create a narrative that the protests were race-based. These forced confessions were broadcast on both Sudanese state television and Facebook on 29 December.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=BBC|author1=Flora Carmichael|author2=Owen Pinnell|url=|title=How fake news from Sudan's regime backfired|date=25 April 2019|accessdate=28 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="torture" /> |
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=== January 2019 === |
=== January 2019 === |
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On 7 March, protests were organized to honor women for their leading role in the uprising.<ref>{{cite news|author=Iliana Hagenah|publisher=CBS News|title=Women are leading the push to topple Sudan's Omar Hassan al-Bashir, and suffering for it|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sudan-women-lead-uprising-vs-omar-hassan-al-bashir-and-suffer-for-it/|date=8 March 2019|accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref> "You women, be strong" and "This revolution is a women's revolution" were slogans chanted at several protests.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ryan Lenora Brown |title=‘A women’s revolution’: Why women are leading calls for change in Sudan |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2019/0312/A-women-s-revolution-Why-women-are-leading-calls-for-change-in-Sudan |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |date=12 March 2019 |accessdate=19 March 2019 }}</ref> On 8 March, Omar al-Bashir ordered that all the women who had been arrested for participating in anti-government demonstrations be freed.<ref name=rfi>{{cite news|title=Soudan: les femmes en première ligne des manifestations anti-Béchir|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190309-soudan-femmes-premiere-ligne-manifestations-anti-bechir|date=9 March 2019|accessdate=19 March 2019|language=fr}}</ref> Protestors named a Khartoum neighborhood park (in Burri) after one such woman, who had been sentenced to 20 lashes and one month in prison by an emergency court, then freed on appeal. The sentence of flogging, first introduced during British colonization in 1925, aims at discouraging Sudanese women from political activism. According to the Democratic Lawyers Alliance, at least 870 people have been tried in the newly-established emergency courts.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Middle East Eye]]|title=Sudanese woman sentenced to be lashed has square named in her honour|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudanese-woman-sentenced-be-lashed-has-square-named-her-honour|date=15 March 2019|accessdate=22 March 2019}}</ref> |
On 7 March, protests were organized to honor women for their leading role in the uprising.<ref>{{cite news|author=Iliana Hagenah|publisher=CBS News|title=Women are leading the push to topple Sudan's Omar Hassan al-Bashir, and suffering for it|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sudan-women-lead-uprising-vs-omar-hassan-al-bashir-and-suffer-for-it/|date=8 March 2019|accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref> "You women, be strong" and "This revolution is a women's revolution" were slogans chanted at several protests.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ryan Lenora Brown |title=‘A women’s revolution’: Why women are leading calls for change in Sudan |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2019/0312/A-women-s-revolution-Why-women-are-leading-calls-for-change-in-Sudan |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |date=12 March 2019 |accessdate=19 March 2019 }}</ref> On 8 March, Omar al-Bashir ordered that all the women who had been arrested for participating in anti-government demonstrations be freed.<ref name=rfi>{{cite news|title=Soudan: les femmes en première ligne des manifestations anti-Béchir|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190309-soudan-femmes-premiere-ligne-manifestations-anti-bechir|date=9 March 2019|accessdate=19 March 2019|language=fr}}</ref> Protestors named a Khartoum neighborhood park (in Burri) after one such woman, who had been sentenced to 20 lashes and one month in prison by an emergency court, then freed on appeal. The sentence of flogging, first introduced during British colonization in 1925, aims at discouraging Sudanese women from political activism. According to the Democratic Lawyers Alliance, at least 870 people have been tried in the newly-established emergency courts.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Middle East Eye]]|title=Sudanese woman sentenced to be lashed has square named in her honour|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudanese-woman-sentenced-be-lashed-has-square-named-her-honour|date=15 March 2019|accessdate=22 March 2019}}</ref> |
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=== 6-11 April === |
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On 6 April, days after [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] was forced to step down to appease [[2019 Algerian protests|Algerian protesters]],<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|title=Clashes between rival Sudan armed forces risk ‘civil war’, protesters warn|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/sudan-civil-war-omar-al-bashir-khartoum-bouteflika-a8863881.html|date=10 April 2019|accessdate=10 April 2019|quote=Protests [...] have been reignited by the successful 3 April ouster of Algeria's Abdelaziz Bouteflika[.]}}</ref> the [[Sudanese Professionals Association|Association of Sudanese Professionals]] called for a march to the headquarters of the armed forces. Hundreds of thousands of people answered the call. According to one protester, divisions appeared between the security forces, who "tried to attack the demonstrators coming from the north", and the military, who "took the demonstrators' side and fired back." A sit-in then started at the military headquarters in Khartoum and continued throughout the week. On the morning of 8 April, the army and the rapid reaction force of the secret services were facing off at the armed forces headquarters in Khartoum.<ref name="Rémy">{{cite news|author=Jean-Philippe Rémy|title=Le mouvement de protestation embrase le Soudan|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/08/le-mouvement-de-protestation-s-embrase-au-soudan_5447369_3212.html|date=8 April 2019|accessdate=8 April 2019|language=fr|quote=[Selon] une bonne source soudanaise: "Un scénario de cauchemar se profile, avec des affrontements. Or, l’armée n’est pas aussi bien équipée que l’ensemble constitué par les hommes des FSR et les nombreuses milices secrètes."}}</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47869171</ref> |
On 6 April, days after [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] was forced to step down to appease [[2019 Algerian protests|Algerian protesters]],<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|title=Clashes between rival Sudan armed forces risk ‘civil war’, protesters warn|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/sudan-civil-war-omar-al-bashir-khartoum-bouteflika-a8863881.html|date=10 April 2019|accessdate=10 April 2019|quote=Protests [...] have been reignited by the successful 3 April ouster of Algeria's Abdelaziz Bouteflika[.]}}</ref> the [[Sudanese Professionals Association|Association of Sudanese Professionals]] called for a march to the headquarters of the armed forces. Hundreds of thousands of people answered the call. According to one protester, divisions appeared between the security forces, who "tried to attack the demonstrators coming from the north", and the military, who "took the demonstrators' side and fired back." A sit-in then started at the military headquarters in Khartoum and continued throughout the week. On the morning of 8 April, the army and the rapid reaction force of the secret services were facing off at the armed forces headquarters in Khartoum.<ref name="Rémy">{{cite news|author=Jean-Philippe Rémy|title=Le mouvement de protestation embrase le Soudan|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/08/le-mouvement-de-protestation-s-embrase-au-soudan_5447369_3212.html|date=8 April 2019|accessdate=8 April 2019|language=fr|quote=[Selon] une bonne source soudanaise: "Un scénario de cauchemar se profile, avec des affrontements. Or, l’armée n’est pas aussi bien équipée que l’ensemble constitué par les hommes des FSR et les nombreuses milices secrètes."}}</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47869171</ref> |
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According to the interior minister, there were six deaths, 57 injuries, and 2500 arrests in Khartoum over the weekend. Police were under orders not to intervene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47858523|title=Sudan police ordered not to intervene|date=9 April 2019|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> |
According to the interior minister, there were six deaths, 57 injuries, and 2500 arrests in Khartoum over the weekend. Police were under orders not to intervene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47858523|title=Sudan police ordered not to intervene|date=9 April 2019|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> |
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on 8 April, a video of a young woman named [[Alaa Salah]] leading a musical protest chant to a crowd standing on top of a car began circulating on [[WhatsApp]]. Quickly the image became [[Viral video|viral]] online with Salah becoming a symbol of the protests in the country. It also brought attention to women's involvement and leadership in the protest movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tamerragriffin/sudan-protests-woman-car-iconic-photo-alaa-salah|title=People Can't Stop Talking About This Iconic Photo From The Protests In Sudan|website=Buzzfeed}}</ref> |
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=== 11 April: Al-Bashir deposed === |
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On 11 April, Bashir was ousted from presidency and placed under house arrest by the military.<ref name="OustedNotRegime">{{cite web|author=Declan Walsh & Joseph Goldstein|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/world/africa/sudan-omar-hassan-al-bashir.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=April 11, 2019|title=Sudan’s President Omar Hassan al-Bashir Is Ousted, but Not His Regime}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2019-04-11|title=Jubilation as Sudan’s Omar Al-Bashir ‘under house arrest’|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1480936/middle-east|date=11 April 2019|website=Arab News}}</ref> The European Union and the United States called for a UN Security Council meeting.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Le Figaro]]|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/soudan-un-coup-d-etat-emporte-omar-el-bechir-20190411|title=Soudan: un coup d’État emporte Omar el-Béchir|author=Tanguy Berthenet|date=11 April 2019|accessdate=11 April 2019}}</ref> State media reported that all political prisoners, including anti-Bashir protest leaders, were being released from jail.<ref name="WaPo_20190411">{{cite news |last1=Osman |first1=Muhammed |last2=Bearak|first2=Max|title=Sudan’s military overthrows president following months of popular protests |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/sudans-military-expected-to-announce-overthrow-of-president-following-months-of-popular-protests/2019/04/11/bedcc28e-5c2b-11e9-842d-7d3ed7eb3957_story.html |accessdate=13 April 2019 |work=Washington Post |date=11 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> A curfew was also put in place between 10 pm to 4 am.<ref name="WaPo_20190411" /> Despite the imposed curfew, protesters remained on the streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47903332|title=Sudan protesters defy military curfew|date=11 April 2019|publisher=|accessdate=13 April 2019|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> |
On 11 April, Bashir was ousted from presidency and placed under house arrest by the military.<ref name="OustedNotRegime">{{cite web|author=Declan Walsh & Joseph Goldstein|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/world/africa/sudan-omar-hassan-al-bashir.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=April 11, 2019|title=Sudan’s President Omar Hassan al-Bashir Is Ousted, but Not His Regime}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2019-04-11|title=Jubilation as Sudan’s Omar Al-Bashir ‘under house arrest’|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1480936/middle-east|date=11 April 2019|website=Arab News}}</ref> The European Union and the United States called for a UN Security Council meeting.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Le Figaro]]|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/soudan-un-coup-d-etat-emporte-omar-el-bechir-20190411|title=Soudan: un coup d’État emporte Omar el-Béchir|author=Tanguy Berthenet|date=11 April 2019|accessdate=11 April 2019}}</ref> State media reported that all political prisoners, including anti-Bashir protest leaders, were being released from jail.<ref name="WaPo_20190411">{{cite news |last1=Osman |first1=Muhammed |last2=Bearak|first2=Max|title=Sudan’s military overthrows president following months of popular protests |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/sudans-military-expected-to-announce-overthrow-of-president-following-months-of-popular-protests/2019/04/11/bedcc28e-5c2b-11e9-842d-7d3ed7eb3957_story.html |accessdate=13 April 2019 |work=Washington Post |date=11 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> A curfew was also put in place between 10 pm to 4 am.<ref name="WaPo_20190411" /> Despite the imposed curfew, protesters remained on the streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47903332|title=Sudan protesters defy military curfew|date=11 April 2019|publisher=|accessdate=13 April 2019|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> |
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=== 12-27 April: Military Transitional Council === |
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On the evening of 12 April, the head of the transitional military council in Sudan, [[Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf|Awad Ibn Auf]], announced his resignation following intense protests. Ibn Auf said that he had chosen Lieutenant-General [[Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan]], the army's inspector-general, to succeed him. The protesters were "jubilant" upon hearing this announcement as he was one of the generals who reached out to the protestors during the sit-in.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/sudan-military-council-ruler-ibn-auf-steps-190412194737727.html</ref><ref name=cbcap>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/sudan-demonstrators-civilian-government-1.5095171|title=Sudan replaces military leader linked to genocide, rejects extraditing ex-president|agency=AP|date=12 April 2019|accessdate=15 April 2019}}</ref> Burhan is also "not known to be implicated in war crimes or wanted by international courts."<ref name=cbcap /> |
On the evening of 12 April, the head of the transitional military council in Sudan, [[Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf|Awad Ibn Auf]], announced his resignation following intense protests. Ibn Auf said that he had chosen Lieutenant-General [[Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan]], the army's inspector-general, to succeed him. The protesters were "jubilant" upon hearing this announcement as he was one of the generals who reached out to the protestors during the sit-in.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/sudan-military-council-ruler-ibn-auf-steps-190412194737727.html</ref><ref name=cbcap>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/sudan-demonstrators-civilian-government-1.5095171|title=Sudan replaces military leader linked to genocide, rejects extraditing ex-president|agency=AP|date=12 April 2019|accessdate=15 April 2019}}</ref> Burhan is also "not known to be implicated in war crimes or wanted by international courts."<ref name=cbcap /> |
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On April 18, crowds numbering in the hundreds of thousands demonstrated to demand civilian rule. The demonstration was the largest since al-Bashir was deposed.<ref name="HugeCrowds"/> Protest leaders also announced plans to name their own transitional council in two days' time if the military junta refused to step aside.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47987962 Sudan protesters 'to name transitional government'], BBC News (April 19, 2019).</ref><ref name="InterimCivilianCoun"/> |
On April 18, crowds numbering in the hundreds of thousands demonstrated to demand civilian rule. The demonstration was the largest since al-Bashir was deposed.<ref name="HugeCrowds"/> Protest leaders also announced plans to name their own transitional council in two days' time if the military junta refused to step aside.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47987962 Sudan protesters 'to name transitional government'], BBC News (April 19, 2019).</ref><ref name="InterimCivilianCoun"/> |
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On April 21, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan asserted in an interview that "The transitional military council is complementary to the uprising and the revolution" and "is committed to handing over power to the people."<ref>Hamza Mohamed, [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/sudan-military-leader-vows-hand-power-people-190421164606187.html Sudan's military leader vows to hand 'power to people'], Al Jazeera (April 21, 2019).</ref> On the same day, protest leaders broke off talks with the military authorities—stating that the military junta was not serious about transferring power to civilians and that the junta was composed of remnants of al-Bashir's Islamist regime—and vowed to intensify demonstrations.<ref name="Pilling">David Pilling, [https://www.ft.com/content/1a61bd90-6446-11e9-a79d-04f350474d62 Sudan opposition breaks off talks with military], ''Financial Times'' (April 21, 2019).</ref> On the same day, the governments of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates pledged $3 billion in aid to the military authorities.<ref name="Pilling"/> |
On April 21, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan asserted in an interview that "The transitional military council is complementary to the uprising and the revolution" and "is committed to handing over power to the people."<ref>Hamza Mohamed, [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/sudan-military-leader-vows-hand-power-people-190421164606187.html Sudan's military leader vows to hand 'power to people'], Al Jazeera (April 21, 2019).</ref> On the same day, protest leaders broke off talks with the military authorities—stating that the military junta was not serious about transferring power to civilians and that the junta was composed of remnants of al-Bashir's Islamist regime—and vowed to intensify demonstrations.<ref name="Pilling">David Pilling, [https://www.ft.com/content/1a61bd90-6446-11e9-a79d-04f350474d62 Sudan opposition breaks off talks with military], ''Financial Times'' (April 21, 2019).</ref> On the same day, the governments of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates pledged $3 billion in aid to the military authorities.<ref name="Pilling"/> Protestors called to reject this aid, with some suggesting severing diplomatic ties with these traditionally influential Gulf partners.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=TRT World|author=Murat Sofuoglu|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-are-sudan-s-protesters-snubbing-the-uae-and-saudi-arabia-26179|title=Why are Sudan’s protesters snubbing the UAE and Saudi Arabia?|date=26 April 2019|accessdate=27 April 2019}}</ref> Landlocked [[South Sudan]]'s oil exports were paralysed as a result of strikes at oil companies in Port Sudan.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-26/south-sudan-oil-shipments-blocked-by-sudan-crisis-minister-says|title=South Sudan Oil Shipments Blocked by Sudan Crisis, Minister Says|author=Okech Francis|date=26 April 2019|accessdate=27 April 2019}}</ref> |
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On Saturday 27 April, after the protestor's had succeeded in obtaining the resignation of three members of the transitional military council,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Middle East Monitor|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190425-three-members-of-sudan-military-council-resign-after-demand-by-opposition/|title=3 members of Sudan military council resign after demand by opposition|date=25 April 2019|accessdate=28 April 2019}}</ref> an agreement was reached to form a transitional sovereign council made up jointly of civilians and military. |
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=== We are All Darfur === |
=== We are All Darfur === |
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The slogan "You arrogant racist, we are all Darfur!" was used in Khartoum in response to the targeting of students from Darfur<ref>{{Cite web|author=Paul Rosenberg|url=https://www.salon.com/2019/01/27/uprising-in-sudan-does-this-african-nation-offer-a-window-of-hope-onto-the-future/|title=Uprising in Sudan: Does this African nation offer a window of hope onto the future?|date=27 January 2019|website=Salon|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> by [[National Intelligence and Security Service]] (NISS) agents in relation to allegations of a planned attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-launches-probe-deaths-even-government-under-fire-shooting-protesters-1432355821|title=Under-fire Bashir launches probe into protest deaths in Sudan|website=Middle East Eye|date=1 January 2019|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> According to [[Radio Dabanga]], the NISS claimed that a number of Darfuri students had been trained by the Israeli [[Mossad]] to carry out acts of sabotage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/darfur-bar-ass-calls-for-release-of-32-students-accused-of-being-slm-aw-sabotage-cell|title=Darfur Bar Ass calls for release of 32 students accused of being ‘SLM-AW sabotage cell’|website=Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam)|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> The 32 Darfuri students who are studying at the [[University of Sennar]] in eastern Sudan were arrested in [[Sennar|Sinnar]] and transported to Khartoum where they subsequently confessed "under duress."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201812280393.html|title=Sudan: Darfur Bar Ass – Accusations Against Darfuri Students Unfounded|date=28 December 2018|work=Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam)|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> |
The slogan "You arrogant racist, we are all Darfur!" was used in Khartoum in response to the targeting of students from Darfur<ref>{{Cite web|author=Paul Rosenberg|url=https://www.salon.com/2019/01/27/uprising-in-sudan-does-this-african-nation-offer-a-window-of-hope-onto-the-future/|title=Uprising in Sudan: Does this African nation offer a window of hope onto the future?|date=27 January 2019|website=Salon|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> by [[National Intelligence and Security Service]] (NISS) agents in relation to allegations of a planned attack.<ref name="torture">{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-launches-probe-deaths-even-government-under-fire-shooting-protesters-1432355821|title=Under-fire Bashir launches probe into protest deaths in Sudan|website=Middle East Eye|date=1 January 2019|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> According to [[Radio Dabanga]], the NISS claimed that a number of Darfuri students had been trained by the Israeli [[Mossad]] to carry out acts of sabotage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/darfur-bar-ass-calls-for-release-of-32-students-accused-of-being-slm-aw-sabotage-cell|title=Darfur Bar Ass calls for release of 32 students accused of being ‘SLM-AW sabotage cell’|website=Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam)|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> The 32 Darfuri students who are studying at the [[University of Sennar]] in eastern Sudan were arrested in [[Sennar|Sinnar]] and transported to Khartoum where they subsequently confessed "under duress."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201812280393.html|title=Sudan: Darfur Bar Ass – Accusations Against Darfuri Students Unfounded|date=28 December 2018|work=Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam)|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> |
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==Reactions== |
==Reactions== |
Revision as of 00:52, 28 April 2019
Sudanese protests (2018–19) | |||
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Part of Arab world protests (2018–19) | |||
File:Sudanese protestors chanting.jpg | |||
Date | 19 December 2018 (5 years, 5 months and 6 days) | – ongoing||
Caused by |
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Goals |
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Methods | |||
Resulted in |
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Parties | |||
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Lead figures | |||
Non-centralized leadership Dec. 2018 – Apr. 2019 Mohamed Tahir Ayala Motazz Moussa Mohammed Hamdan Dalgo (Hemaidttie) Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf Salah Mohammed Abdullah (Gosh) Apr. 2019 – present Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan | |||
Casualties | |||
Death(s) | >60[10] | ||
Arrested | 800+ |
On December 19, 2018, a series of demonstrations broke out in several Sudanese cities, due in part to rising costs of living and deterioration of economic conditions at all levels of society.[11] The protests quickly turned from demands for urgent economic reforms into demands for President Omar al-Bashir to step down.[12][13]
The violence of the government's reaction to these peaceful demonstrations sparked international concern. On 22 February, al-Bashir declared a state of emergency and dissolved the national and regional governments, replacing the latter with military and intelligence-service officers.[14] On 8 March, al-Bashir announced that all of the women jailed for protesting against the government would be released.[15] On the weekend of 6–7 April, there were massive protests for the first time since the declaration of the state of emergency.[10] On 10 April, soldiers were seen shielding protesters from security forces,[16] and on 11 April, the military removed al-Bashir from power in a coup d'état.
Since al-Bashir was deposed, demonstrators have continued, as protestors organized by the Sudanese Professionals Association and democratic opposition groups have engaged in street demonstrations, calling on the ruling Transitional Military Council to "immediately and unconditionally" step aside in favor of a civilian-led transitional government, and urging other reforms in Sudan.[17][9]
Background
Al-Bashir has ruled the country since 1989, when he led a successful coup against the elected, but increasingly unpopular, prime minister of the time, Sadiq al-Mahdi.[18] The International Criminal Court (ICC) has indicted Al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity in the western region of Darfur.[19]
In January 2018, large protests started on the streets of Khartoum, Sudan's capital, in opposition to the rising prices of the basic goods including bread. The protests grew quickly and found support from different opposition parties. Youth and women's movements also joined the protests.[20]
The Sudanese government devalued the local currency and removed wheat and electricity subsidies. Sudan's economy has struggled since Omar al-Bashir's ascent to power, but became increasingly turbulent following the secession of South Sudan in 2011, which, up until then, had represented an important source of foreign currency, because of its oil output.[21][22] The devaluation of the Sudanese pound in October 2018 led to wildly fluctuating exchange rates and a shortage of cash in circulation.[22] Long queues for basic goods such as petrol, bread, as well as cash from ATMs are a common sight. Sudan has around 70% inflation, second only to Venezuela.[22]
In August 2018, the National Congress party backed Omar Al-Bashir's 2020 presidential run, despite his increasing unpopularity and his previous declaration that he would not run in the upcoming elections.[23] These measures led to rising opposition from within the party calling for respect of the constitution, which currently prevents Al-Bashir from being reelected. Sudanese activists reacted on social media and called for a campaign against his nomination.[23]
Opposition groups and figures
The Sudanese Professionals Association has coordinated the protests.[24] The group is a civil society organization[25] and an umbrella group of trade unions for professionals.[26] The group is composed of doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, pharmacists, and others.[24][27][28][29] The group, established in 2012, operated mostly clandestinely during al-Bashir's regime, when the group was in order to avoid arrest.[28][29] The core of the group consists of urban middle-class professionals.[29]
Other Sudanese opposition groups include the Nidaa Sudan (which includes the Umma Party, Sudanese Congress Party, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement) and the National Consensus Forces (consisting of the Sudanese Communist Party and the Sudanese Ba'ath Party).[30] The Sudanese opposition to al-Bashir was initially fractured, but in January 2019 unified in a coalition called the Alliance for Freedom and Change.[30][31] The Freedom and Change Charter signed by the alliance participants called for the collapse of the regime and a transition to democracy under a civilian government.[31]
Timeline
December 2018
The most recent waves of protests began on 19 December 2018 in response to the tripling of the price of bread in Atbara, then quickly spread to Port Sudan, Dongola and the capital Khartoum. Protestors set fire to the national party headquarters in Atbara and Dongola.[32] Authorities used tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition to disperse demonstrators, causing dozens of deaths and injuries.[33] The former prime minister, Sadiq al-Mahdi, returned to the country on the same day.[32]
Access to social media and instant messaging was cut on 21 December by the country's major service providers, with technical evidence collected by the NetBlocks internet observatory and Sudanese volunteers indicating the installation of "an extensive Internet censorship regime".[34][35] Curfews were issued across Sudan, with schools closed throughout the country.[36] Darfuri students in Sennar and Khartoum were arrested by the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) and tortured into confessing membership in the Sudan Liberation Movement in an effort to create a narrative that the protests were race-based. These forced confessions were broadcast on both Sudanese state television and Facebook on 29 December.[37][38]
January 2019
By 7 January 2019 over 800 anti-government protesters were arrested and 19 people, including security officials, were killed during the protests.[39]
On 9 January, thousands of protesters gathered in the southeastern city of El-Gadarif.[40]
Protests organized by the Sudanese Professionals Associations led to a doctor being shot on 17 January,[41][42] and to allegations that hospitals were being targeted by security forces.[43]
February 2019
Media coverage of the protests was strictly controlled by security forces. Al Tayyar began printing blank pages to show the amount of government-censored copy. Other news outlets have seen their entire print run confiscated by the government. The security service (NISS) raided Al Jarida's offices again, which has led the latter to stop producing its print version. According to The Listening Post, foreign Arabic-language videographers have been particularly targeted by the government.[44][45]
A "senior military source" told Middle East Eye that Salah Gosh, head of Sudanese intelligence, had the support of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt to replace al-Bashir as president, citing his private talks with Yossi Cohen at the Munich Security Conference as evidence (15–17 February).[14]
On 22 February, Bashir declared a yearlong state of national emergency, the first in twenty years.[46][47] Bashir also announced the dissolution of the central governments and the regional governments, and replaced regional governors with military generals.[47][48] The next day he appointed his chosen successor, Mohamed Tahir Ayala, as Prime Minister and former intelligence chief and current Defence Minister Awad Mohamed Ahmed Ibn Auf as first vice president. His intelligence chief also announced that he would not seek re-election in 2020 and would resign from the head of the National Congress Party.[46] Ahmed Haroun, also wanted by the ICC for war crimes, replaced Al-Bashir as leader of the National Congress party. Officers from the military and intelligence services were put in charge of provincial governments after the dissolution.[49][14]
Security forces raided universities in Khartoum and Ombdurman, reportedly beating students with sticks in Khartoum on 24 February.[50] On the same day, al-Bashir issued decrees banning unauthorized demonstrations, prohibiting the illegal trade of fuel and wheat under threat of 10-year prison sentences; banning the "unauthorized circulation of information, photos or documents that belong to the president's family"; and introducing capital controls on the trade of gold and foreign currency.[51]
March 2019
On 7 March, protests were organized to honor women for their leading role in the uprising.[52] "You women, be strong" and "This revolution is a women's revolution" were slogans chanted at several protests.[53] On 8 March, Omar al-Bashir ordered that all the women who had been arrested for participating in anti-government demonstrations be freed.[15] Protestors named a Khartoum neighborhood park (in Burri) after one such woman, who had been sentenced to 20 lashes and one month in prison by an emergency court, then freed on appeal. The sentence of flogging, first introduced during British colonization in 1925, aims at discouraging Sudanese women from political activism. According to the Democratic Lawyers Alliance, at least 870 people have been tried in the newly-established emergency courts.[54]
6-11 April
On 6 April, days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika was forced to step down to appease Algerian protesters,[55] the Association of Sudanese Professionals called for a march to the headquarters of the armed forces. Hundreds of thousands of people answered the call. According to one protester, divisions appeared between the security forces, who "tried to attack the demonstrators coming from the north", and the military, who "took the demonstrators' side and fired back." A sit-in then started at the military headquarters in Khartoum and continued throughout the week. On the morning of 8 April, the army and the rapid reaction force of the secret services were facing off at the armed forces headquarters in Khartoum.[10][56]
On 7 April, Sudan "experienced a complete power outage on Sunday, just hours after a social media block took effect across the country."[57]
On 8 April, the Association of Sudanese Professionals issued a press release that calls for "the formation of a council comprising the DFC forces and collaborating revolutionary forces, charged with the task of liaising with the state’s regular forces as well as with local and international actors to finalize the process of political transition and the handing over of power to a transitional civilian government that enjoys the support of the people and reflects the aspirations of the revolutionary forces".[58]
According to the interior minister, there were six deaths, 57 injuries, and 2500 arrests in Khartoum over the weekend. Police were under orders not to intervene.[59]
on 8 April, a video of a young woman named Alaa Salah leading a musical protest chant to a crowd standing on top of a car began circulating on WhatsApp. Quickly the image became viral online with Salah becoming a symbol of the protests in the country. It also brought attention to women's involvement and leadership in the protest movement.[60]
11 April: Al-Bashir deposed
On 11 April, Bashir was ousted from presidency and placed under house arrest by the military.[7][61] The European Union and the United States called for a UN Security Council meeting.[62] State media reported that all political prisoners, including anti-Bashir protest leaders, were being released from jail.[63] A curfew was also put in place between 10 pm to 4 am.[63] Despite the imposed curfew, protesters remained on the streets.[64]
12-27 April: Military Transitional Council
On the evening of 12 April, the head of the transitional military council in Sudan, Awad Ibn Auf, announced his resignation following intense protests. Ibn Auf said that he had chosen Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan, the army's inspector-general, to succeed him. The protesters were "jubilant" upon hearing this announcement as he was one of the generals who reached out to the protestors during the sit-in.[65][66] Burhan is also "not known to be implicated in war crimes or wanted by international courts."[66]
On 13 April, talks between the military and the protestors officially started.[67] This came following announcements that the curfew imposed by Auf was lifted, that an order was issued to complete the release of those who were jailed under emergency laws issued by al-Bashir. It was also announced that intelligence and security chief Salah Gosh had resigned. Amnesty International asked the military coalition to investigate his role in protesters' deaths.[68][67]
On 14 April it was announced that council had agreed to have the protestors nominate a civilian Prime Minister and have civilians run every Government ministry outside the Defense and Interior Ministries.[69] The same day, military council spokesman Shams El Din Kabbashi Shinto announced that Auf had been removed as Defense Minister and that Lt. General Abu Bakr Mustafa had been named to succeed Gosh as chief of Sudan’s National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS).[70]
On 15 April, military council spokesman Shams al-Din Kabbashi announced "The former ruling National Congress Party (NCP) will not participate in any transitional government," despite not being barred from future elections.[71][72] The same day, prominent activist Mohammed Naji al-Asam announced that trust was also growing between the military and the protestors following more talks and the release of more political prisoners, despite a poorly organized attempt by the army to disperse the sit-in.[73] It was also announced that the military council was undergoing restructuring, which began with the appointments of Colonel General Hashem Abdel Muttalib Ahmed Babakr as army chief of staff and Colonel General Mohamed Othman al-Hussein as deputy chief of staff.[74]
On 16 April, the military council announced that Burhan once again cooperated with the demands of the protestors and sacked the nation's three top prosecutors, including chief prosecutor Omar Ahmed Mohamed Abdelsalam, public prosecutor Amer Ibrahim Majid, and deputy public prosecutor Hesham Othman Ibrahim Saleh.[75][76] The same day, two sources with direct knowledge told CNN that Bashir, his former interior minister Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein, and Ahmed Haroun, the former head of the ruling party, will be charged with corruption and the death of protesters.[77]
On April 17, al-Bashir was transferred from house arrest in the Presidential Palace to the Kobar maximum security prison in Khartoum where he is reportedly in solitary confinement.[78][79][80] The prison, which also holds other allies of al-Bashir,[80] was notorious for holding political prisoners during al-Bashir's time in power.[80][79] Military council spokesman Shams Eldin Kabashi added that two of al-Bashir's brothers, Abdullah and Alabas, were also arrested.[81]
On April 18, crowds numbering in the hundreds of thousands demonstrated to demand civilian rule. The demonstration was the largest since al-Bashir was deposed.[9] Protest leaders also announced plans to name their own transitional council in two days' time if the military junta refused to step aside.[82][24]
On April 21, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan asserted in an interview that "The transitional military council is complementary to the uprising and the revolution" and "is committed to handing over power to the people."[83] On the same day, protest leaders broke off talks with the military authorities—stating that the military junta was not serious about transferring power to civilians and that the junta was composed of remnants of al-Bashir's Islamist regime—and vowed to intensify demonstrations.[84] On the same day, the governments of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates pledged $3 billion in aid to the military authorities.[84] Protestors called to reject this aid, with some suggesting severing diplomatic ties with these traditionally influential Gulf partners.[85] Landlocked South Sudan's oil exports were paralysed as a result of strikes at oil companies in Port Sudan.[86]
On Saturday 27 April, after the protestor's had succeeded in obtaining the resignation of three members of the transitional military council,[87] an agreement was reached to form a transitional sovereign council made up jointly of civilians and military.
Slogans
Similar to other protests, the Sudanese protestors have chanted slogans demanding the fall of the current regime. These slogans include "Freedom, peace and justice,"[88] "We are all Darfur,"[22] and "Just fall – that is all",[89] among others.[90]
Slogans which were widespread since 19 December 2018 included “Freedom, peace, justice” and “Revolution is the people’s choice” and video footage showed men and women, many wearing masks, shouting slogans against the government.[91]
Just fall – that is all
The slogan "Just fall – that is all" (تسقط – بس tasquṭ bas) was first used on Twitter and Facebook pages during the protests of 22 December 2018 and has thereafter been widely used.[89]
Freedom, peace and justice
This slogan was the first to be used in downtown Khartoum where demonstrators chanting "freedom, peace and justice" and "revolution is the people’s choice" were met with tear gas. The organizers of this particular march were "professionals, including doctors, engineers, and teachers."[92][93]
We are All Darfur
The slogan "You arrogant racist, we are all Darfur!" was used in Khartoum in response to the targeting of students from Darfur[94] by National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) agents in relation to allegations of a planned attack.[38] According to Radio Dabanga, the NISS claimed that a number of Darfuri students had been trained by the Israeli Mossad to carry out acts of sabotage.[95] The 32 Darfuri students who are studying at the University of Sennar in eastern Sudan were arrested in Sinnar and transported to Khartoum where they subsequently confessed "under duress."[96]
Reactions
International organizations
- On 28 December 2018, two United Nations Special Rapporteurs expressed alarm about reports of government violence (using live ammunition) against protestors and concern about "arbitrary arrests and detentions".[97]
- On 16 April 2019, the African Union announced that Sudan would be removed from its membership unless a civilian government were appointed within two weeks.[77]
Arab states
- Egypt – Egypt sent its minister of foreign affairs Sameh Shoukry to become the first Arab official to announce its support of the Sudanese government. "Egypt is confident that Sudan will overcome the present situation," Shoukry said, adding that "Egypt is always ready to support Sudan and the ability of Sudanese people as per the government of Sudan's vision and policies."[98]
- Qatar – The Emir of Qatar Tamim bin Hammad declared his support of Omar al-Bashir, whose first international trip since the uprising began was to visit the Emir. No financial support was announced after this meeting.[99]
- Saudi Arabia – King Salman of Saudi Arabia has sent a diplomatic delegation calling for the stability of Sudan and stating that the security of Sudan is part of the security of the (Saudi) kingdom itself.[100]
- United Arab Emirates – The UAE has announced plans to support the shortages of the Sudanese economy and provided 1.12 million tonnes of fuel and allocated $300 million to finance Sudan's agriculture.[101][102]
Other states
- Norway, United Kingdom, United States – On 10 April, the Troika issued a statement urging the government to heed the protesters calls for political transition: "The Sudanese people are demanding a transition to a political system that is inclusive and has greater legitimacy. The Sudanese authorities must now respond and deliver a credible plan for political transition. Failing to do so risks causing greater instability. The Sudanese leadership has a grave responsibility to avoid such an outcome."[103]
- Turkey, Russia – offered fuel and wheat, according to Sudan's Oil Minister.[101]
- United Kingdom – On 14 January, British ambassador to Sudan Irfan Siddiq said he urged the Sudanese government to avoid violence with the protesters and to release the political detainees saying "No more use of force, credible investigations into killings, release of political detainees, freedom of media and respect for the sanctity of hospitals and work of medics all essential steps."[104]
- United States – On 23 January, the United States announced its concern over the arrests and detentions, calling for the Sudanese government to release journalists, activists, and peaceful protesters arbitrarily detained during the protests, State Department spokesman Robert Palladino announced "We call on the government to allow for a credible and independent investigation into the deaths and injuries of protesters."[105] On April 19, the U.S. government called on the Sudanese military to give way to a civilian-led transitional government "that is inclusive and respectful of human rights and the rule of law."[9]
Commentary
Giorgio Cafiero, founder of Gulf States Analytics, framed the protests and the subsequent coup in Sudan in geopolitical context where regional power, mainly Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Turkey, were playing a major role in what he called "a counter-revolution." Cafiero added that "if a growing number of Sudanese citizens share a perception of Gulf states pursuing counter-revolutionary agendas in Sudan, more voices across the country could begin blaming such foreign governments for dimming their hopes for achieving democratic change."[106]
See also
References
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[Selon] une bonne source soudanaise: "Un scénario de cauchemar se profile, avec des affrontements. Or, l'armée n'est pas aussi bien équipée que l'ensemble constitué par les hommes des FSR et les nombreuses milices secrètes."
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{{cite web}}
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{{cite news}}
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Protests [...] have been reignited by the successful 3 April ouster of Algeria's Abdelaziz Bouteflika[.]
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- ^ "Sudanese riot police clash with protesters in Khartoum". Press TV. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ Paul Rosenberg (27 January 2019). "Uprising in Sudan: Does this African nation offer a window of hope onto the future?". Salon. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ "Darfur Bar Ass calls for release of 32 students accused of being 'SLM-AW sabotage cell'". Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam). Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ "Sudan: Darfur Bar Ass – Accusations Against Darfuri Students Unfounded". Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam). 28 December 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ Clement Nyaletsossi Voule; Aristide Nononsi (28 December 2018). "Sudan: UN experts urge halt to excessive use of force against peaceful protesters". OHCHR. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ "Egypt backs Sudan government amid deadly protests". The National. Agence France-Presse. 27 December 2018.
- ^ "Protests continue in Sudan as Bashir meets Qatari ruler". Middle East Eye. 22 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
- ^ Dubai-Arabic.net (25 January 2018). "الملك سلمان يبعث وفداً وزارياً إلى السودان تضامناً معه" (in Arabic). Al Arabiya. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ a b "UAE, Russia and Turkey pledge aid to Sudan amid ongoing protests". Middle East Eye. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ Waked, Christiane (23 February 2019). "Sudan's people want bread, not another Arab Spring". Khaleej Times.
- ^ "Current unrest in Sudan: Troika statement, April 2019". Government of the United Kingdom.
- ^ Mohammed Alamin (14 January 2019). "Sudan's Bashir Defies Calls to Step Down as Pressure Mounts". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- ^ Robert Palladino (23 January 2019). "U.S. Concern Over Sudanese Government Response to Protests". United States Department of State. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
- ^ Cafiero, Giorgio (16 April 2019). "Sudan=The counter-revolution will not be televised". TRTWorld. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
External links
Template:Anti-government protests in the 21st century Template:Ongoing protests