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[[Hacktivist]] group [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]] has attacked multiple government websites and is preparing a press release calling for support of the Egyptian people.<ref>{{cite news|last=Emspak|first=Jesse|title=Egyptian Gov't Web Sites Under Attack|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/105329/20110126/egyptian-government-web-sites-attacked.htm|accessdate=27 January 2011|newspaper=International Business Times|date=26 January 2011}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] said Egyptian police had escalated the use of force against largely peaceful demonstrations and called it, "wholly unacceptable and disproportionate".<ref>{{cite news|title=Fresh protests erupt in Egypt|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/201112810059478272.html|accessdate=29 January 2011|newspaper=Al Jazeera English (online)|date=28 Jan 2011 16:40 GMT}}</ref> |
[[Hacktivist]] group [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]] has attacked multiple government websites and is preparing a press release calling for support of the Egyptian people.<ref>{{cite news|last=Emspak|first=Jesse|title=Egyptian Gov't Web Sites Under Attack|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/105329/20110126/egyptian-government-web-sites-attacked.htm|accessdate=27 January 2011|newspaper=International Business Times|date=26 January 2011}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] said Egyptian police had escalated the use of force against largely peaceful demonstrations and called it, "wholly unacceptable and disproportionate".<ref>{{cite news|title=Fresh protests erupt in Egypt|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/201112810059478272.html|accessdate=29 January 2011|newspaper=Al Jazeera English (online)|date=28 Jan 2011 16:40 GMT}}</ref> [[Salil Shetty]], head of [[Amnesty International]], believes Hosni Mubarak's decision to fire his cabinet won't stop anti-government protests.<ref>http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=205730 Egypt Cabinet firing won't quell protests</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
Revision as of 11:27, 29 January 2011
2011 Egyptian protests | |
---|---|
Date | 25 January 2011 – ongoing |
Casualties | |
Death(s) | at least 53[1] (Possibly dozens in Suez, see below)[2][3][4][5][6] |
Injuries | At least 750 policemen and 1,500 protestors[7][3] |
Arrested | Over 1,000[8] |
Member State of the African Union |
Constitution (history) |
Political parties (former) |
Egypt portal |
The 2011 Egyptian protests are a series of street demonstrations, protests, and civil disobedience acts that have been taking place in Egypt since 25 January 2011. The demonstrations and riots began in the weeks after the successful Tunisian uprising, with Egyptian protest organisers hoping that events in Tunisia would inspire crowds to mobilise. Specific grievances have centered around legal and political as well as economic issues: police brutality, state of emergency laws, lack of free elections, corruption, restrictions on freedom of speech, high unemployment, low minimum wages, insufficient housing, food price inflation, and poor living conditions.[9] Mohamed ElBaradei, seen as the most likely candidate for an interim presidency, called for the ousting of President Hosni Mubarak as a possible objective.[10]
While localised protests had been commonplace in previous years, major protests and riots broke out all over the country starting on 25 January, known as the "Day of Anger", a date selected by Egyptian opposition groups and others for a major demonstration.[9] The 2011 protests have been called "unprecedented" for Egypt,[11] and "the largest display of popular dissatisfaction in recent memory".[12] These have been the largest demonstrations seen in Egypt since the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots[12]. And for the first time, Egyptians from different socio-economic backgrounds and faiths have joined in protest together.[12][13]
As of January 29, 35-53 deaths had been reported of which at least 25 were protesters and 10 were policemen. 750 policemen and 1,500 protestors have been injured.[14][15] The capital city of Cairo has been described as "a war zone"[16], and the port city of Suez has been the scene of frequent violent clashes. The Egyptian government has attempted to break up and contain protests using a variety of methods. Anti-riot police groups have been responding to areas with shields, rubber bullets, batons, water cannons, tear gas and, in some cases, live ammunition.[17] For the most part, the protest response has been non-lethal, although there have been fatalities.[3][4][5][6] The government successfully turned off Internet access and imposed a curfew,[18]claiming that minimizing disruption from the protests is necessary to maintain order and to prevent an uprising of fundamentalist Islamic groups.[19]
International response to the protests has generally been supportive. The protests have captured worldwide attention due to the increasing integration of Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and other social media platforms that have allowed activists and onlookers to communicate, coordinate, and document the events as they occur. As the level of publicity has increased, the Egyptian government has made increasing efforts to limit internet access, especially to social media. On the eve of major planned protests on Friday, 28 January, a nationwide internet and mobile phone "blackout" began, though before dawn the following morning it was reported that the blackout for cell phones had ended.[20]
Background
Emergency law
Egypt is a semi-presidential republic under Emergency Law (Law No. 162 of 1958)[21] since 1967, except for an 18-month break in the 1980s. Under the law, police powers are extended, constitutional rights suspended and censorship is legalised.[22] The law sharply circumscribes any non-governmental political activity: street demonstrations, non-approved political organisations, and unregistered financial donations are formally banned. Some 17,000 people are detained under the law, and estimates of political prisoners run as high as 30,000.[23] Under that "state of emergency", the government has the right to imprison individuals for any period of time, and for virtually no reason, thus keeping them in prisons without trials for any period. The government continues the claim that opposition groups like the Muslim Brotherhood could come into power in Egypt if the current government did not forgo parliamentary elections, confiscate the group's main financiers' possessions, and detain group figureheads, actions which are virtually impossible without emergency law and judicial-system independence prevention.[24] Pro-democracy advocates in Egypt argue that this goes against the principles of democracy, which include a citizen's right to a fair trial and their right to vote for whichever candidate and/or party they deem fit to run their country.[25]
Police brutality
A leaked US embassy cable from 2009 described police brutality, including torture, as common and pervasive, and the government's efforts to combat it as ineffective and lacking in political will[26].
On 6 June 2010 Khaled Mohamed Saeed died under disputed circumstances in the Sidi Gaber area of Alexandria.[27] Multiple witnesses have testified that Saeed was beaten to death by the police.[28]
Mubarak's presidency
President Hosni Mubarak has headed Egypt's government since 1981. His government has been criticised in the media and amongst NGOs[which?]. His support of peace negotiations in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has made him an ally of the West,[29] with Egypt receiving over US$1.3 billion in annual aid from the United States.[30] His government is also noted for its crackdown on Islamic militants.[29] As a result, the initial reactions to Hosni Mubarak's abuses by the U.S. were muted, and most instances of socio-political protest in the country, when they occurred at all, rarely made major news headlines in the United States.[31]
Corruption
Political corruption in the Mubarak administration's Ministry of Interior has risen dramatically, due to the increased power over the institutional system necessary to prolong the presidency. This has led to the imprisonment of political figures and youth activists without trials,[32] illegal undocumented hidden detention facilities,[33][34] and rejecting university, mosque, and newspaper staff members based on their political inclination.[35] Individual officers have violated citizen privacy without cause, justifying arrests under emergency law.[citation needed]
In 2010, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index report assessed Egypt with a CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts, with 10 being very clean and 0 being highly corrupt. Egypt ranked 98th out of the 178 countries included in the report.[36]
Economic conditions
Around 40% of Egypt's 80-million population lives on the equivalent of roughly US$2 day, and a large part of the population relies on subsidised goods.[9]
2010 election
A parliamentary election in December 2010 was preceded by a media crackdown, arrests, candidate bans (particularly of the Muslim Brotherhood), and allegations of fraud involving the near unanimous victory by the ruling party in parliament.
Alexandria church bombing
Early on New Year's Day 2011 a bomb exploded in front of a church in Alexandria, killing 23 Coptic Christians. It was suspected to have been detonated by the Gaza-based Army of Islam[37][38] Following the attacks, many Christians protested the attacks in the streets, and some Muslims later joined the protests. After clashing against the police, some protesters in Alexandria and Cairo began to shout slogans denouncing Mubarak's rule in Egypt.[39][40][41]
Protests
Self-immolation
At least six recent cases of self-immolation have been reported in Egypt, including a man arrested while trying to set himself on fire in downtown Cairo.[42] Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar, a 49-year-old restaurant owner, set himself alight in front of the Egyptian Parliament.[43][44] Those cases of self-immolation were inspired from, and began exactly one month after the acts of self-immolation in Tunisia where it triggered similar events.
Name | Residence | Date of self-immolation |
Status | Ref(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar | El-Qanater | 17 January 2011 | [44][43] | |
2 | Mohammed Farouk Hassan | Cairo | 18 January 2011 | [45] | |
3 | Ahmed Hashim al-Sayyed | Alexandria | 18 January 2011 | Died 18 January 2011 | [46][47] |
4 | Mohammed Ashour Sorour | Cairo | 18 January 2011 | [48] |
Suez
The city of Suez has seen the most violence of the protests thus far, with three of the seven documented deaths. Eyewitness reports have suggested that the death toll there may be higher, though confirmation has been difficult due to a ban on media coverage in the area.[4] Some online activists have referred to Suez as Egypt's Sidi Bouzid, pointing to the Tunisian city around which that nation's 2011 protests centered.[49]
25 January – Day of Anger
On 25 January 2011, known as the Day of Anger (Arabic: يوم الغضب, IPA: [ˈjoːm elˈɣɑdɑb])[50] or the Day of Revolt,[51] protests took place in several cities, including Cairo, Alexandria, Suez and Ismailiya.[51] Cairo protesters gathered in the morning in front of the High Court in downtown Cairo within the framework of the activities of the protests, which marks the official celebrations of "Egypt Police Day" (a celebration of the Egyptian National Police). The demonstration that was in front of the Supreme Court was larger than usual and was able to break the security cordon and head to Midan Tahrir public square.
Thousands protested in Cairo, with 15,000 alone occupying Tahrir Square;[50] 20,000 in various locations across Alexandria,[52] 200 demonstrators were in the southern city of Aswan, 2,000 in the eastern city of Ismailiya; and about 3,000 in the northern city of Mahallah.[53]
A policeman was reported to have died in Cairo, while in Suez two protesters died.[51] In Cairo, police forces used tear gas and water cannons against the protesters, who in turn threw stones at police, eventually forcing them to retreat.[51]
Mohamed ElBaradei, former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, led a rally in Alexandria against alleged abuses by the police and visited Saeed's family to offer condolences.[54]
It has been reported that many police have been restrained in the use of violence. One policeman has been quoted to have said to a protester that he had only three months of duty left and after that "I'll be on the other side of the barricade."[55]
26 January
On 26 January, riots continued, with protesters numbering in their thousands, although no accurate estimate has yet been made. There was increased use of violence from both the protesters and the police, with one protester and one police official killed in Cairo.[56] Suez experienced dramatic uprising, with many being fired upon by live ammunition, and both protesters and police being beaten. Protesters in Suez also managed to set fire to several government buildings, including the police station.[57][56][58] Police eventually retreated from Suez, though later the army[verification needed] took up the position of blocking protesters.[59]
27 January
Protests were not as large on 25 January due to preparations being made for the planned large-scale uprising on 28 January. The Muslim Brotherhood declared full support for the protests, and members planned to take part during Friday's protests.[60] Reformer and opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei promised to return in time for Friday's protests. ElBaradei also stated that if asked, he would take over as Egypt's president during the transitional period if Hosni Mubarak were to leave Egypt.[61]
Later in the day a protestor of Bedouin descent was shot dead by the police in the North Sinai region, bringing the death toll to seven.[62]
Suez continued to be a site of major uprising and conflict as more buildings were set on fire, including police posts. The population of Suez and the Sinai region were armed with firearms, and Suez and the nearby region experienced armed revolts by protesters.[57]
The death toll rose to at least eight as one protester happened to video-tape a man being shot by police;[63] the man killed was identified as Mohamed Atef (22), a protester killed in Sheikh Zoweid.[64]
28 January – Friday of Anger
Thousands filled the streets across Egypt on Friday 28 January, dubbed “the Friday of Anger”.[65][66] Shortly before 1:00am local time, hours ahead of the expected massive anti-government protests, the Egyptian government shut down internet service, although some people were still able to communicate using alternative means.[67][68] Text messaging and mobile phone services also appeared to be blocked.[69] All mobile operators in Egypt have been instructed to suspend services in selected areas. Under Egyptian legislation the authorities have the right to issue such an order and the operators are obliged to comply.[70]
Shortly after Friday prayers, tens of thousands of Egyptians started protesting, and within hours the number rose to the hundreds of thousands. Potential presidential candidate Mohamed ElBaradei returned to Cairo and said that he planned to join the protesters.[71][72] ElBaradei has been leading the protests in Giza. On 28 January ElBaradei was arrested at an anti-government rally[73] and placed under house arrest.[74]
Throughout the day, police fired tear gas, rubber bullets, and water cannons into crowds during violent clashes between authorities and anti-government protesters in Cairo, Alexandria, and throughout Egypt.[75] Thousands in Suez stormed and took control of the police station, and then freed all protesters held under arrest there.[76] In Port Said tens of thousands of protesters gathered and multiple government buildings were set ablaze.[76] In Suez, at least one man protesting died when police shot him.[77] The government issued a curfew from 6pm until 7am, but protesters ignored the curfew and were met by police tasked with enforcing it.[77] In the evening, protesters set fire to one of the NDP headquarters buildings in Cairo.[78][79] While protesters paused for evening prayers, police continued firing tear gas.[80]
The Egyptian government deployed military in Cairo, Alexandria, and Suez to assist the police.[81][82] Reports described protestors and troops smiling and waving at each other, the army taking no action to suppress the protests. Protesters joined soldiers in protecting the Egyptian Museum, situated beside the burning ruling party headquarters.[83]
A delegation led by the chief of staff of Egypt’s armed forces, Lt. Gen. Sami Hafez Enan, was in Washington, D.C. when the visit was truncated due to the protests. The sessions were being led for the U.S. by Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Alexander Vershbow. A meeting with Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, and other talks had been extended to February 2. However, in light of events in Egypt, the delegation left Washington to return home on January 28.[84]
Arrests
Activists reported that security agents have detained a number of protesters who were taking part in the 25 January demonstration. Twenty-five people have been arrested at Asyut,[85] according to Gamal Eid, director of the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI). He also noted that security agents seized banners hoisted by the protesters.[85] Security sources said that Asyut's police arrested approximately 50 young people the night before the 25 January demonstration and confined them in central security trucks.[85] An estimated 860 protesters had been arrested by the beginning of demonstrations on Tuesday.[86]
Sources at the Muslim Brotherhood said a number of the group's members had been detained in Mohandessin before heading to join 25 January demonstration.[85] Essam al-Erian, the main spokesperson for the Muslim Brotherhood, was detained on 28 January,[87] along with other senior Muslim Brotherhood leaders.[88]
Ayman Nour, the founder of the liberal opposition El-Ghad Party, tweeted that his son was taken by an unmarked car.[86] Security forces in Cairo arrested Jack Shenker, a Guardian news reporter, who secretly recorded his subsequent journey in a police van. Shenker was beaten several times along with numerous other protesters, after which they were loaded onto one of the security trucks. Shenker was crowded with 43 others in the vehicle, whose only ventilation were thick metal grates. They were driven for hours, and one of the protesters, who was diabetic, fell into a coma. Others tried to get the truck driver to stop, unsuccessfully. After stopping near a government security headquarters far outside the city, a policeman unlocked the vehicle door, wanting a specific prisoner, Ayman Nour's son. The detainees managed to overpower the policeman and escape, flagging down cars to evacuate the unconscious man, while the rest worked to find their way back to Cairo.[86]
Reactions
Domestic
Mohammed ElBaradei called for ousting the regime, as in Tunisia.[10] He said he was "proud of the protesters" and proud of the military, who by 29 January were the only state force on the streets of Cairo, with police nowhere to be seen. There were numerous individual public displays of affection and respect for soldiers manning positions on the streets.[89]
The head of the Egyptian Shura Council's Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, and also a part of the ruling party, said he does not believe the protests have ended yet.[90]
The Muslim Brotherhood issued a statement following the speech reiterating demands for Mubarak's resignation and saying it was time for the military to intervene.[91]
Media censorship
Beginning on the first day of protests the Egyptian government censored most of the media outlets inside Egypt and took measures to block social media websites[92] which helped protesters spread news about the events on the ground. The success of the protests has been partly attributed to the involvement of tech savvy youth all over Egypt who were able to overcome the government blockades on social media.
On 27 January, it was reported on Twitter by many Egyptian and foreign reporters on the ground that the government had blocked text messaging and BlackBerry messaging services.[93] Twitter was sporadically blocked,[94][95][96] then Facebook.[97][98] Al Jazeera said its television transmission had to be switched to another frequency as its signal on Nilesat was jammed.[99]
Total Internet blackout
Starting just after midnight local time on 28 January[100] the Egyptian government almost entirely cut off Egypt from the rest of the Internet[100][101][102] in an act of unprecedented[100][101] Internet censorship. About 3,500 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routes to Egyptian networks were shut down from about 12:10am to 12:35am 27 January.[100] The shutdown happened within the space of a few tens of minutes, not instantaneously. According to Renesys, Telecom Egypt started shutting down at 12:12am, Raya/Vodaphone at 12:13am, Link Egypt at 12:17am, Etisalat Misr at 12:19am, and Internet Egypt at 12:25am.[100] Renesys interpreted the shutdown as people getting phone calls one at a time, telling them to take themselves off the air, rather than an automated system taking all providers down at once.[100] Facebook confirmed a decrease in traffic from Egypt.[103] A Border Gateway Protocol monitoring site in Vancouver, Canada, reported most of the primary AS (ISPs) dropping a large percentage if not all of route advertisements.[104] Virtually all of Egypt's Internet addresses were unreachable, worldwide.[105]
In response, the U.S. State Department spokesman Philip Crowley said that open communications must be allowed.[106] About 24 hours after the blackout began, cellphone and smartphone e-mail access were restored, including Vodaphone and Mobinil, though internet access was reportedly still down.[107]
Mubarak dismisses the government
On 29 January, in response to the previous days events, President Mubarak spoke on national television after midnight local time for the first time since the protests began. He said in his speech that despite a "point of no return" being crossed, national stability and law and order must prevail, that he had requested the government, formed only months ago, to step down, and that a new government would be formed.[108][109] He made no offer to step down himself.[110]
Stock market
On Wednesday 26 January, Egypt's EGX stock market index fell on speculation the instability would spread.[111] The EGX30 has dropped almost 1000 points since 13 January 2011. EGX dropped 6.1% on 26 January, and then another 6.2% on 27 January, before the chief of the stock market temporarily suspended trading[112] due to marked losing of points in the first minutes of the opening session. The stock index closed the day down by 10.5%.[113]
On 28 January, Fitch Ratings changed Egypt's rating outlook to negative from stable, saying the upsurge in protests adds uncertainty to the political and economic outlook.[114] Egyptian dollar-denominated bond yields also rose to a record high as oil prices rose and global stock market indices sank.[115] International gold prices jumped the most in 12 weeks by over US$20 to US$1341.[116] The international price of oil rose US$3.70 (4.3%) to US$89.34 on concern the instability would spread, the highest price since September 2009.[117]
Rumours of Mubarak's family's departure
Gamal Mubarak, President Hosni Mubarak's son—who has been widely tipped as his successor—was reported by the US-based Arabic website Akhbar al-Arab to have fled to London with his family on 25 January 2011.[118] Later reports said that Mubarak's family did not, in fact, flee.[119] Al Jazeera's reporter in Cairo said that Gamal remained in Cairo and was attending a meeting of the ruling National Democratic Party.[57]
International
- Supranational
- European Union's foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton said Egyptian authorities should listen to their people, deal with their problems and respect their right to demonstrate, urging the "Egyptian authorities to respect and to protect the right of Egyptian citizens to manifest their political aspirations".[120]
- States
- The Brazilian government issued a statement calling for a "political evolution that meets the expectations of their people in a peaceful environment, bereft of foreign interference, so as to foster the ongoing economic and social development" and remembered that "Egypt is an important Mercosur partner".[121]
- China's Foreign Ministry Spokesman Hong Lei states "Egypt is a friendly country of China. China follows the situation in Egypt and hopes it will maintain social stability and normal order" on January 27's regular press conference. [122]
- The foreign minister of Finland, Alexander Stubb, called to the foreign minister of Egypt expressing Finland's strong hopes that the conflict is resolved peacefully. In a statement on the Finnish foreign ministry's website Stubb says among other things "Everyone should now strive to steady the situation quickly so that there would be no further fatalities or injuries. Finland condemns the use of force." He further expressed concern over the blocking of communications.[123]
- Germany's Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle said he was "very concerned" and called on all concerned to show restraint.[124]
- Israel's Labor Member of Knesset Binyamin Ben-Eliezer said that Israel expresses its support for Mubarak and hopes the riots pass quietly.[125]
- Norway's Minister of Foreign Affairs Jonas Gahr Støre called on the Egyptian authorities to refrain from violence, allow peaceful protests and respect basic political and economical rights. "I deeply regret that lives have been lost during these demonstrations. The right to free speech and to demonstrate are basic human rights and prerequisites for democratic development. The extensive demonstrations can be viewed as a sign that there are limits to political free speech in Egypt."[126]
- Philippine Deputy Presidential Spokesperson Abigail Valte calls for peaceful end to strife in Egypt. Valte said the Philippine government was particularly concerned about the safety of the more than 6,500 Filipinos in Egypt. "We hope for a peaceful and just resolution to the political unrest currently taking place and the swift return to stability. We are monitoring the situation and our embassy in Cairo has contingencies in place and is prepared to relocate our citizens to safer areas. As always, the safety of our citizens is the paramount concern and we are doing what we can to anticipate and address their needs."[127]
- United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary William Hague called on the authorities and protesters in Egypt to show restraint and avoid violence. He urged the Egyptian authorities to "listen to the concerns" of demonstrators.[128]
- U.S. President Barack Obama delivered a televised speech, noting that he had spoken with the Egyptian president after his own televised address. Obama stated that his first concern is preventing injury or loss of life and remarked, "What's needed right now are concrete steps that advance the rights of the Egyptian people... Ultimately the future of Egypt will be determined by the Egyptian people. The United States will always be a committed partner to that future, with the Egyptian government, and with the Egyptian people." Speaking of governments responsibilities he said "Around the world governments have an obligation to respond to their citizens. That's true here in the United States; that's true in Asia; it is true in Europe; it is true in Africa; and it’s certainly true in the Arab world, where a new generation of citizens has the right to be heard."[129] Obama further noted that in his Cairo speech he had stated, "All governments must maintain power through consent, not coercion," and called upon the Egyptian government to restore its people's access to the internet. He said "this moment of volatility has to be turned into a moment of promise", and called on all parties to refrain from violence in their efforts to bring about a solution.[130] Vice President Joseph Biden said Hosni Mubarak "has been an ally of ours in a number of things. And he’s been very responsible on, relative to geopolitical interest in the region, the Middle East peace efforts: the actions Egypt has taken relative to normalizing relationship with Israel."[131] US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said "The Egyptian government has an important opportunity to be responsive to the aspirations of the Egyptian people, and pursue political, economic and social reforms that can improve their lives and help Egypt prosper."[132] US Ambassador Margaret Scobey later commented: "we call on the Egyptian authorities to allow peaceful public demonstrations."[133] The White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs posted a statement on Twitter expressing concern "about violence in Egypt" adding that "government must respect the rights of the Egyptian people & turn on social networking and the internet".[134]
NGO
Hacktivist group Anonymous has attacked multiple government websites and is preparing a press release calling for support of the Egyptian people.[135] Human Rights Watch said Egyptian police had escalated the use of force against largely peaceful demonstrations and called it, "wholly unacceptable and disproportionate".[136] Salil Shetty, head of Amnesty International, believes Hosni Mubarak's decision to fire his cabinet won't stop anti-government protests.[137]
See also
References
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- ^ "Egypt: Mubarak sacks cabinet and defends security role". BBC News. 2011-01-29. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
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- ^ http://www.cbsatlanta.com/news/26658680/detail.html
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- ^ Caraley, Demetrios (2004). American hegemony: preventive war, Iraq, and imposing democracy. Academy of Political Science. ISBN 1-8848-5304-8.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help) - ^ Joe Brooks (2011-01-28). "Blackberry and cell service returns to Egypt". Wireupdate.com.
{{cite web}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Missing or empty|url=
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- ^ Egypt After 9/11: Perceptions of the United States March 26, 2004
- ^ R. Clemente Holder (1994-08). "Egyptian Lawyer's Death Triggers Cairo Protests". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs.
{{cite web}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Check date values in:|date=
(help); Missing or empty|url=
(help); Text "http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0794/9407060.htm" ignored (help) - ^ Caraley, Demetrios (2004). American hegemony: preventive war, Iraq, and imposing democracy. Academy of Political Science. ISBN 1-8848-5304-8.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ "What is democracy?".
{{cite web}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Missing or empty|url=
(help); Text "Hilla University Holder" ignored (help); Text "http://www.stanford.edu/~ldiamond/iraq/WhaIsDemocracy012004.htm" ignored (help) - ^ "US embassy cables: Police brutality in Egypt". Guardian. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
{{cite news}}
: Text "data2011-01-28" ignored (help) - ^ "Anger on the streets of Cairo". The National (Abu Dhabi). 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
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{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
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- ^ "CPI 2010 table". Transparency International. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
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Mubarak must step down. It is time for the military to intervene and save the country
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{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=205730 Egypt Cabinet firing won't quell protests
External links
Protests break out in Egypt at Wikinews
- Crowd-sourcing service used to cover the protests
- Thousands Protest in Egypt - video report by Democracy Now!
- Al Jazeera live coverage
- Protests in Egypt - coverage by The Real News