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In addition to Germany, where at least 2,000 cases and 18 deaths had been reported as of 2 June,<ref>{{cite web|author=Alok Jha, science correspondent |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/02/e-coli-strain-previously-unseen |title=newspaper: ''E. coli'' strain previously unseen and 'resistant to antibiotics', 2 June 2011 |publisher=Guardian |date= |accessdate=2011-06-04}}</ref> a handful of cases have been reported in several countries including [[Switzerland]], [[Poland]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], the UK<ref name="bbc1">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13597080 | title=''E. coli'' cucumber scare: Russia announces import ban | publisher=BBC News Online | date=30 May 2011 | accessdate=30 May 2011 | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5z4jXeT1m | archivedate=30 May 2011}}</ref> and the USA.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43227702/ns/health-infectious_diseases/ | title=E. Two in U.S. infected in German ''E. coli'' outbreak | publisher=MSNBC Online | date=31 May 2011 | accessdate=2 June 2011 | archiveurl= | archivedate=}}</ref> Essentially all affected people had been in Germany shortly before becoming ill. |
In addition to Germany, where at least 2,000 cases and 18 deaths had been reported as of 2 June,<ref>{{cite web|author=Alok Jha, science correspondent |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/02/e-coli-strain-previously-unseen |title=newspaper: ''E. coli'' strain previously unseen and 'resistant to antibiotics', 2 June 2011 |publisher=Guardian |date= |accessdate=2011-06-04}}</ref> a handful of cases have been reported in several countries including [[Switzerland]], [[Poland]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], the UK<ref name="bbc1">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13597080 | title=''E. coli'' cucumber scare: Russia announces import ban | publisher=BBC News Online | date=30 May 2011 | accessdate=30 May 2011 | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5z4jXeT1m | archivedate=30 May 2011}}</ref> and the USA.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43227702/ns/health-infectious_diseases/ | title=E. Two in U.S. infected in German ''E. coli'' outbreak | publisher=MSNBC Online | date=31 May 2011 | accessdate=2 June 2011 | archiveurl= | archivedate=}}</ref> Essentially all affected people had been in Germany shortly before becoming ill. |
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German health authorities, |
Initially German officials gave erroneous information of the origin and strain of ''[[Escherichia coli]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/46118688-8c76-11e0-883f-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=rss#axzz1OIkFWAJy |title=/ Europe - Cucumber crisis widens European rift |publisher=Ft.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/docs/stec_outbreak_flash_report_27052011_en.pdf |title=EUROPEAN COMMISSION-Audio conference of the STEC OUTBREAK IN GERMANY |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-06-04}}</ref><ref name=NOTIF_REFERENCE_20110703>[https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/portal/index.cfm?event=notificationDetail&NOTIF_REFERENCE=2011.0703 RASFF Notification detail - 2011.0703 enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in organic cucumbers from Spain]</ref><ref name=periscope>{{cite web|url=http://www.periscopepost.com/2011/06/e-coli-outbreak-sickens-european-diplomatic-relations/ |title=''E. coli'' outbreak sickens European diplomatic relations |publisher=The Periscope Post |date= |accessdate=2011-06-04}}</ref> German health authorities, without results of ongoing tests, linked serotype O104 to [[cucumber]]s imported from Spain.<ref name="globemail">{{cite news | url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/toll-climbs-in-european-e-coli-outbreak/article2040566/ | title=Toll climbs in European ''E. coli'' outbreak | publisher=The Globe and Mail | date=30 May 2011 | accessdate=31 May 2011 | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5z51R2yJm | archivedate=30 May 2011 | deadlink = no}}</ref> Later, they recognised that Spanish [[greenhouse]]s were not the source of ''E. coli'' and cucumber [[Sample (material)|sample]]s did not show the specific ''E. coli'' variant seen in the outbreak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/docs/stec_summary_note_audioconference_02062011_en.pdf |title=EUROPEAN COMMISSION - HEALTH AND CONSUMERS DIRECTORATE GENERAL - 2 June 2011 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-06-04}}</ref><ref name="eitb">{{cite web|url=http://www.eitb.com/news/life/detail/671223/germany-now-say-spanish-cucumbers-not-source-ecoli/|title=Germany now say Spanish cucumbers not source of ''E. coli''|publisher=Euskal Irrati Telebista|date=31 May 2011|accessdate=31 May 2011}}</ref> Spain consequently expressed anger about having its produce linked with the deadly ''E. coli'' outbreak, which cost Spanish exporters {{nowrap|200m [[United States dollar|USD]]}} per week.<ref name="bbc3">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13605910|title=''E. coli'' cucumber scare: Spain angry at German claims|publisher=BBC|date=31 May 2011|accessdate=31 May 2011}}</ref> Russia has banned the import of all fresh vegetables from the European Union. |
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==Origin== |
==Origin== |
Revision as of 23:55, 5 June 2011
2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak |
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Deaths. |
A currently ongoing Escherichia coli O104:H4 bacterial outbreak began in Germany in May 2011. Certain strains of E. coli are a major cause of foodborne illness. The outbreak started after several people in Germany were infected with bacteria leading to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a medical emergency that requires urgent treatment. 21 people have died by 5 June[2] and around 500 had been hospitalised with HUS due to the intensifying outbreak. The agriculture minister of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen) has identified a farm in Bienenbuettel, Niedersachsen, Germany which produces a variety of sprouted foods including mung beans, radishes, peas, lettuce, azuki beans, fenugreek, alfafa and lentils, as a likely source of the E. coli outbreak.[3] The farm has since been shut down.[3]
In addition to Germany, where at least 2,000 cases and 18 deaths had been reported as of 2 June,[4] a handful of cases have been reported in several countries including Switzerland, Poland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, the UK[5] and the USA.[6] Essentially all affected people had been in Germany shortly before becoming ill.
Initially German officials gave erroneous information of the origin and strain of Escherichia coli.[7][8][9][10] German health authorities, without results of ongoing tests, linked serotype O104 to cucumbers imported from Spain.[11] Later, they recognised that Spanish greenhouses were not the source of E. coli and cucumber samples did not show the specific E. coli variant seen in the outbreak.[12][13] Spain consequently expressed anger about having its produce linked with the deadly E. coli outbreak, which cost Spanish exporters 200m USD per week.[14] Russia has banned the import of all fresh vegetables from the European Union.
Origin
Since 2 May 2011, German health authorities have reported an outbreak in Germany of a severe illness called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS).[15] On 22 May 2011, German health authority say “We have a clearly unusual situation”, about the rise of cases of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), after the first death in Germany on 21 May. Escherichia coli infection occurs in Germany regularly, infecting 800 to 1200 people a year, but is usually mild.[16][17]
On 26 May 2011, German health officials announced that cucumbers from Spain were identified as a source of the E. coli outbreak in Germany.[18] On 27 May 2011, German officials issued an alert distributed to nearby countries, identifying organic cucumbers from Spain and withdrawing them from the market.[9] The European Commission on 27 May said that two Spanish greenhouses that were suspected to be sources had been closed, and were being investigated.[19][20] The investigation included analyzing soil and water samples from the greenhouses in question, located in the Andalusia region, with results expected by 1 June.[21] Cucumber samples from the Andalusian greenhouses did not show E. coli contamination,[22][23][24] but a cross-contamination during transport in Germany or distribution in Hamburg are not discounted; in fact, the most probable cause is cross-contamination inside Germany.[25][26] The Robert Koch Institute advises against eating raw tomatoes, cucumbers and lettuces in Germany to prevent further cases.[27]
On 31 May 2011, an EU official said that the transport chain was so long that the cucumbers from Spain could have been contaminated at any point that occurred along the transit route.[28] Spanish officials, said before that there was no proof that the outbreak originated in Spain; Spanish Secretary of State for European Affairs Diego López Garrido said that "you can't attribute the origin of this sickness to Spain."[20]
On Tuesday 31 May, lab tests showed that two of the four cucumbers examined did contain toxin-producing E. coli strains, most likely because of cross-contamination in Germany according to experts,[26] but not the O104 strain that was found in patients. The bacteria in the other two cucumbers have not yet been identified. No other possibilities have been officially proposed.
Genomic sequencing by BGI Shenzhen confirm a 2001 finding that the O104:H4 serotype has some enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC or EAggEC) properties, presumably acquired by horizontal gene transfer.[29][30][31]
The Brno Research Institute confirmed cases in the Czech Republic on 1 June.[32] It was confirmed that cases caused by the new strain had been found in the UK and Germany by 2 June.[33]
According to an article in Der Spiegel published on 31 May, possible causes of the outbreak, spreading the bacteria to plants, included liquid manure, contaminated water, and Spanish slugs, that "has long been a problem in Germany, but it's an even bigger and more widespread problem in its native Spain."[34][35]
The only previous documented outbreak of EHEC O104:H4 was in Korea in 2005 and researchers pointed at contaminated hamburgers as a possible cause.[36] As of 1 June, the source of 2011 E. coli outbreak is still unknown.[37][38]
On June 4, German and EU officials had allegedly been examining data that indicated that a open catering event at a restaurant in Lübeck, Germany, was a possible starting point of the on-going deadly E. coli outbreak in Europe. [39][40]. German hospitals were nearly overwhelmed by the number of E. Coli victims.[41]
Several German health officials, including Gert Hahne, a spokesman for the agriculture ministry in Lower Saxony, warned people on June 5 to stop eating local bean sprouts as they had become the latest suspected cause of the E. Coli outbreak.[42] A farm in Bienenbuettel, Lower Saxony, has been identified as the probable source [1].
Precautions
General health
As of 5 June 2011 the cause of the outbreak is not known. However, general guidelines for prevention have been published[43] E. coli gets into humans through contaminated food or water; if from food either from watering plants with contaminated water, or from faecal material in the soil. The UK Health Protection Agency recommends washing hands regularly to prevent person-to-person spread, washing vegetables to help remove surface bacteria, and peeling or cooking.
In Britain between 1992 and 2000 nearly 6% of food-poisoning outbreaks were associated with prepared vegetables and salads. In 1996 a study of samples of bagged salad found 13% contained E. coli. But outbreaks of E. coli linked to fruits and vegetables are very rare.[44]
However, some micro-organisms, including E. coli, Campylobacter and Listeria can cause illness even in low doses (100 E. coli O104:H4 bacteria[35]) while others, such as Salmonella, need millions of bacteria to establish an infection.[45]
In a news update about the E. coli outbreak in Germany the British Food Standards Agency reminds consumers of the importance of basic food hygiene practices when preparing food. According to this governmental agency it is a good idea to wash fruit and vegetables before being eaten to ensure that they are clean, and to help remove germs that might be on the outside, while peeling or cooking fruit and vegetables can also remove these germs.[46]
Recent research
A company that runs food hygiene courses is more cautious, recommending a 20-minute soak in a sterilising fluid used for babies' bottles and equipment, followed by rinsing in water.[44]
A study conducted by the University of Southampton indicated on June 2 that copper is effective in preventing the spread of such E. coli infections. The study concluded that 10,000,000 E. coli bacteria are eradicated within 10 minutes contact with a dry copper surface and on a wet copper surface, a total kill would occur in about within 45 minutes. It was first noted that pure copper was effective in the fight against new E. coli strains. The antimicrobial property was later found to be inherent to the metal, was shared by alloys such as brass and bronze. [47][48]
Affected countries
Most or all victims as of 3 June 2011 were believed to have become infected in Germany, although here are listed according to their location when diagnosed.
Country | Deaths | Confirmed cases | Suspected cases |
---|---|---|---|
Germany | 22[50][51] | 450 | 1 213[52] |
United Kingdom | 0 | 3 | - |
Sweden | 1 | 41 | - |
Denmark | 0 | 14 | 26 |
Netherlands | 0 | 5[53][54] | - |
Norway | 0 | Unknown number[55] | 0 |
France | 0 | 10[56][57] | 3[58] |
Spain | 0 | 1[59] | - |
Austria | 0 | 2[37] | 0 |
Switzerland | 0 | 2[60] | - |
Finland | 0 | - | 1 |
Portugal | 0 | 3[61] | 1[62][63][64] |
Poland | 0 | 1 | - |
United States | 0 | 4[65] | - |
Czech Republic | 0 | 1[66][67] | 7 |
Total | 23 | 537 | 1,251 |
Germany
As of 3 June 2011 Germany was the most affected nation, with 18 people reported dead from the disease, and with another about 1,700 infected cases, 520 of them suffering from hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) which can cause kidney failure.[51] It was reported on 26 May that, according to health officials, four cucumbers, three from Spain and the fourth of unknown origin, from a store in Hamburg were found to be contaminated by an enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC).[68] These were at the time suspected to be responsible for the outbreak; in response German authorities began removing Spanish cucumbers from stores that day.[68]
According to German "Stern" magazine, on 1 June, "Hamburg's Health Senator Cornelia Prüfer-Storcks has rejected criticism for her warning on Spanish cucumbers", that has turned out to be unjustified and for which "Spain is now demanding compensation for the millions of losses caused to farmers."[69]
On 30 May, German health officials convened for a meeting regarding the outbreak, reported by European health officials to be the largest ever recorded in Germany.[70]
Twelve of the fatalities have been women. All but one of those deaths were recorded in northern Germany, with Hamburg and its immediate vicinity being hit hardest, but fears that the outbreak was spreading increased when a 91-year-old woman died in the western state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Doctors are pinning their hopes on Eculizumab, a drug that was effective against hemolytic-uremic syndrome.[20]
Spain
The only person in Spain infected is a man in his 40s who had traveled recently to Germany admitted to hospital in Donosti (San Sebastián). A Spanish athlete who was in Germany on 22 May to run the Hamburg Marathon also became infected. She started to show symptoms during the race and after finishing was accepted to a hospital in Hamburg. She stated that she had not eaten any cucumbers during her stay but other raw fruits and vegetables.[71][72]
Sweden
On 31 May the first death from the outbreak in Sweden was reported, a woman in her 50s who died in a hospital in Borås after having been infected during a trip to Germany.[73] Forty-one cases, fifteen serious, were being treated in Swedish hospitals as of 31 May, all of them linked to the German outbreak.[73]
Czech Republic
The only confirmed case of infection was a female American tourist who had arrived from Germany shortly before.[74]
Denmark
Officials in Denmark said that, as of 30 May, fourteen cases had been confirmed, with at least 26 more suspected.[75] Seven of those sickened by the disease had already suffered kidney failure, a symptom which occurs in the late stages of infection.[75]
It was reported on 30 May that Denmark's Veterinary and Food Administration (DVFA) started checking Danish cucumbers for infections, while they advised against consuming cucumbers from Spain and cucumbers, lettuce and raw tomatoes from Germany.[76]
The Netherlands
On 4 June RIVM announced a total of five people have a confirmed EHEC infection. Four out of these have the HUS-syndrome while the other case is does not have kidney problems. All of these people have been visiting Germany recently. Other cases are still being investigated. [53] [54]
Norway
On June 5 an undisclosed number of cases were found in Norway.[77]
United Kingdom
On 28 May it was announced that three people in the UK, all of whom had recently been in Germany, had become infected.[78] On 29 May, the UK's Food Standards Agency issued a statement saying that no cucumbers infected with EHEC had been sold in the country.[79]
Twelve children from the Redfield Edge Primary School, South Gloucestershire who were ill on 20 May and four of their parents who fell ill between then and 2 June, were infected with the known strain E. coli O157, not O104.[80]
Switzerland
It had reached Switzerland by 31 May and made one person ill, but no further details were present.[81] A second case was reported on 1 June.[82] And a third on 3 June.
Poland
On 30 May, a woman had been hospitalised in serious condition with E. coli after returning from Hamburg, where at least 467 cases of intestinal infection have been recorded to that date.[28]
United States
All four reported US cases, as of 5 June, had recently visited the Hamburg area[65].
Austria
On 27 May health authorities reported that two German tourists coming by bike from north Germany have been hospitalised in Austria after becoming ill with E.coli.[37]
France
The Institut de veille sanitaire reports 10 cases, all of which are persons who stayed in Germany at the time of their infection. [57]
Suspected cases
Finland
By 1 June 2011, Finland's National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) started examining whether or not a patient who had arrived at Helsinki’s Maria Hospital the preceding weekend was suffering from the Escherichia coli (EHEC) strain- enterohemorrhagic.[83]
Portugal
On 2 June, Portuguese authorities reported that three Portuguese citizens, one of them from the Portuguese Autonomous Region of Madeira who had returned from Hamburg in Germany are suspected to be infected due to having gastroenteritis.[84][63] Tests from two of them came back negative for this strain of E. coli.[85]
International response
On May 29 Austria announced that "small amounts" of suspect cucumbers, tomatoes and eggplants, were removed from 33 stores for laboratory testing. The Czech Agriculture and Food Inspection Authority said cucumbers from the same batch that went to Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Luxembourg. [86][87][88][89]
Apart from the German government, which warned against the consumption of all raw cucumbers, tomatoes and lettuce,[90] several countries implemented restrictions or bans on the import of produce. Belgium banned imports of Spanish cucumbers on 31 May,[81] Austria banned imports of Spanish cucumbers, tomatoes and aubergines (eggplants), and the Czech Republic recalled all Spanish cucumbers on sale on 30 May.[91]
United Nations
On 2 June the UN's World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that this strain of E. coli had never been the source of an outbreak before.[31]
European Union
On 22 May, Health Commissioner John Dalli of the European Commission declared the issue to be an 'absolute priority', saying that the Commission is working with member states, particularly Germany, to identify the source of the outbreak.[92] Speaking again on 1 June, Commissioner Dalli noted that the outbreaks have been limited in origin to the Greater Hamburg area and declared that any product ban to be disproportionate. He also said that he is working with Agriculture Commissioner Dacian Cioloş "to address the hardship faced by this group of our citizens that has also been hit hard by the E. coli outbreak".[93]
Albania
Albania had banned cucumber imports on 30 May, although health minister Petrit Vasili explained that Albanians are in no danger as all cucumbers were produced locally anyway, not imported.[94]
Austria
On 31 May, Austrian authorities inspected 33 organic supermarkets to make sure Spanish vegetables had been removed. The move came after a German overzealous recall and ban on sales of cucumbers, tomatoes and aubergines that had been imported from Spain and then delivered to Austrian food stores by various German companies.[28] As of June 1 Austria withdrew all Spanish cucumbers from their shops. Customers also expressed concern about imported cucumbers in general. [95]
Belgium
Belgium banned imports of Spanish cucumbers on 31 May.[81] On May 31 Belgium's Federal Food Safety Agency had confirmed that some Spanish cucumbers may have still been on sale in Belgian. The Belgian Agriculture Minister, Sabine Laruelle said that no cucumbers have been imported since the previouse winter. The government said to be unhappy with information from Germany. [96][97]
Bulgaria
On May 31, the Bulgarian Minister of Agriculture and Foods, Miroslav Naidenov reiterated that no cucumbers were imported from Spain into Bulgaria.[98] By June 3, Bulgaria had suffered financial losses after some countries, including Russia, banned imports of vegetables from the EU, according to Miroslav Naidenov.[99]
Canada
On June 2 Canada has brought in stricter anti E. Coli related food inspections [100] and by June 3 the Public Health Agency of Canada said that no Canadians had been reported sick with the mutant E. Coli strain as of that date. The Canadian Government also brought in heavier import and hygiene restrictions on EU cucumbers, lettuces and tomatoes. [101]
Croatia
On 30 May, Croatian doctors had increased the nation's medical caution level and were carefully screening people with symptoms which they thought could be corresponding to those of E. coli.[102] By 1 June, Croatian greengrocers complain of drop in sales due to the spreading E. coli panic in Croatia's markets. [103]
Czech Republic
The Czech Government officials said that their labs had tested a total 120 potentially tainted Spanish cucumbers the 29th as an interim safety measure, but refused to cast blame for the outbreak, which had yet to reach the Czech Republic by that date.[28] On June 1 Czech Republic withdrew all Spanish cucumbers from their shops. [95] As of 3 June, the only cases reported were foreigners.
Denmark
By 31 May, Denmark’s Veterinary and Food Administration said it was concerned by the suspicion that Danish cucumbers were involved and began testing samples to reassure consumers.[28]
Egypt
Egypt’s Minister of Health Ashraf Hatem denied his nation had any patients infected with the new E. coli strain, due to the strict precautions brought in to test over-seas tourists entering the country on June 2.[104]
Germany
By 31 May, Andreas Hensel, president of Germany's Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, told ZDF television in an interview that "we have found the so-called EHEC pathogens on cucumbers, but that does not mean that they are responsible for the whole outbreak."[28]
Italy
By 31 May, one of Italy's agriculture lobbies, Coldiretti, had also used the outbreak to urge Italians to support their local growers and avoid imports by 31 May.[28] On June 30th an Italian laboratory issued a report that, as of that date, there was no definitive proof vegetables are behind the E.coli outbreak.[105][106][107] On June In in response to falling Italian cucumbers sales,Coldiretti carried out an anti-panic campaign, in which it handing out over 10 tons of cucumbers, for free in many of Italy's regions on June 4. [108]
Lebanon
Lebanon stared a temporarily ban on the importing of fresh vegetables from the EU on June 5[109].
Luxemboug
By 31 May, Luxembourg had refused to ban the sale of Spanish and German cucumbers. [110]
Netherlands
By 31 May, The Dutch Food and Wares Authority spokeswoman Marian Bestelink, said that investigations made of the business run by the local Dutch cucumber grower and Dutch warehouse did not uncover any traces of the bacteria at that time.[28] The Netherlands had also stopped exporting cucumbers to Germany on 31 May.[81]
Nigeria
The suspect-batches from either the Netherlands and/or Denmark were under investigation on 3 June.[111][112]
Qatar
Qatar began a temporarily ban on the importing of fresh cucumbers, tomatoes and lettuce from both Spain and Germany on June 5.[113]
Spain
On 30 May, the Spanish government said that it was considering requesting compensation from Germany, claiming that "tremendous damage" had been done to the country's agricultural sector as a result of reduced exports inflicted by Germany's "speculations" on the origin of the outbreak.[114] Since the beginning of the crisis, farms in Andalusia were estimated to have lost up to eight million euros per day.[115] Spanish Health Minister Leire Pajin firmly stated there had been no native cases in Spain by 31 May.[28]
On June 3, the Spanish PM Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero said Spain’s Government would demand reparations for any economic losses suffered as a result of Germany and Russia’s cucumber blockades. [99]
Slovenia
On June 3, Slovenia's Agriculture Minister, Dejan Zidan said all Slovene samples food test negative to E. coli.[116] Slovenia’s Prime Minister, Borut Pahor asserted his opinion that Slovenia’s was perfectly safe.[117]
Russia
On 2 June "Russia has banned the import of all fresh vegetables from the European Union because of the E. coli outbreak centred on Germany."[118] The EU condemned the ban.[119] One day later, Russia announced a temporary ban on imports of beef and other animal produce from three Brazilian states, citing "sanitary concerns".[120]
USA
Authorities at the USDA as well as the FDA state that emerging strains of the harmful bacteria certainly are a significant problem, yet government bodies in the USA have concentrated mostly on the more infamous E. coli O157 serotype.[121][122]
CNN reported that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Division of Foodborne and Mycobacterial Infectious Diseases has officially confirmed three (there are now reports of a fourth) reported U.S. cases, but each of these individuals had been in the Hamburg, Germany area before they returned and fell ill. The CDC has now recognized that the potential for further U.S. and European cases in the outbreak caused by this strain could now pose a potentially major public health threat. By June 3 the American military community in Europe had started taking additional safety precautions in response to the spreading E. coli outbreak.[123]
UAE
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) have also blocked the import of Spanish cucumbers as of 1 June. [111][112]. It had banned cucumber imports from Spain, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands by June 5[124].
Economics
By June 1 both Italian, Austrian, and French cucumber sales had begun to decline sharply, but the Austrian Health Minister Dr. Pamela Rendi-Wagner, claimed Austrian customers were still safe. [95]
On 3 June, the governments of Spain, Portugal and Germany said that they would formally request EU agricultural aid for farmers affected by the outbreak.[125] That day also saw Russia set up plans for new imports of cucumbers from the Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Egypt and Turkey.[126][127]
Azerbaijan
Russia requested further Azerbaijanian cucumber imports to make up for banned EU imports.[127]
Turkey
Russia requested further Turkish cucumber imports to replace banned EU imports.[126]
See also
References
- ^ "Case definition for HUS-cases associated with the outbreak in Germany" (PDF). Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ ""E coli outbreak: German hospitals struggling to cope"". guardian.co.uk. 5 June 2011.
{{cite web}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Missing or empty|url=
(help); Text "http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/05/e-coli-outbreak-german-hospitals/" ignored (help) - ^ a b "German-grown food named likely culprit in deadly outbreak". CNN.com. 5 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
- ^ Alok Jha, science correspondent. "newspaper: E. coli strain previously unseen and 'resistant to antibiotics', 2 June 2011". Guardian. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "E. coli cucumber scare: Russia announces import ban". BBC News Online. 30 May 2011. Archived from the original on 30 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "E. Two in U.S. infected in German E. coli outbreak". MSNBC Online. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
- ^ "/ Europe - Cucumber crisis widens European rift". Ft.com. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "EUROPEAN COMMISSION-Audio conference of the STEC OUTBREAK IN GERMANY" (PDF). Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ a b RASFF Notification detail - 2011.0703 enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in organic cucumbers from Spain
- ^ "E. coli outbreak sickens European diplomatic relations". The Periscope Post. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "Toll climbs in European E. coli outbreak". The Globe and Mail. 30 May 2011. Archived from the original on 30 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadlink=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "EUROPEAN COMMISSION - HEALTH AND CONSUMERS DIRECTORATE GENERAL - 2 June 2011" (PDF). Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "Germany now say Spanish cucumbers not source of E. coli". Euskal Irrati Telebista. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ "E. coli cucumber scare: Spain angry at German claims". BBC. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ "CDC - germany outbreak". C.cdc.gov. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "Scientists hunt source of life-threatening stomach bug". Thelocal.de. 18 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "First death in German E. coli outbreak; up to 200 sick | barfblog". Barfblog.foodsafety.ksu.edu. 24 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "Deadly E. coli found in Spanish cucumbers - The Local". Thelocal.de. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
- ^ Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed[dead link]
- ^ a b c "E. coli cucumber scare: Germany seeks source of outbreak". BBC News Online. 30 May 2011. Archived from the original on 30 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "'Killer cucumbers' row breaks out between Spain and Germany". The Telegraph. 30 May 2011. Archived from the original on 30 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "Efforts intensify to identify source of ''E. coli' outbreak in Germany as final tests clear Spanish cucumbers". Europa.eu. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "Europe lifts cucumber warning". The Irish Times. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "Ministry of Health Spain". Msps.es. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "E.coli outbreak kills Swedish woman as death toll hits 16 but cucumbers are NOT to blame". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ a b "Cucumbers in clear – so what is causing deadly E.coli outbreak?". The Independent. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "Robert Koch Institute". Rki.de. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
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