Blackwizard2000 (talk | contribs) |
Reverted to revision 572683206 by Qwyrxian: onnce again, that over emphasizes tiny details, plus that infobox is wrong. (TW) |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{POV|date=July 2013}} |
|||
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}} |
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}} |
||
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}} |
||
{{Infobox Civil Conflict |
|||
| title = 2002 Gujarat violence |
|||
| partof = |
|||
| image = [[File:Ahmedabad riots1.jpg|300px]] |
|||
| caption = The skyline of [[Ahmedabad]] filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire by rioting mobs |
|||
| date = {{Start date|2002|02|27|df=y}}–<br />Mid-June 2002 |
|||
| place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]] |
|||
| coordinates = |
|||
| causes = [[Godhra train burning|Godhra train attack]] |
|||
| status = |
|||
| goals = |
|||
| result = |
|||
| methods = |
|||
| side1 = |
|||
| side2 = |
|||
| side3 = |
|||
| leadfigures1 = |
|||
| leadfigures2 = |
|||
| leadfigures3 = |
|||
| howmany1 = |
|||
| howmany2 = |
|||
| howmany3 = |
|||
| casualties1 = 790 Muslims<ref name="790_254_humans"/> |
|||
| casualties2 = 254 Hindus<ref name="790_254_humans"/> |
|||
| casualties3 = |
|||
| casualties_label = |
|||
| notes = |
|||
}} |
|||
[[File:Ahmedabad riots1.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The skyline of [[Ahmedabad]] filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire by rioting mobs]] |
|||
The '''2002 Gujarat violence''' was a series of incidents starting with the [[Godhra train burning]] and the subsequent [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] violence between [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Gujarat]]. On 27 February 2002, the [[Sabarmati Express]] train was attacked at [[Godhra]] by a Muslim mob.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12534127 India Godhra train blaze verdict: 31 convicted] BBC News, 22 February 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1513008.ece It was not a random attack on S-6 but kar sevaks were targeted, says judge] The Hindu — 6 March 2011</ref><ref name="India 2008">[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2008/09/27&ID=Ar01400 The Godhra conspiracy as Justice Nanavati saw it] The Times of India, 28 September 2008. Retrieved 2012-02-19. [http://www.webcitation.org/65dKF3wm3 Archived] 21 February 2012.</ref><ref name="court-confirms-conspiracy">[http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-nine-years-after-godhra-carnage-verdict-today/20110222.htm Godhra case: 31 guilty; court confirms conspiracy] Rediff.com, 22 February 2011 19:26 IST. Sheela Bhatt, Ahmedabad.</ref> 58 Hindu pilgrims returning from [[Ayodhya]] were killed in the attack. This in turn prompted retaliatory attacks against Muslims and general communal riots on a large scale across the state, in which 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were ultimately killed and 223 more people were reported missing.<ref name="790_254_humans">{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1106699.cms|title= 790 Muslims, 254 Hindus perished in post-Godhra|date= 11 May 2005|work=The Times of India | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4543177.stm|title= 790 Muslims, 254 Hindus perished in post-Godhra|date= 13 May 2005|publisher=BBC News | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> 536 places of worship were damaged: 273 [[dargah]]s, 241 mosques, 19 temples, and 3 churches.<ref name="religious structures destroyed">[http://www.radianceweekly.com/331/9584/indo-pak-relations-fostering-trust-legal-fraternity-steps-forward/2012-11-04/gujrat/story-detail/destroyed-damaged-religious-structures-in-gujarat-govt-silent-on-when-to-provide-compensation.html DESTROYED, DAMAGED RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES IN GUJARAT] Radiance Viewsweekly, 10 November 2012.</ref> Muslim-owned businesses suffered the bulk of the damage. 61,000 Muslims and 10,000 Hindus fled their homes. Preventive arrests of 17,947 Hindus and 3,616 Muslims were made. In total 27,901 Hindus and 7,651 Muslims were arrested.<ref name="home.gujarat.gov.in">[http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf] Gujarat Govt website document.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Post-Godhra toll: 254 Hindus, 790 Muslims |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=46538|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5k5tikm5X|archivedate=27 September 2009|deadurl=no|accessdate=25 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=rediff.com: Vajpayee to visit two relief camps in Ahmedabad |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/apr/03train3.htm|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5k5tl5boM|archivedate=27 September 2009|deadurl=no|accessdate=25 September 2009}}</ref> |
|||
The '''2002 Gujarat violence''' was a period of inter-communal violence in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] which lasted for approximately three days. Following on from the initial incident there were further outbreaks of violence in [[Ahmedabad]] which lasted for approximately three weeks, statewide there were further outbreaks of [[Anti-Muslim violence in India|mass killings]] against the minority Muslim population for three months.<ref name="Ghassem-Fachand 2012"/><ref name="Escherle 2013"/> The attack on 27 February 2002 on a [[Godhra train burning|train]], thought by most to have been carried out by Muslims, and which caused the deaths of 58 people, some of whom were activists returning from [[Ayodhya dispute|Ayodhya]], is believed to have been the cause of the incidents, with some commentators calling the violence an act of retaliation.<ref name="Hakeem 2012"/><ref name="Jeffery 2011"/> Other commentators however have disputed this saying that the attacks had been pre-planned, were well orchestrated and that the attack on the train was in fact a "staged trigger" for what was actually premeditated violence.<ref name="Brass 2005"/><ref name="Baldwin 2002"/> |
|||
The nature of these events remains politically controversial in India. Some commentators have characterised the deaths of Hindus and Muslims as a [[genocide]] in which the state was complicit,<ref>Allan D. Cooper. ''The Geography of Genocide''. 2009, page 183-4</ref> while others have countered that the hundreds of Muslim and Hindu dead were all victims of [[riots]] or "violent disturbances".<ref>T. K. Oommen ''Reconciliation in post-Godhra Gujarat: the role of civil society''. 2008, p. 71.</ref> The Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012 prepared by the State Department and mandated by the US Congress, noted the failure of the government to protect its people in the 2002 riots and Human rights groups' continuous allegations that investigative bodies showed bias in favour of [[Narendra Modi]], the then [[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]].<ref>http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gujarat-govts-failure-to-protect-people-in-2002-riots-figures-in-us-report/1105595/</ref> According to [[Paul Brass]] the only conclusion from the evidence which is available points to a methodical [[Anti-Muslim pogroms in India|pogrom]] which was carried out with exceptional brutality and was highly coordinated.<ref name=Brass4>{{cite book|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|title=The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India|year=2005|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0295985060|page=388|date=15|month=July}}</ref> |
|||
According to the official figures, the riots resulted in the deaths of 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus; 2,500 people were injured non-fatally, and 223 more were reported missing.<ref name="Official death toll"/> Other sources estimate that up to 2000 Muslims died.<ref name="Embree 2012"/> There were instances of [[Rape in India|rape]], children being burned alive, and widespread looting and destruction of property. Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]] has been accused of initiating and condoning the violence, as have police and government officials who allegedly directed the rioters and gave lists of Muslim-owned properties to them.<ref name="Murphy 2011"/> In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by a Special Investigation Team appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. The Muslim community are reported to have reacted with "anger and disbelief" and [[Teesta Setalvad]], of the [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]], Citizen for Peace and Justice, has said the legal process was not yet over as there was a right to appeal.<ref name="Krishnan 2012"/> In July 2013 allegations were made that the SIT had suppressed evidence.<ref name="Times of India 2013"/> |
|||
==Godhra train burning, investigations and judgements== |
|||
{{Main|Godhra train burning}} |
|||
On 27 February 2002, 58 Hindus including 25 women and 15 children, Hindu pilgrims ([[Kar Sevak]]s) returning by the Sabarmathi express train from Ayodhya,<ref>{{cite news|first=Siddharth|last= Varadarajan|title=The truth about Godhra|work=The Hindu|date=23 January 2005|url= http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/23/stories/2005012303901400.htm|location=Chennai, India|accessdate=4 February 2011<!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> were burnt alive in a railway coach.<ref name="India 2008"/><ref name=court-confirms-conspiracy/> in a conspiracy.<ref name=court-confirms-conspiracy/> The bodies of those killed in the train were brought to Ahmedabad, where a procession was held,<ref>{{cite news|title=Godhra panel: Plea to summon Modi|date=1 September 2007 |work=Deccan Herald|location=India|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep12007/national2007090122743.asp|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090122121045/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep12007/national2007090122743.asp|archivedate= 22 January 2009|deadurl=yes}}</ref> a move seen as a major provocation for the ensuing communal violence.<ref>{{cite news| title=Modi wanted Godhra bodies to come to A'bad|work=The Times of India|location=India|date=22 August 2004 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/823338.cms |accessdate=4 February 2011<!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> The [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP)issued a call for a state-wide strike on 28 February 2002, which was supported by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite news |title=VHP-sponsored bandh begins in Gujarat; one killed in Baroda| publisher=Rediff News|date=28 February 2002|url= http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/feb/28train1.htm|accessdate=4 February 2011<!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref name="NYT-27-july-2002">{{cite news|title=Religious Riots Loom Over Indian Politics|author=Celia W. Dugger|work=The New York Times|date=27 July 2002|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E2DF163BF934A15754C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
While officially classified as a [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalist riot]], the 2002 events have been described as a [[pogrom]] by many scholars and commentators.<ref>Chris Ogden. 2012. A Lasting Legacy: The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance and India's Politics Journal of Contemporary Asia Vol. 42, Iss. 1, 2012</ref><ref name="Dhattiwala 2012"/> Other independent observers have stated that these events had met the "legal definition of genocide",<ref name="Garlough 2013"/> called it an instance of [[State Terrorism|state terrorism]],<ref name="Pandey 2005 b"/><ref name="Baruah 2012 b"/> while others have said the incidents were tantamount to [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref name="Khosrokhavar 2010"/> Instances of mass violence which occurred include the [[Naroda Patiya massacre]] that took place directly alongside a police training camp,<ref name="Patiya massacre"/> the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]] which resulted in the death of [[Ehsan Jafri]] a former member of [[Parliament of India|parliament]], and in the city of [[Vadodara]].<ref name="Vadodara 2007"/> [[Martha Nussbaum]] has said that "There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and officers of the law"<ref name="Nussbaum 2008"/> |
|||
Initial media reports blamed the local Muslims for setting the coach on fire.<ref>{{cite news|title=Call for calm after Indian train attack |publisher=CNN |date=27 February 2002 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/27/india.train.1000/index.html|accessdate=4 February 2011<!--DASHBot-->}} {{cite news|title=Scores killed in India train attack|publisher=BBC News|date=27 February 2002|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1843591.stm|accessdate=4 February 2011<!--DASHBot-->}}{{cite news|title=Shoot-at-sight orders, curfew in Godhra|work=The Times of India|date=27 February 2002|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2256789,prtpage-1.cms|first=One|last=Killed|accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> Going further, the report claims that one Hassan Lalu had thrown burning objects into the train and 140 litres of petrol had been used to set the train on fire, adding that stones were thrown at passengers to stop them from fleeing. |
|||
Nine years after the Godhra train went up in flames the court on 22 February 2011 pronounced its judgement. Additional Session Judge delivered the verdict and convicted 31 Muslims, of which 11 were sentenced to death and 20 to life sentences.,<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/godhra-11-get-death-20-life-parties-to-move-hc/144796-3.html Godhra: 11 get death, 20 life; parties to move HC] IBN – 1 March 2011.</ref> and acquitted 63.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/godhra-verdict-strengthened-confidence-in-judiciary/articleshow/7548317.cms|work=The Times of India|location=India|title=Politics/Nation|date=22 February 2011| accessdate=22 February 2011<!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Sabarmati_Express_fire_was_pre-planned/articleshow/3526816.cms Sabarmati Express fire was pre-planned: Godhra report] Times of India – 26 September 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080066669&ch=25 September 2008%203:22:00%20PM Godhra case: Nanavati panel gives clean chit to Modi] NDTV – 25 September 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2009 [http://www.webcitation.org/5gpCxLhh7 Archived] 16 May 2009.</ref> |
|||
{{TOC right}} |
|||
==Post-Godhra violence== |
|||
Tension gripped parts of Gujarat state while examinations all over the state were cancelled. Fearing communal clashes, the administration imposed a curfew in several areas. Rapid Action Force were deployed in Godhra's sensitive area and around Godhra station.<ref>[http://in.rediff.com/news/2002/feb/28sheela.htm Mob sets fire to Wakf board office in Gujarat secretariat], Sheela Bhatt, 28 February 2002, Godhra</ref> On 1 March the Indian government dispatched around 1,000 paramilitary personnel to Gujarat and asked the army to be on standby to maintain law and order in the state. The Army began flag marches in the worst-affected areas and shoot-at-sight orders were issued in 34 curfew-bound cities and towns in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/02/stories/2002030203050100.htm | location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Shoot orders in many Gujarat towns, toll over 200 |date=2 March 2002 |accessdate=10 May 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
==Godhra train burning== |
|||
151 towns and 993 villages<ref name="Oommen-2005">Figure reported by the Gujarat additional director general of police to the Election Commission, {{Cite journal | title = Crisis and Contention in Indian Society | author = T K Oommen |publisher = Sage Publications | year = 2005 | page = 120 }}</ref> in fifteen to sixteen of the state's 25 districts were affected by the post-Godhra violence, which was particularly severe in about five or six districts. The violence raged largely between 28 February and 3 March, and after a drop, restarted on 15 March, continuing until mid-June.<ref name="Brass-2005">{{cite book | title = The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India | author = Paul R. Brass | publisher = University of Washington Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-295-98506-0 | pages = 385–393}}</ref> Northern and central Gujarat, as well as the [[north-eastern tribal belt]] which are closer to Godhra City, were the worst affected while [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Kutch]] remained largely peaceful.<ref name="Oommen-2005" /> |
|||
[[File:Godhra Train Burning Image.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The Sabarmati Express afire]] |
|||
===Attacks on Muslims=== |
|||
Attacks by large Hindu mobs began in the districts of Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Saberkantha and, for the first time in its history, Gandhinagar on 28 February. Violence spread to the largely rural districts of Panchmahals, Mehsana, Hansot, Kheda, Junagadh, Banaskantha, Patan, Anand and Narmada the next day. Over the next two days, Bharuch and Rajkot and later Surat were hit.<ref name="Jaffrelot-2003">{{Cite journal |title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk? |author=Christophe Jaffrelot |journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics |publisher=South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg|date=July 2003 |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2003/4127/pdf/hpsacp17.pdf |format=PDF |issue=17 |accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
On 27 February 2002, the [[Sabarmati Express]] was reported to have been attacked and set alight by a crowd of Muslims. These reports resulted in a concerted attack on the Muslim community. The causes of the initial confrontation at Godhra railway station are undetermined, it was reported that the activists had harassed Muslim vendors on the station platform, and this has been cited as a probable cause for the attack on the train.<ref name="Hampton 2002"/> Martha Nussbaum wrote in 2008 that two independent inquires concluded that the fire was an accident and had begun inside the train, caused by combustion stoves.<ref name="Nussbaum 2009 p81"/> The [[Godhra train burning#Banerjee Committee|The Banerjee Committee]], started by [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and headed up by a retired Supreme Court judge, [[Umesh Chandra Banerjee]],<ref name="IE222"/> concluded that the fire had started inside the train and was most likely accidental. However, the committee was declared illegal, unconstitutional and outside the jurisdiction of the [[Government of India|Union government]] by the [[Gujarat High Court]] in 2006.<ref name="Press Trust 2006"/> Another report carried out by the Hazards Centre, an NGO from Delhi also concluded that the fire must have begun inside the train, and both the Hazard and the Banerjee reports were critical of the preliminary investigations carried out by local police.<ref name="Spodek 2008"/> The NGO Concerned Citizens Tribunal(CCT), headed by [[Teesta Setalvad]] also concluded that the fire had been an accident.<ref name="Tribunal 2003"/><ref name="AHRC 2003"/> However, many findings of the CCT provided by [[Teesta Setalvad]] have been called into question by the Special Investigation Team.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teesta Setalvad & others made false claims against Narendra Modi |author= |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/1827251/report-teesta-setalvad-and-others-made-false-claims-against-narendra-modi |newspaper=DNA India |date=23 April 2013 |accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref> |
|||
The first incidents of attacks on the Muslim community started at Ahmedabad, where Hindus began throwing stones at and later burned a Muslim housing complex known as Gulburg Society, and then spread elsewhere.<ref name="Dugger 200">Dugger, Celia W. ''2000 Are Dead in 3-Day Riot of Revenge in West India [[New York Times]]''. New York, N.Y.:2 March 2002. p. A1</ref> The initial violence was believed to be instigated by unsubstantiated rumours, endorsed by a senior VHP leader, of Muslims having kidnapped three Hindu girls during the Godhra train attack.<ref name="Dugger 200"/> |
|||
Another investigation, which was commissioned by the Gujarat government lead by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was headed by [[G. T. Nanavati]], a retired Supreme Court judge. This investigation known as the "Shah-Nanavati commission" concluded that the attacks on the train had been pre-planned and was the result of a conspiracy by locals.<ref name="Khan, Times of India 2011"/> In a recording by [[Tehelka]] Arvind Pandya who is counsel to the Gujarat government, stated that the Shah-Nanavati commission would fall in favour of the BJP, as Shah was their man and Nanavati could be bribed.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2011 p389"/> Independent commentators have said that the fire itself was almost certainly an accident, and that the initial cause of the conflagration will never be determined.<ref name="Jeffery 2011"/><ref name="Metcalf 2012"/> However, most commentators place the blame for the burning on Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hakeem |first=Farrukh |authorlink= |title=Policing Muslim Communities: Comparative International Context |url= |accessdate=13 August 2013 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Springer]] |location=Berlin}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Egginton |first=William |authorlink= |title=In Defense of Religious Moderation |url= |accessdate=13 August 2013 |year=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York}}</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/22/AR2011022201024.html 31 convicted in deadly Godhra train fire that sparked fatal anti-Muslim riots in India] Washington Post - 22 February 2011</ref> |
|||
In Ahmedabad, the [[dargah]] of the Sufi saint-poet [[Wali Gujarati]] in Shahibaug and the 16th century [[Gumte Masjid]] mosque in Isanpur were destroyed. The Muhafiz Khan Masjid at Gheekanta was ransacked.<ref>{{cite web | chapter = OVERVIEW OF THE ATTACKS AGAINST MUSLIMS | title = 'We Have No Orders To Save You' – State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat | author = Smita Narula | publisher = Human Rights Watch |month=April | year=2002 | url = http://hrw.org/reports/2002/india/India0402-03.htm#P597_107979| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}, {{cite news | title = Mob used bulldozer to raze heritage mosque | publisher = Indian Exress |date=13 March 2002 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/india-news/ie20020314/top7.html| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> Police records list 298 dargahs, 205 mosques, 17 temples and three churches as damaged in the months of March and April.<ref name="TOI-28-Apr-2002">{{cite news | title = More fall prey to police firings in Gujarat | author = Sanjay Pandey |work=The Times of India |date=28 April 2002 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/8283550.cms| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
==Post Godhra violence== |
|||
According to Human Rights Watch Report, May 2002, State officials of Gujarat, India were directly involved in the killings of hundreds of Muslims since 27 February and then commenced engineering a massive cover-up of the state's role in the violence.<ref name="autogenerated2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2002/04/29/india-gujarat-officials-took-part-anti-muslim-violence |title=India: Gujarat Officials Took Part in Anti-Muslim Violence | Human Rights Watch |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=1 May 2002 |accessdate=2013-03-07}}</ref> |
|||
{{location map+|India Gujarat|float=right|width=300|caption=Location of major incidents.|places= |
|||
"What happened in Gujarat was not a spontaneous uprising, it was a carefully orchestrated attack against Muslims," said Smita Narula, senior South Asia researcher for Human Rights Watch and author of the report. "The attacks were planned in advance and organized with extensive participation of the police and state government officials."<ref name="autogenerated2002"/> |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Vadodara'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left|lat=22|long=73}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Naroda'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=23|long=72}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Ahmedabad'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.03|long=72.58}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Godhra'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.777266|long=73.620253}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Ode'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.00|long=73.00}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Gandhinagar'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.22|long=72.68}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Mehsana'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left|lat=23.6|long=72.7}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Bharuch'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=21.7|long=72.97}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Surat'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=21.17|long=72.83}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Rajkot'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.3000|long=70.7833}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Halvad'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left|lat=23.02|long=71.18}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Modasa'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.4|long=73.3}} |
|||
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Himatnagar'''<br>|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.6|long=72.95}} |
|||
}} |
|||
Following the attack on the train the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) called for a statewide ''[[bandh]]'' (strike), even though these have been declared by the Supreme Court to be unconstitutional and illegal. It is common knowledge in India that these strikes are usually followed by violence. No action was taken by the state to prevent the strike, or put a stop the initial violence.<ref name="Shani 2007 b"/> Independent reports indicate that former VHP president [[Rana Rajendrasinh]] had endorsed the strike, and that Modi and Rana had used inflammatory language which could worsen the situation.<ref name="Simpson 2009"/> |
|||
===Attacks on Hindus=== |
|||
Attacks on Hindus in Danilimda, Modasa, Himmatnagar, Bharuch, Sindhi Market, Bhanderi Pole, and other localities in the city of [[Ahmedabad]] in Gujarat were perpetrated by Muslim mobs.<ref name="HRW Hindu attacks">[http://hrw.org/reports/2002/india/India0402-04.htm Attacks on Hindus], ''Human Rights Watch''</ref> There was a significant loss of property.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?art_ID=4007683 Riots hit all classes, people of all faith]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= A home for long now just a death trap|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/full_story.php?content_id=2401|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5iUu3rWHk|archivedate=23 July 2009|deadurl=no|accessdate=21 July 2009}}</ref> |
|||
Late in March, more than one hundred Hindus in Dariyapur and Kalupur, including 55 [[dalits]], fled their homes to stay in makeshift shelters after being attacked by Muslims mobs.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=16851 With no relief, they turn to religious places for shelter], ''Indian Express''. Retrieved 2009-07-21. [http://www.webcitation.org/5iUuAgS4i Archived] 23 July 2009.</ref> |
|||
Modi declared that the attack on the train had been carried out by "terrorists", these words were interpreted as a signal to take vengeance on the Muslim community.<ref name="Horvitz 2011"/> Local newspapers and members of the state government used the Godhra incident to incite the violence. They claimed without proof<ref name="Embree 2012"/> the attack on the train was carried out by Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|intelligence]] agency and that local Muslims had conspired with them to attack Hindus in the state. False stories were also printed by local newspapers which claimed that Muslims kidnapped and then raped some Hindu women.<ref name="Hibbard 2010 b"/> |
|||
Several Hindu residential areas, including Mahajan No Vaado, a fortified enclave in Muslim-dominated Jamalpur, were targeted following calls for retaliation. |
|||
The day following the fire coordinated attacks began. Men wearing saffron robes and khaki shorts arrived en masse in trucks. They had swords, explosives and gas cylinders which were used to destroy homes and places of business. Attacks were made in full view of police stations and police officers, however the police did not intervene.<ref name="Murphy 2011"/> The rioters used mobile phones to coordinate their attacks.<ref name="Khan 2011 b"/> By days end on 28 February in 27 towns and cities a curfew was declared.<ref name="Oommen 2005 a"/> A minister who spoke with [[Rediff.com]] stated that though the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. In Baroda the administration also imposed a curfew in seven areas. The deputy superintendent of police stated that the Rapid Action Force had been deployed to sensitive areas in Godhra. Gordhan Zadaphia, the state home minister believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community.<ref name="Bhatt 2002"/> Three days after the violence had begun troops were airlifted into the state and began flag marches. Modi, stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control, he also said that if the situation warranted it, then the police would have help by deploying the army. A shoot to kill order was also issued.<ref name="Dasgupta 2002"/> However the troop deployment was withheld by the state until the most severe aspects of the violence had ended, and it was not until 1 March that contingents of troops began to be deployed to help put down the violence.<ref name="Margatt 2011"/> After more than two months of violence a unanimous vote to gain federal intervention was passed in the upper house of parliament. Members of the opposition made accusations that the government had failed to give protection to Muslims in what was, after ten years the worst rioting in India.<ref name="BBC 6 May 2002"/> |
|||
<blockquote>In the morning the mosques began announcing that Islam was in danger, that there was poison in the milk. This was used as a code word. The milk was meant to be Muslims & poison meant Hindus. The rioting lasted between 2:15 pm and 5:30 pm<ref name="HRW Hindu attacks"/></blockquote> |
|||
There was widespread targeted destruction of shrines and mosques. The tomb of Malik Asin was bulldozed, the [[Muhafiz Khan Mosque]] was also destroyed. The tomb of the eighteenth century saint [[Wali Mohammed Wali|Wali Gujrati]] was leveled and paved over the following day by the council. It is estimated that 230 [[Mosque|masjids]] and [[dargah]]s were destroyed during the violence.<ref name="Bunsha 2005 b"/> For the first time in the history of communal riots Hindu women took part, and looted Muslim shops.<ref name="Oommen 2005 a"/> It is estimated that up to 150,000 people were displaced during the violence.<ref name="Rubin 2010 b"/> It is estimated that 200 police officers died while trying to control the violence and human rights watch has reported on acts of exceptional heroism by Hindus, Dalits and tribals who tried to protect Muslims from the violence.<ref name="Rosser 2003"/><ref name="Heroism" /> |
|||
Residents were unable to go to work, fearing attacks. A Hindu temple in the area was destroyed. In Himmatnagar, a young man was killed when he went to a Muslim enclave on business.<ref name="HRW Hindu attacks"/> |
|||
==Attacks on Muslims== |
|||
==Toll== |
|||
According to an official estimate, 1044 people were killed in the violence – 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus including those killed in the Godhra train fire. Another 223 people were reported missing, 2,548 injured, 919 women widowed and 606 children orphaned.<ref>These figures were reported to the Rajya Sabha by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Sriprakash Jaiswal in May 2005. {{cite news | title = Gujarat riot death toll revealed |publisher=BBC News |date=11 May 2005| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090226131020/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html |archivedate = 26 February 2009|deadurl=yes}} {{cite news | title = BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi | author = PTI | publisher = ExpressIndia |date=12 May 2005 | url = http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46626 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090226131020/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html |archivedate = 26 February 2009|deadurl=yes}} {{cite news | title = 254 Hindus, 790 Muslims killed in post-Godhra riots | author = PTI | publisher = Indiainfo.com |date=11 May 2005 | url = http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090226131020/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html |archivedate = 26 February 2009|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
|||
{{Violence against Muslims}} |
|||
Unofficial estimates put the death toll closer to 2500.<ref>{{cite web | title = We Have No Orders To Save You | chapter = Summary | publisher = Human Rights Watch |date=30 April 2002| url = http://hrw.org/reports/2002/india/India0402.htm#P106_4953| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}, {{cite news | title = UK reads the riot act to Narendra Modi | work = The Times of India |date=22 March 2005 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1058718.cms | first1=Percy | last1=Fernandez| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}, Brass (2005) pp. 388,</ref> When missing people were declared dead after 7 years, total deaths went up from 1044 to 1,267.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Gujarat-riot-missing-declared-dead/articleshow/4207101.cms |work=The Times of India | first1=Saeed | last1=Khan | title=Gujarat riot 'missing' declared dead | date=1 March 2009| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Gujarat-riots-toll-to-go-up-from-952-to-1180/articleshow/4133625.cms |work=The Times of India | first1=Leena | last1=Misra | title=Gujarat riots toll to go up from 952 to 1,180 | date=16 February 2009| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
[[Dionne Bunsha]] writing on the Gulbarg Society massacre and murder of Ehsan Jafri, has said that Jafri begged the crowd to spare the women, he was dragged into the street and forced to parade naked yet he refused to say "Jai Shri Ram". He was then beheaded and thrown onto a fire, following this the rioters returned and burned Jafri's family, including two small boys to death. After the massacre Gulbarg burned for a week.<ref name="Bunsha 2005 b"/><ref name="Ahmed 2003"/> According to [[Siddharth Varadarajan]] on 28 February in the districts of Morjari Chowk and Charodia Chowk, in Ahmedabad of forty people killed by police shooting, all were Muslim.<ref name="Varadarajan 2002"/> |
|||
==Security failure== |
|||
It is estimated that at least 250 girls and women had been [[gang rape]]d and then burned to death.<ref name="Kabir 2011"/> Children were killed by being burnt alive and those digging mass graves described the bodies as "burned and butchered beyond recognition".<ref name="Smith 2007"/> |
|||
By the evening of 28 February, curfews were imposed in 27 towns and cities.<ref>Oommen (2005), pp. 120</ref> Thirty-five towns were under curfew by 25 March.<ref>{{cite news | title = Where is normalcy? Curfew still on |
|||
Children were force fed petrol and then set on fire, pregnant women were gutted and their unborn child's body then shown to the women. In the Naroda Patiya mass grave of 96 bodies 46 were women. The murderers also flooded homes and electrocuted entire families inside.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2011"/> Violence against women also included their being stripped naked, objects being forced into their bodies and then their being killed. According to Kalpana Kannabiran the rapes were part of a well organized, deliberate and pre-planned strategy, and that this puts the violence in the area of a political pogrom and genocide.<ref name="Kannabiran 2012"/> Other acts of violence against women were [[Acid throwing|acid attacks]], beatings and the killing of women who were pregnant. Children were also killed in front of their parents.<ref name="Gangoli 2012"/> [[George Fernandes]] in a discussion in parliament on the violence caused widespread furore in his defence of the state government, saying that this was not the first time that women and been violated and raped in India.<ref name="Martin-Lucas 2010"/> |
|||
|work=The Times of India |date=25 March 2002 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4890299.cms | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> Police records show 21,563 preventive arrests were made by the end of April (17,947 of the arrested were listed as Hindus and 3,616 as Muslims) as well as 13,989 substantive arrests (9,954 Hindus and 4,035 Muslims). |
|||
Children and infants were speared and held aloft before being thrown into fires.<ref name="Wilkinson 2005"/> Describing the sexual violence perpetrated against Muslim women and girls, Renu Khanna writes that the survivors reported "that sexual violence consisted of forced nudity, mass rapes, gang-rapes, mutilation, insertion of objects into bodies, cutting of breasts, slitting the stomach and reproductive organs, and carving of Hindu religious symbols on women's body parts."<ref name="Renu Khanna 2008"/> The Concerned Citizens' Tribunal, characterised the use of rape "as an instrument for the subjugation and humiliation of a community".<ref name="Renu Khanna 2008"/> Testimony heard by the committee stated that: |
|||
''The New York Times''' Celia Dugger reported that witnesses were "dismayed by the lack of intervention from local police", who often "watched the events taking place and took no action against the attacks on Muslims and their property".<ref name="Dugger 60">Dugger, Celia W. ''Hindu Rioters Kill 60 Muslims in India [[New York Times]]''. New York, N.Y.:1 March 2002.</ref> |
|||
<blockquote>A chilling technique, absent in pogroms unleashed hitherto but very much in evidence this time in a large number of cases, was the deliberate destruction of evidence. Barring a few, in most instances of sexual violence, the women victims were stripped and paraded naked, then gang-raped, and thereafter quartered and burnt beyond recognition ... The leaders of the mobs even raped young girls, some as young as 11 years old ... before burning them alive ... Even a 20-day-old infant, or a fetus in the womb of its mother, was not spared.<ref name="Renu Khanna 2008"/> |
|||
Human Rights Watch reported that in some cases members of the state police force led rioting mobs, "aiming and firing at every Muslim who got in the way", or instead of offering assistance "led the victims directly into the hands of their killers."<ref name="Dawn1">[http://www.dawn.com/2002/04/30/top6.htm Police officials led Hindu attackers: HRW report on Muslims’ massacre in Gujarat], ''Dawn'', 30 April 2002</ref> Calls for assistance to the police, fire brigades, and even ambulance services generally proved futile.<ref name="Dawn1"/> |
|||
</blockquote> |
|||
For the first time in the history of communal riots Hindu women took part, and looted Muslim shops.<ref name="Oommen 2005 a"/> According to [[Vandana Shiva]] "Young boys have been taught to burn, rape and kill in the name of Hindutva".<ref name="Shiva 2003"/> |
|||
==Attacks on Hindus== |
|||
[[Times of India]] claimed that 93 Muslims were killed by police fire and only 77 Hindus, however Gujarat Police and BJP claimed that majority of 198 Hindus (excluding the 59 killed in Godhra) killed were due to police fire and not in riots. |
|||
{{Violence against Hindus}} |
|||
Human rights watch has reported that 10000 Hindus had been displaced during the violence, many Hindu residents were in fear of reprisal attacks or being mistaken for Muslim. Hindu home and business owners had placed saffron flags or pictures of Hindu deities on their properties to identify themselves as Hindu. On 17 March there was an attack by Muslims on Dalits. In [[Himatnagar]], a man was found dead, his eyes had been gouged out. The Sindhi Market and Bhanderi Pole areas of Ahmedabad, were also attacked.<ref name="Human Rights Watch 2002"/> |
|||
There was a retaliatory attack in Jamalpur which resulted in 25 Hindus injured and five house being razed. The police quickly responded, and the colony was visited by Modi after a short period of time.<ref name="Human Rights Watch 2002"/><ref name="Oommen 2008"/> According to Varadarajan the majority of Hindu deaths were from shootings by the police, some were killed by Hindutva rioters after they had been mistaken for Muslims, with some deliberately killed for having worked with, or having befriended Muslims. A report from [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] on the violence in Ahmedabad of 249 bodies recovered by 5 march, 30 were Hindus. Of these 13 had died as a result of police action and several others had died while attacking Muslim owned properties. 24 Muslims had died in police shootings even though there had been very few attacks by Muslims on Hindu neighborhoods.<ref name="Varadarajan 2002 p83"/> |
|||
Hindu residents of Mahajan No Vaado, part of the Muslim-dominated area of Jamalpur, told HRW that on 1 March, the police ignored phone calls and left them to fend for themselves when a Muslim mob attacked.<ref name="HRW Hindu attacks"/> Numerous calls by Hindus throughout the riots were reportedly ignored by the police.<ref name="HRW Hindu attacks"/> |
|||
==Media coverage== |
|||
One thousand army troops were flown in by the evening of 1 March to restore order. Intelligence officials alleged that the deployment was deliberately delayed by the state and central governments.<ref>{{cite news | title = Soldiers 'held back to allow Hindus revenge' | author = Rahul Bedi | work = The Telegraph |date=4 March 2002 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/03/04/whind04.xml | location=London| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> On 3 May, former Punjab police chief [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill|K P S Gill]] was appointed as security adviser to the Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gill is Modi's Security Adviser |work=The Tribune |location=India |date=2 May 2002 | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020503/main4.htm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
The events in Gujarat were the first instance of communal violence in India in the age of 24 hour news coverage, and were televised worldwide, this coverage played a central role in the politics of the situation. Media coverage was generally critical of the Hindu right, however the BJP portrayed the coverage as an assault on the honour of Gujaratis and turned the hostility into an emotive part of their electoral campaign.<ref name="Mehtaa 2006"/><ref name="Gupta 2012 p7"/> |
|||
The Gujarat government transferred several senior police officers who had taken active measures to contain and investigate violent attacks to administrative positions.<ref name="NYT-27-july-2002"/><ref>{{cite news | title = Disquiet among Gujarat police | author = Kingshuk Nag |work=The Times of India |date=29 April 2002 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/8396453.cms | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Modi Punishes good officers| publisher = Ahmedabad.com (Republished from The Asian Age) |date=26 March 2002 | url = http://www.ahmedabad.com/news/2k2/mar/26modi.htm|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080327225148/http://www.ahmedabad.com/news/2k2/mar/26modi.htm |archivedate = 27 March 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
|||
With the violence receding in April a peace meeting was arranged at [[Sabarmati Ashram]] a former home of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]]. Hindutva supporters and Police officers attacked almost a dozen Journalists. The state government banned television news channels critical of the government's response, and local stations were blocked. Two reporters working for [[ABP News|STAR News]] were assaulted several times while covering the violence, on a return trip from having interviewed Modi when their car was surrounded by a crowd, one of the crowd claimed that they would be killed should they be a member of a minority community. Prasun Sonwalkar believes the media can play an important role in highlighting acts of action, or inaction and abuses of power.<ref name="Cole 2009"/> |
|||
RB Sreekumar, who served as Gujarat's intelligence chief during the riots, alleged that the state government issued "unconstitutional directives", with officials asking him to kill Muslims involved in rioting or disrupting a Hindu religious event. The Gujarat government denied the allegations, calling them "baseless" and instigated out of malice because Mr. Sreekumar was not promoted.<ref name="BBCUK">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4445107.stm BBC UK Website]</ref> |
|||
The Editors Guild of India, in its report on [[media ethics]] and coverage on the incidents stated that the news coverage was exemplary, with only a few minor lapses. The local newspapers ''Sandesh Gujarati'' and ''Gujarat Samachar'' however were heavily criticised.<ref name="Varadarajan 2002 p272"/> The report states that ''Sandesh'' had headlines which would "provoke, communalize and terrorise people. The newspaper also used a quote from a VHP leader as a headline, "Avenge with blood". The report also stated that ''Samachar'' had played a role in increasing the tensions, but did not give all of its coverage over to "hawkish and inflammatory reportage in the first few weeks" The paper also carried reports to highlight communal harmony. ''Gujarat Today'' was given praise for showing restraint and for the balanced reportage of the violence.<ref name="Sonwalkar 2009"/> |
|||
Defending the Modi administration in the Rajya Sabha against charges of genocide, BJP spokesman V K Malhotra said that the official toll of 254 Hindus, killed mostly by police fire, indicates how the state authorities took effective steps to curb the violence.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46626 BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi]</ref> BJP MP and journalist [[Balbir Punj]] disputed allegations of bias against Muslims by the BJP-run state government, pointing out that the majority of those arrested during and after the riots were Hindus.<ref name="punj-mea">[http://mea.gov.in/opinion/2002/04/25o01.htm Truth in Gujarat] by [[Balbir Punj]] {{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> |
|||
Critical reporting on the Gujarat government's handling of the situation helped bring about the Indian government's intervention in controlling the violence. The Editorial Guild of India rejected the charge that graphic news coverage aggravated the situation, saying that the coverage exposed the "horrors" of the riots as well as the "supine if not complicit" attitude of the state, helping propel remedial action.<ref name="Cole 2006"/> |
|||
An unidentified pamphlet circulated to journalists in Gujarat in 2007 labelled Modi's government as [[anti-Hindu]] for arresting VHP workers and Hindu activists involved in the riots.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/story/247974.html Modi vs BJP] The Indian Express – 8 December 2007</ref> |
|||
==Allegations of state complicity== |
|||
The recent report of [[Supreme Court]] appointed Special Investigation Team led by former [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Chief R.K Raghavan gave a clean chit to the Gujarat government and noticed that [[Gujarat Police]] tried everything to prevent the riots.<ref name=ibnl>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarat-riots-teestas-plea-for-report-rejected/271651-3-238.html Gujarat riots: Teesta Setalvad's plea for SIT report rejected]</ref> |
|||
Dipankar Gupta believes that the state and police were complicit in the violence is an undoubted fact. Gupta has also said that some officers were outstanding in the performance of their duties such as Himanshu Bhatt and Rahul Sharma. Sharma was reported to have said "I don't think any other job would have allowed me to save so many lives".<ref name="Gupta 2011"/> These attacks have been described by [[Gyanendra Pandey (historian)|Gyanendra Pandey]] as pogroms and a new form of state terrorism, and that these incidents are not riots but "organized political massacres".<ref name="Pandey 2005 b"/> According to [[Paul Brass]] the only conclusion from the evidence which is available points to a methodical Anti-Muslim pogrom which was carried out with exceptional brutality and was highly coordinated.<ref name="Brass p388"/> |
|||
On Narendra Modi's role the Special Investigation Team report states,<ref name=ibnl /> |
|||
{{cquote|Law and order review meetings were held by Modi and all the things was done to control the situation... the Army was called on time to contain the communal violence. |
|||
The media has also described the attacks as state terrorism rather than "communal riots" due to the lack of state intervention.<ref name="Baruah 2012 b"/> Selective targeting of properties was shown by the destruction of the offices of the Muslim Wakf board which was located within the confines of the high security zone and just 500 meters from the office of the chief minister.<ref name="Shani 2007 b"/> Cited as further evidence of state complicity was that the rioters had printouts of voter registration lists, allowing them to target Muslim properties.<ref name="Khan 2011 b"/><ref name="Rubin 2010 b"/> |
|||
Modi was busy with steps to control the situation, establishment of relief camps for riot victims and also with efforts to restore peace and normalcy. |
|||
According to Scott W. Hibbard the violence had been planned far in advance, and that similar to other instances of communal violence the [[Bajrang Dal]], the VHP and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] all took part in the attacks.<ref name="Hibbard 2010 b"/> An investigation by the British high commission concluded that the violence had been pre-planned and the state government had supported the rioters and that the violence had the mark of ethnic cleansing. This report also said that while Modi remained in power then reconciliation between the Hindu and Muslim communities would not be possible.<ref name="Cohen" /> The US Commission on International Religious Freedom Report in 2003 and 2004 called India a "country of particular concern", and cited as one reason for this was the violence in 2002. They also wrote the even though India has a tradition of democracy, minorities are subjected to mass killings and intense violence periodically. It also made note that those who carry out these acts of violence are rarely held accountable for their actions.<ref name="Bigelow 2010"/> |
|||
In view of the detailed inquiry and satisfactory explanation of the person involved, no criminal case is made out against Narendra Modi.}} |
|||
An international fact finding committee formed of all women international experts from US, UK, France, Germany and Sri Lanka reported, "sexual violence was being used as a strategy for terrorising women belonging to minority community in the state."<ref name="Press Trust of India"/> |
|||
==Role of government and police== |
|||
Sabarmati Express train was attacked within the premises of the Godhra Railway Yard. At the time of the attack, 14 policemen were on duty at Godhra Railway Yard. Railway Police Station is about 826 meters away from the site of the attack. Three Railway Police Force Constables were the first responders. They fired 4 rounds from their [[.303 British|.303]] rifles to disperse the crowd. Firefighter Sureshgiri Mohangiri Gosai testified that Godhra Municipal Councilor Haji Bilal incited the mob to stop the fire engine. Thereupon some persons in the mob had thrown stones at the fire engine. He has further stated that while they were trying to extinguish the fire, stones were pelted on the train. The first response team of Godhra Police Mobile Van testified that Godhra Municipal President Mohamad Kalota and municipal councillor Haji Bilal were in the mob and inciting the Muslims.<ref>http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/27godhra.pdf</ref> |
|||
The CCT report includes testimony of the then Gujarat BJP minister [[Haren Pandya]] (since murdered), who testified about an evening meeting convened by [[Narendra Modi]] the evening of the [[Godhra train burning]]. At this meeting, officials were instructed not to obstruct the Hindu rage following the incident.<ref name="Puniyani 2009"/> The report also highlighted a second meeting, held in Lunawada village of [[Panchmahal district]], attended by state ministers Ashok Bhatt, and Prabhatsinh Chauhan, and other BJP and RSS leaders, where "detailed plans were made on the use of kerosene and petrol for arson and other methods of killing."<ref name="Desai 2002"/> The [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind]] claimed in 2002 that some regional Congress workers collaborated with the perpetrators of the violence.<ref name="Ramachandran 2003"/> |
|||
The Gujarat state government was reprimanded immediately for failing to prevent the riots, but then increasingly for actively fomenting and participating in it, which was a far more serious charge. Critiques came repeatedly from the Supreme Court, and the [[Rajya Sabha|upper house]] of the Indian parliament unanimously passed a resolution calling for federal intervention in Gujarat; a similar censure motion in the [[Lok Sabha|lower]] house was defeated by about 100 votes.<ref>{{cite news | title = Indian MPs back Gujarat motion |publisher=BBC News|date=6 May 2002 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/south_asia/1970415.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
Organizations such as [[Human Rights Watch]] criticised the [[Government of India|Indian government]] for failure to address the resulting humanitarian condition of the people, the "overwhelming majority of them Muslim," who fled their homes for relief camps in the aftermath of the events, as well as the Gujarat state administration for engaging in a cover-up of the state's role in the massacres.<ref name="HRW May 2002"/> |
|||
The [[United States Department of State]] in its International Religious Freedom Report 2003 commented on the episode,<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24470.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2003]. By the [[United States Department of State]]. Retrieved 19 April 2007.</ref> based on a [[USCIRF#India|controversial report by USCIRF]]: |
|||
In response to allegations of state involvement, Gujarat government spokesman, Bharat Pandya, told the BBC that the rioting was a spontaneous Hindu backlash fuelled by widespread anger against Muslims. He said "Hindus are frustrated over the role of Muslims in the on-going violence in Indian-administered Kashmir and other parts of India".<ref name="Sen March 2002"/> |
|||
{{bquote|"India's [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC), an official body, found evidence in the killings of premeditation by members of Hindu extremist groups; complicity by Gujarat state government officials; and police inaction in the midst of attacks. The NHRC also noted "widespread reports and allegations of well-organized persons, armed with mobile telephones and addresses, singling out certain homes and properties for death and destruction in certain districts-sometimes within view of police stations and personnel," suggesting the attacks may have been planned in advance."<ref> |
|||
{{cite news |
|||
| title = Countries of Particular Concern: INDIA |
|||
| author = [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] |
|||
| url = http://www.uscirf.gov/countries/countriesconcerns/Countries/India.html |
|||
| accessdate =26 March 2008 |
|||
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071225182505/http://www.uscirf.gov/countries/countriesconcerns/Countries/India.html |archivedate = 25 December 2007}}</ref>}} |
|||
In April 2002, retired Supreme Court Justices [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]] and [[P. B. Sawant]] headed a citizen's panel to investigate the riots.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=13475 Citizens’ tribunal to investigate Godhra carnage, communal riots], Express News Service, Monday, 1 April 2002, Ahmedabad.</ref> Their report includes testimony of the then Gujarat BJP minister [[Haren Pandya]] (since murdered), who testified about an evening meeting convened by [[Narendra Modi]] the evening of the [[Godhra train burning]]. At this meeting, officials were instructed not to obstruct the Hindu rage following the incident.<ref>[http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ws090509Ram_Puniyani.asp Gujarat Carnage-Role of Narendra Modi], Ram Puniyani, 2 May 2009, tehelka.com</ref> The report also highlighted a second meeting, held in Lunawada village of [[Panchmahal district]], attended by state ministers Ashok Bhatt, and Prabhatsinh Chauhan, and other BJP and RSS leaders, where "detailed plans were made on the use of kerosene and petrol for arson and other methods of killing."<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20021202&fname=Tribunal+(F)&sid=1 Leads From Purgatory], Darshan Desai, 2 December 2002, Outlook Magazine.</ref> |
|||
The [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind]] claimed in 2002 that some regional Congress workers collaborated with the perpetrators of the violence.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Rajesh|title=Cong silent on cadres linked to Guj riots|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-09/india/27201201_1_congress-leaders-congress-mlas-gujarat-youth-congress|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> |
|||
The US Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom, [[John Hanford]], expressing concern over religious intolerance in Indian politics, said that while the rioters may have been aided by state and local officials, he did not believe that the BJP-led central government was involved in inciting the riots.<ref name="Krishnaswami 2006"/> |
|||
Organizations such as [[Human Rights Watch]] criticised the [[Government of India|Indian government]] for failure to address the resulting humanitarian condition of the people, the "overwhelming majority of them Muslim," who fled their homes for relief camps in the aftermath of the events, as well as the Gujarat state administration for engaging in a cover-up of the state's role in the massacres.<ref>[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2002/04/30/india3885.htm Gujarat Officials Took Part in Anti-Muslim Violence], Human Rights Watch</ref> Many of the investigations and prosecutions of those accused of violence during the riots have been opened for re-investigation and prosecution.<ref name=BBC1 /><ref name=BBC2 /> The large-scale civil unrest has been generally been described as riots or inter-communal clashes. |
|||
==Criminal prosecutions== |
|||
In response to allegations of state involvement, Gujarat government spokesman, Bharat Pandya, told the BBC that the rioting was a spontaneous Hindu backlash fuelled by widespread anger against Muslims. He said "Hindus are frustrated over the role of Muslims in the on-going violence in Indian-administered Kashmir and other parts of India".<ref name="BBC-19-Mar-02">{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881497.stm | title = NGO says Gujarat riots were planned |publisher=BBC News |date=19 March 2002| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
Prosecution of those accused for criminal actions during the violence faced problems with witnesses being either bribed or intimidated, local judges were also biased.<ref name="Nussbaum 2008 p2"/> As of April 2013 249 convictions had been secured, 184 Hindus and 65 Muslims. 31 of the Muslim convictions were for the Train incident in Godhra.<ref name="Correspondent 2013"/> |
|||
The US Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom, [[John Hanford]], expressing concern over religious intolerance in Indian politics, said that while the rioters may have been aided by state and local officials, he did not believe that the BJP-led central government was involved in inciting the riots.<ref>{{cite news | title = U.S. raised Gujarat riots with BJP-led Government | author = Sridhar Krishnaswami |work=The Hindu |date=16 September 2004 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/16/stories/2004091613381100.htm | location=Chennai, India| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
The [[Indian Supreme Court]] has been strongly critical of the state government's investigation and prosecution of those accused of violence during the riots, directing police to review about 2,000 of the 4,000 riot-related cases that had been closed citing lack of evidence or leads.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news | title = Court orders Gujarat riot review |publisher=BBC News |date=17 August 2004 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3572296.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> Following this direction, police identified nearly 1,600 cases for re-investigation, arrested 640 accused and launched investigations against 40 police officers for their failures.<ref name=BBC2>{{cite news | title = Gujarat riot cases to be reopened |publisher=BBC News |date=8 February 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4693412.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat riot probe panel moves against 41 cops |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=9 February 2006 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/archive/StoryO-87579-Gujarat-riot-probe-panel-moves-against-41-cops.html| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}} {{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> |
|||
At the same time, about two hundred policemen lost their lives trying to control the violence in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite journal | last= Rosser| first= Yvette| title= Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh| page= Pg. 356 |
|||
| publisher= The University of Texas at Austin| year= 2003| url= http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf|format=PDF| work= PhD Dissertation| accessdate=10 September 2008| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080911035259/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf| archivedate= 11 September 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
|||
[[Human Rights Watch]] alleged<ref name="hrw_bg_gujarat">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/india/gujarat |title=Discouraging Dissent: Intimidation and Harassment of Witnesses, Human Rights Activists, and Lawyers Pursuing Accountability for the 2002 Communal Violence in Gujarat(Human Rights Watch, September 2004) |publisher=Hrw.org |date= |accessdate=2013-07-11}}</ref> that state and law enforcement officials were harassing and intimidating<ref name="hrw_continued_harass">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/09/23/india9383.htm |title=India: After Gujarat Riots, Witnesses Face Intimidation (Human Rights Watch, 23 September 2004) |publisher=Hrw.org |date=2004-09-25 |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> key witnesses, NGOs, social activists and lawyers who were fighting to seek justice for riot victims. In its 2003 annual report, Amnesty International stated, "the same police force that was accused of colluding with the attackers was put in charge of the investigations into the massacres, undermining the process of delivery of justice to the victims."<ref name="AI-2003" /> |
|||
In April 2012, a Special Investigation Team found absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots.<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/top-story/56643-its-official-modi-gets-clean-chit-in-gulberg-massacre.html It's official: Modi gets clean chit in Gulberg massacre] Daily Pioneer – 10 April 2012</ref> The Special Investigation Team (SIT) report on the riots exonerated Modi of all charges.<ref name="dna">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/interview_narendra-modi-as-encountered-in-sit-report_1686943|title=Narendra Modi as encountered in SIT report|publisher=DNA India|date=10 May 2012|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref> |
|||
The [[Best Bakery case|Best Bakery murder trial]] received wide attention after witnesses retracted testimony in court and all of the accused were acquitted. The [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]], acting on a petition by social activist [[Teesta Setalvad]], ordered a retrial outside Gujarat in which nine accused were found guilty in 2006.<ref>Dionne Bunsha, [http://wayback.archive.org/web/20071010045828/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2304/stories/20060310005611700.htm Verdict in Best Bakery case], ''Frontline'', Volume 23 – Issue 04, 25 February – 10 March 2006</ref> A key witness, [[Zaheera Sheikh]], who repeatedly changed her testimony during the trials and the petition was found guilty of [[perjury]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/08spec.htm |title=Why did Zaheera Sheikh have to lie? |publisher=Rediff.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-11}}</ref> |
|||
In his report, Mr. Raju Ramachandran, the [[amicus curiae]] for the case, strongly disagreed with a key conclusion of the R.K. Raghavan-led SIT: that IPS officer Sanjiv Bhatt was not present at a late-night meeting of top Gujarat cops held at the Chief Minister's residence in the wake of the 27 February 2002 Godhra carnage. |
|||
It has been Mr. Bhatt's claim — made in an affidavit before the apex court and in statements to the SIT and the amicus — that he was present at the meeting where Mr. Modi allegedly said Hindus must be allowed to carry out retaliatory violence against Muslims. Raju Ramachandran was of the opinion that Mr Modi could be prosecuted for alleged statements he had made. Mr. Ramachandran said there was no clinching material available in the pre-trial stage to disbelieve Mr. Bhatt, whose claim could be tested only in court. "Hence, it cannot be said, at this stage, that Shri Bhatt should be disbelieved and no further proceedings should be taken against Shri Modi." |
|||
After a local court dismissed the case against her assailants, Bilkis Bano approached the National Human Rights Commission and petitioned the Supreme Court seeking a retrial. The Supreme Court granted the motion, directing the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] to take over the investigation. CBI appointed a team of experts from CFSL Delhi and AIIMS under the guidance and leadership of Professor [[Tirath Das Dogra|T. D. Dogra]] of AIIMS to exhume the mass graves to established the identity and cause of death of victims. The team successfully located and exhumed the remains of victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-meticulous-seven-and-a-sevenday-hunt-for-proof/264049|title=The meticulous seven, and a seven-day hunt for proof-Amitabh Sinha|date= New Delhi, 21 January, Mon 21 Jan 2008, 23:59 hrs|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=2013-02-10}}</ref> The trial of the case was transferred out of Gujarat and directing the central government to appoint the public prosecutor.<ref name="Deccan-Herald-Aug-9-04" >{{cite news | title = A hopeful Bilkis goes public |work=Deccan Herald |location=India |date=9 August 2004 | url = http://wayback.archive.org/web/20080323094551/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/aug092004/n14.asp| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph-Aug-7-04">{{cite news | title = Second riot case shift | work = The Telegraph |date=7 August 2004 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040807/asp/frontpage/story_3595362.asp| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> Charges were filed in a Mumbai court against nineteen people as well as six police officials and a government doctor over their role in the initial investigations.<ref name="Hindu-Jan-14-05">{{cite news | title = Charges framed in Bilkis case |work=The Hindu |date=14 January 2005 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011403701300.htm | location=Chennai, India| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> In January 2008, eleven men were sentenced to life imprisonment for the rape and murders and a policeman was convicted of falsifying evidence.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rape victim Bilkis Bano hails victory for Muslims as Hindu assailants are jailed for life | author = Jeremy Page |work=The Times |location=London | date = 23 January 2008 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3234530.ece | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name="the hindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3393808.ece|title=Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2012|accessdate=5 September 2012}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name="the hindu2">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3398456.ece|title=No evidence of Modi promoting enmity: SIT|work=The Hindu|date=9 May 2012|accessdate=5 September 2012}} |
|||
In 2005, the Vadodara fast-track court acquitted 108 people accused of murdering two youths, during a mob attack on a group of displaced Muslims returning under police escort to their homes in Avdhootnagar. The court passed strictures against the police for failing to protect the people under their escort<ref>{{cite news | title = All accused in riot case acquitted |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=26 October 2005 | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/10/26/stories/2005102605681400.htm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> and failing to identify the attackers they had witnessed.<ref>{{cite news | title = Over 100 accused in post-Godhra riots acquitted | publisher = Rediff News |date=25 October 2005 | url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/25godhra.htm | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
Nine people were convicted of killing a Hindu man and injuring another during group clashes in Danilimda, Ahmedabad on 12 April, while 25 others were acquitted.<ref>{{cite news | title = Sentencing in Gujarat Hindu death | author = Rajeev Khanna |publisher=BBC News |date=28 March 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4854760.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
Eight people, including a VHP leader and a member of the BJP, were convicted for the murder of seven members of a family and the rape of two minor girls in the village of Eral in Panchmahal district.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hindus jailed over Gujarat riots |publisher=BBC News |date=30 October 2007 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7069809.stm | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Godhra court convicts 11 in Eral massacre case; 29 acquitted | author = PTI | publisher = Yahoo! India News|date=30 October 2007| url = http://in.news.yahoo.com/071030/20/6ml7b.html| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}{{dead link|date=July 2013}}</ref> |
|||
52 people from Pavagadh and Dhikva villages in Panchmahal district were acquitted of rioting charges for lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news | title = 52 acquitted in post-Godhra case | publisher = Rediff News |date=22 April 2006 | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/apr/22godhra.htm | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
A stringent anti-terror law, the [[POTA]], was used by the Gujarat government to charge 131 people in connection to the Godhra train fire, but not invoked in prosecuting any of the accused in the post-Godhra riots.<ref>{{Cite book | contribution = Hindu Nationalists and federal structures in an era of regionalism | author = Katharine Adeney | title = Coalition Politics And Hindu Nationalism | editors = Katharine Adeney, Lawrence Sáez (Eds.) | publisher = Routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-35981-8 | page = 114 | postscript = }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand | author = Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, Shankar Raghuraman | publisher = Sage Publications | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-7619-3237-6 | page = 123 }}</ref> In 2005 the POTA Review Committee set up by the central government to review the application of the law opined that the Godhra accused should not be tried under the provisions of POTA.<ref>{{cite news | title = Pota Review Committee Gives Opinion on Godhra Case To POTA Court | publisher = Indlaw|date=21 June 2005 | url = http://www.indlawnews.com/0b4b3d8601312009fa9754c2386220f9|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060526033930/http://www.indlawnews.com/0b4b3d8601312009fa9754c2386220f9 |archivedate = 26 May 2006|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
|||
In February 2011 a special fast track court convicted 31 Muslims for the Godhra train burning incident and the conspiracy for the crime<ref name=Hindu1>{{cite news|title=It was not a random attack on S-6 but kar sevaks were targeted, says judge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1513008.ece|accessdate=11 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 March 2011}}</ref> |
|||
On 9 November 2011, a court in [[Ahmedabad]] sentenced 31 Hindus to life imprisonment for murdering dozens of Muslims, by burning a building in which they took shelter.<ref name="Srivastava"/> 41 other Hindus were acquitted of murder charges due to lack of evidence.<ref name="Srivastava">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-court-finds-31-hindus-guilty-of-killing-dozens-of-muslims-in-rioting-9-years-ago/2011/11/09/gIQA5HPL4M_story.html ]{{dead link|date=July 2013}}</ref> 22 additional people were convicted for attempted murder on 30 July 2012, while 61 others were acquitted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19044830 |title=India convictions over Gujarat Dipda Darwaza killings |date=30 July 2012 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref> |
|||
On 29 July 2012, an Indian court gave the verdict in the [[Naroda Patiya massacre]] case and convicted 32 people, including former state minister [[Maya Kodnani]] and Hindu leader [[Babu Bajrangi]] of involvement in the attacks. The court case began in 2009, and over 300 people (including victims, witnesses, doctors, and journalists) had testified before the court. For the first time, the verdict acknowledged the role of a politician in inciting Hindu mobs. Activists say that the verdict will embolden the opponent of Narendra Modi, the chief minister of Gujarat, in the crucial run-up to state elections later this year, when Modi will seek a third term. Modi refused to apologise and denied that the government had a role in the riots. Twenty-nine people were acquitted during the verdict. Teesta Setalvad, a human rights campaigner, said, "For the first time, this judgment actually goes beyond neighborhood perpetrators and goes up to the political conspiracy. The fact that convictions have gone that high means the conspiracy charge has been accepted and the political influencing of the mobs has been accepted by the judge. This is a huge victory for justice."<ref name="WashPo verdict">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/indian-court-convicts-former-government-minister-in-deadly-2002-riots/2012/08/29/3745a438-f1b3-11e1-b74c-84ed55e0300b_story.html | title=Indian court convicts former state minister in deadly 2002 anti-Muslim riots | work=The Washington Post | author=Lakshmi, Rama | date=29 August 2012 | accessdate=29 August 2012}}</ref> |
|||
In April 2009, the Special Investigation Team (SIT) setup by the [[Supreme Court of India]] to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riot cases submitted before the Court that [[Teesta Setalvad]] had cooked up cases of violence to spice up the incidents. The SIT which is headed by former CBI director, R. K. Raghavan has said that false witnesses were tutored to give evidence about imaginary incidents by Setalvad and other NGOs.<ref name=toi>{{cite web|author=Dhananjay Mahapatra, TNN 14 April 2009, 12.13pm IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-14/india/28031729_1_riot-cases-r-k-raghavan-riot-victims |title=NGOs, Teesta spiced up Gujarat riot incidents: SIT |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2009-04-14 |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> The SIT charged her of "cooking up macabre tales of killings".<ref name=economictimes>Setalvad in dock for 'cooking up killings' [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Setalvad-in-dock-for-cooking-up-killings/articleshow/4397849.cms "Setalvad in dock for 'cooking up killings'"]. ''Economic Times'', Retrieved 2009-05-11. [http://www.webcitation.org/5glwxxEme Archived] 14 May 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Gujarat riot myths busted|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/169490/Gujarat-riot-myths-busted.html|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5glwxafqF|archivedate=14 May 2009|deadurl=no|accessdate=11 May 2009}}</ref> |
|||
The court was told that 22 witnesses, who had submitted identical affidavits before various courts relating to riot incidents, were questioned by SIT and it was found that the witnesses had not actually witnessed the incidents and they were tutored and the affidavits were handed over to them by Setalvad.<ref name=economictimes/> |
|||
The report which was brought to the notice of the bench, consisting of Justices [[Arijit Pasayat]], P Sathasivam and Aftab Alam, noted that the much publicised case of a pregnant Muslim woman Kausar Banu being gangraped by a mob and foetus being removed from sharp weapons, was also cooked up and false.<ref name=toi/><ref name="inhuman">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/89840/Inhuman%20rights.html?complete=1 |title=Inhuman rights : STATES - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2010-03-25 |accessdate=2013-07-11}}</ref> |
|||
Many of the investigations and prosecutions of those accused of violence during the riots have been opened for re-investigation and prosecution.<ref name=BBC1 /><ref name=BBC2 /> |
|||
==Inquiries== |
|||
There were more than 60 investigations by national and international bodies many of which having investigated the incident, concluded there was support from state officials in the violence.<ref name="Evans 2011"/> The report from the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]](NHRC) concluded that the attacks had been premeditated, that state government officials were complicit and that there was evidence of police not acting during the assaults on Muslims. The report also made mention of the BJP and Modi in "Promoting the attitudes of [[Racism|racial supremacy]], [[Bigotry|racial hatred]] and the legacy of [[Nazi]]sm through his governments support of school textbooks in which Nazism is glorified". The US state department also found "that Modi revised high school textbooks to describe Hitler's 'charismatic personality' and the 'achievements of Nazism'.<ref name="Nussbaum 2009 pp.50-51"/><ref group=Note>The 2003 International Report by the US State Department can be found here.[http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2003/24470.htm] It states "The Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board, to which nearly 98 percent of schools in Gujarat belong, requires the use of certain textbooks in which Nazism is condoned. In the Standard 10 social studies textbook, the "charismatic personality" of "Hitler the Supremo" and the "achievements of Nazism" are described at length. The textbook does not acknowledge Nazi extermination policies or concentration camps except for a passing reference to "a policy of opposition towards the Jewish people and [advocacy for] the supremacy of the German race." The Standard 9 social studies textbook implies that Muslims, Christians, Parsees, and Jews are "foreigners." In 2002 the Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board administered an exam, while the riots were ongoing, in which students of English were asked to form one sentence out of the following: "There are two solutions. One of them is the Nazi solution. If you don't like people, kill them, segregate them. Then strut up and down. Proclaim that you are the salt of the earth."</ref> The NHRC also stated that [[Res ipsa loquitur]] applied as the state had comprehensively failed to protect and had not upheld the rights of the people as set out in the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name="Engineer 2003 p262"/> |
|||
The CCT report which was headed up by [[Krishna Iyer]], a retired justice of the Supreme Court released its findings in 2003 and stated that contrary to the government allegation of a conspiracy in Godhra, this incident had not been pre-planned and there were no evidence to indicate otherwise. On the statewide riots the CCT reported that several days before the Godhra incident, the excuse used for the attacks, homes belonging to Hindus which were in Muslim areas and been marked with pictures of Hindu deities or saffron flags, this had been done to prevent any accidental assaults on Hindu homes or businesses. The CCT investigation also discovered evidence that the VHP and the Bajrang Dal had training camps in which people were thought to view Muslims as an enemy. These camps were backed and supported by the BJP and RSS. They also reported that "The complicity of the state government is obvious. And, the support of the central government to the state government in all that it did is also by now a matter of common knowledge."<ref name="PUCL 2006"/> |
|||
The state government commissioned J G. Shah to conduct, what became, a controversial one man inquiry into the Godhra incident, its credibility was questioned and the NHRC and the National minorities commission requested that a sitting judge from the supreme court be appointed. The supreme court overturned the findings by Shah stating, "this judgement is not based on the understanding on any evidence, but on imagination".<ref name="Guha 2002 p437"/> |
|||
Early in 2003 the state government of Gujarat set up the Shah-Nanavati commission to investigate the entire incident, from the initial one at Godhra to the ensuing violence. The commission has been caught up in controversy from the beginning, activists and members of the opposition insisted on a judicial commission be set up and headed by a sitting judge rather than a retired one from the high court, the state refused. Within a few months Nanavati, before hearing any testimony declared there was no evidence of lapses by either the police or government in their handling of the violence.<ref name="Oommen 2008 p73"/> In 2008 Shah died and was replaced by Justice Akshay Mehta, a retired high court judge.<ref name="Economic Times 2012"/> Metha's appointment was controversial as he was the judge who allowed Babu Bajrangi to be bailed, Bajrangi is a leader of Bajrang Dal and is a prime suspect in the massacre at Naroda Patiya.<ref name="Tehelka Magazine 2008"/><ref name="Akshay Mehta 2008"/> In July 2013 the commission was given its 20th extension, and Mukul Sinha of the civil rights group ''Jan Sangahrsh Manch'' said of the delays "I think commission has lost its significance and it now seems to be awaiting the outcome of the 2014 Lok Sabha election,"<ref name="Soni 2013"/> In 2007 Tehelka in an undercover operation had said that the Shah-Nanavati commission had relied on "manufactured evidence" Tehelka editor Tarun Tajpal has claimed that they had taped witnesses who stated they had given false testimony after they had been bribed by the Gujarati police force. Tehelka also recorded Ranjitsinh Patel were he stated that he and Prabhatsinh Patel had been paid 50,000 rupees apiece to amend earlier statements and to identify as conspirators some Muslims.<ref name="India Today 2008"/> According to [[B G Verghese]] the Tehelka expose was far to detailed to have been a fake as some had claimed.<ref name="Verghese 2010"/> |
|||
A fact finding mission by the [[SAHMAT#Legacy|Sahmat]] organisation and headed up by Dr. Kamal Mitra Chenoy concluded that from the evidence the violence was more akin to ethnic cleansing or a pogrom rather than an instance of communal violence as they would be usually defined. The report said that the violence surpassed other periods of communal violence such as in [[1969 Gujarat riots|1969]], [[1985 Gujarat riots|1985]], [[1989 Bhagalpur violence|1989]], and [[Bombay Riots|1992]] not only in the amount of lives lost, but in the savagery of the attacks.<ref name="Sen March 2002"/><ref name="Chenoy 2002"/> |
|||
==Aftermath== |
|||
There was widespread destruction of property. 527 places of worship such as, [[Mosque|masjids]], Temples, cemeteries, [[dargah]]s and [[Madrassa|schools]] had been either destroyed or damaged.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2011 p389"/> It is estimated that Muslim property losses were, "100,000 houses, 1,100 hotels, 15,000 businesses, 3,000 handcarts and 5,000 vehicles destroyed."<ref name="Davies 2005"/> In total 27,780 persons were arrested, either for rioting or as a preventative measure. For criminal behaviour 11,167 of which 3,269 were Muslim and 7,896 Hindu. Preventative arrests were 16,615 of which 2,811 were Muslim and 13,804 being Hindu. It was reported by the Concerned Citizens Tribunal that 90 percent of those arrested were almost immediately granted bail, even if they had been arrested on suspicion of murder or arson. There were also media reports that political leaders gave those being released public welcomes as they were given bail. This contradicts what the state government had been saying during the violence, that "Bail applications of all accused persons are being strongly defended and rejected".<ref name="Engineer 2003"/> |
|||
According to R.B.Sreekumar police officers who had followed the rule of law and helped prevent the riots from spreading were punished by the Modi government. They were subjected to disciplinary proceedings and transfers with some having to leave the state.<ref name="Sreekumar 2012"/> Sreekumar also claims that intimidation of whistleblowers and the subversion of the justice system are common practice.<ref name="Khetan 2011"/> Sreekumar also alleged that the state government issued "unconstitutional directives", with officials asking him to kill Muslims involved in rioting or disrupting a Hindu religious event. The Gujarat government denied the allegations, calling them "baseless" and instigated out of malice because Mr. Sreekumar was not promoted.<ref name="BBCUK">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4445107.stm |title=BBC UK Website |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-04-14 |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> |
|||
Following the violence [[Bal Thackeray]] then leader of the [[Hindu nationalism|nationalist]] group [[Shiv Sena]] said "Muslims are a cancer to this country ... Cancer is an incurable disease. Its only cure is operation. O Hindus take weapons in your hands and remove this cancer from your roots".<ref name="Haynes 2012 b"/> [[Pravin Togadia]] general secretary of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]](VHP) said "All [[Hindutva]] opponents will get the death sentence" and [[Ashok Singhal]] then president of the VHP has said that the violence in Gujarat was a "successful experiment" which would be repeated nationwide.<ref name="Haynes 2012 b"/> |
|||
The militant group [[Indian Mujahideen]] have carried out attacks in revenge and to also act as a deterrent against further instances of mass violence against Muslims.<ref name="Freedman 2012"/> They also claimed to have carried out the [[13 September 2008 Delhi bombings|2008 Delhi bombings]] in revenge for mistreatment of Muslims, they referenced the destruction of the [[Babri Mosque]] and the violence in Gujarat 2002.<ref name="Basset 2012"/> In September 2002 there was an attack on the Hindu temple of [[Akshardham Temple attack|Akshardham]], the gunmen carried letters on their persons which suggested that it was a revenge attack for the violence that the Muslims had gone through.<ref name="Duffy Toft 2012"/> In August 2002 Shahid Ahmad Bakshi, an operative for the militant group [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] in an act of revenge over the violence planned to assassinate Modi, [[Pravin Togadia]] of the VHP and other members of the right wing nationalist movement.<ref name="Swami 2005 p69" /> |
|||
In 2005 Modi was invited to the US to speak before the Asian-Americans hotel owners association. A petition was set up and signed by academics requesting that Modi be refused a diplomatic visa, Hindu groups in the US also protested and planned to demonstrate in cities in Florida. A resolution was submitted by [[John Conyers]] and [[Joseph R. Pitts]] in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] which condemned Modi for inciting religious persecution. Pitts also wrote to then [[Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] requesting Modi be refused a visa. On 19 March Modi was denied a diplomatic visa and his tourist visa was revoked<ref name="Nussbaum 2008"/> |
|||
Human rights watch has accused the state of orchestrating a cover up over their role in the violence. Human rights activists and Indian solicitors have urged that legislation be passed so that "communal violence is treated as genocide".<ref name="Kiernan 2008"/> Following the violence thousands of Muslims were fired from their places of work, and those who tried to return home had to endure an economic and social boycott.<ref name="Rauf 2011"/> |
|||
On 3 May, former Punjab police chief [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill|K P S Gill]] was appointed as security adviser to the Chief Minister.<ref name="News Service 2002">{{cite news|last=News Service|first=Tribune|title=Gill is Modi's Security Adviser|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020503/main4.htm|newspaper=Tribune India|date=2 May 2002}}</ref> Defending the Modi administration in the Rajya Sabha against charges of genocide, BJP spokesman V K Malhotra said that the official toll of 254 Hindus, killed mostly by police fire, indicates how the state authorities took effective steps to curb the violence.<ref name="Press Trust of India 2005">{{cite news|last=of India|first=Press Trust|title=BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=46626|newspaper=Express India|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> |
|||
Opposition parties as well as three coalition partners of the BJP-led central government demanded the dismissal of Gujarat Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]] for failing to contain the violence, with some calling for the removal of Union Home Minister [[L. K. Advani]] as well.<ref name="Special Correspondent 2002">{{cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Special|title=Removal of Advani, Modi sought|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/07/stories/2002030702791300.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 March 2002}}</ref> |
|||
On 18 July, Chief Minister Narendra Modi asked the [[Governor of Gujarat]] to dissolve the state assembly and call fresh elections.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat chief minister resigns |publisher=BBC News |date=19 July 2002 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2139008.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> The Indian Election Commission ruled out early elections, citing the prevailing law and order situation, a decision the union government unsuccessfully<ref>{{cite news | title = 2 Indian Elections Bring Vote Panel's Chief to Fore | author = Amy Waldman |work=The New York Times |date=7 September 2002 | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00EFD7133EF934A3575AC0A9649C8B63| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> appealed against in the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news | title = India's electoral process in question |
|||
| author = Mark Tully | publisher = CNN |date=27 August 2002 | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/08/27/tully.india/index.html?related| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
Elections were held in December, and Modi was returned to power in a landslide victory.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat victory heartens nationalists |publisher=BBC News |date=15 December| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2576855.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
In 2004, the weekly newspaper ''[[Tehelka]]'' published a hidden camera exposé alleging that BJP legislator Madhu Srivastava bribed Zaheera Sheikh, a witness in the Best Bakery killings trial.<ref>{{cite news | title = I Paid Zaheera Sheikh Rs 18 Lakh | work = Tehelka |date=6 December 2007 | url = http://www.tehelka.com/story_main10.asp?filename=ts010105press.asp|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5h95z5mFL|archivedate=29 May 2009|deadurl=no|accessdate=27 May 2009}}</ref> Srivatsava denied the allegation,<ref>{{cite news | title = Politician denies bribing witness |publisher=BBC News |date=22 December 2004 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4117875.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> and an inquiry committee appointed by the Indian Supreme Court drew an "adverse inference" from the video footage, though it failed to uncover evidence that money was actually paid.<ref>{{cite news | title = Zahira sting: MLA gets clean chit |work=The Times of India |date=4 January 2006 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-04/india/27802438_1_sting-operation-clean-chit-zahira-sheikh | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> In a [[The Truth: Gujarat 2002 - Tehelka report|2007 expose]], the newspaper released hidden camera footage of several members of the BJP, VHP and the Bajrang Dal admitting their role in the riots.<ref>{{cite web | title = Gujarat 2002: The Truth in the words of the men who did it | work = Tehelka |date=3 November 2007 | url = http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107gujrat_sec.asp| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref name="express-oct-26">{{cite news | title = Sting traps footsoldiers of Gujarat riots allegedly boasting about killings with state support |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=26 October 2007 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232545.html| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5h97FrUsa | archivedate = 29 May 2009| deadurl=no}}</ref> Among those featured in the tapes was the special counsel representing the Gujarat government before the Nanavati-Shah Commission, Arvind Pandya, who resigned from his post after they were made public.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat Govt counsel quits |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=28 October 2007 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/233175.html | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> While the report was criticised by some as being politically motivated,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/001200710271941.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=2007-10-27 |accessdate=2013-07-11}}</ref><ref>http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct272007/national2007102732570.asp{{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071112&fname=Cover+Story+(F)&sid=6 |title=A Sting Without Venom | Chandan Mitra |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=2007-11-12 |accessdate=2013-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/8454 |title=Godhra Carnage Vs. Pundits Exodus |publisher=Asian Tribune |date= |accessdate=2013-07-11}}</ref> some newspapers said the revelations simply reinforced what was common knowledge.<ref name="express-oct-26" /><ref>{{cite news | title = Polls don't tell whole story |work=The Times of India |date=October 2007 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-30/edit-page/27965541_1_gujarat-assembly-tehelka-tapes-narendra-modi | first1=Kingshuk | last1=Nag| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Ghosts don't lie |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=27 October 2007 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232757.html| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Everything, but the news |work=Hindustan Times |location=India | author = Chitra Padmanabhan |date=14 November 2007 | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=9ba3c46a-72dd-4b2a-9a04-6fa9c299b32a&MatchID1=4604&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=7&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1157&MatchID2=4575&TeamID3=8&TeamID4=2&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1147&PrimaryID=4604&Headline=Everything%2c+but+the+news| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> However there were several inaccuracies in the statements that diluted the impact of the sting operation. Babu Bajrani and Suresh Richard in the statements said that Narendra Modi visited Naroda Patiya one day after the massacre to thank them. However official record shows that Naredra Modi didn't visit Naroda Patiya. VHP activist, Ramesh Dave told Tehelka reporter that S.K.Gadhvi, one of the divisional superintendents of Police killed five Muslims in Dariapur area as promised to him. But the official records show that Gadhvi was only posted in Dariapur one month after the riots. During his tenure no such incident took place in Dariapur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Gujarat:+The+noose+tightens/1/1716.html |title=Gujarat: The noose tightens : STATES – India Today |work=India Today |date=1 November 2007 |accessdate=2013-03-07}}</ref> The Gujarat government blocked telecast of cable news channels broadcasting the expose, a move strongly condemned by the Editors Guild of India.<ref>{{cite news | title = Editors Guild condemns Gujarat action |work=The Hindu |date=30 October 2007 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103055681200.htm | location=Chennai, India| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
Taking a stand decried by the media and other rights groups, Nafisa Hussain, a member of the National Commission for Women accused organisations and the media of needlessly exaggerating the plight of women victims of the riots.<ref name="Women's groups decry NCW stand">{{cite web |url=http://www.fisiusa.org/fisi_News_items/Godhra/godhra093.htm |title=Women's groups decry NCW stand |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090122085938/http://www.fisiusa.org/fisi_News_items/Godhra/godhra093.htm |archivedate=2009-01-22 |accessdate=24 June 2013}}</ref><ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20031010064334/http://www.tehelka.com/channels/currentaffairs/2002/apr/22/ca042202rinku.htm</ref><ref>http://www.infochangeindia.org/archives1.jsp?secno=1&monthname=June&year=2002&detail=T{{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> which was strongly disputed as Gujarat did not have a State Commission for Women to act on the ground.<ref name="Women's groups decry NCW stand"/> The newspaper ''Tribune'' reported that "The National Commission for Women has reluctantly agreed to the complicity of Gujarat Government in the communal violence in the state." The tone of their most recent report was reported by the ''Tribune'' as "lenient".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020426/main5.htm |title=NCM rejects Gujarat report:Directs state to follow its recommendations |publisher=Fisiusa.org |deadurl=no |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref> |
|||
In April 2012, a Special Investigation Team found absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/top-story/56643-its-official-modi-gets-clean-chit-in-gulberg-massacre.html |title=The Pioneer |publisher=Dailypioneer.com |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2013-07-11}}</ref> |
|||
In his report, Raju Ramachandran, the [[amicus curiae]] for the case, strongly disagreed with a key conclusion of the R. K. Raghavan-led SIT: that IPS officer Sanjiv Bhatt was not present at a late-night meeting of top Gujarat cops held at the Chief Minister's residence in the wake of the 27 February 2002 Godhra carnage. |
|||
It has been Bhatt's claim — made in an affidavit before the apex court and in statements to the SIT and the amicus — that he was present at the meeting where Modi allegedly said Hindus must be allowed to carry out retaliatory violence against Muslims. Ramachandran was of the opinion that Modi could be prosecuted for alleged statements he had made. He said there was no clinching material available in the pre-trial stage to disbelieve Bhatt, whose claim could be tested only in court. "Hence, it cannot be said, at this stage, that Shri Bhatt should be disbelieved and no further proceedings should be taken against Shri Modi."<ref name="the hindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3393808.ece|title=Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2012|accessdate=5 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="the hindu2">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3398456.ece|title=No evidence of Modi promoting enmity: SIT|work=The Hindu|date=9 May 2012|accessdate=5 September 2012}} |
|||
</ref> |
</ref> |
||
Further, RK Shah the public prosecutor in the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]] resigned as the public prosecutor because he found it impossible to work with the SIT and further stated that "Here I am collecting witnesses who know something about a gruesome case in which so many people, mostly women and children huddled in Jafri's house, were killed and I get no cooperation. The SIT officers are unsympathetic towards witnesses, they try to browbeat them and don’t share evidence with the prosecution as they are supposed to do."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264745 |publisher=Outlook India|date=29 March 2010 |title=Nero Hour |deadurl=no |accessdate=5 May 5013}}</ref> |
|||
Further, R. K. Shah the public prosecutor in the Gulbarg Society massacre resigned as the public prosecutor because he found it impossible to work with the SIT and further stated that "Here I am collecting witnesses who know something about a gruesome case in which so many people, mostly women and children huddled in Jafri's house, were killed and I get no cooperation. The SIT officers are unsympathetic towards witnesses, they try to browbeat them and don't share evidence with the prosecution as they are supposed to do."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264745 |publisher=Outlook India|date=29 March 2010 |title=Nero Hour |deadurl=no |accessdate=5 May 5013}}</ref> |
|||
==Criminal prosecutions== |
|||
There have been 249 convictions in 19 cases as of August 2013. This includes 184 Hindus and 65 Muslims- 31 for Godhra and 34 for post-Godhra. |
|||
A brief summary of total convictions will be as follows: |
|||
==Relief efforts== |
|||
* '''16 October 2003''' – 4 Muslims were convicted and given life imprisonment<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//india/Four-get-life-imprisonment/articleshow/236376.cms|title=Four get life imprisonment|work=The Times of India|date=16 October 2003}}</ref> |
|||
Amnesty International's annual report on India in 2003 claimed the "Gujarat government did not actively fulfill its duty to provide appropriate relief and rehabilitation to the survivors".<ref name="AI-2003">{{cite web|url=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20030704200816/http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/ind-summary-eng |title=Amnesty International | Working to Protect Human Rights |publisher=Web.amnesty.org |date= |accessdate=2013-07-11}}</ref> |
|||
* '''25 November 2003''' – 15 Hindus were convicted of whom 12 were given life imprisonment<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/24godhra.htm|title=Post-Godhra riots: 15 convicted in Nadiad|publisher=Rediff|date=25 November 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/25godhra.htm|title=Gujarat riots case: 12 sentenced to life imprisonment|publisher=Rediff|date=26 November 2003}}</ref> |
|||
<!--http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/24godhra.htm – Link for conviction |
|||
http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/25godhra.htm – Link for punishment--> |
|||
The state government initially offered compensation payments of 200,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the Godhra train fire and 100,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the subsequent riots, which local Muslims described as discriminatory.<ref name="Dugger child">Dugger, Celia W. (Ahmedabad Journal) "In India, a Child's Life Is Cheap Indeed". ''[[New York Times]]''. 7 March 2002</ref> Subsequently, the government set the compensation amount at 150,000 rupees.<ref>http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html{{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> |
|||
* '''4 August 2005''' – 2 Muslims were convicted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/aug52005/national172323200584.asp |title=Post-Godhra riots: Two sentenced to 7-year RI – Deccan Herald – Internet Edition |work=Deccan Herald |accessdate=2013-03-07}}</ref> |
|||
By 27 March, nearly 100,000 displaced people moved into 101 relief camps. This swelled to over 150,000 in 104 camps the next two weeks.<ref name="Brass-2005">{{cite book | title = The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India | author = Paul R. Brass | publisher = University of Washington Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-295-98506-0 | pages = 385–393}}</ref> The camps were run by community groups and NGOs, with the government committing to provide amenities and supplementary services. Drinking water, medical help, clothing and blankets were in short supply at the camps.<ref name="timesoI_nostatehelp">{{cite news | title = Rains, epidemic threaten relief camps | work = The Times of India |date=2 July 2002 | author = Ruchir Chandorkar | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-02/ahmedabad/27313985_1_relief-camps-medicines-rains| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> At least another 100 camps were denied government support, according to a camp organiser.<ref>{{cite news | title = Camp Comatose | author = Priyanka Kakodkar |date=15 April 2002 | work = Outlook | url = http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20020415&fname=Cover+Stories&sid=4| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> and relief supplies were prevented from reaching the camps over fears that they may be carrying arms.<ref name="bbc_gujaratviolence">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881497.stm |title=NGO says Gujarat riots were planned |publisher=BBC News |date=2002-03-19 |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> |
|||
* '''14 December 2005''' – 11 Hindus were convicted<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/14godhra.htm|title=Gujarat: 11 get life imprisonment for post-Godhra riot|publisher=Rediff|date=14 December 2005}}</ref> |
|||
Relief camp organisers alleged that the state government was coercing refugees to leave relief camps, with 25,000 people made to leave eighteen camps that were shut down. Following government assurances that camps would not be shut down, the Gujarat High Court bench ordered that camp organizers be given a supervisory role to ensure that the assurances were met.<ref>{{cite news | title = Govt not to close relief camps |work=The Times of India |date=27 June 2002 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-06-27/ahmedabad/27290804_1_relief-camps-camp-organisers-violence-victims | accessdate=2013-06-27 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
* '''24 February 2006''' – 9 Hindus were convicted (Outside Gujarat)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/24gujarat.htm|title=Best Bakery Case: 9 accused convicted|publisher=Rediff|date=24 February 2006}}</ref> |
|||
On 23 May 2008, the [[Government of India|Union Government]] announced a 3.20 billion rupee (US $80 million) relief package for the victims of the riots.<ref>{{cite news |authorlink= bbc.co.uk |title= Relief for Gujarat riot victims|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7416073.stm|publisher=BBC News |date= 23 May 2008 |accessdate=11 September 2008 }}</ref> |
|||
* '''18 March 2006''' – 7 Muslims were convicted<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=174094|title=IE1|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> |
|||
==Popular culture== |
|||
* '''28 March 2006''' – 9 Muslims were convicted<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=65065|title=9 convicted in post-Godhra riot case|work=The Indian Express|date=28 March 2006}}</ref> |
|||
===Novels=== |
|||
* '''14 May 2006''' – 5 Muslims were convicted<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/POTA-court-convicts-five-in-Ahmedabad-blast-case/Article1-97222.aspx|title=POTA court convicts five in Ahmedabad Blast case|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 May 2006}}</ref> |
|||
* ''[[The 3 Mistakes of My Life]]'' written by [[Chetan Bhagat]] has backdrop of riots in 2002. |
|||
===Films=== |
|||
* '''18 May 2006''' – 4 Muslims were convicted<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/postgodhra-riots-dna-test-nails-4-killers/4719/|title=Post-Godhra riots: DNA test nails 4 killers|work=The Indian Express|date=19 May 2006}}</ref> |
|||
* ''[[Final Solution (2003 film)|Final Solution]]'' is a 2003 documentary directed by [[Rakesh Sharma (filmmaker)|Rakesh Sharma]] about the 2002 Gujarat violence. The film was denied entry to [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] in 2004 due to objections by [[Censor Board of India]], but won two awards at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival 2004. The ban was later lifted in October 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021701112200.htm |title=A miss at MIFF, accolades at Berlinale |publisher=The Hindu |date=2004-02-17 |accessdate=2013-07-11}}</ref><ref name="fss">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-17/news-interviews/28324546_1_wolfgang-staudte-award-bags-two-awards-indian-film | title=Mumbai reject finally shines in Berlin | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 February 2004 | agency=PTI | accessdate=27 March 2013}}</ref> |
|||
*[[T. V. Chandran]] made a trilogy of [[Malayalam]] films based on the aftermaths of Gujarat riots. The trilogy consists of ''[[Kathavasheshan]]'' (2004), ''[[Vilapangalkkappuram]]'' (2008) and ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' (2012). The narrative of all these films begin on the same day, 28 February 2002, that is, on the day after the Godhra train burning.<ref name="thhh">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/all-things-bright-and-beautiful/article3965306.ece | title=All things bright and beautiful ... |date=4 October 2012 |accessdate=28 October 2012 |author=C. S. Venkiteswaran |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> |
|||
* '''23 November 2006''' – 3 Muslims were convicted for blasts on 6 August 2002 in Ahmedabad in which no one was killed but caused panic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-23/india/27818103_1_pota-court-pota-case-memco|title=Memco blast case: POTA court convicts three|work=The Times of India|date=23 November 2006}}</ref> |
|||
* 2007 film ''[[Parzania]]'' was inspired by the true story of a ten-year-old Parsi boy, Azhar Mody, essayed in the film as Parzaan Pithawala in the film, who disappeared after the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]]. The film traces the journey of the Pithawala family while trying to locate their missing son. |
|||
* '''30 October 2007''' – 11 Hindus were convicted<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-30/india/27970801_1_godhra-riots-gujarat-riots-life-term|title=Gujarat riots: Eight convicts get life term|work=The Times of India|date=30 October 2007}}</ref> |
|||
* ''[[Firaaq]]'' was a 2008 political thriller film set one month after the violence and looks at the aftermath in its effects on the lives of everyday people. |
|||
* '''22 January 2008''' – 12 Hindus were convicted in the Bilkis Bano case (outside Gujarat)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/22/stories/2008012259991300.htm|title=11 sentenced to life in Bilkis Bano case|work=The Hindu|date=22 January 2008}}</ref> |
|||
* 2011 film ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]'' had end amidst riots in [[Ahmedabad]]. |
|||
* '''1 March 2011''' – 31 Muslims were convicted for Godhra train burning of karsewaks which was the starting point of riots<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/india/28643060_1_haji-billa-godhra-train-rajjak-kurkur|title=Death for 11, life sentence for 20 in Godhra train burning case|work=The Times of India|date=1 March 2011}}</ref> |
|||
* 2013 film ''[[Kai Po Che]]'' had the backdrop of 2002 Gujarat violence in end. The film was based on the novel ''[[The 3 Mistakes of My Life]]'' written by [[Chetan Bhagat]]. |
|||
* '''13 July 2011''' – 6 Hindus were convicted<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/Six-convicted-in-post-Godhra-riot-case-after-nine-years/Article1-720552.aspx|title=Six convicted in post-Gudhra riot case after nine years|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 July 2011}}</ref> |
|||
==See also== |
|||
* '''9 November 2011''' – 31 Hindus were convicted for the Sadarpura case<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-09/india/30377556_1_riot-case-riot-victims-sardarpura|title=Sardarpura riot case: 31 convicted, 42 acquitted|work=The Times of India|date=9 November 2011}}</ref> |
|||
* [[Dabgarwad Massacre]] |
|||
* [[Religious violence in India]] |
|||
==References== |
|||
* '''9 April 2012''' – 23 Hindus were convicted<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_gujarat-riots-court-convicts-23-acquits-23-for-ode-massacre_1673458|title=Gujarat's Ode massacre: 23 convicted, 23 acquitted for 23 deaths|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=9 April 2012}}</ref> |
|||
;'''Notes''' |
|||
{{reflist|group=Note}} |
|||
;'''Citations''' |
|||
{{Reflist| colwidth = 30em |
|||
| refs = |
|||
<ref name="Ghassem-Fachand 2012"> |
|||
* '''4 May 2012''' – 9 Hindus were convicted<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=250003912#page=2|title=9 convicted, 32 acquitted in 2002 Ode riots case|publisher=MSN India|date=4 May 2012}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Ghassem-Fachand|first=Parvis|title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9755.pdf|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15177-9|pages=1–2}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Escherle 2013"> |
|||
* '''30 July 2012''' – 22 Hindus were convicted<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3702882.ece|title=Life term for 21 in Dipda Darwaja massacre case|work=The Hindu|date=30 July 2012}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Escherle|first=Nora Anna|title=Haunted Narratives: Life Writing in an Age of Trauma|year=2013|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-4601-8|page=205|edition=3rd Revised|editor=Gabriele Rippl, Philipp Schweighauser, Tiina Kirss, Margit Sutrop, Therese Steffen}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Hakeem 2012"> |
|||
* '''29 August 2012''' – 32 Hindus were convicted for the Naroda Patiya killings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3835078.ece|title=Ex-BJP Minister among 32 convicted of Naroda-Patiya massacre|work=The Hindu|date=29 August 2012}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Hakeem|first=Farrukh B.|title=Policing Muslim Communities: Comparative and International Context|year=2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4614-3551-8|page=81|coauthors=Maria R. Haberfeld, Arvind Verma}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Brass 2005"> |
|||
The [[Indian Supreme Court]] has been strongly critical of the state government's investigation and prosecution of those accused of violence during the riots, directing police to review about 2,000 of the 4,000 riot-related cases that had been closed citing lack of evidence or leads.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news | title = Court orders Gujarat riot review |publisher=BBC News |date=17 August 2004 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3572296.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> Following this direction, police identified nearly 1,600 cases for re-investigation, arrested 640 accused and launched investigations against 40 police officers for their failures.<ref name=BBC2>{{cite news | title = Gujarat riot cases to be reopened |publisher=BBC News |date=8 February 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4693412.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat riot probe panel moves against 41 cops |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=9 February 2006 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/archive/StoryO-87579-Gujarat-riot-probe-panel-moves-against-41-cops.html| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}} {{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|title=The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India|year=2005|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98506-0|page=388|date=15|month=July}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Baldwin 2002"> |
|||
[[Human Rights Watch]] alleged<ref name="hrw_bg_gujarat">[http://hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/india/gujarat Discouraging Dissent: Intimidation and Harassment of Witnesses, Human Rights Activists, and Lawyers Pursuing Accountability for the 2002 Communal Violence in Gujarat], Human Rights Watch September 2004</ref> that state and law enforcement officials were harassing and intimidating<ref name="hrw_continued_harass">[http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/09/23/india9383.htm India: After Gujarat Riots, Witnesses Face Intimidation (Human Rights Watch, 23 September 2004)]</ref> key witnesses, NGOs, social activists and lawyers who were fighting to seek justice for riot victims. In its 2003 annual report, Amnesty International stated, "the same police force that was accused of colluding with the attackers was put in charge of the investigations into the massacres, undermining the process of delivery of justice to the victims."<ref name="AI-2003" /> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Kabir|first=Ananya Jahanara|title=Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-80608-4|editor=Sorcha Gunne, Zoe Brigley Thompson}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Official death toll"> |
|||
The [[Best Bakery case|Best Bakery murder trial]] received wide attention after witnesses retracted testimony in court and all of the accused were acquitted. The [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]], acting on a petition by social activist [[Teesta Setalvad]], ordered a retrial outside Gujarat in which nine accused were found guilty in 2006.<ref>Dionne Bunsha, [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2304/stories/20060310005611700.htm Verdict in Best Bakery case], ''Frontline'', Volume 23 – Issue 04, 25 February – 10 March 2006</ref> A key witness, [[Zaheera Sheikh]], who repeatedly changed her testimony during the trials and the petition was found guilty of [[perjury]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/08spec.htm Why did Zaheera Sheikh have to lie?], ''Rediff.com''</ref> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Corporation|first=British Broadcasting|title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4536199.stm|newspaper=BBC|date=11 May 2005} |
|||
}</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Embree 2012"> |
|||
After a local court dismissed the case against her assailants, Bilkis Bano approached the National Human Rights Commission and petitioned the Supreme Court seeking a retrial. The Supreme Court granted the motion, directing the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] to take over the investigation. CBI appointed a team of experts from CFSL Delhi and AIIMS under the guidance and leadership of Professor [[Tirath Das Dogra|T. D. Dogra]] of AIIMS to exhume the mass graves to established the identity and cause of death of victims. The team successfully located and exhumed the remains of victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-meticulous-seven-and-a-sevenday-hunt-for-proof/264049|title=The meticulous seven, and a seven-day hunt for proof-Amitabh Sinha|date= New Delhi, 21 January, Mon 21 Jan 2008, 23:59 hrs|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=2013-02-10}}</ref> The trial of the case was transferred out of Gujarat and directing the central government to appoint the public prosecutor.<ref name="Deccan-Herald-Aug-9-04" >{{cite news | title = A hopeful Bilkis goes public |work=Deccan Herald |location=India |date=9 August 2004 | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/aug092004/n14.asp| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph-Aug-7-04">{{cite news | title = Second riot case shift | work = The Telegraph |date=7 August 2004 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040807/asp/frontpage/story_3595362.asp| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> Charges were filed in a Mumbai court against nineteen people as well as six police officials and a government doctor over their role in the initial investigations.<ref name="Hindu-Jan-14-05">{{cite news | title = Charges framed in Bilkis case |work=The Hindu |date=14 January 2005 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011403701300.htm | location=Chennai, India| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> In January 2008, eleven men were sentenced to life imprisonment for the rape and murders and a policeman was convicted of falsifying evidence.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rape victim Bilkis Bano hails victory for Muslims as Hindu assailants are jailed for life | author = Jeremy Page |work=The Times |location=London | date = 23 January 2008 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3234530.ece | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66744-9|page=233|editor=Chris Seiple, Dennis Hoover, Dennis R. Hoover, Pauletta Otis}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Murphy 2011"> |
|||
In 2005, the Vadodara fast-track court acquitted 108 people accused of murdering two youths, during a mob attack on a group of displaced Muslims returning under police escort to their homes in Avdhootnagar. The court passed strictures against the police for failing to protect the people under their escort<ref>{{cite news | title = All accused in riot case acquitted |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=26 October 2005 | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/10/26/stories/2005102605681400.htm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> and failing to identify the attackers they had witnessed.<ref>{{cite news | title = Over 100 accused in post-Godhra riots acquitted | publisher = Rediff News |date=25 October 2005 | url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/25godhra.htm | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Eamon|title=Contemporary State Terrorism: Theory and Practice|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66447-9|page=86|editor=Richard Jackson, Eamon Murphy, Scott Poynting|date=24|month=March}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Krishnan 2012"> |
|||
Nine people were convicted of killing a Hindu man and injuring another during group clashes in Danilimda, Ahmedabad on 12 April, while 25 others were acquitted.<ref>{{cite news | title = Sentencing in Gujarat Hindu death | author = Rajeev Khanna |publisher=BBC News |date=28 March 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4854760.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|title=Modi's clearance in the Gujarat riots case angers Indian Muslims|url=http://www.dw.de/modis-clearance-in-the-gujarat-riots-case-angers-indian-muslims/a-15874606|newspaper=Deutsche Welle|date=11 March 2012|author2=Shamil Shams}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Times of India 2013"> |
|||
Eight people, including a VHP leader and a member of the BJP, were convicted for the murder of seven members of a family and the rape of two minor girls in the village of Eral in Panchmahal district.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hindus jailed over Gujarat riots |publisher=BBC News |date=30 October 2007 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7069809.stm | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Godhra court convicts 11 in Eral massacre case; 29 acquitted | author = PTI | publisher = Yahoo! India News|date=30 October 2007| url = http://in.news.yahoo.com/071030/20/6ml7b.html| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite news|last=India|first=Times of|title=Is SIT hiding proof in Gujarat riots case?|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/india/40656297_1_zakia-jafri-train-burning-godhra-incident|newspaper=Times of India|date=18 July 2013}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Dhattiwala 2012"> |
|||
52 people from Pavagadh and Dhikva villages in Panchmahal district were acquitted of rioting charges for lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news | title = 52 acquitted in post-Godhra case | publisher = Rediff News |date=22 April 2006 | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/apr/22godhra.htm | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite journal|last=Dhattiwala|first=Raheel|coauthors=Michael Biggs|title=The Political Logic of Ethnic Violence The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002|journal=Politics and Society|year=2012|volume=40|issue=4|page=485|doi=10.1177/0032329212461125}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Garlough 2013"> |
|||
A stringent anti-terror law, the [[POTA]], was used by the Gujarat government to charge 131 people in connection to the Godhra train fire, but not invoked in prosecuting any of the accused in the post-Godhra riots.<ref>{{Cite book | contribution = Hindu Nationalists and federal structures in an era of regionalism | author = Katharine Adeney | title = Coalition Politics And Hindu Nationalism | editors = Katharine Adeney, Lawrence Sáez (Eds.) | publisher = Routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-35981-8 | page = 114 | postscript = }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand | author = Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, Shankar Raghuraman | publisher = Sage Publications | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-7619-3237-6 | page = 123 }}</ref> In 2005 the POTA Review Committee set up by the central government to review the application of the law opined that the Godhra accused should not be tried under the provisions of POTA.<ref>{{cite news | title = Pota Review Committee Gives Opinion on Godhra Case To POTA Court | publisher = Indlaw|date=21 June 2005 | url = http://www.indlawnews.com/0b4b3d8601312009fa9754c2386220f9|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060526033930/http://www.indlawnews.com/0b4b3d8601312009fa9754c2386220f9 |archivedate = 26 May 2006|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Garlough|first=Christine L.|title=Desi Divas: Political Activism in South Asian American Cultural Performances|year=2013|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-61703-732-0|page=123}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Pandey 2005 b"> |
|||
On 9 November 2011, a court in [[Ahmedabad]] sentenced 31 Hindus to life imprisonment for murdering dozens of Muslims, by burning a building in which they took shelter.<ref name="Srivastava"/> 41 other Hindus were acquitted of murder charges due to lack of evidence.<ref name="Srivastava">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-court-finds-31-hindus-guilty-of-killing-dozens-of-muslims-in-rioting-9-years-ago/2011/11/09/gIQA5HPL4M_story.html Indian court sentences 31 Hindus to life in prison for killing dozens of Muslims 9 years ago] – ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 9 November 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> 22 additional people were convicted for attempted murder on 30 July 2012, while 61 others were acquitted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19044830 |title=India convictions over Gujarat Dipda Darwaza killings |date=30 July 2012 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Pandey|first=Gyanendra|title=Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0|pages=187–188|year=2005|month=November}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Baruah 2012 b"> |
|||
On 29 July 2012, an Indian court gave the verdict in the [[Naroda Patiya massacre]] case and convicted 32 people, including former state minister [[Maya Kodnani]] and Hindu leader [[Babu Bajrangi]] of involvement in the attacks. The court case began in 2009, and over 300 people (including victims, witnesses, doctors, and journalists) had testified before the court. For the first time, the verdict acknowledged the role of a politician in inciting Hindu mobs. Activists say that the verdict will embolden the opponent of Narendra Modi, the chief minister of Gujarat, in the crucial run-up to state elections later this year, when Modi will seek a third term. Modi refused to apologise and denied that the government had a role in the riots. Twenty-nine people were acquitted during the verdict. Teesta Setalvad, a human rights campaigner, said, "For the first time, this judgment actually goes beyond neighborhood perpetrators and goes up to the political conspiracy. The fact that convictions have gone that high means the conspiracy charge has been accepted and the political influencing of the mobs has been accepted by the judge. This is a huge victory for justice."<ref name="WashPo verdict">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/indian-court-convicts-former-government-minister-in-deadly-2002-riots/2012/08/29/3745a438-f1b3-11e1-b74c-84ed55e0300b_story.html | title=Indian court convicts former state minister in deadly 2002 anti-Muslim riots | work=The Washington Post | author=Lakshmi, Rama | date=29 August 2012 | accessdate=29 August 2012}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Baruah|first=Bipasha|title=Women and Property in Urban India|year=2012|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1928-2|page=41}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Khosrokhavar 2010"> |
|||
==Official inquiries== |
|||
{{cite book|last=Khosrokhavar|first=Farhad|title=The Fundamentalist Mindset: Psychological Perspectives on Religion, Violence, and History|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537965-5|page=212|editor=Charles B. Strozier, David M. Terman, James W. Jones, Katherine A. Boyd}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Patiya massacre"> |
|||
===Shah-Nanavati commission=== |
|||
{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Dipankar|title=Justice before Reconciliation: Negotiating a 'New Normal' in Post-riot Mumbai and Ahmedabad|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-61254-8|page=24}} |
|||
On 6 March, the Gujarat government set up a commission of inquiry headed by retired High Court judge K.G. Shah to enquire into the Godhra train burning and the subsequent violence and submit a report in three months.<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/03/07/stories/2002030706110100.htm The Hindu : Probe panel appointed]</ref> Following criticism from victims' organisations, activists and political parties over Shah's alleged proximity to the BJP, on 22 May, the government reconstituted the commission, appointing retired Supreme Court Justice G.T. Nanavati to lead the commission.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/archive_full_story.php?content_id=3116 Modi succumbs to pressure, Nanavati put on Shah panel] The Indian Express – 21 May 2002</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301541200.htm Former Supreme Court judge joins Gujarat probe] [[The Hindu]] – 23 May 2002</ref> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
In 2008, the [[Nanavati commission]] came out largely in favour of the Gujarat government's aspect. Nanavati's evidence hinged on the acquisition of 140 litres of petrol hours before the arrival of the train and the storage of the said petrol at the alleged key conspirator's, Razzak Kurkur, guest house. This was further corroborated by forensic evidence showing fuel was poured on the train compartment before being burnt. The alleged mastermind was said to be the cleric Maulvi Husain Haji Ibrahim Umarji and a dismissed [[Central Reserve Police Force]] officer named Nanumiyan, from Assam, who had instigated the Muslim crowds. Furthermore, two Kashmiris, Gulamnabi and Ali Mohammed, were in the same guesthouse for a fortnight prior to the event speaking about the [[Kashmir liberation]] movement.<ref name="India 2008"/> |
|||
<ref name="Vadodara 2007"> |
|||
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and the [[Indian National Congress]] party both came out railing against the exoneration of the Gujarat government by the commission citing the timing of the report (with general elections months away) as evident of unfairness. Congress spokesperson [[Veerappa Moily]] commented at the strange absolvement of the Gujarat government for complacency for the carnage. He also said the report reinforced communal prejudices.<ref>cong, cpm slam Nanavati report for reinforcing 'communal bias.' Times of India. 28 September 2008.</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Ganguly|first=Rajat|title=The State of India's Democracy|year=2007|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8791-8|page=60|editor=Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Hampton 2002"> |
|||
===National Human Rights Commission=== |
|||
{{cite book|last=Hampton|first=Janie|title=Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-85383-952-8|page=116}} |
|||
In its proceedings of 1 April 2002, the Commission had set out its preliminary comments and recommendations on the situation and sent a confidential report from the team of the Commission that visited Gujarat from 19–22 March 2002 to Gujarat government and Central Home Ministry. It observed that "the responsibility of the State extended not only to the acts of its own agents, but also to those of non-State players within its jurisdiction and to any action that may cause or facilitate the violation of human rights. The Commission added that, unless rebutted by the State Government, the adverse inference arising against it would render it accountable. The burden of proof was therefore on the State Government to rebut this presumption."<ref name="nhrc_gujarat2002">[http://nhrc.nic.in/guj_finalorder.htm National Human Rights Commission] {{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5PpkeUxph|date =24 June 2007| accessdate=14 July 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Nussbaum 2009 p81"> |
|||
In its Proceedings of 1 May 2002, the Commission noted that the Government of Gujarat had sent a reply dated 12 April 2002, and observed that nothing in the reports received in response rebuts the presumption. It further observed that "the violence in the State, which was initially claimed to have been brought under control in seventy two hours, persisted in varying degree for over two months, the toll in death and destruction rising with the passage of time despite the measures reportedly taken by the State Government". The report claims failure of intelligence, failure to take appropriate action, patterns of arrests, uneven handling of major cases, and "Distorted FIRs: ‘extraneous influences’, issue of transparency and integrity" as key factors in the incident(s). |
|||
{{cite book|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha C.|title=Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism|year=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-3404-5|page=81}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Press Trust 2006"> |
|||
==Other inquiries== |
|||
{{cite news|last=of India|first=Press Trust|title=Banerjee panel illegal: Gujarat HC|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75485|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=13 October 2006}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Spodek 2008">{{cite journal|last=Spodek|first=Howard Spodek|title=In the Hindutva Laboratory: Pogroms and Politics in Gujarat, 2002|journal=Modern Asian Studies|year=2008|page=351|doi=10.1017/S0026749X08003612}} |
|||
===Banerjee Committee=== |
|||
</ref> |
|||
On 17 May 2004[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] became Railway Minister. In September 2004, the Railway Ministry set up a one-member committee consisting of former Supreme Court Justice [[Umesh Chandra Banerjee]] to probe the Godhra train fire. In January 2005, two days before the election in Lalu Prasad's native Bihar state, the Banerjee Committee concluded that the fire was accidental. Lalu Prasad used the Banerjee Committee report and a [[Lalu_Prasad_Yadav#Use_of_Osama_bin_Laden.27s_look-alike|look-alike of Osama bin Laden]] to woo Muslim voters. |
|||
Banerjee Commission's findings were challenged by Neelkanth Tulsidas Bhatia who was injured in the Godhra carnage. In October 2006, the [[Gujarat High Court]] quashed the conclusions of the Banerjee Committee and ruled that the panel was "unconstitutional, illegal and null and void", and declared its formation as a "colourable exercise of power with mala fide intentions", and its argument of accidental fire "opposed to the prima facie accepted facts on record.".<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75485 Banerjee panel illegal: Gujarat HC] Indian Express – 13 October 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/14/stories/2006101405431200.htm Bannerjee Committee illegal: High Court] [[The Hindu]] – 14 October 2006</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = HC terms Sabarmati Express panel illegal |work=The Financial Express |date=14 October 2006| url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/story/180656/| accessdate= 4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Laloo flaunts Godhra report |work=The Tribune |date=20 January 2005 | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050121/main1.htm| accessdate= 4 February 2013 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = India train fire 'not mob attack' |publisher=BBC News |date=17 January 2005 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4180885.stm| accessdate= 4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref name="express-2006">{{cite news | title = Banerjee panel illegal: Gujarat HC | author = Press Trust of India | publisher = Express India |date=13 October 2006 | url = http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75485 | accessdate= 4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
= |
<ref name="Tribunal 2003"> |
||
{{cite web|last=Tribunal|first=Concerned Citizens|title=Crime Against Humanity|url=http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/tribunal2.pdf|publisher=Citizens for Justice and Peace|accessdate=2013-07-11|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6I2rVSHcK|archivedate=2013-07-11|deadurl=no}} |
|||
The citizen tribunal headed by retired Supreme Court Justice Krishna Iyer collected evidence and testimony from more than 2000 riot victims, witnesses and others. In its report, the tribunal blames Godhra train passengers, indirectly denies Godhra massacre, and accuses the state government and chief minister Modi of complicity in the violence. While Krishna Iyer was nominally part of this tribunal, he made it clear in the preface of the report that his involvement was very limited.<ref>{{cite news | title = Report of Concerned Citizens indicts Modi govt for riots |work=The Times of India |date=21 November 2002 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow.asp?artid=28991665 | deadurl=yes| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}} {{Dead link|date=September 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Now citizens’ tribunal pins Modi for riots |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=22 November 2002 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/india-news/archive_full_story.php?content_id=13479 | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Concerned Citizens Tribunal – Gujarat 2002: An inquiry into the carnage in Gujarat | publisher = Sabrang | url = http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/vol2/rolegovt.html| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="AHRC 2003"> |
|||
==Aftermath== |
|||
{{cite web|last=Commission|first=Asian Human Rights|title=Genocide in Gujarat: Patterns of violen|url=http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/journals-magazines/article2/0201/genocide-in-gujarat-patterns-of-violence|publisher=Asian Human Rights Commission|accessdate=2013-07-11|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6I2rW2Moe|archivedate=2013-07-11|deadurl=no}} |
|||
Opposition parties as well as three coalition partners<ref>{{cite news | title = Hindu hardliners rally round Gujarat leader | author = Khozem Merchant |work=Financial Times |date=12 April 2002 | url = http://search.ft.com/nonFtArticle?id=020412009999| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> of the BJP-led central government demanded the dismissal of Gujarat Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]] for failing to contain the violence, with some calling for the removal of Union Home Minister [[L. K. Advani]] as well.<ref>{{cite news | title = Removal of Advani, Modi sought |work=The Hindu |date=7 March 2002 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/07/stories/2002030702791300.htm | location=Chennai, India| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Khan, Times of India 2011"> |
|||
On 18 July, Chief Minister Narendra Modi asked the [[Governor of Gujarat]] to dissolve the state assembly and call fresh elections.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat chief minister resigns |publisher=BBC News |date=19 July 2002 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2139008.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> The Indian Election Commission ruled out early elections, citing the prevailing law and order situation, a decision the union government unsuccessfully<ref>{{cite news | title = 2 Indian Elections Bring Vote Panel's Chief to Fore | author = Amy Waldman |work=The New York Times |date=7 September 2002 | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00EFD7133EF934A3575AC0A9649C8B63| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> appealed against in the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news | title = India's electoral process in question |
|||
{{cite news|last=Khan|first=Saeed|title=Nanavati Commission's term extended till Dec-end|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-21/india/29682704_1_justice-mehta-nanavati-commission-post-godhra-riots|newspaper=Times of India|date=21 June 2011}} |
|||
| author = Mark Tully | publisher = CNN |date=27 August 2002 | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/08/27/tully.india/index.html?related| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Jaffrelot 2011 p389"> |
|||
In August 2002 a plot by [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] to assassinate [[Narendra Modi]], [[Praveen Togadia]], and other [[Sangh Parivar]] leaders was unearthed by Indian police. The terrorists were planning to set up a base in Gujarat and were trying to lure some of the riot-hit people into taking up "so-called jihadi activities" Delhi Police Special Commissioner (Intelligence) K K Paul said.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/aug/30modi.htm "Plan to kill Modi, Togadia unearthed; 3 held"]. Rediff, 30 August 2002</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|year=2011|publisher=C Hurst & Co|isbn=978-1-84904-138-6|page=398}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Metcalf 2012"> |
|||
In September 2002, at least 29 people were killed when [[Islamic fundamentalist]] gunmen engaged in the [[Akshardham Temple attack]] in the city of [[Gandhinagar]] in Gujarat. The Pakistani [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] and Islamic terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] were accused of supporting the terrorists.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/28guj.htm Lashkar responsible for temple attack], Rediff.com</ref><ref>[http://www.ict.org.il/spotlight/det.cfm?id=829 Gunmen Attack Hindu Temple in Gujarat], ''ict.org'' {{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/24guj2.htm NSG commandos rush to Gandhinagar]</ref><ref>;[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/24aksh6.htm ISI instigated Akshardham attack: Gujarat police], Rediff.com.</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara D.|title=A Concise History of Modern India|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02649-0|page=280}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Jeffery 2011"> |
|||
Elections were held in December, and Modi was returned to power in a landslide victory.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat victory heartens nationalists |publisher=BBC News |date=15 December| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2576855.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Craig|title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India|year=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9892-9|page=1988|editor=Isabelle Clark-Decès}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Embree 2012"> |
|||
Emails made public by the perpetrators of a series of bombings in western India in July 2008 indicated that those attacks were "the revenge of Gujarat". |
|||
{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66744-9|page=233|editor=Chris Seiple, Dennis Hoover, Dennis R. Hoover, Pauletta Otis}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Shani 2007 b"> |
|||
==Relief efforts== |
|||
{{cite book|last=Shani|first=Ornit|title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-72753-2|page=171}} |
|||
Amnesty International's annual report on India in 2003 claimed the "Gujarat government did not actively fulfill its duty to provide appropriate relief and rehabilitation to the survivors".<ref name="AI-2003">[http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/ind-summary-eng India] Amnesty International</ref> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Simpson 2009"> |
|||
The state government initially offered compensation payments of 200,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the Godhra train fire and 100,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the subsequent riots, which local Muslims described as discriminatory.<ref name="Dugger child">Dugger, Celia W. (Ahmedabad Journal) "In India, a Child's Life Is Cheap Indeed". ''[[New York Times]]''. 7 March 2002</ref> Subsequently, the government set the compensation amount at 150,000 rupees.<ref>[http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html "254 Hindus, 790 Muslims killed in post-Godhra riots"] {{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Edward|title=Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-54377-4|page=134}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Horvitz 2011"> |
|||
By 27 March, nearly 100,000 displaced people moved into 101 relief camps. This swelled to over 150,000 in 104 camps the next two weeks.<ref name="Brass-2005"/> The camps were run by community groups and NGOs, with the government committing to provide amenities and supplementary services. Drinking water, medical help, clothing and blankets were in short supply at the camps.<ref name="timesoI_nostatehelp">{{cite news | title = Rains, epidemic threaten relief camps | work = The Times of India |date=2 July 2002 | author = Ruchir Chandorkar | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?art_Id=14700660| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> At least another 100 camps were denied government support, according to a camp organiser.<ref>{{cite news | title = Camp Comatose | author = Priyanka Kakodkar |date=15 April 2002 | work = Outlook | url = http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20020415&fname=Cover+Stories&sid=4| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> and relief supplies were prevented from reaching the camps over fears that they may be carrying arms.<ref name="bbc_gujaratviolence">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881497.stm NGO says Gujarat riots were planned]</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Horvitz|first=Leslie A.|title=Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide|year=2011|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=978-0-8160-8083-0|page=186|edition=Revised|coauthors=Christopher Catherwood}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Hibbard 2010 b"> |
|||
Relief camp organisers alleged that the state government was coercing refugees to leave relief camps, with 25,000 people made to leave eighteen camps that were shut down. Following government assurances that camps would not be shut down, the Gujarat High Court bench ordered that camp organizers be given a supervisory role to ensure that the assurances were met.<ref>{{cite news | title = Govt not to close relief camps |work=The Times of India |date=27 June 2002 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?art_id=14205642 | deadurl=yes| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}} {{Dead link|date=September 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Hibbard|first=Scott W.|title=Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States|year=2010|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9669-9|page=171}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Murphy 2011"> |
|||
On 23 May 2008, the [[Government of India|Union Government]] announced a 3.20 billion rupee (US $80 million) relief package for the victims of the riots.<ref>{{cite news |authorlink= bbc.co.uk |title= Relief for Gujarat riot victims|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7416073.stm|publisher=BBC News |date= 23 May 2008 |accessdate=11 September 2008 }}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Eamon|title=Contemporary State Terrorism: Theory and Practice|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66447-9|page=90|editor=Richard Jackson, Eamon Murphy, Scott Poynting}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Khan 2011 b"> |
|||
==Media coverage== |
|||
{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Yasmin|title=The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence|year=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9131-9|page=369|editor=Andrew R. Murphy}} |
|||
Covering the first major communal riots following in the advent of satellite television to India, television news channels set a precedent by identifying the community of those involved in the violence, breaking a long-standing practice.<ref name="Cole-2006">{{Cite book | first = Prasun | last = Sonwalkar | editor-last = Cole | editor-first = Benjamin | contribution = Shooting the messenger? Political violence, Gujarat 2002 and the Indian news media | title = Conflict, Terrorism and the Media in Asia | year = 2006 | pages = 82–97 | publisher = Routledge | issn = 0415351987 | postscript = }}</ref> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Bhatt 2002"> |
|||
Critical reporting on the Gujarat government's handling of the situation helped bring about the Indian government's intervention in controlling the violence.<ref name="Cole-2006"/> The Gujarat government banned television news channels critical of the government's response. [[STAR News]], [[Zee News]], [[Aaj Tak]], [[CNN]] and local stations were blocked.<ref name="Cole-2006"/> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Bhatt|first=Sheela|title=Mob sets fire to Wakf board office in Gujarat secretariat|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2002/feb/28sheela.htm|newspaper=Rediff|date=28 February 2002}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Dasgupta 2002"> |
|||
The Editorial Guild of India rejected the charge that graphic news coverage aggravated the situation, saying that the coverage exposed the "horrors" of the riots as well as the "supine if not complicit" attitude of the state, helping propel remedial action. The team also faulted Gujarati language papers ''Gujarat Samachar'' and the pro-Hindutva ''Sandesh'' of distorted and provocative reporting.<ref name="Cole-2006"/> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Manas|title=Shoot orders in many Gujarat towns, toll over 200|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/02/stories/2002030203050100.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 March 2002}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Margatt 2011"> |
|||
The Godhra fire received extensive news coverage until it was overtaken by the subsequent violence and the presentation of the Union budget.<ref name="Cole-2006"/> Television and newspaper reports, particularly local Gujarati-language media, carried graphic and at times sensationalized images and accounts of the Godhra train fire.<ref>{{cite news | title = An ounce of image, a pound of performance | author = Sevanti Ninan |work=The Hindu |date=28 April 2002 | url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/04/28/stories/2002042800010100.htm | location=Chennai, India| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Margatt|first=Ruth|title=Acting Together: Resistance and reconciliation in regions of violence|year=2011|publisher=New Village Press|isbn=978-0-9815593-9-1|page=188|editor=Cynthia E. Cohen, Roberto Gutierrez Varea, Polly O. Walker}} |
|||
[[S Gurumurthy]], [[Arvind Lavakare]] and columnist [[Rajeev Srinivasan]] argue that news reports emphasised the provocative behaviour of the kar sevaks on the Sabarmathi Express in an effort to rationalise the subsequent mob attack at Godhra and displace blame from the mob on to the kar sevaks.<ref>{{cite news | title = Madam, will they be shamed by your blunt words? | publisher = New India Press | date = 2 March 2002 | url = http://www.newindpress.com/Column.asp?ID=IEH20020301124139&P=old| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}, {{cite news | title = Why 'secular' history repeats itself | author = Arvind Lavakare | publisher = Rediff | date = 5 March 2002 | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/mar/05arvind.htm | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Blaming the Hindu Victim: Manufacturing Consent for Barbarism | author = Rajeev Srinivasan | publisher = Rediff News | date = 7 March 2002 | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/mar/07rajeev.htm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="BBC 6 May 2002"> |
|||
In 2004, the weekly newspaper ''[[Tehelka]]'' published a hidden camera exposé alleging that BJP legislator Madhu Srivastava bribed Zaheera Sheikh, a witness in the Best Bakery killings trial.<ref>{{cite news | title = I Paid Zaheera Sheikh Rs 18 Lakh | work = Tehelka |date=6 December 2007 | url = http://www.tehelka.com/story_main10.asp?filename=ts010105press.asp|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5h95z5mFL|archivedate=29 May 2009|deadurl=no|accessdate=27 May 2009}}</ref> Srivatsava denied the allegation,<ref>{{cite news | title = Politician denies bribing witness |publisher=BBC News |date=22 December 2004 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4117875.stm| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> and an inquiry committee appointed by the Indian Supreme Court drew an "adverse inference" from the video footage, though it failed to uncover evidence that money was actually paid.<ref>{{cite news | title = Zahira sting: MLA gets clean chit |work=The Times of India |date=4 January 2006 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1357590,prtpage-1.cms | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> In a [[The Truth: Gujarat 2002 - Tehelka report|2007 expose]], the newspaper released hidden camera footage of several members of the BJP, VHP and the Bajrang Dal admitting their role in the riots.<ref>{{cite web | title = Gujarat 2002: The Truth in the words of the men who did it | work = Tehelka |date=3 November 2007 | url = http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107gujrat_sec.asp| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref name="express-oct-26">{{cite news | title = Sting traps footsoldiers of Gujarat riots allegedly boasting about killings with state support |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=26 October 2007 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232545.html| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5h97FrUsa | archivedate = 29 May 2009| deadurl=no}}</ref> Among those featured in the tapes was the special counsel representing the Gujarat government before the Nanavati-Shah Commission, Arvind Pandya, who resigned from his post after they were made public.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat Govt counsel quits |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=28 October 2007 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/233175.html | accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> While the report was criticised by some as being politically motivated,<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/001200710271941.htm Tehelka sting a political conspiracy: Shiv Sena] [[The Hindu]] – 27 October 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-27. [http://www.webcitation.org/5h95zs7x4 Archived] 29 May 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct272007/national2007102732570.asp Tehelka is Cong proxy: BJP] Deccan Herald – 27 October 2007 {{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071112&fname=Cover+Story+(F)&sid=6 A Sting Without Venom] Outlook India – 12 November 2007 issue</ref><ref>[http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/8454 Godhra Carnage Vs. Pundits Exodus] Asian Tribune – 29 November 2007</ref> some newspapers said the revelations simply reinforced what was common knowledge.<ref name="express-oct-26" /><ref>{{cite news | title = Polls don't tell whole story |work=The Times of India |date=October 2007 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Editorial/Polls_dont_tell_whole_story/articleshow/2500634.cms | first1=Kingshuk | last1=Nag| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Ghosts don’t lie |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=27 October 2007 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232757.html| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Everything, but the news |work=Hindustan Times |location=India | author = Chitra Padmanabhan |date=14 November 2007 | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=9ba3c46a-72dd-4b2a-9a04-6fa9c299b32a&MatchID1=4604&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=7&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1157&MatchID2=4575&TeamID3=8&TeamID4=2&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1147&PrimaryID=4604&Headline=Everything%2c+but+the+news| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> However there were several inaccuracies in the statements that diluted the impact of the sting operation. Babu Bajrani and Suresh Richard in the statements said that Narendra Modi visited Naroda Patiya one day after the massacre to thank them. However official record shows that Naredra Modi didn't visit Naroda Patiya. VHP activist, Ramesh Dave told Tehelka reporter that S.K.Gadhvi, one of the divisional superintendents of Police killed five Muslims in Dariapur area as promised to him. But the official records show that Gadhvi was only posted in Dariapur one month after the riots. During his tenure no such incident took place in Dariapur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Gujarat:+The+noose+tightens/1/1716.html |title=Gujarat: The noose tightens : STATES – India Today |work=India Today |date=1 November 2007 |accessdate=2013-03-07}}</ref> The Gujarat government blocked telecast of cable news channels broadcasting the expose, a move strongly condemned by the Editors Guild of India.<ref>{{cite news | title = Editors Guild condemns Gujarat action |work=The Hindu |date=30 October 2007 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103055681200.htm | location=Chennai, India| accessdate=4 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Corporation|first=British Broadcasting|title=Indian MPs back Gujarat motion|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1970415.stm|newspaper=BBC|date=6 May 2002}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Bunsha 2005 b"> |
|||
An interesting observation with regard to media handling of Gujarat riots is that at the time of riots, the media reports had been pointing out the steps taken by Modi administration to curb riots and how even the combined strength of Indian Army which Modi had requested with few hours of riots having broken, and State Police could not control the situation. However, later, the media editorials became critical of Modi, sidelining the facts they'd already published.<ref>[http://www.ibtl.in/blog/2055/hang-me-if-guilty--measuring-modis-guilt-through-medias-own-eyes 'Measuring Modi's guilt through Media's on eyes] India behind the lens – 4 September 2012</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Bunsha|first=Dionne|title=Scarred: Experiment's With Violence In Gujarat|year=2005|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-400076-0}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Oommen 2005 a"> |
|||
==Controversies on the riots== |
|||
{{cite book|last=Oommen|first=T K|title=Crisis and Contention in Indian Society|year=2005|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-3359-5|page=120}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Rubin 2010 b"> |
|||
===Atrocities against women=== |
|||
{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Olivier|title=Democracy and Famine|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-59822-4|pages=172–173}} |
|||
An international fact finding committee formed of experts{{who|date=September 2012}} from US, UK, France, Germany and Sri Lanka reported, "sexual violence was being used as a strategy for terrorising women belonging to minority community in the state."<ref name="Press Trust of India">[http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=17823 Intl experts spoil Modi's party, say Gujarat worse than Bosnia]</ref> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Rosser 2003"> |
|||
Taking a stand decried by the media and other rights groups, Nafisa Hussain, a member of the National Commission for Women accused organisations and the media of needlessly exaggerating the plight of women victims of the riots.<ref>[http://www.fisiusa.org/fisi_News_items/Godhra/godhra093.htm Women's groups decry NCW stand] {{Wayback|df=yes|url=http://www.fisiusa.org/fisi_News_items/Godhra/godhra093.htm|date =20090122085938}}</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20031010064334/http://www.tehelka.com/channels/currentaffairs/2002/apr/22/ca042202rinku.htm Web-archive of above], from '''tehelka.com'''</ref><ref>[http://www.infochangeindia.org/archives1.jsp?secno=1&monthname=June&year=2002&detail=T Gujarat’s women were victims of extreme violence] {{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> which was strongly disputed as Gujarat did not have a State Commission for Women to act on the ground.<ref>http://www.fisiusa.org/fisi_News_items/Godhra/godhra093.htm {{Wayback|df=yes|url=http://www.fisiusa.org/fisi_News_items/Godhra/godhra093.htm|date =20090122085938}}</ref> The newspaper Tribune reported that "The National Commission for Women has reluctantly agreed to the complicity of Gujarat Government in the communal violence in the state." The tone of their most recent report was reported by the Tribune as "lenient".<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020426/main5.htm NCM rejects Gujarat report:Directs state to follow its recommendations]</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Rosser|first=Yvette Claire|title=Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangla|year=2003|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|page=356|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080911035259/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf|archivedate=2008-09-11}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Heroism"> |
|||
===Riot cases controversy=== |
|||
{{cite web|last=Watch|first=H R.|title=Compounding Injustice: The Government's Failure to Redress Massacres in Gujarat|year=2003|publisher=Fédération internationale des droits de l'homme|page=57|url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/06/30/compounding-injustice|accessdate=2013-07-11}} |
|||
In April 2009, the Special Investigation Team (SIT) setup by the [[Supreme Court of India]] to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riot cases submitted before the Court that [[Teesta Setalvad]] had cooked up cases of violence to spice up the incidents. The SIT which is headed by former CBI director, R. K. Raghavan has said that false witnesses were tutored to give evidence about imaginary incidents by Setalvad and other NGOs.<ref name=toi>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NGOs-Teesta-spiced-up-Gujarat-riot-incidents-SIT/articleshow/4396986.cms NGOs, Teesta spiced up Gujarat riot incidents: SIT]</ref> The SIT charged her of "cooking up macabre tales of killings".<ref name=economictimes>Setalvad in dock for 'cooking up killings' [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Setalvad-in-dock-for-cooking-up-killings/articleshow/4397849.cms "Setalvad in dock for 'cooking up killings'"]. ''Economic Times'', Retrieved 2009-05-11. [http://www.webcitation.org/5glwxxEme Archived] 14 May 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Gujarat riot myths busted|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/169490/Gujarat-riot-myths-busted.html|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5glwxafqF|archivedate=14 May 2009|deadurl=no|accessdate=11 May 2009}}</ref> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Wilkinson 2005"> |
|||
The court was told that 22 witnesses, who had submitted identical affidavits before various courts relating to riot incidents, were questioned by SIT and it was found that the witnesses had not actually witnessed the incidents and they were tutored and the affidavits were handed over to them by Setalvad.<ref name=economictimes/> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Steven|title=Religious politics and communal violence|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567237-4|page=107}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Renu Khanna 2008"> |
|||
The report which was brought to the notice of the bench, consisting of Justices [[Arijit Pasayat]], P Sathasivam and Aftab Alam, noted that the much publicised case of a pregnant Muslim woman Kausar Banu being gangraped by a mob and foetus being removed from sharp weapons, was also cooked up and false.<ref name=toi/><ref name="inhuman">[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/89840/Inhuman%20rights.html?complete=1 Inhuman rights] India Today – 25 March 2010</ref> |
|||
{{cite journal|last=Khanna|first=Renu|title=Communal Violence in Gujarat, India: Impact of Sexual Violence and Responsibilities of the Health Care System|journal=Reproductive Health Matters|year=2008|volume=16|issue=31|page=14}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Shiva 2003"> |
|||
==Popular culture== |
|||
{{cite book|last=Shiva|first=Vandana|title=India Divided: Diversity and Democracy Under Attack|year=2003|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-58322-540-0}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Jaffrelot 2011"> |
|||
===Novels=== |
|||
{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|year=2011|publisher=C Hurst & Co|isbn=978-1-84904-138-6|page=388}} |
|||
* ''[[The 3 Mistakes of My Life]]'' written by [[Chetan Bhagat]] has backdrop of riots in 2002. |
|||
</ref> |
|||
* [[Raj Kamal Jha]]'s novel, ''Firepoof'' depicts story of a father and a son walking in the city where the ghosts of those killed in riots have decided to seek justice.<ref name="ittt">{{cite news | url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20061211/books.html | title=Gujarat 2002: A Ghost Story | work=[[India Today]] | date=11 December 2006 | accessdate=27 March 2013 | author=Bose, Brinda}}</ref> |
|||
* ''It Happened That Night'', by Akash Verma, is the story of a 28-year-old professional during riots in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="expv">{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/it-happened-that-night-tells-the-story-of-2002-riots/565893 | title=It Happened That Night tells the story of 2002 riots | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=11 January 2010 | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | accessdate=27 March 2013 | location=New Delhi}}</ref> |
|||
* 2010 novel ''The Man with Enormous Wings'', by [[Esther David]], was a fiction around riots in [[Ahmedabad]]. |
|||
<ref name="Kannabiran 2012"> |
|||
===Films=== |
|||
{{cite book|last=Kannabiran|first=Kalpana|title=Tools of Justice: Non-discrimination and the Indian Constitution|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52310-3|page=414}} |
|||
* ''[[Final Solution (2003 film)|Final Solution]]'' is a 2003 documentary directed by [[Rakesh Sharma]] about the 2002 Gujarat violence. The film was denied entry to [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] in 2004 due to objections by [[Censor Board of India]], but won two awards at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival 2004. Later ban was lifted in October 2004.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021701112200.htm The Hindu] Tuesday, 17 February 2004</ref><ref name="fss">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-17/news-interviews/28324546_1_wolfgang-staudte-award-bags-two-awards-indian-film | title=Mumbai reject finally shines in Berlin | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 February 2004 | agency=PTI | accessdate=27 March 2013}}</ref> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Gangoli 2012"> |
|||
*[[T. V. Chandran]] made a trilogy of [[Malayalam]] films based on the aftermaths of Gujarat riots. The trilogy consists of ''[[Kathavasheshan]]'' (2004), ''[[Vilapangalkkappuram]]'' (2008) and ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' (2012). The narrative of all these films begin on the same day, 28 February 2002, that is, on the day after the Godhra train burning.<ref name="thhh">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/all-things-bright-and-beautiful/article3965306.ece | title=All things bright and beautiful... |date=4 October 2012 |accessdate=28 October 2012 |author=C. S. Venkiteswaran |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Gangoli|first=Geetanjali|title=International Approaches to Rape|year=2012|publisher=Policy Press|isbn=978-1-84742-621-5|page=103|editor=Nicole Westmarland, Geetanjali Gangoli}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Martin-Lucas 2010"> |
|||
* ''[[Chand Bujh Gaya]]'', a 2005 film, narrates the riots and [[Godhra train burning]] incident.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/13500.html | title=Gujarat violence film set for Friday release | publisher=indiaglitz.com | date=2 March 2005 | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | accessdate=27 March 2013}}</ref> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Martin-Lucas|first=Belen|title=Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-80608-4|page=147|edition=1st|editor=Sorcha Gunne, Zoë Brigley}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Kabir 2011"> |
|||
* 2007 film ''[[Parzania]]'' was inspired by the true story of a ten-year-old Parsi boy, Azhar Mody, essayed in the film as Parzaan Pithawala in the film, who disappeared after the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]]. The film traces the journey of the Pithawala family while trying to locate their missing son. |
|||
{{cite book|last=Kabir|first=Ananya Jahanara|title=Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-89668-9|page=146|edition=Reprint|editor=Sorcha Gunne, Zoe Brigley Brigley Thompson}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Smith 2007"> |
|||
* ''[[Firaaq]]'' was a 2008 political thriller film set one month after the violence and looks at the aftermath in its effects on the lives of everyday people. |
|||
{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Paul J.|title=The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century|year=2007|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1988-4|page=88}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Ahmed 2003"> |
|||
* 2011 film ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]'' had end amidst riots in [[Ahmedabad]]. |
|||
{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar S.|title=Islam Under Siege: Living Dangerously in a Post- Honor World|year=2003|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=978-0-7456-2210-1}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Bunsha 2005 b"> |
|||
* 2013 film ''[[Kai Po Che]]'' had the backdrop of 2002 Gujarat violence in end. The film was based on the novel ''[[The 3 Mistakes of My Life]]'' written by [[Chetan Bhagat]]. |
|||
{{cite book|last=Bunsha|first=Dionne|title=Scarred: Experiment's With Violence In Gujarat|year=2005|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-400076-0}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Varadarajan 2002"> |
|||
==See also== |
|||
{{cite book|last=Varadarajan|first=Siddharth|title=Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy|year=2002|publisher=Penguin (India)|isbn=978-0-14-302901-4|page=181}} |
|||
* [[Anti-Muslim pogroms in India]] |
|||
</ref> |
|||
* [[Religious violence in India]] |
|||
* [[Dabgarwad Massacre]] |
|||
<ref name="Human Rights Watch 2002"> |
|||
* [[1969 Gujarat riots]] |
|||
{{cite news|last=Watch|first=Human Rights|title=We Have No Orders To Save You|url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/india/index.htm#TopOfPage|newspaper=Human Rights Watch|date=April, 2002}} |
|||
* [[Communalism (South Asia)]] |
|||
</ref> |
|||
* [[Best Bakery case]] |
|||
* [[Naroda Patiya massacre]] |
|||
<ref name="Oommen 2008"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Oommen|first=T. K.|title=Reconciliation in Post-Godhra Gujarat: The Role of Civil Society|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1546-8|page=71}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Varadarajan 2002 p83"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Varadarajan|first=Siddharth|title=Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy|year=2002|publisher=Penguin (India)|isbn=978-0-14-302901-4|page=83}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Mehtaa 2006"> |
|||
{{cite journal|last=Mehtaa|first=Nalin|title=Modi and the Camera: The Politics of Television in the 2002 Gujarat Riots|journal=Journal of South Asian Studies|year=2006|volume=26|issue=3|pages=395–414|doi=10.1080/00856400601031989}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Gupta 2012 p7"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Amit|title=Global Security Watch--India|year=2012|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-313-39586-4|page=7}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Cole 2009"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Benjamin|title=Conflict, Terrorism and the Media in Asia|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-54554-9|pages=82–96}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Varadarajan 2002 p272"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Varadarajan|first=Siddharth|title=Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy|year=2002|publisher=Penguin (India)|isbn=978-0-14-302901-4|page=272}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Sonwalkar 2009"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Sonwalkar|first=Prasun|title=Conflict, Terrorism and the Media in Asia|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-54554-9|pages=93–94|editor=Benjamin Cole}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Cole 2006"> |
|||
{{Cite book|first=Prasun|last=Sonwalkar|editor-last=Cole|editor-first=Benjamin|contribution=Shooting the messenger? Political violence, Gujarat 2002 and the Indian news media|title=Conflict, Terrorism and the Media in Asia|year=2006|pages=82–97|publisher=Routledge|issn=0415351987|postscript=}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Gupta 2011"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Dipankar|title=Justice before Reconciliation: Negotiating a 'New Normal' in Post-riot Mumbai and Ahmedabad|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-61254-8|page=34}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Pandey 2005 b"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Pandey|first=Gyanendra|title=Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0|pages=187–188|year=2005|month=November}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Brass p388"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|title=The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India|year=2005|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98506-0|page=388|month=July}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Baruah 2012 b"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Baruah|first=Bipasha|title=Women and Property in Urban India|year=2012|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1928-2|page=41}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Shani 2007 b"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Shani|first=Ornit|title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-72753-2|page=171}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Khan 2011 b"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Yasmin|title=The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence|year=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9131-9|page=369|editor=Andrew R. Murphy}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Rubin 2010 b"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Olivier|title=Democracy and Famine|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-59822-4|pages=172–173}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Hibbard 2010 b"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Hibbard|first=Scott W.|title=Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States|year=2010|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9669-9|page=171}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Cohen"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Cynthia E.|title=Acting Together: Resistance and reconciliation in regions of violence|year=2011|publisher=New Village Press|isbn=978-0-9815593-9-1|page=280|editor=Cynthia E. Cohen, Roberto Gutierrez Varea, Polly O. Walker}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Bigelow 2010"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Bigelow|first=Anna|title=Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536823-9|page=15}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Press Trust of India">{{cite web|author=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=17823 |title=Intl experts spoil Modi's party, say Gujarat worse than Bosnia |publisher=Express India |date=2002-12-19 |accessdate=2013-07-11}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Puniyani 2009"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Puniyani|first=Ram|title=Gujarat Carnage-Role of Narendra Modi|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ws090509Ram_Puniyani.asp|newspaper=Tehelka|date=2 May 2009}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Desai 2002"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Desai|first=Darshan|title=Leads From Purgatory|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218197|newspaper=Outlook India|date=2 December 2002}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Ramachandran 2003"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Rajesh|title=Cong silent on cadres linked to Guj riots|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-09/india/27201201_1_congress-leaders-congress-mlas-gujarat-youth-congress|newspaper=Times of India|date=9 August 2003}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name="HRW May 2002"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Watch|first=Human Rights|title=India: Gujarat Officials Took Part in Anti-Muslim Violence|url=http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2002/04/29/india-gujarat-officials-took-part-anti-muslim-violence|newspaper=Human Rights Watch|date=1 May 2002}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Sen March 2002"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Ayanjit|title=NGO says Gujarat riots were planned|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1881497.stm|newspaper=BBC|date=19 March 2002}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Krishnaswami 2006"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Krishnaswami|first=Sridhar|title='U.S. raised Gujarat riots with BJP-led Government'|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/16/stories/2004091613381100.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 September 2006}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Nussbaum 2008 p2"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha Craven|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|year=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03059-6|page=2}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Correspondent 2013"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Newzfirst|title='Gujarat riots not sudden and spontaneous, SIT probe biased'|url=http://www.newzfirst.com/web/guest/full-story/-/asset_publisher/Qd8l/content/gujarat-riots-not-sudden-and-spontaneous-sit-probe-biased?redirect=/web/guest/full%20story|newspaper=New Z First|date=16 April 2013}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="IE222"> |
|||
{{cite news |title=BJP welcomes verdict on Godhra train burning case |author= |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bjp-welcomes-verdict-on-gohdra-train-burning-case/753287/ |newspaper=Indian Express |date=22 February 2011 |accessdate=9 July 2013}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Evans 2011"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Carolyn|title=Religion and Human Rights: An Introduction|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973344-6|page=357|editor=John Witte, Jr., M. Christian Green}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Engineer 2003 p262"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Engineer|first=Asgharali|title=The Gujarat Carnage|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2496-5|page=262}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="PUCL 2006"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Bulletin|first=PUCL|title=Crime Against Humanity|url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/gujarat-tribunal-report.htm|newspaper=Citizens for Justice and Peace|date=January, 2006}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Guha 2002 p437"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy|year=2002|publisher=Penguin (India)|isbn=978-0-14-302901-4|page=437}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Oommen 2008 p73"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Oommen|first=T. K.|title=Reconciliation in Post-Godhra Gujarat: The Role of Civil Society|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-81-317-1546-8|page=73}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Economic Times 2012"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Times|first=Economic|title=Gujarat government extends term of Nanavati panel till June 30, 2013|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-31/news/36079392_1_godhra-train-justice-k-g-shah-akshay-mehta|newspaper=Economic Times|date=31 December 2012}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Tehelka Magazine 2008"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Magazine|first=Tehelka|title=A Compromised Commission|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=Ne260408compromised_commission.asp|newspaper=Tehelka|date=16 April 2008}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Akshay Mehta 2008"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=IBN|first=CNN|title=Controversial ex-judge joins Gujarat riots probe|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/controversial-exjudge-joins-gujarat-riots-probe/62984-3.html|newspaper=CNN IBN|date=9 April 2008}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Soni 2013"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Soni|first=Nikunj|title=Nanavati commission: A new lease of life, for the 20th time!|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/1856383/report-nanavati-commission-a-new-lease-of-life-for-the-20th-time|newspaper=DNA India|date=3 July 2013}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="India Today 2008"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Today|first=India|title=Nanavati report based on manufactured evidence: Tehelka|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nanavati+report+based+on+manufactured+evidence:+Tehelka/1/16298.html|newspaper=India Today|date=27 September 2008}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Verghese 2010"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Verghese|first=B G|title=First Draft: Witness to the Making of Modern India|year=2010|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-80283-76-0|page=448}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Chenoy 2002"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Chenoy|first=Kamal Mitra|title=Ethnic Cleansing In Ahmedabad|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?214962|newspaper=Outlook India|date=22 March 2002}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Sen March 2002"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Ayanjit|title=NGO says Gujarat riots were planned|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1881497.stm|newspaper=BBC|date=19 March 2002}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Nussbaum 2009 pp.50-51"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha |title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence and India's Future|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02482-3|pages=50–51}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Nussbaum 2008"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Craven Nussbaum|first=Martha|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|year=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03059-6|pages=50–51}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Jaffrelot 2011 p389"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|year=2011|publisher=C Hurst & Co|isbn=978-1-84904-138-6|page=398}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Davies 2005"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Gloria|title=Globalization in the Asian Region: Impacts And Consequences edited by Gloria Davies|year=2005|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84542-219-6|page=111|editor=Gloria Davies, Chris Nyland}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Engineer 2003"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Engineer|first=Asgharali|title=The Gujarat Carnage|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2496-5|page=265}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Haynes 2012 b"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Haynes|first=Jeffrey|title=Religious Transnational Actors and Soft Power|year=2012|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1-4094-2508-3|page=107}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Haynes 2012 b"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Haynes|first=Jeffrey|title=Religious Transnational Actors and Soft Power|year=2012|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1-4094-2508-3|page=107}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Freedman 2012"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Freedman|first=Lawrence|title=Security Studies: An Introduction|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-78281-4|page=211|edition=2nd|coauthors=Srinath Raghavan|editor=Paul D. Williams}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Basset 2012"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Basset|first=Donna|title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-30895-6|page=532|editor=Peter Chalk}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Duffy Toft 2012"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Duffy Toft|first=Monica|title=Rethinking Religion and World Affairs|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-982797-8|page=132|editor=Timothy Samuel Shah, Alfred Stepan, Monica Duffy Toft}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Swami 2005 p69"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Swami|first=Praveen|title=Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia|year=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-81-297-0998-1|page=69|editor=Wilson John, Swati Parashar}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Nussbaum 2008"> |
|||
{{cite book|last=Craven Nussbaum|first=Martha|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|year=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03059-6|pages=50–51}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Kiernan 2008">{{cite book|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500–2000|year=2008|publisher=Melbourne University Press|isbn=978-0-522-85477-0|page=15}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Rauf 2011"> |
|||
{{cite journal|last=Rauf|first=Taha Abdul|title=Violence Inficted on Muslims:Direct, Cultural and Structural|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=4|year=2011|month=June|volume=xlvi|issue=23|pages=69–75|url=http://academia.edu/1050326/Violence_Inficted_on_Muslims_Direct_Cultural_and_Structural}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Sreekumar 2012"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Sreekumar|first=R B.|title=Gujarat genocide: The State, law and subversion|newspaper=Rediff|date=27 February 2012|quote=Significantly, practically all police officers who had genuinely enforced the rule of law to ensure security to minorities had incurred the wrath of the Modi government and many of these persons who refused to carry out the covert anti-minority agenda of the CM were punished with disciplinary proceedings, transfers, by-passing in promotion and so on. A few upright officers have to leave the state on deputation.}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<ref name="Khetan 2011"> |
|||
{{cite news|last=Khetan|first=Ashish|title=Senior IPS Officer Sanjeev Bhatt Arrested In Ahmedabad|url=http://www.tehelka.com/senior-ips-officer-sanjeev-bhatt-arrested-in-ahmedabad/|newspaper=Tehelka|date=19, February 2011}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
}} |
|||
==References== |
|||
{{Reflist|2}} |
|||
==External links== |
|||
{{linkfarm|date=May 2013}} |
|||
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2563188.ece?homepage=true Amicus Curiae report lays the ground for chargesheeting Narendra Modi] |
|||
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?sid=1&fodname=20020527&fname=Column+Balbir+%28F%29 Fiddling with Facts as Gujarat Burns] – Balbir Punj [http://www.hvk.org/specialrepo/guild/13.html Fiddling With Facts As Gujarat Burns] |
|||
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,746174,00.html Destruction of Gujarat's Muslim heritage] |
|||
* [http://www.indian-express.com/full_story.php?content_id=3188 The full story of Kauser Bano] |
|||
* [http://mea.gov.in/opinion/2002/04/25o01.htm Truth in Gujarat] by Balbir Punj |
|||
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/full_story.php?content_id=88976 Lalu panel calls Godhra an accident, what about flaming rags, ask victims] |
|||
* [http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/10/14/1410godhra-train-carnage-survivors.html Godhra train carnage survivor says he heard blast] |
|||
* [http://hrw.org/reports/2002/india/ "We Have No Orders To Save You":State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat]- Human Rights Watch Report |
|||
* [http://www.saag.org/papers9/paper891.html Politics By Other Means: An Analysis of Human Rights Watch Reports on India] – Criticism of Human Rights Watch Report, Guest column for the [[South Asia Analysis Group]] [http://web.archive.org/web/20040203174742/http://www.saag.org/papers9/paper891.html Politics By Other Means: An Analysis of Human Rights Watch Reports on India] |
|||
* The leftist filmmaker Rakesh Sharma's documentary ''India: Final Solution''[http://www.berlinale.de/external/de/filmarchiv/doku_pdf/20042196.pdf Interview with Rakesh Sharma]. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/storyville/final-solution.shtml BBC profile of ''India: Final Solution''] http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3829364588351777769&q=final+solution&total=966&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0 |
|||
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020430/edit.htm#5 Foreign missions: undiplomatic leaks] – Allegations of anti-India media bias |
|||
* [http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/india_ayodhya/cover.html Time Cover Story on Gujarat Riots] |
|||
* [http://www.gujaratplus.com/riots_gal/ Pictures of Gujarat Riots] |
|||
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/dossiersind.asp?id=3&dn=Gujarat:%20Riots%20and%20Politics&sdid=0&sdn=&cp=11 Gujarat: Riots and Politics], ''[[Outlook (magazine)|Outlook]]'' dossier. |
|||
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/india-news/full_coverage.php?coverage_id=1 Gujarat Riots], ''[[Indian Express]]'' full coverage |
|||
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/godhra.html The Gujarat Riots], Rediff News |
|||
* [http://www.httabloid.com/news/611_0,001301170000.htm Gujarat Riots: The Aftermath], ''Hindustan Times'' |
|||
* [http://rapidshare.com/files/71207623/GODHRA_RIOTS_-_JUSTICE_TEWATIA_REPORT.pdf.html Report on Godhra Riots], Justice Tewatia |
|||
* [http://dionnebunsha.com/scarred/ Scarred: Experiments with violence in Gujarat], Dionne Bunsha |
|||
* [http://www.gujaratriots.com Gujarat Riots: The True Story] |
|||
==Bibliography== |
|||
* {{cite book | title = The Gujarat Carnage | author = [[Asghar Ali Engineer]] | publisher = Orient Longman | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-81-250-2496-5}} |
|||
* {{cite book | title = The Black Book of Gujarat | author = M. L. Sondhi, Apratim Mukarji | year = 2002 | publisher = Manak Publications | isbn = 978-81-7827-060-9 }} |
|||
* {{cite book | title = Gujarat, the Making of a Tragedy | author = Siddharth Varadarajan | year = 2002 | publisher = Penguin Books | isbn = 978-0-14-302901-4}} |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:2002 Gujarat violence}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:2002 Gujarat violence}} |
||
[[Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)]] |
[[Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)]] |
||
Line 350: | Line 674: | ||
[[Category:Attacks on places of worship]] |
[[Category:Attacks on places of worship]] |
||
[[Category:2002 Gujarat violence]] |
[[Category:2002 Gujarat violence]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Violence against Muslims]] |
||
[[Category:Violence against Hindus]] |
Revision as of 03:56, 13 September 2013
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ahmedabad_riots1.jpg/300px-Ahmedabad_riots1.jpg)
The 2002 Gujarat violence was a period of inter-communal violence in the Indian state of Gujarat which lasted for approximately three days. Following on from the initial incident there were further outbreaks of violence in Ahmedabad which lasted for approximately three weeks, statewide there were further outbreaks of mass killings against the minority Muslim population for three months.[1][2] The attack on 27 February 2002 on a train, thought by most to have been carried out by Muslims, and which caused the deaths of 58 people, some of whom were activists returning from Ayodhya, is believed to have been the cause of the incidents, with some commentators calling the violence an act of retaliation.[3][4] Other commentators however have disputed this saying that the attacks had been pre-planned, were well orchestrated and that the attack on the train was in fact a "staged trigger" for what was actually premeditated violence.[5][6]
According to the official figures, the riots resulted in the deaths of 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus; 2,500 people were injured non-fatally, and 223 more were reported missing.[7] Other sources estimate that up to 2000 Muslims died.[8] There were instances of rape, children being burned alive, and widespread looting and destruction of property. Chief Minister Narendra Modi has been accused of initiating and condoning the violence, as have police and government officials who allegedly directed the rioters and gave lists of Muslim-owned properties to them.[9] In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by a Special Investigation Team appointed by the Supreme Court of India. The Muslim community are reported to have reacted with "anger and disbelief" and Teesta Setalvad, of the NGO, Citizen for Peace and Justice, has said the legal process was not yet over as there was a right to appeal.[10] In July 2013 allegations were made that the SIT had suppressed evidence.[11]
While officially classified as a communalist riot, the 2002 events have been described as a pogrom by many scholars and commentators.[12][13] Other independent observers have stated that these events had met the "legal definition of genocide",[14] called it an instance of state terrorism,[15][16] while others have said the incidents were tantamount to ethnic cleansing.[17] Instances of mass violence which occurred include the Naroda Patiya massacre that took place directly alongside a police training camp,[18] the Gulbarg Society massacre which resulted in the death of Ehsan Jafri a former member of parliament, and in the city of Vadodara.[19] Martha Nussbaum has said that "There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and officers of the law"[20]
Godhra train burning
On 27 February 2002, the Sabarmati Express was reported to have been attacked and set alight by a crowd of Muslims. These reports resulted in a concerted attack on the Muslim community. The causes of the initial confrontation at Godhra railway station are undetermined, it was reported that the activists had harassed Muslim vendors on the station platform, and this has been cited as a probable cause for the attack on the train.[21] Martha Nussbaum wrote in 2008 that two independent inquires concluded that the fire was an accident and had begun inside the train, caused by combustion stoves.[22] The The Banerjee Committee, started by Lalu Prasad Yadav and headed up by a retired Supreme Court judge, Umesh Chandra Banerjee,[23] concluded that the fire had started inside the train and was most likely accidental. However, the committee was declared illegal, unconstitutional and outside the jurisdiction of the Union government by the Gujarat High Court in 2006.[24] Another report carried out by the Hazards Centre, an NGO from Delhi also concluded that the fire must have begun inside the train, and both the Hazard and the Banerjee reports were critical of the preliminary investigations carried out by local police.[25] The NGO Concerned Citizens Tribunal(CCT), headed by Teesta Setalvad also concluded that the fire had been an accident.[26][27] However, many findings of the CCT provided by Teesta Setalvad have been called into question by the Special Investigation Team.[28]
Another investigation, which was commissioned by the Gujarat government lead by the Bharatiya Janata Party was headed by G. T. Nanavati, a retired Supreme Court judge. This investigation known as the "Shah-Nanavati commission" concluded that the attacks on the train had been pre-planned and was the result of a conspiracy by locals.[29] In a recording by Tehelka Arvind Pandya who is counsel to the Gujarat government, stated that the Shah-Nanavati commission would fall in favour of the BJP, as Shah was their man and Nanavati could be bribed.[30] Independent commentators have said that the fire itself was almost certainly an accident, and that the initial cause of the conflagration will never be determined.[4][31] However, most commentators place the blame for the burning on Muslims.[32][33][34]
Post Godhra violence
Following the attack on the train the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) called for a statewide bandh (strike), even though these have been declared by the Supreme Court to be unconstitutional and illegal. It is common knowledge in India that these strikes are usually followed by violence. No action was taken by the state to prevent the strike, or put a stop the initial violence.[35] Independent reports indicate that former VHP president Rana Rajendrasinh had endorsed the strike, and that Modi and Rana had used inflammatory language which could worsen the situation.[36]
Modi declared that the attack on the train had been carried out by "terrorists", these words were interpreted as a signal to take vengeance on the Muslim community.[37] Local newspapers and members of the state government used the Godhra incident to incite the violence. They claimed without proof[8] the attack on the train was carried out by Pakistan's intelligence agency and that local Muslims had conspired with them to attack Hindus in the state. False stories were also printed by local newspapers which claimed that Muslims kidnapped and then raped some Hindu women.[38]
The day following the fire coordinated attacks began. Men wearing saffron robes and khaki shorts arrived en masse in trucks. They had swords, explosives and gas cylinders which were used to destroy homes and places of business. Attacks were made in full view of police stations and police officers, however the police did not intervene.[9] The rioters used mobile phones to coordinate their attacks.[39] By days end on 28 February in 27 towns and cities a curfew was declared.[40] A minister who spoke with Rediff.com stated that though the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. In Baroda the administration also imposed a curfew in seven areas. The deputy superintendent of police stated that the Rapid Action Force had been deployed to sensitive areas in Godhra. Gordhan Zadaphia, the state home minister believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community.[41] Three days after the violence had begun troops were airlifted into the state and began flag marches. Modi, stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control, he also said that if the situation warranted it, then the police would have help by deploying the army. A shoot to kill order was also issued.[42] However the troop deployment was withheld by the state until the most severe aspects of the violence had ended, and it was not until 1 March that contingents of troops began to be deployed to help put down the violence.[43] After more than two months of violence a unanimous vote to gain federal intervention was passed in the upper house of parliament. Members of the opposition made accusations that the government had failed to give protection to Muslims in what was, after ten years the worst rioting in India.[44]
There was widespread targeted destruction of shrines and mosques. The tomb of Malik Asin was bulldozed, the Muhafiz Khan Mosque was also destroyed. The tomb of the eighteenth century saint Wali Gujrati was leveled and paved over the following day by the council. It is estimated that 230 masjids and dargahs were destroyed during the violence.[45] For the first time in the history of communal riots Hindu women took part, and looted Muslim shops.[40] It is estimated that up to 150,000 people were displaced during the violence.[46] It is estimated that 200 police officers died while trying to control the violence and human rights watch has reported on acts of exceptional heroism by Hindus, Dalits and tribals who tried to protect Muslims from the violence.[47][48]
Attacks on Muslims
Template:Violence against Muslims
Dionne Bunsha writing on the Gulbarg Society massacre and murder of Ehsan Jafri, has said that Jafri begged the crowd to spare the women, he was dragged into the street and forced to parade naked yet he refused to say "Jai Shri Ram". He was then beheaded and thrown onto a fire, following this the rioters returned and burned Jafri's family, including two small boys to death. After the massacre Gulbarg burned for a week.[45][49] According to Siddharth Varadarajan on 28 February in the districts of Morjari Chowk and Charodia Chowk, in Ahmedabad of forty people killed by police shooting, all were Muslim.[50] It is estimated that at least 250 girls and women had been gang raped and then burned to death.[51] Children were killed by being burnt alive and those digging mass graves described the bodies as "burned and butchered beyond recognition".[52] Children were force fed petrol and then set on fire, pregnant women were gutted and their unborn child's body then shown to the women. In the Naroda Patiya mass grave of 96 bodies 46 were women. The murderers also flooded homes and electrocuted entire families inside.[53] Violence against women also included their being stripped naked, objects being forced into their bodies and then their being killed. According to Kalpana Kannabiran the rapes were part of a well organized, deliberate and pre-planned strategy, and that this puts the violence in the area of a political pogrom and genocide.[54] Other acts of violence against women were acid attacks, beatings and the killing of women who were pregnant. Children were also killed in front of their parents.[55] George Fernandes in a discussion in parliament on the violence caused widespread furore in his defence of the state government, saying that this was not the first time that women and been violated and raped in India.[56]
Children and infants were speared and held aloft before being thrown into fires.[57] Describing the sexual violence perpetrated against Muslim women and girls, Renu Khanna writes that the survivors reported "that sexual violence consisted of forced nudity, mass rapes, gang-rapes, mutilation, insertion of objects into bodies, cutting of breasts, slitting the stomach and reproductive organs, and carving of Hindu religious symbols on women's body parts."[58] The Concerned Citizens' Tribunal, characterised the use of rape "as an instrument for the subjugation and humiliation of a community".[58] Testimony heard by the committee stated that:
A chilling technique, absent in pogroms unleashed hitherto but very much in evidence this time in a large number of cases, was the deliberate destruction of evidence. Barring a few, in most instances of sexual violence, the women victims were stripped and paraded naked, then gang-raped, and thereafter quartered and burnt beyond recognition ... The leaders of the mobs even raped young girls, some as young as 11 years old ... before burning them alive ... Even a 20-day-old infant, or a fetus in the womb of its mother, was not spared.[58]
For the first time in the history of communal riots Hindu women took part, and looted Muslim shops.[40] According to Vandana Shiva "Young boys have been taught to burn, rape and kill in the name of Hindutva".[59]
Attacks on Hindus
Human rights watch has reported that 10000 Hindus had been displaced during the violence, many Hindu residents were in fear of reprisal attacks or being mistaken for Muslim. Hindu home and business owners had placed saffron flags or pictures of Hindu deities on their properties to identify themselves as Hindu. On 17 March there was an attack by Muslims on Dalits. In Himatnagar, a man was found dead, his eyes had been gouged out. The Sindhi Market and Bhanderi Pole areas of Ahmedabad, were also attacked.[60]
There was a retaliatory attack in Jamalpur which resulted in 25 Hindus injured and five house being razed. The police quickly responded, and the colony was visited by Modi after a short period of time.[60][61] According to Varadarajan the majority of Hindu deaths were from shootings by the police, some were killed by Hindutva rioters after they had been mistaken for Muslims, with some deliberately killed for having worked with, or having befriended Muslims. A report from Frontline on the violence in Ahmedabad of 249 bodies recovered by 5 march, 30 were Hindus. Of these 13 had died as a result of police action and several others had died while attacking Muslim owned properties. 24 Muslims had died in police shootings even though there had been very few attacks by Muslims on Hindu neighborhoods.[62]
Media coverage
The events in Gujarat were the first instance of communal violence in India in the age of 24 hour news coverage, and were televised worldwide, this coverage played a central role in the politics of the situation. Media coverage was generally critical of the Hindu right, however the BJP portrayed the coverage as an assault on the honour of Gujaratis and turned the hostility into an emotive part of their electoral campaign.[63][64]
With the violence receding in April a peace meeting was arranged at Sabarmati Ashram a former home of Gandhi. Hindutva supporters and Police officers attacked almost a dozen Journalists. The state government banned television news channels critical of the government's response, and local stations were blocked. Two reporters working for STAR News were assaulted several times while covering the violence, on a return trip from having interviewed Modi when their car was surrounded by a crowd, one of the crowd claimed that they would be killed should they be a member of a minority community. Prasun Sonwalkar believes the media can play an important role in highlighting acts of action, or inaction and abuses of power.[65]
The Editors Guild of India, in its report on media ethics and coverage on the incidents stated that the news coverage was exemplary, with only a few minor lapses. The local newspapers Sandesh Gujarati and Gujarat Samachar however were heavily criticised.[66] The report states that Sandesh had headlines which would "provoke, communalize and terrorise people. The newspaper also used a quote from a VHP leader as a headline, "Avenge with blood". The report also stated that Samachar had played a role in increasing the tensions, but did not give all of its coverage over to "hawkish and inflammatory reportage in the first few weeks" The paper also carried reports to highlight communal harmony. Gujarat Today was given praise for showing restraint and for the balanced reportage of the violence.[67]
Critical reporting on the Gujarat government's handling of the situation helped bring about the Indian government's intervention in controlling the violence. The Editorial Guild of India rejected the charge that graphic news coverage aggravated the situation, saying that the coverage exposed the "horrors" of the riots as well as the "supine if not complicit" attitude of the state, helping propel remedial action.[68]
Allegations of state complicity
Dipankar Gupta believes that the state and police were complicit in the violence is an undoubted fact. Gupta has also said that some officers were outstanding in the performance of their duties such as Himanshu Bhatt and Rahul Sharma. Sharma was reported to have said "I don't think any other job would have allowed me to save so many lives".[69] These attacks have been described by Gyanendra Pandey as pogroms and a new form of state terrorism, and that these incidents are not riots but "organized political massacres".[15] According to Paul Brass the only conclusion from the evidence which is available points to a methodical Anti-Muslim pogrom which was carried out with exceptional brutality and was highly coordinated.[70]
The media has also described the attacks as state terrorism rather than "communal riots" due to the lack of state intervention.[16] Selective targeting of properties was shown by the destruction of the offices of the Muslim Wakf board which was located within the confines of the high security zone and just 500 meters from the office of the chief minister.[35] Cited as further evidence of state complicity was that the rioters had printouts of voter registration lists, allowing them to target Muslim properties.[39][46]
According to Scott W. Hibbard the violence had been planned far in advance, and that similar to other instances of communal violence the Bajrang Dal, the VHP and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh all took part in the attacks.[38] An investigation by the British high commission concluded that the violence had been pre-planned and the state government had supported the rioters and that the violence had the mark of ethnic cleansing. This report also said that while Modi remained in power then reconciliation between the Hindu and Muslim communities would not be possible.[71] The US Commission on International Religious Freedom Report in 2003 and 2004 called India a "country of particular concern", and cited as one reason for this was the violence in 2002. They also wrote the even though India has a tradition of democracy, minorities are subjected to mass killings and intense violence periodically. It also made note that those who carry out these acts of violence are rarely held accountable for their actions.[72]
An international fact finding committee formed of all women international experts from US, UK, France, Germany and Sri Lanka reported, "sexual violence was being used as a strategy for terrorising women belonging to minority community in the state."[73]
The CCT report includes testimony of the then Gujarat BJP minister Haren Pandya (since murdered), who testified about an evening meeting convened by Narendra Modi the evening of the Godhra train burning. At this meeting, officials were instructed not to obstruct the Hindu rage following the incident.[74] The report also highlighted a second meeting, held in Lunawada village of Panchmahal district, attended by state ministers Ashok Bhatt, and Prabhatsinh Chauhan, and other BJP and RSS leaders, where "detailed plans were made on the use of kerosene and petrol for arson and other methods of killing."[75] The Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind claimed in 2002 that some regional Congress workers collaborated with the perpetrators of the violence.[76]
Organizations such as Human Rights Watch criticised the Indian government for failure to address the resulting humanitarian condition of the people, the "overwhelming majority of them Muslim," who fled their homes for relief camps in the aftermath of the events, as well as the Gujarat state administration for engaging in a cover-up of the state's role in the massacres.[77]
In response to allegations of state involvement, Gujarat government spokesman, Bharat Pandya, told the BBC that the rioting was a spontaneous Hindu backlash fuelled by widespread anger against Muslims. He said "Hindus are frustrated over the role of Muslims in the on-going violence in Indian-administered Kashmir and other parts of India".[78]
The US Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom, John Hanford, expressing concern over religious intolerance in Indian politics, said that while the rioters may have been aided by state and local officials, he did not believe that the BJP-led central government was involved in inciting the riots.[79]
Criminal prosecutions
Prosecution of those accused for criminal actions during the violence faced problems with witnesses being either bribed or intimidated, local judges were also biased.[80] As of April 2013 249 convictions had been secured, 184 Hindus and 65 Muslims. 31 of the Muslim convictions were for the Train incident in Godhra.[81]
The Indian Supreme Court has been strongly critical of the state government's investigation and prosecution of those accused of violence during the riots, directing police to review about 2,000 of the 4,000 riot-related cases that had been closed citing lack of evidence or leads.[82] Following this direction, police identified nearly 1,600 cases for re-investigation, arrested 640 accused and launched investigations against 40 police officers for their failures.[83][84]
Human Rights Watch alleged[85] that state and law enforcement officials were harassing and intimidating[86] key witnesses, NGOs, social activists and lawyers who were fighting to seek justice for riot victims. In its 2003 annual report, Amnesty International stated, "the same police force that was accused of colluding with the attackers was put in charge of the investigations into the massacres, undermining the process of delivery of justice to the victims."[87]
The Best Bakery murder trial received wide attention after witnesses retracted testimony in court and all of the accused were acquitted. The Indian Supreme Court, acting on a petition by social activist Teesta Setalvad, ordered a retrial outside Gujarat in which nine accused were found guilty in 2006.[88] A key witness, Zaheera Sheikh, who repeatedly changed her testimony during the trials and the petition was found guilty of perjury.[89]
After a local court dismissed the case against her assailants, Bilkis Bano approached the National Human Rights Commission and petitioned the Supreme Court seeking a retrial. The Supreme Court granted the motion, directing the Central Bureau of Investigation to take over the investigation. CBI appointed a team of experts from CFSL Delhi and AIIMS under the guidance and leadership of Professor T. D. Dogra of AIIMS to exhume the mass graves to established the identity and cause of death of victims. The team successfully located and exhumed the remains of victims.[90] The trial of the case was transferred out of Gujarat and directing the central government to appoint the public prosecutor.[91][92] Charges were filed in a Mumbai court against nineteen people as well as six police officials and a government doctor over their role in the initial investigations.[93] In January 2008, eleven men were sentenced to life imprisonment for the rape and murders and a policeman was convicted of falsifying evidence.[94]
In 2005, the Vadodara fast-track court acquitted 108 people accused of murdering two youths, during a mob attack on a group of displaced Muslims returning under police escort to their homes in Avdhootnagar. The court passed strictures against the police for failing to protect the people under their escort[95] and failing to identify the attackers they had witnessed.[96]
Nine people were convicted of killing a Hindu man and injuring another during group clashes in Danilimda, Ahmedabad on 12 April, while 25 others were acquitted.[97]
Eight people, including a VHP leader and a member of the BJP, were convicted for the murder of seven members of a family and the rape of two minor girls in the village of Eral in Panchmahal district.[98][99]
52 people from Pavagadh and Dhikva villages in Panchmahal district were acquitted of rioting charges for lack of evidence.[100]
A stringent anti-terror law, the POTA, was used by the Gujarat government to charge 131 people in connection to the Godhra train fire, but not invoked in prosecuting any of the accused in the post-Godhra riots.[101][102] In 2005 the POTA Review Committee set up by the central government to review the application of the law opined that the Godhra accused should not be tried under the provisions of POTA.[103]
In February 2011 a special fast track court convicted 31 Muslims for the Godhra train burning incident and the conspiracy for the crime[104]
On 9 November 2011, a court in Ahmedabad sentenced 31 Hindus to life imprisonment for murdering dozens of Muslims, by burning a building in which they took shelter.[105] 41 other Hindus were acquitted of murder charges due to lack of evidence.[105] 22 additional people were convicted for attempted murder on 30 July 2012, while 61 others were acquitted.[106]
On 29 July 2012, an Indian court gave the verdict in the Naroda Patiya massacre case and convicted 32 people, including former state minister Maya Kodnani and Hindu leader Babu Bajrangi of involvement in the attacks. The court case began in 2009, and over 300 people (including victims, witnesses, doctors, and journalists) had testified before the court. For the first time, the verdict acknowledged the role of a politician in inciting Hindu mobs. Activists say that the verdict will embolden the opponent of Narendra Modi, the chief minister of Gujarat, in the crucial run-up to state elections later this year, when Modi will seek a third term. Modi refused to apologise and denied that the government had a role in the riots. Twenty-nine people were acquitted during the verdict. Teesta Setalvad, a human rights campaigner, said, "For the first time, this judgment actually goes beyond neighborhood perpetrators and goes up to the political conspiracy. The fact that convictions have gone that high means the conspiracy charge has been accepted and the political influencing of the mobs has been accepted by the judge. This is a huge victory for justice."[107]
In April 2009, the Special Investigation Team (SIT) setup by the Supreme Court of India to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riot cases submitted before the Court that Teesta Setalvad had cooked up cases of violence to spice up the incidents. The SIT which is headed by former CBI director, R. K. Raghavan has said that false witnesses were tutored to give evidence about imaginary incidents by Setalvad and other NGOs.[108] The SIT charged her of "cooking up macabre tales of killings".[109][110]
The court was told that 22 witnesses, who had submitted identical affidavits before various courts relating to riot incidents, were questioned by SIT and it was found that the witnesses had not actually witnessed the incidents and they were tutored and the affidavits were handed over to them by Setalvad.[109]
The report which was brought to the notice of the bench, consisting of Justices Arijit Pasayat, P Sathasivam and Aftab Alam, noted that the much publicised case of a pregnant Muslim woman Kausar Banu being gangraped by a mob and foetus being removed from sharp weapons, was also cooked up and false.[108][111]
Many of the investigations and prosecutions of those accused of violence during the riots have been opened for re-investigation and prosecution.[82][83]
Inquiries
There were more than 60 investigations by national and international bodies many of which having investigated the incident, concluded there was support from state officials in the violence.[112] The report from the National Human Rights Commission of India(NHRC) concluded that the attacks had been premeditated, that state government officials were complicit and that there was evidence of police not acting during the assaults on Muslims. The report also made mention of the BJP and Modi in "Promoting the attitudes of racial supremacy, racial hatred and the legacy of Nazism through his governments support of school textbooks in which Nazism is glorified". The US state department also found "that Modi revised high school textbooks to describe Hitler's 'charismatic personality' and the 'achievements of Nazism'.[113][Note 1] The NHRC also stated that Res ipsa loquitur applied as the state had comprehensively failed to protect and had not upheld the rights of the people as set out in the Constitution of India.[114]
The CCT report which was headed up by Krishna Iyer, a retired justice of the Supreme Court released its findings in 2003 and stated that contrary to the government allegation of a conspiracy in Godhra, this incident had not been pre-planned and there were no evidence to indicate otherwise. On the statewide riots the CCT reported that several days before the Godhra incident, the excuse used for the attacks, homes belonging to Hindus which were in Muslim areas and been marked with pictures of Hindu deities or saffron flags, this had been done to prevent any accidental assaults on Hindu homes or businesses. The CCT investigation also discovered evidence that the VHP and the Bajrang Dal had training camps in which people were thought to view Muslims as an enemy. These camps were backed and supported by the BJP and RSS. They also reported that "The complicity of the state government is obvious. And, the support of the central government to the state government in all that it did is also by now a matter of common knowledge."[115]
The state government commissioned J G. Shah to conduct, what became, a controversial one man inquiry into the Godhra incident, its credibility was questioned and the NHRC and the National minorities commission requested that a sitting judge from the supreme court be appointed. The supreme court overturned the findings by Shah stating, "this judgement is not based on the understanding on any evidence, but on imagination".[116]
Early in 2003 the state government of Gujarat set up the Shah-Nanavati commission to investigate the entire incident, from the initial one at Godhra to the ensuing violence. The commission has been caught up in controversy from the beginning, activists and members of the opposition insisted on a judicial commission be set up and headed by a sitting judge rather than a retired one from the high court, the state refused. Within a few months Nanavati, before hearing any testimony declared there was no evidence of lapses by either the police or government in their handling of the violence.[117] In 2008 Shah died and was replaced by Justice Akshay Mehta, a retired high court judge.[118] Metha's appointment was controversial as he was the judge who allowed Babu Bajrangi to be bailed, Bajrangi is a leader of Bajrang Dal and is a prime suspect in the massacre at Naroda Patiya.[119][120] In July 2013 the commission was given its 20th extension, and Mukul Sinha of the civil rights group Jan Sangahrsh Manch said of the delays "I think commission has lost its significance and it now seems to be awaiting the outcome of the 2014 Lok Sabha election,"[121] In 2007 Tehelka in an undercover operation had said that the Shah-Nanavati commission had relied on "manufactured evidence" Tehelka editor Tarun Tajpal has claimed that they had taped witnesses who stated they had given false testimony after they had been bribed by the Gujarati police force. Tehelka also recorded Ranjitsinh Patel were he stated that he and Prabhatsinh Patel had been paid 50,000 rupees apiece to amend earlier statements and to identify as conspirators some Muslims.[122] According to B G Verghese the Tehelka expose was far to detailed to have been a fake as some had claimed.[123]
A fact finding mission by the Sahmat organisation and headed up by Dr. Kamal Mitra Chenoy concluded that from the evidence the violence was more akin to ethnic cleansing or a pogrom rather than an instance of communal violence as they would be usually defined. The report said that the violence surpassed other periods of communal violence such as in 1969, 1985, 1989, and 1992 not only in the amount of lives lost, but in the savagery of the attacks.[78][124]
Aftermath
There was widespread destruction of property. 527 places of worship such as, masjids, Temples, cemeteries, dargahs and schools had been either destroyed or damaged.[30] It is estimated that Muslim property losses were, "100,000 houses, 1,100 hotels, 15,000 businesses, 3,000 handcarts and 5,000 vehicles destroyed."[125] In total 27,780 persons were arrested, either for rioting or as a preventative measure. For criminal behaviour 11,167 of which 3,269 were Muslim and 7,896 Hindu. Preventative arrests were 16,615 of which 2,811 were Muslim and 13,804 being Hindu. It was reported by the Concerned Citizens Tribunal that 90 percent of those arrested were almost immediately granted bail, even if they had been arrested on suspicion of murder or arson. There were also media reports that political leaders gave those being released public welcomes as they were given bail. This contradicts what the state government had been saying during the violence, that "Bail applications of all accused persons are being strongly defended and rejected".[126]
According to R.B.Sreekumar police officers who had followed the rule of law and helped prevent the riots from spreading were punished by the Modi government. They were subjected to disciplinary proceedings and transfers with some having to leave the state.[127] Sreekumar also claims that intimidation of whistleblowers and the subversion of the justice system are common practice.[128] Sreekumar also alleged that the state government issued "unconstitutional directives", with officials asking him to kill Muslims involved in rioting or disrupting a Hindu religious event. The Gujarat government denied the allegations, calling them "baseless" and instigated out of malice because Mr. Sreekumar was not promoted.[129]
Following the violence Bal Thackeray then leader of the nationalist group Shiv Sena said "Muslims are a cancer to this country ... Cancer is an incurable disease. Its only cure is operation. O Hindus take weapons in your hands and remove this cancer from your roots".[130] Pravin Togadia general secretary of the Vishva Hindu Parishad(VHP) said "All Hindutva opponents will get the death sentence" and Ashok Singhal then president of the VHP has said that the violence in Gujarat was a "successful experiment" which would be repeated nationwide.[130]
The militant group Indian Mujahideen have carried out attacks in revenge and to also act as a deterrent against further instances of mass violence against Muslims.[131] They also claimed to have carried out the 2008 Delhi bombings in revenge for mistreatment of Muslims, they referenced the destruction of the Babri Mosque and the violence in Gujarat 2002.[132] In September 2002 there was an attack on the Hindu temple of Akshardham, the gunmen carried letters on their persons which suggested that it was a revenge attack for the violence that the Muslims had gone through.[133] In August 2002 Shahid Ahmad Bakshi, an operative for the militant group Lashkar-e-Toiba in an act of revenge over the violence planned to assassinate Modi, Pravin Togadia of the VHP and other members of the right wing nationalist movement.[134]
In 2005 Modi was invited to the US to speak before the Asian-Americans hotel owners association. A petition was set up and signed by academics requesting that Modi be refused a diplomatic visa, Hindu groups in the US also protested and planned to demonstrate in cities in Florida. A resolution was submitted by John Conyers and Joseph R. Pitts in the House of Representatives which condemned Modi for inciting religious persecution. Pitts also wrote to then Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice requesting Modi be refused a visa. On 19 March Modi was denied a diplomatic visa and his tourist visa was revoked[20]
Human rights watch has accused the state of orchestrating a cover up over their role in the violence. Human rights activists and Indian solicitors have urged that legislation be passed so that "communal violence is treated as genocide".[135] Following the violence thousands of Muslims were fired from their places of work, and those who tried to return home had to endure an economic and social boycott.[136]
On 3 May, former Punjab police chief K P S Gill was appointed as security adviser to the Chief Minister.[137] Defending the Modi administration in the Rajya Sabha against charges of genocide, BJP spokesman V K Malhotra said that the official toll of 254 Hindus, killed mostly by police fire, indicates how the state authorities took effective steps to curb the violence.[138]
Opposition parties as well as three coalition partners of the BJP-led central government demanded the dismissal of Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi for failing to contain the violence, with some calling for the removal of Union Home Minister L. K. Advani as well.[139]
On 18 July, Chief Minister Narendra Modi asked the Governor of Gujarat to dissolve the state assembly and call fresh elections.[140] The Indian Election Commission ruled out early elections, citing the prevailing law and order situation, a decision the union government unsuccessfully[141] appealed against in the Supreme Court.[142]
Elections were held in December, and Modi was returned to power in a landslide victory.[143]
In 2004, the weekly newspaper Tehelka published a hidden camera exposé alleging that BJP legislator Madhu Srivastava bribed Zaheera Sheikh, a witness in the Best Bakery killings trial.[144] Srivatsava denied the allegation,[145] and an inquiry committee appointed by the Indian Supreme Court drew an "adverse inference" from the video footage, though it failed to uncover evidence that money was actually paid.[146] In a 2007 expose, the newspaper released hidden camera footage of several members of the BJP, VHP and the Bajrang Dal admitting their role in the riots.[147][148] Among those featured in the tapes was the special counsel representing the Gujarat government before the Nanavati-Shah Commission, Arvind Pandya, who resigned from his post after they were made public.[149] While the report was criticised by some as being politically motivated,[150][151][152][153] some newspapers said the revelations simply reinforced what was common knowledge.[148][154][155][156] However there were several inaccuracies in the statements that diluted the impact of the sting operation. Babu Bajrani and Suresh Richard in the statements said that Narendra Modi visited Naroda Patiya one day after the massacre to thank them. However official record shows that Naredra Modi didn't visit Naroda Patiya. VHP activist, Ramesh Dave told Tehelka reporter that S.K.Gadhvi, one of the divisional superintendents of Police killed five Muslims in Dariapur area as promised to him. But the official records show that Gadhvi was only posted in Dariapur one month after the riots. During his tenure no such incident took place in Dariapur.[157] The Gujarat government blocked telecast of cable news channels broadcasting the expose, a move strongly condemned by the Editors Guild of India.[158]
Taking a stand decried by the media and other rights groups, Nafisa Hussain, a member of the National Commission for Women accused organisations and the media of needlessly exaggerating the plight of women victims of the riots.[159][160][161] which was strongly disputed as Gujarat did not have a State Commission for Women to act on the ground.[159] The newspaper Tribune reported that "The National Commission for Women has reluctantly agreed to the complicity of Gujarat Government in the communal violence in the state." The tone of their most recent report was reported by the Tribune as "lenient".[162]
In April 2012, a Special Investigation Team found absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots.[163]
In his report, Raju Ramachandran, the amicus curiae for the case, strongly disagreed with a key conclusion of the R. K. Raghavan-led SIT: that IPS officer Sanjiv Bhatt was not present at a late-night meeting of top Gujarat cops held at the Chief Minister's residence in the wake of the 27 February 2002 Godhra carnage. It has been Bhatt's claim — made in an affidavit before the apex court and in statements to the SIT and the amicus — that he was present at the meeting where Modi allegedly said Hindus must be allowed to carry out retaliatory violence against Muslims. Ramachandran was of the opinion that Modi could be prosecuted for alleged statements he had made. He said there was no clinching material available in the pre-trial stage to disbelieve Bhatt, whose claim could be tested only in court. "Hence, it cannot be said, at this stage, that Shri Bhatt should be disbelieved and no further proceedings should be taken against Shri Modi."[164][165]
Further, R. K. Shah the public prosecutor in the Gulbarg Society massacre resigned as the public prosecutor because he found it impossible to work with the SIT and further stated that "Here I am collecting witnesses who know something about a gruesome case in which so many people, mostly women and children huddled in Jafri's house, were killed and I get no cooperation. The SIT officers are unsympathetic towards witnesses, they try to browbeat them and don't share evidence with the prosecution as they are supposed to do."[166]
Relief efforts
Amnesty International's annual report on India in 2003 claimed the "Gujarat government did not actively fulfill its duty to provide appropriate relief and rehabilitation to the survivors".[87]
The state government initially offered compensation payments of 200,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the Godhra train fire and 100,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the subsequent riots, which local Muslims described as discriminatory.[167] Subsequently, the government set the compensation amount at 150,000 rupees.[168]
By 27 March, nearly 100,000 displaced people moved into 101 relief camps. This swelled to over 150,000 in 104 camps the next two weeks.[169] The camps were run by community groups and NGOs, with the government committing to provide amenities and supplementary services. Drinking water, medical help, clothing and blankets were in short supply at the camps.[170] At least another 100 camps were denied government support, according to a camp organiser.[171] and relief supplies were prevented from reaching the camps over fears that they may be carrying arms.[172]
Relief camp organisers alleged that the state government was coercing refugees to leave relief camps, with 25,000 people made to leave eighteen camps that were shut down. Following government assurances that camps would not be shut down, the Gujarat High Court bench ordered that camp organizers be given a supervisory role to ensure that the assurances were met.[173]
On 23 May 2008, the Union Government announced a 3.20 billion rupee (US $80 million) relief package for the victims of the riots.[174]
Popular culture
Novels
- The 3 Mistakes of My Life written by Chetan Bhagat has backdrop of riots in 2002.
Films
- Final Solution is a 2003 documentary directed by Rakesh Sharma about the 2002 Gujarat violence. The film was denied entry to Mumbai International Film Festival in 2004 due to objections by Censor Board of India, but won two awards at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival 2004. The ban was later lifted in October 2004.[175][176]
- T. V. Chandran made a trilogy of Malayalam films based on the aftermaths of Gujarat riots. The trilogy consists of Kathavasheshan (2004), Vilapangalkkappuram (2008) and Bhoomiyude Avakashikal (2012). The narrative of all these films begin on the same day, 28 February 2002, that is, on the day after the Godhra train burning.[177]
- 2007 film Parzania was inspired by the true story of a ten-year-old Parsi boy, Azhar Mody, essayed in the film as Parzaan Pithawala in the film, who disappeared after the Gulbarg Society massacre. The film traces the journey of the Pithawala family while trying to locate their missing son.
- Firaaq was a 2008 political thriller film set one month after the violence and looks at the aftermath in its effects on the lives of everyday people.
- 2013 film Kai Po Che had the backdrop of 2002 Gujarat violence in end. The film was based on the novel The 3 Mistakes of My Life written by Chetan Bhagat.
See also
References
- Notes
- ^ The 2003 International Report by the US State Department can be found here.[1] It states "The Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board, to which nearly 98 percent of schools in Gujarat belong, requires the use of certain textbooks in which Nazism is condoned. In the Standard 10 social studies textbook, the "charismatic personality" of "Hitler the Supremo" and the "achievements of Nazism" are described at length. The textbook does not acknowledge Nazi extermination policies or concentration camps except for a passing reference to "a policy of opposition towards the Jewish people and [advocacy for] the supremacy of the German race." The Standard 9 social studies textbook implies that Muslims, Christians, Parsees, and Jews are "foreigners." In 2002 the Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board administered an exam, while the riots were ongoing, in which students of English were asked to form one sentence out of the following: "There are two solutions. One of them is the Nazi solution. If you don't like people, kill them, segregate them. Then strut up and down. Proclaim that you are the salt of the earth."
- Citations
- ^ Ghassem-Fachand, Parvis (2012). Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India (PDF). Princeton University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-691-15177-9.
- ^
Escherle, Nora Anna (2013). Gabriele Rippl, Philipp Schweighauser, Tiina Kirss, Margit Sutrop, Therese Steffen (ed.). Haunted Narratives: Life Writing in an Age of Trauma (3rd Revised ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-4426-4601-8.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^
Hakeem, Farrukh B. (2012). Policing Muslim Communities: Comparative and International Context. Springer. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4614-3551-8.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Jeffery, Craig (2011). Isabelle Clark-Decès (ed.). A Companion to the Anthropology of India. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1988. ISBN 978-1-4051-9892-9.
- ^
Brass, Paul R. (15). The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. University of Washington Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-295-98506-0.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
and|year=
/|date=
mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ Kabir, Ananya Jahanara (2010). Sorcha Gunne, Zoe Brigley Thompson (ed.). Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-80608-4.
- ^ {{cite news|last=Corporation|first=British Broadcasting|title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4536199.stm%7Cnewspaper=BBC%7Cdate=11 May 2005} }
- ^ a b
Campbell, John (2012). Chris Seiple, Dennis Hoover, Dennis R. Hoover, Pauletta Otis (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security. Routledge. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ a b
Murphy, Eamon (24). Richard Jackson, Eamon Murphy, Scott Poynting (ed.). Contemporary State Terrorism: Theory and Practice. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-415-66447-9.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
and|year=
/|date=
mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) Cite error: The named reference "Murphy 2011" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ Krishnan, Murali; Shamil Shams (11 March 2012). "Modi's clearance in the Gujarat riots case angers Indian Muslims". Deutsche Welle.
- ^ India, Times of (18 July 2013). "Is SIT hiding proof in Gujarat riots case?". Times of India.
- ^ Chris Ogden. 2012. A Lasting Legacy: The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance and India's Politics Journal of Contemporary Asia Vol. 42, Iss. 1, 2012
- ^
Dhattiwala, Raheel (2012). "The Political Logic of Ethnic Violence The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002". Politics and Society. 40 (4): 485. doi:10.1177/0032329212461125.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Garlough, Christine L. (2013). Desi Divas: Political Activism in South Asian American Cultural Performances. University Press of Mississippi. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-61703-732-0.
- ^ a b
Pandey, Gyanendra (2005). Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories. Stanford University Press. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0-8047-5264-0.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ a b Baruah, Bipasha (2012). Women and Property in Urban India. University of British Columbia Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7748-1928-2.
- ^
Khosrokhavar, Farhad (2010). Charles B. Strozier, David M. Terman, James W. Jones, Katherine A. Boyd (ed.). The Fundamentalist Mindset: Psychological Perspectives on Religion, Violence, and History. Oxford University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-19-537965-5.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ Gupta, Dipankar (2011). Justice before Reconciliation: Negotiating a 'New Normal' in Post-riot Mumbai and Ahmedabad. Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-415-61254-8.
- ^
Ganguly, Rajat (2007). Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner (ed.). The State of India's Democracy. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8018-8791-8.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ a b Craven Nussbaum, Martha (2008). The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future. Harvard University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-674-03059-6. Cite error: The named reference "Nussbaum 2008" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Hampton, Janie (2002). Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-85383-952-8.
- ^ Nussbaum, Martha C. (2009). Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism. Springer. p. 81. ISBN 978-90-481-3404-5.
- ^ "BJP welcomes verdict on Godhra train burning case". Indian Express. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- ^ of India, Press Trust (13 October 2006). "Banerjee panel illegal: Gujarat HC". The Indian Express.
- ^ Spodek, Howard Spodek (2008). "In the Hindutva Laboratory: Pogroms and Politics in Gujarat, 2002". Modern Asian Studies: 351. doi:10.1017/S0026749X08003612.
- ^
Tribunal, Concerned Citizens. "Crime Against Humanity". Citizens for Justice and Peace. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^
Commission, Asian Human Rights. "Genocide in Gujarat: Patterns of violen". Asian Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Teesta Setalvad & others made false claims against Narendra Modi". DNA India. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- ^ Khan, Saeed (21 June 2011). "Nanavati Commission's term extended till Dec-end". Times of India.
- ^ a b Jaffrelot, Christophe (2011). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. C Hurst & Co. p. 398. ISBN 978-1-84904-138-6.
- ^ Metcalf, Barbara D. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0.
- ^ Hakeem, Farrukh (2012). Policing Muslim Communities: Comparative International Context. Berlin: Springer.
{{cite book}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Egginton, William (2011). In Defense of Religious Moderation. New York: Columbia University Press.
{{cite book}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ 31 convicted in deadly Godhra train fire that sparked fatal anti-Muslim riots in India Washington Post - 22 February 2011
- ^ a b Shani, Ornit (2007). Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-521-72753-2.
- ^ Simpson, Edward (2009). Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh. Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-415-54377-4.
- ^
Horvitz, Leslie A. (2011). Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide (Revised ed.). Chelsea House Publishers. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-8160-8083-0.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Hibbard, Scott W. (2010). Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8018-9669-9.
- ^ a b Khan, Yasmin (2011). Andrew R. Murphy (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-4051-9131-9.
- ^ a b c Oommen, T K (2005). Crisis and Contention in Indian Society. SAGE. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7619-3359-5.
- ^ Bhatt, Sheela (28 February 2002). "Mob sets fire to Wakf board office in Gujarat secretariat". Rediff.
- ^ Dasgupta, Manas (2 March 2002). "Shoot orders in many Gujarat towns, toll over 200". The Hindu.
- ^
Margatt, Ruth (2011). Cynthia E. Cohen, Roberto Gutierrez Varea, Polly O. Walker (ed.). Acting Together: Resistance and reconciliation in regions of violence. New Village Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-9815593-9-1.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ Corporation, British Broadcasting (6 May 2002). "Indian MPs back Gujarat motion". BBC.
- ^ a b Bunsha, Dionne (2005). Scarred: Experiment's With Violence In Gujarat. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-400076-0.
- ^ a b Rubin, Olivier (2010). Democracy and Famine. Routledge. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-0-415-59822-4.
- ^ Rosser, Yvette Claire (2003). Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangla (PDF). University of Texas at Austin. p. 356. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008.
- ^ Watch, H R. (2003). "Compounding Injustice: The Government's Failure to Redress Massacres in Gujarat". Fédération internationale des droits de l'homme. p. 57. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ Ahmed, Akbar S. (2003). Islam Under Siege: Living Dangerously in a Post- Honor World. Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-2210-1.
- ^ Varadarajan, Siddharth (2002). Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy. Penguin (India). p. 181. ISBN 978-0-14-302901-4.
- ^ Kabir, Ananya Jahanara (2011). Sorcha Gunne, Zoe Brigley Brigley Thompson (ed.). Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation (Reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-415-89668-9.
- ^ Smith, Paul J. (2007). The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century. M.E. Sharpe. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7656-1988-4.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2011). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. C Hurst & Co. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-84904-138-6.
- ^ Kannabiran, Kalpana (2012). Tools of Justice: Non-discrimination and the Indian Constitution. Routledge. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-415-52310-3.
- ^ Gangoli, Geetanjali (2012). Nicole Westmarland, Geetanjali Gangoli (ed.). International Approaches to Rape. Policy Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-84742-621-5.
- ^ Martin-Lucas, Belen (2010). Sorcha Gunne, Zoë Brigley (ed.). Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-415-80608-4.
- ^ Wilkinson, Steven (2005). Religious politics and communal violence. Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-19-567237-4.
- ^ a b c Khanna, Renu (2008). "Communal Violence in Gujarat, India: Impact of Sexual Violence and Responsibilities of the Health Care System". Reproductive Health Matters. 16 (31): 14.
- ^ Shiva, Vandana (2003). India Divided: Diversity and Democracy Under Attack. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-58322-540-0.
- ^ a b
Watch, Human Rights (April, 2002). "We Have No Orders To Save You". Human Rights Watch.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Oommen, T. K. (2008). Reconciliation in Post-Godhra Gujarat: The Role of Civil Society. Pearson Education India. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-317-1546-8.
- ^ Varadarajan, Siddharth (2002). Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy. Penguin (India). p. 83. ISBN 978-0-14-302901-4.
- ^ Mehtaa, Nalin (2006). "Modi and the Camera: The Politics of Television in the 2002 Gujarat Riots". Journal of South Asian Studies. 26 (3): 395–414. doi:10.1080/00856400601031989.
- ^ Gupta, Amit (2012). Global Security Watch--India. Praeger. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-313-39586-4.
- ^ Cole, Benjamin (2009). Conflict, Terrorism and the Media in Asia. Routledge. pp. 82–96. ISBN 978-0-415-54554-9.
- ^ Varadarajan, Siddharth (2002). Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy. Penguin (India). p. 272. ISBN 978-0-14-302901-4.
- ^ Sonwalkar, Prasun (2009). Benjamin Cole (ed.). Conflict, Terrorism and the Media in Asia. Routledge. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-0-415-54554-9.
- ^
Sonwalkar, Prasun (2006). "Shooting the messenger? Political violence, Gujarat 2002 and the Indian news media". In Cole, Benjamin (ed.). Conflict, Terrorism and the Media in Asia. Routledge. pp. 82–97. ISSN 0415351987.
{{cite book}}
: Check|issn=
value (help) - ^ Gupta, Dipankar (2011). Justice before Reconciliation: Negotiating a 'New Normal' in Post-riot Mumbai and Ahmedabad. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-415-61254-8.
- ^
Brass, Paul R. (2005). The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. University of Washington Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-295-98506-0.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^
Cohen, Cynthia E. (2011). Cynthia E. Cohen, Roberto Gutierrez Varea, Polly O. Walker (ed.). Acting Together: Resistance and reconciliation in regions of violence. New Village Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-9815593-9-1.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ Bigelow, Anna (2010). Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India. Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-19-536823-9.
- ^ Press Trust of India (19 December 2002). "Intl experts spoil Modi's party, say Gujarat worse than Bosnia". Express India. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ Puniyani, Ram (2 May 2009). "Gujarat Carnage-Role of Narendra Modi". Tehelka.
- ^ Desai, Darshan (2 December 2002). "Leads From Purgatory". Outlook India.
- ^ Ramachandran, Rajesh (9 August 2003). "Cong silent on cadres linked to Guj riots". Times of India.
- ^ Watch, Human Rights (1 May 2002). "India: Gujarat Officials Took Part in Anti-Muslim Violence". Human Rights Watch.
- ^ a b Sen, Ayanjit (19 March 2002). "NGO says Gujarat riots were planned". BBC.
- ^ Krishnaswami, Sridhar (16 September 2006). "'U.S. raised Gujarat riots with BJP-led Government'". The Hindu.
- ^ Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2008). The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future. Harvard University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-674-03059-6.
- ^ Correspondent, Newzfirst (16 April 2013). "'Gujarat riots not sudden and spontaneous, SIT probe biased'". New Z First.
- ^ a b "Court orders Gujarat riot review". BBC News. 17 August 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ a b "Gujarat riot cases to be reopened". BBC News. 8 February 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "Gujarat riot probe panel moves against 41 cops". The Indian Express. India. 9 February 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Discouraging Dissent: Intimidation and Harassment of Witnesses, Human Rights Activists, and Lawyers Pursuing Accountability for the 2002 Communal Violence in Gujarat(Human Rights Watch, September 2004)". Hrw.org. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ "India: After Gujarat Riots, Witnesses Face Intimidation (Human Rights Watch, 23 September 2004)". Hrw.org. 25 September 2004. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ a b "Amnesty International | Working to Protect Human Rights". Web.amnesty.org. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ Dionne Bunsha, Verdict in Best Bakery case, Frontline, Volume 23 – Issue 04, 25 February – 10 March 2006
- ^ "Why did Zaheera Sheikh have to lie?". Rediff.com. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ "The meticulous seven, and a seven-day hunt for proof-Amitabh Sinha". The Indian Express. New Delhi, 21 January, Mon 21 Jan 2008, 23:59 hrs. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "A hopeful Bilkis goes public". Deccan Herald. India. 9 August 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "Second riot case shift". The Telegraph. 7 August 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "Charges framed in Bilkis case". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 14 January 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ Jeremy Page (23 January 2008). "Rape victim Bilkis Bano hails victory for Muslims as Hindu assailants are jailed for life". The Times. London. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "All accused in riot case acquitted". The Hindu. India. 26 October 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "Over 100 accused in post-Godhra riots acquitted". Rediff News. 25 October 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ Rajeev Khanna (28 March 2006). "Sentencing in Gujarat Hindu death". BBC News. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "Hindus jailed over Gujarat riots". BBC News. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ PTI (30 October 2007). "Godhra court convicts 11 in Eral massacre case; 29 acquitted". Yahoo! India News. Retrieved 4 February 2011.[dead link]
- ^ "52 acquitted in post-Godhra case". Rediff News. 22 April 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ Katharine Adeney (2005). "Hindu Nationalists and federal structures in an era of regionalism". Coalition Politics And Hindu Nationalism. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-415-35981-8.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|editors=
ignored (|editor=
suggested) (help) - ^ Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, Shankar Raghuraman (2004). A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand. Sage Publications. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-7619-3237-6.
- ^ "Pota Review Committee Gives Opinion on Godhra Case To POTA Court". Indlaw. 21 June 2005. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "It was not a random attack on S-6 but kar sevaks were targeted, says judge". The Hindu. 6 March 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ a b [2][dead link]
- ^ "India convictions over Gujarat Dipda Darwaza killings". BBC News. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^ Lakshmi, Rama (29 August 2012). "Indian court convicts former state minister in deadly 2002 anti-Muslim riots". The Washington Post. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ^ a b Dhananjay Mahapatra, TNN 14 April 2009, 12.13pm IST (14 April 2009). "NGOs, Teesta spiced up Gujarat riot incidents: SIT". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Setalvad in dock for 'cooking up killings' "Setalvad in dock for 'cooking up killings'". Economic Times, Retrieved 2009-05-11. Archived 14 May 2009.
- ^ "Gujarat riot myths busted". Archived from the original on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Inhuman rights : STATES - India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^
Evans, Carolyn (2011). John Witte, Jr., M. Christian Green (ed.). Religion and Human Rights: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-19-973344-6.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ Nussbaum, Martha (2009). The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence and India's Future. Harvard University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-674-02482-3.
- ^ Engineer, Asgharali (2003). The Gujarat Carnage. Orient Blackswan. p. 262. ISBN 978-81-250-2496-5.
- ^
Bulletin, PUCL (January, 2006). "Crime Against Humanity". Citizens for Justice and Peace.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Guha, Ramachandra (2002). Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy. Penguin (India). p. 437. ISBN 978-0-14-302901-4.
- ^ Oommen, T. K. (2008). Reconciliation in Post-Godhra Gujarat: The Role of Civil Society. Pearson Education. p. 73. ISBN 978-81-317-1546-8.
- ^ Times, Economic (31 December 2012). "Gujarat government extends term of Nanavati panel till June 30, 2013". Economic Times.
- ^ Magazine, Tehelka (16 April 2008). "A Compromised Commission". Tehelka.
- ^
IBN, CNN (9 April 2008). "Controversial ex-judge joins Gujarat riots probe". CNN IBN.
{{cite news}}
:|first=
has generic name (help) - ^ Soni, Nikunj (3 July 2013). "Nanavati commission: A new lease of life, for the 20th time!". DNA India.
- ^ Today, India (27 September 2008). "Nanavati report based on manufactured evidence: Tehelka". India Today.
- ^ Verghese, B G (2010). First Draft: Witness to the Making of Modern India. Westland. p. 448. ISBN 978-93-80283-76-0.
- ^ Chenoy, Kamal Mitra (22 March 2002). "Ethnic Cleansing In Ahmedabad". Outlook India.
- ^ Davies, Gloria (2005). Gloria Davies, Chris Nyland (ed.). Globalization in the Asian Region: Impacts And Consequences edited by Gloria Davies. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-84542-219-6.
- ^ Engineer, Asgharali (2003). The Gujarat Carnage. Orient Blackswan. p. 265. ISBN 978-81-250-2496-5.
- ^
Sreekumar, R B. (27 February 2012). "Gujarat genocide: The State, law and subversion". Rediff.
Significantly, practically all police officers who had genuinely enforced the rule of law to ensure security to minorities had incurred the wrath of the Modi government and many of these persons who refused to carry out the covert anti-minority agenda of the CM were punished with disciplinary proceedings, transfers, by-passing in promotion and so on. A few upright officers have to leave the state on deputation.
- ^
Khetan, Ashish (19, February 2011). "Senior IPS Officer Sanjeev Bhatt Arrested In Ahmedabad". Tehelka.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "BBC UK Website". BBC News. 14 April 2005. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ a b Haynes, Jeffrey (2012). Religious Transnational Actors and Soft Power. Ashgate. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4094-2508-3.
- ^
Freedman, Lawrence (2012). Paul D. Williams (ed.). Security Studies: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-415-78281-4.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Basset, Donna (2012). Peter Chalk (ed.). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. ABC-CLIO. p. 532. ISBN 978-0-313-30895-6.
- ^
Duffy Toft, Monica (2012). Timothy Samuel Shah, Alfred Stepan, Monica Duffy Toft (ed.). Rethinking Religion and World Affairs. Oxford University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-19-982797-8.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ Swami, Praveen (2005). Wilson John, Swati Parashar (ed.). Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia. Pearson Education. p. 69. ISBN 978-81-297-0998-1.
- ^ Kiernan, Ben (2008). Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500–2000. Melbourne University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-522-85477-0.
- ^
Rauf, Taha Abdul (4). "Violence Inficted on Muslims:Direct, Cultural and Structural". Economic & Political Weekly. xlvi (23): 69–75.
{{cite journal}}
: Check date values in:|date=
and|year=
/|date=
mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ News Service, Tribune (2 May 2002). "Gill is Modi's Security Adviser". Tribune India.
- ^ of India, Press Trust (12 May 2005). "BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi". Express India.
- ^ Correspondent, Special (7 March 2002). "Removal of Advani, Modi sought". The Hindu.
- ^ "Gujarat chief minister resigns". BBC News. 19 July 2002. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ Amy Waldman (7 September 2002). "2 Indian Elections Bring Vote Panel's Chief to Fore". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ Mark Tully (27 August 2002). "India's electoral process in question". CNN. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "Gujarat victory heartens nationalists". BBC News. 15 December. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "I Paid Zaheera Sheikh Rs 18 Lakh". Tehelka. 6 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Politician denies bribing witness". BBC News. 22 December 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "Zahira sting: MLA gets clean chit". The Times of India. 4 January 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "Gujarat 2002: The Truth in the words of the men who did it". Tehelka. 3 November 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ a b "Sting traps footsoldiers of Gujarat riots allegedly boasting about killings with state support". The Indian Express. India. 26 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Gujarat Govt counsel quits". The Indian Express. India. 28 October 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "The Hindu News Update Service". Hinduonnet.com. 27 October 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct272007/national2007102732570.asp[dead link]
- ^ "A Sting Without Venom | Chandan Mitra". Outlookindia.com. 12 November 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ "Godhra Carnage Vs. Pundits Exodus". Asian Tribune. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ Nag, Kingshuk (October 2007). "Polls don't tell whole story". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "Ghosts don't lie". The Indian Express. India. 27 October 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ Chitra Padmanabhan (14 November 2007). "Everything, but the news". Hindustan Times. India. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "Gujarat: The noose tightens : STATES – India Today". India Today. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
- ^ "Editors Guild condemns Gujarat action". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ a b "Women's groups decry NCW stand". Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20031010064334/http://www.tehelka.com/channels/currentaffairs/2002/apr/22/ca042202rinku.htm
- ^ http://www.infochangeindia.org/archives1.jsp?secno=1&monthname=June&year=2002&detail=T[dead link]
- ^ "NCM rejects Gujarat report:Directs state to follow its recommendations". Fisiusa.org. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Pioneer". Dailypioneer.com. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ "Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus". The Hindu. 7 May 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
- ^ "No evidence of Modi promoting enmity: SIT". The Hindu. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
- ^ "Nero Hour". Outlook India. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 5 May 5013.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Dugger, Celia W. (Ahmedabad Journal) "In India, a Child's Life Is Cheap Indeed". New York Times. 7 March 2002
- ^ http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html[dead link]
- ^ Paul R. Brass (2005). The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. University of Washington Press. pp. 385–393. ISBN 978-0-295-98506-0.
- ^ Ruchir Chandorkar (2 July 2002). "Rains, epidemic threaten relief camps". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ Priyanka Kakodkar (15 April 2002). "Camp Comatose". Outlook. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "NGO says Gujarat riots were planned". BBC News. 19 March 2002. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "Govt not to close relief camps". The Times of India. 27 June 2002. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- ^ "Relief for Gujarat riot victims". BBC News. 23 May 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
- ^ "A miss at MIFF, accolades at Berlinale". The Hindu. 17 February 2004. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ "Mumbai reject finally shines in Berlin". The Times of India. PTI. 17 February 2004. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- ^ C. S. Venkiteswaran (4 October 2012). "All things bright and beautiful ..." The Hindu. Retrieved 28 October 2012.