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#REDIRECT [[Crimea]] |
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The '''1992–94 Crimean Crisis''' was the first [[Post-Soviet conflicts|post-Soviet conflict]] between [[Ukraine]] and the [[Russian Federation]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zaborsky|first1=Victor|title=Crimea and the Black Sea Fleet in Russian- Ukrainian Relations|url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/2934/crimea_and_the_black_sea_fleet_in_russian_ukrainian_relations.html|website=Belfer Centre|accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref>. The crisis was spawned by a dispute between Ukraine and Russia over the status of the [[Black Sea Fleet]] and [[Crimea]]. The dispute was largely settled in 1994, when Russia recognised Crimea as part of Ukraine. The matter of the Black Sea Fleet was settled later, in 1997, with the signing of the [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet]]. The dispute was revived in 2014, in the aftermath of the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|Ukrainian revolution]], leading to a new [[2014 Crimean crisis|Crimean Crisis]], and the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]]. |
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==Political situation in Crimea== |
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{{see also|Russia and the United Nations#Legality}} |
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In January 1991, in [[Crimean Oblast]] took place a [[Crimean sovereignty referendum, 1991|sovereignty referendum]] on status of the region which reflected the will of people for their region to receive autonomy within the [[Soviet Union]] and participation in the [[New Union Treaty]] (also known as the Novo-Ogoryovo process). Next month, the [[Verkhovna Rada]] adopted a law about reconstituting the [[Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] as part of the [[Ukrainian SSR]]. Soon after the [[August Coup]] and declaration of the Ukrainian independence, on September 4, 1991 the Supreme Council of Crimea adopted the Declaration about state sovereignty as a democratic state within Ukraine and participant of the [[New Union Treaty]]. On December 1, 1991 over half of Crimea population who voted (~67% participated) voted for the independence of Ukraine at the All-Ukrainian referendum. After the [[New Union Treaty]] fell through and the [[Belavezha Accords]] (December 8) were concluded between Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, Crimea was grandfathered with its autonomous status within the independent Ukraine. The representatives of the National Front "Sevastopol-Crimea-Russia" protested it stating that Crimea never ceded from the USSR.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} |
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==Status of the Black Sea Fleet== |
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Soon after the [[August Coup]], on August 24, 1991 the [[Supreme Council of Ukraine]] beside adopting the [[Act of Independence of Ukraine]], it issued several other important resolutions among which was the resolution on military formations in Ukraine No.1431-XII.<ref>[http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1431-12 Resolution on military formations in Ukraine]. official document</ref> The parliament's resolution laid its claim over all military formations of former [[Soviet Union]] located within its territory to be subordinated to the parliament of Ukraine. On September 12, 1991, the Supreme Council adopted the law about Succession of Ukraine, which declared Ukraine direct successor of the [[Ukrainian SSR]]. |
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On October 22, 1991, the parliament adopted in the first reading the [[draft law]] about the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]]. Realizing the loss of great military power situated outside of the [[Russian SFSR]], on October 28, 1991 the [[President of Russia]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] announced the following: "it is politically justified to have joint forces of the CIS under the sole control". The proposition arose wide degree of discussions which were decided to be resolved after the signing of the second new Union Treaty, now is known as [[Belavezha Accords]]. The treaty for creation of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in regards to military declared saving and maintaining common military-strategic space under a single command. The parliament of Ukraine amended it with the following: "Member states of the Commonwealth of reform based on their territory units of the armed forces of the former USSR, and creating at their base their own armed forces, will cooperate in maintaining international peace and security". Few days later the newly elected [[President of Ukraine]] [[Leonid Kravchuk]] created the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine that were to be created based on military of the [[Kiev Military District|Kiev]], [[Carpathian Military District|Carpathian]], [[Odessa Military District|Odessa]] Soviet military districts as well as the [[Black Sea Fleet]]. Performing the duties of Commander-in-Chief were entrusted to the [[President of Ukraine]]. At the same time, Ukraine assured of cooperation in military field with other states of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] and the Ministry of Defense of not liquidated USSR. |
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==President of Crimea== |
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{{see also|Yuriy Meshkov|President of Crimea}} |
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[[File:Yuriy Meshkov.jpg|thumb|[[Yuriy Meshkov]], [[President of Crimea]] (1994–95).]] |
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In 1990, Meshkov was elected as a deputy to the [[Supreme Council of Crimea]] (the republic's parliament). There he became the co-founder of the RDK Party (Republican movement of Crimea). In 1994, he stood at the helm of the electoral bloc "Rossiya" for the [[Crimean presidential election, 1994|republican presidential elections]], where he easily defeated in the second round of elections [[Mykola Bahrov]] who ran as an independent. At that time, Bahrov was the head of the [[Supreme Council of Crimea]]. During the second round of the [[Crimean presidential election, 1994|1994 Crimean presidential elections]], Meshkov won with 72.9 percent of the vote, and was elected as the republic's only president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly-weu.org/en/documents/sessions_ordinaires/rpt/2001/1761.pdf|title=New developments in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine|accessdate=2007-08-07|date=4 December 2001|format=PDF|work=Assembly of WEU|page=24}}</ref><ref name="bohlen1994">Bohlen, Celestine (23 March 1994). [http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/23/world/russia-vs-ukraine-a-case-of-the-crimean-jitters.html Russia vs. Ukraine: A Case of the Crimean Jitters.] ''[[New York Times]]''</ref> |
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In 1995, the [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian parliament]] scrapped the Crimean Constitution and abolished the post of president on 17 March.<ref>{{Cite Ukrainian law|type=[[Verkhovna Rada|Verkhovna Rada law]]|number=93/95-вр|law=92%2F95%2D%E2%F0|name=On the termination of the Constitution and some laws of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea|date=1995-03-17}}</ref><ref name="nytstaff1995">Staff report (19 March 1995). [http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/19/world/ukraine-moves-to-oust-leader-of-separatists.html?&scp=2&sq=Meshkov%20crimea%201995&st=cse Ukraine Moves To Oust Leader Of Separatists.]''[[New York Times]]''</ref> After a couple of warnings in September and November 1994, on 17 March 1995 the [[President of Ukraine]], [[Leonid Kuchma]], signed the Law of Ukraine that scrapped the amended Crimean Constitution and some other Laws of AR Crimea, on the grounds that they contradicted the [[Constitution of Ukraine]] and endangered the sovereignty of Ukraine.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} |
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==Incident with SKR-112== |
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{{see also|Ukrainian frigate Otaman Bilyi (U132)}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances]] |
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*[[Tuzla Island]] |
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*[[2014 Crimean crisis]] |
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==Further reading== |
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* Savchenko, M. ''Anatomy of undeclared war''. "Ukrayinska perspektyva". Kiev, 1997. ISBN 966-7243-20-6 |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/category/krym/ Crimea-94]. (parts [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/chernomorskij-flot-rossijskoj-federacii/ 1], [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/krym-94-2/ 2], [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/kak-delilsja-+chernomorskij-flot-po-bratski/ 3], [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/sevastopol%27-krym-rossija/ 4], [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/krym-94-chast%27-5-pochti-vojna/ 5], [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/krym-6-na-pike-obshheflotskogo-psihoza/ 6], [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/separatisty-nachinajut-i-proigryvajut/ 7], [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/krym-8-raskol/ 8], [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/krym-9-v-avguste-devjanosto-chetvertogo/ 9], [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/krym-10-kak-vvodilsja-kontrol%27/ 10], [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/v-osnove-vseh-ob%23edinitel%27nyh+idej-deriban/ 11], [http://bintel.com.ua/en/projects/razvjazka/ 12]). Independent Analytic Center of Geopolitical Research "Borysfen Inter" (BIntel). |
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*Natalya Belitser. ''[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nbelitser.html The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement]''. International Committee for Crimea |
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*[https://web.archive.org/save/http://sevastopol.su/author_page.php?id=20115 How they divided the Soviet Black Sea Fleet]. ForPost (Sevastopol portal) |
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*Mamchak, M. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140829123456/http://ukrlife.org/main/prosvita/hist_flotua7.htm Ukraine: road to the sea (History of the Ukrainian Navy, part 7)]''. Ukrainian life in Sevastopol. |
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*Balitskaya, I. ''[https://web.archive.org/save/http://www.telekritika.ua/kontekst/2014-06-17/94800 Rifle from the act 1]''. Telekritika. June 17, 2014 |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140829124257/http://cidct.info/uk/publications/Etnopolitika/16.html Crimea under conditions of the independent Ukraine]. Center of information and documentation of Crimean Tatars. |
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*Holod, I. ''How Ukraine had beed tried to be pulled into the new Union''. (part [https://web.archive.org/save/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/12/26/66360/ 1], [https://web.archive.org/web/20140829124714/http://argumentua.com/stati/nazad-v-sssr-kak-rossiya-uzhe-pytalas-vtyanut-ukrainu-v-novyi-soyuz-okonchanie 2]). |
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{{2014 Crimean crisis}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:1992-94 Crimean crisis}} |
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[[Category:1994 in international relations]] |
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[[Category:1994 in Russia]] |
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[[Category:1994 in Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Conflicts in 1994]] |
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[[Category:History of Crimea]] |
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[[Category:Conflicts in Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Political scandals in Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Russia–Ukraine relations]] |
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[[Category:Russian nationalism in Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Post-Soviet conflicts]] |
Revision as of 19:29, 23 November 2014
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