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The '''seventh cholera pandemic''' was the [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|seventh major outbreak]] of [[cholera]] and occurred principally from the years 1961 to |
The '''seventh cholera pandemic''' was the [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|seventh major outbreak]] of [[cholera]] and occurred principally from the the years 1961 to 1975; the strain involved persists to the present.<ref name=":2" /> This [[pandemic]], based on the strain called [[El Tor]], started in [[Indonesia]] in 1961 and spread to [[Bangladesh]] by 1963.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = CHOLERA|url = http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2704v/vc1.htm|website = www.austincc.edu|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref> Then it went to [[India]] in 1964, followed by the [[Soviet Union]] by 1966. In July 1970 there was an outbreak in [[Odessa]] and in 1972 there were reports of outbreaks in [[Baku]], but the Soviet Union suppressed this information.<ref name=":3" /> It reached [[Italy]] in 1973 from [[North Africa]]. [[Japan]] and the [[Australasia|South Pacific]] saw a few outbreaks by the late 1970s. <ref name=":3" /> In 1971, the number of cases reported worldwide was 155,000. In 1991, it reached 570,000.<ref name=":2" /> The spread of the disease was helped by modern transportation and mass migrations. Mortality rates, however, dropped markedly as governments began modern curative and preventive measures. The usual mortality rate of 50% dropped to 10% by the 1980s and less than 3% by the 1990s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC&pg=PA421&dq=%2522Seventh+Cholera+pandemic%2522#v=onepage&q=%2522Seventh%2520Cholera%2520pandemic%2522&f=false|publisher = ABC-CLIO|date = 2005-01-01|isbn = 9781851096589|language = en|first = J. N.|last = Hays}}</ref> |
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In 1991, the strain made a comeback in [[Latin America]]. It began in Peru, where it killed roughly 10,000 people.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|website=www.cbc.ca|accessdate=2015-11-24}}</ref> Research has traced the origin of the strain to the seventh cholera pandemic.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title = WHO {{!}} Global epidemics and impact of cholera|url = http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/impact/en/|website = www.who.int|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref> It was suspected the strain came to Latin America through Asia from contaminated water, but it samples from Latin America and samples from Africa were found to be identical.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title = Evolution of Seventh Cholera Pandemic and Origin of 1991 Epidemic, Latin America - Volume 16, Number 7—July 2010 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC|url = http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/10-0131_article|website = wwwnc.cdc.gov|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref> |
In 1991, the strain made a comeback in [[Latin America]]. It began in Peru, where it killed roughly 10,000 people.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|website=www.cbc.ca|accessdate=2015-11-24}}</ref> Research has traced the origin of the strain to the seventh cholera pandemic.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title = WHO {{!}} Global epidemics and impact of cholera|url = http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/impact/en/|website = www.who.int|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref> It was suspected the strain came to Latin America through Asia from contaminated water, but it samples from Latin America and samples from Africa were found to be identical.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title = Evolution of Seventh Cholera Pandemic and Origin of 1991 Epidemic, Latin America - Volume 16, Number 7—July 2010 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC|url = http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/10-0131_article|website = wwwnc.cdc.gov|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref> |
Revision as of 06:47, 4 February 2020
The seventh cholera pandemic was the seventh major outbreak of cholera and occurred principally from the the years 1961 to 1975; the strain involved persists to the present.[1] This pandemic, based on the strain called El Tor, started in Indonesia in 1961 and spread to Bangladesh by 1963.[2] Then it went to India in 1964, followed by the Soviet Union by 1966. In July 1970 there was an outbreak in Odessa and in 1972 there were reports of outbreaks in Baku, but the Soviet Union suppressed this information.[2] It reached Italy in 1973 from North Africa. Japan and the South Pacific saw a few outbreaks by the late 1970s. [2] In 1971, the number of cases reported worldwide was 155,000. In 1991, it reached 570,000.[1] The spread of the disease was helped by modern transportation and mass migrations. Mortality rates, however, dropped markedly as governments began modern curative and preventive measures. The usual mortality rate of 50% dropped to 10% by the 1980s and less than 3% by the 1990s.[1]
In 1991, the strain made a comeback in Latin America. It began in Peru, where it killed roughly 10,000 people.[3] Research has traced the origin of the strain to the seventh cholera pandemic.[4] It was suspected the strain came to Latin America through Asia from contaminated water, but it samples from Latin America and samples from Africa were found to be identical.[5]
References
- ^ a b c Hays, J. N. (2005-01-01). Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851096589.
- ^ a b c "CHOLERA". www.austincc.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
- ^ "Cholera's seven pandemics". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
- ^ "WHO | Global epidemics and impact of cholera". www.who.int. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
- ^ "Evolution of Seventh Cholera Pandemic and Origin of 1991 Epidemic, Latin America - Volume 16, Number 7—July 2010 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-24.