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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}} |
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{{Year dab|1570|the disc drive|Commodore 1570}} |
{{Year dab|1570|the disc drive|Commodore 1570}} |
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{{refimprove|date=June 2021}} |
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{{Year nav|1570}} |
{{Year nav|1570}} |
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[[File:Regent Moray window, St. Giles.jpg|200px|thumb|January 11: The Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland, is fatally wounded by a gunshot fired from a window as he is riding through Lithlingow (depiction at stained-glass window at St. Giles Church in Edinburgh) <ref>attribution:Kim Traynor</ref>]] |
[[File:Regent Moray window, St. Giles.jpg|200px|thumb|January 11: The Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland, is fatally wounded by a gunshot fired from a window as he is riding through Lithlingow (depiction at stained-glass window at St. Giles Church in Edinburgh) <ref>attribution:Kim Traynor</ref>]] |
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[[File:OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg|thumb|250px|[[Abraham Ortelius]] publishes the first modern [[atlas]].]] |
[[File:OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg|thumb|250px|[[Abraham Ortelius]] publishes the first modern [[atlas]].]] |
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__NOTOC__ |
__NOTOC__ |
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'''1570''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDLXX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) in the [[Julian calendar]]. |
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== Events == |
== Events == |
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* [[January 8]] – [[Ivan the Terrible]] begins the [[Massacre of Novgorod]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Gentleman's Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt4_AQAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=F. Jefferies|page=174}}</ref> |
* [[January 8]] – [[Ivan the Terrible]] begins the [[Massacre of Novgorod]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Gentleman's Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt4_AQAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=F. Jefferies|page=174}}</ref> |
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* [[January 23]] – The [[assassination]] of Scottish regent [[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray]], by [[James Hamilton (assassin)|James Hamilton]], the first known shooting of a national leader, throws Scotland into [[civil war]]. Having loaded a carbine rifle and carried it into the [[Linlithgow]] home of his uncle, the [[John Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)|Archbishop of St Andrews]], Hamilton stands at an upstairs window overlooking the street where Moray will ride by on horseback as part of cavalcade. Once Moray comes into range, Hamilton fires and fatally wounds the regent for King James VI.<ref>"Stewart, James, first earl of Moray (1531/2–1570)", by Mark Loughlin, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004) accessed January 24, 2011</ref> |
* [[January 23]] – The [[assassination]] of Scottish regent [[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray]], by [[James Hamilton (assassin)|James Hamilton]], the first known shooting of a national leader, throws Scotland into [[civil war]]. Having loaded a carbine rifle and carried it into the [[Linlithgow]] home of his uncle, the [[John Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)|Archbishop of St Andrews]], Hamilton stands at an upstairs window overlooking the street where Moray will ride by on horseback as part of cavalcade. Once Moray comes into range, Hamilton fires and fatally wounds the regent for King James VI.<ref>"Stewart, James, first earl of Moray (1531/2–1570)", by Mark Loughlin, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004) accessed January 24, 2011</ref> |
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* [[February 8]] – An [[1570 Concepción earthquake|estimated 8.3 magnitude earthquake]] occurs in [[Concepción, Chile]]. |
* [[February 8]] – An [[1570 Concepción earthquake|estimated 8.3 magnitude earthquake]] occurs in [[Concepción, Chile]].<ref>{{cite web |title=GHEA - Global Historical Earthquake Archive |url=https://www.emidius.eu/GEH/map.php |website=www.emidius.eu |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[February |
* [[February 5]] – [[Venus]] [[occultation|occults]] [[Jupiter]]; this will next happen in [[1818]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Mutual Planetary Occultations 2BC to 2250 |url=https://www.bogan.ca/astro/occultations/occltlst.htm |website=www.bogan.ca |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[March 28]] – The ambassador of the Ottoman Sultan [[Selim II]] goes before the governing Council of the [[Venetian Republic]] and requests that Venice surrender the island of [[Cyprus]].<ref>{{Cite book| last=Finkel | first=Caroline | title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923 | publisher=John Murray | page=160 |location=London | year=2006 }}</ref> The Council rejects the demand and [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)|prepares to go to war]] with the Ottoman Empire. |
* [[March 28]] – The ambassador of the Ottoman Sultan [[Selim II]] goes before the governing Council of the [[Venetian Republic]] and requests that Venice surrender the island of [[Cyprus]].<ref>{{Cite book| last=Finkel | first=Caroline | title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923 | publisher=John Murray | page=160 |location=London | year=2006 }}</ref> The Council rejects the demand and [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)|prepares to go to war]] with the Ottoman Empire. |
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=== April–June === |
=== April–June === |
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* [[April 7]] – In Scotland, [[Colin Campbell of Glenorchy]] receives permission from the Regent, the [[James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton|Earl of Morton]], to execute the chief of [[Clan Gregor]], his son-in-law Gregor Roy MacGregor, and carries out MacGregor's beheading at Balloch in front of the [[John Stewart, 4th Earl of Atholl|Earl of Atholl]]. |
* [[April 7]] – In Scotland, [[Colin Campbell of Glenorchy]] receives permission from the Regent, the [[James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton|Earl of Morton]], to execute the chief of [[Clan Gregor]], his son-in-law Gregor Roy MacGregor,<ref>{{cite web |title=Clan Campbell |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/divinity/research/resources/breadalbane/historical-background/clan-campbell |website=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=22 December 2023 |language=en |date=25 July 2023}}</ref> and carries out MacGregor's beheading at Balloch in front of the [[John Stewart, 4th Earl of Atholl|Earl of Atholl]]. |
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* [[April 27]] – [[Pope Pius V]] excommunicates Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]], and all persons who show allegiance to her, with the bull ''[[Regnans in Excelsis]]''.<ref> Sidney Z. Ehler, ''Church and State Through the Centuries'', (Biblo-Moser, 1988) p.180</ref> |
* [[April 27]] – [[Pope Pius V]] excommunicates Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]], and all persons who show allegiance to her, with the bull ''[[Regnans in Excelsis]]''.<ref> Sidney Z. Ehler, ''Church and State Through the Centuries'', (Biblo-Moser, 1988) p.180</ref> |
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* [[May 20]] – [[Abraham Ortelius]] publishes the first modern [[atlas]], ''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'', in [[Antwerp]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marijke Donkersloot-de Vrij|author2=Y. Marijke Donkersloot-De Vrij|title=The World on Paper: A Descriptive Catalogue of Cartographical Material Published in Amsterdam During the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxkiCv0_X2EC|year=1967|publisher=Theatrum Orbis Terrarum|page=27|language=en}}</ref> |
* [[May 20]] – [[Abraham Ortelius]] publishes the first modern [[atlas]], ''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'', in [[Antwerp]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marijke Donkersloot-de Vrij|author2=Y. Marijke Donkersloot-De Vrij|title=The World on Paper: A Descriptive Catalogue of Cartographical Material Published in Amsterdam During the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxkiCv0_X2EC|year=1967|publisher=Theatrum Orbis Terrarum|page=27|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[May 24]] – [[Battle of Manila (1570)|Battle of Manila]]: The Spanish, led by [[Martín de Goiti]], defeat the forces of [[Rajah Sulayman|Raja Sulayman]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lorelei D. C. De Viana|title=Three Centuries of Binondo Architecture, 1594-1898: A Socio-historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-HVAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=University of Santo Tomas Publishing House|isbn=978-971-506-169-8|page=6}}</ref> |
* [[May 24]] – [[Battle of Manila (1570)|Battle of Manila]]: The Spanish, led by [[Martín de Goiti]], defeat the forces of [[Rajah Sulayman|Raja Sulayman]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lorelei D. C. De Viana|title=Three Centuries of Binondo Architecture, 1594-1898: A Socio-historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-HVAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=University of Santo Tomas Publishing House|isbn=978-971-506-169-8|page=6}}</ref> |
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* [[June 10]] – The [[Kingdom of Livonia]] is established.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madariaga |first1=Isabel de |title=Ivan the Terrible |date=25 September 2006 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-11973-2 |page=254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFVn1v3FMUC&q=%22livonian%20citizens%22 |access-date=22 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[June 10]] – The [[Kingdom of Livonia]] is established. |
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=== July–September === |
=== July–September === |
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* [[July 3]] – The [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73)#Ottoman conquest of Cyprus|Ottoman conquest of Cyprus]] begins as more than 350 Ottoman ships and over 60,000 troops land near [[Larnaca]] and then march toward the Cypriot capital, [[Nicosia]].<ref name=Turnbull>{{Cite book| last=Turnbull | first=Stephen | title=The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699 (Essential Histories Series #62) |pages= |
* [[July 3]] – The [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73)#Ottoman conquest of Cyprus|Ottoman conquest of Cyprus]] begins as more than 350 Ottoman ships and over 60,000 troops land near [[Larnaca]] and then march toward the Cypriot capital, [[Nicosia]].<ref name=Turnbull>{{Cite book| last=Turnbull | first=Stephen | title=The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699 (Essential Histories Series #62) |pages=57–58 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] | year=2003 }}</ref> |
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* [[July 14]] – [[Pope Pius V]] issues ''[[Quo primum]]'', promulgating the 1570 edition of the [[Roman Missal]]. |
* [[July 14]] – [[Pope Pius V]] issues ''[[Quo primum]]'', promulgating the 1570 edition of the [[Roman Missal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smolarski |first1=Dennis Chester |title=The General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 1969-2002: A Commentary |date=2003 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-2936-9 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfgqp26ey9wC&dq=Quo+primum+missal+%2214+july+1570%22&pg=PA6 |access-date=22 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[July 22]] |
* [[July 22]] |
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**[[Thomson Snell & Passmore]] is founded, the oldest law firm in operation. |
**[[Thomson Snell & Passmore]] is founded, the oldest law firm in operation. |
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**[[Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)|The siege of Nicosia]] by the Ottoman Empire begins in [[Cyprus]] and lasts for seven weeks.<ref name=Turnbull/> |
**[[Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)|The siege of Nicosia]] by the Ottoman Empire begins in [[Cyprus]] and lasts for seven weeks.<ref name=Turnbull/> |
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* [[July 30]] &ndash |
* [[July 30]] &ndash (28th day of 6th month of [[Genki (era)|Genki]] 1 [[Battle of Anegawa]]: The allied forces of [[Oda Nobunaga]] and [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] defeat the combined forces of the [[Azai clan|Azai]] and [[Asakura clan]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glenn |first1=Chris |title=The Samurai Castle Master: Warlord Todo Takatora |date=5 January 2023 |publisher=Frontline Books |isbn=978-1-3990-9661-4 |pages=9–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOSdEAAAQBAJ&dq=Battle+of+Anegawa+nobunaga+ieyasu+%2230+july+1570%22&pg=PA9 |access-date=23 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[August 8]] – The [[Peace of Saint-Germain]] ends the [[Third War of Religion]] in France. Again, the Huguenots are promised religious freedom and political autonomy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mack P. Holt|title=The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En23VTbYwhQC&pg=PA71|date=13 October 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44767-6|pages=71}}</ref> |
* [[August 8]] – The [[Peace of Saint-Germain]] ends the [[Third War of Religion]] in France. Again, the Huguenots are promised religious freedom and political autonomy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mack P. Holt|title=The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En23VTbYwhQC&pg=PA71|date=13 October 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44767-6|pages=71}}</ref> |
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* [[August 16]] – The [[Treaty of Speyer (1570)|Treaty of Speyer]] is signed between [[John Sigismund Zápolya]], [[Prince of Transylvania]] and [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]], [[King of Hungary]]. |
* [[August 16]] – The [[Treaty of Speyer (1570)|Treaty of Speyer]] is signed between [[John Sigismund Zápolya]], [[Prince of Transylvania]] and [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]], [[King of Hungary]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cservak |first1=Csaba |title=The Constitutional Development of Transylvania |journal=Journal on European History of Law |date=2023 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=97–103 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1199908 |access-date=23 December 2023 |language=English |issn=2042-6402}}</ref> |
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* [[September 9]] – [[Nicosia]] falls to the Turks under the command of General Lala Mustafa Pasha. After the Ottomans breach the walls, the Venetian defenders are massacred and the women and boys are sold into slavery.<ref name=Turnbull/> |
* [[September 9]] – [[Nicosia]] falls to the Turks under the command of General Lala Mustafa Pasha. After the Ottomans breach the walls, the Venetian defenders are massacred and the women and boys are sold into slavery.<ref name=Turnbull/> |
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* [[September 10]] – A party of ten Spanish [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries land on the [[Virginia Peninsula]] of North America to establish the [[Ajacán Mission]], which will be massacred in February 1571. |
* [[September 10]] – A party of ten Spanish [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries land on the [[Virginia Peninsula]] of North America to establish the [[Ajacán Mission]], which will be massacred in February 1571.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Clifford |last2=Loomie |first2=Albert |title=The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia, 1570-1572 |date=1 January 1953 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |pages=36,96,158 |url=https://archive.org/details/spanishjesuitmis0000clif/page/36/mode/2up?q=1571 |access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[September 25]] (26th day of 8th month of [[Genki (era)|Genki 1]] – The 10-year-long [[Ishiyama Hongan-ji War]] begins in Japan as [[Oda Nobunaga]] stages simultaneous attacks on two fortresses (Ishiyama Hongan-ji and [[Nagashima]]) of the [[Ikkō-ikki]] faction near [[Osaka]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sansom|first1=George|title=A History of Japan 1334–1615|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00sans|url-access=registration|date=1961|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford|isbn=0804705259|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00sans/page/283 283–284]}}</ref> |
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=== October–December === |
=== October–December === |
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* [[October 3]] – [[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain|Princess Anna of Austria]] arrives in [[Spain]] to become the Queen Consort of Spain as the bride of her uncle [[Philip II of Spain|King Philip of Spain]], whom she had married by proxy on May 4. Having traveled through the Netherlands, she asks King Philip to spare the life of the rebel [[Floris of Montmorency]], but the King arranges the strangulation of Floris on October 14. |
* [[October 3]] – [[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain|Princess Anna of Austria]] arrives in [[Spain]] to become the Queen Consort of Spain as the bride of her uncle [[Philip II of Spain|King Philip of Spain]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mira |first1=Jenaro Alenda y |last2=Roca |first2=Pedro |title=Relaciones de solemnidades y fiestas públicas de España |date=1903 |publisher=Sucesores de Rivadeneyra |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cupcAAAAcAAJ&dq=Ana+de+Austria+Felipe+%223+de+octubre+de+1570%22&pg=PA79 |access-date=24 December 2023 |language=es}}</ref> whom she had married by proxy on May 4.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Estela |first1=Emilio Callado |title=El advenimiento de la Casa de Austria a los Reinos Hispánicos. |date=24 August 2021 |publisher=Dykinson |isbn=978-84-1377-693-4 |page=397 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XmZGEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ana+de+Austria+Felipe+%224+de+mayo+de+1570%22&pg=PA397 |access-date=24 December 2023 |language=es}}</ref> Having traveled through the Netherlands, she asks King Philip to spare the life of the rebel [[Floris of Montmorency]], but the King arranges the strangulation of Floris on October 14. |
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* [[November 17]] – [[1570 Ferrara earthquake|A major earthquake]] strikes the Italian city of [[Ferrara]] at 3:00 in the morning local time, destroying 40 percent of the buildings in the city, but causing only 171 deaths.<ref>[http://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?00755IT "Terremoto di Ferrara del 1570"] from the CFTI5 Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500) Guidoboni E., Ferrari G., Mariotti D., Comastri A., Tarabusi G., Sgattoni G., Valensise G. (2018) (''in Italian'')</ref> After the initial shocks, a sequence of [[aftershock]]s continue for four years, with over 2,000 in the period from November 1570 to February 1571.<ref name=Guidoboni>{{cite web|last=Guidoboni|first=Emanuela|title=Terremoti a Ferrara e nel suo territorio: un rischio sottovalutato|url=http://rivista.fondazionecarife.it/it/2010/item/735-terremoti-a-ferrara-e-nel-suo-territorio-un-rischio-sottovalutato|work=Ferrara, voci di una città|publisher=[[Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara]]| access-date= July 21, 2011 <!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
* [[November 17]] – [[1570 Ferrara earthquake|A major earthquake]] strikes the Italian city of [[Ferrara]] at 3:00 in the morning local time, destroying 40 percent of the buildings in the city, but causing only 171 deaths.<ref>[http://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?00755IT "Terremoto di Ferrara del 1570"] from the CFTI5 Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500) Guidoboni E., Ferrari G., Mariotti D., Comastri A., Tarabusi G., Sgattoni G., Valensise G. (2018) (''in Italian'')</ref> After the initial shocks, a sequence of [[aftershock]]s continue for four years, with over 2,000 in the period from November 1570 to February 1571.<ref name=Guidoboni>{{cite web|last=Guidoboni|first=Emanuela|title=Terremoti a Ferrara e nel suo territorio: un rischio sottovalutato|url=http://rivista.fondazionecarife.it/it/2010/item/735-terremoti-a-ferrara-e-nel-suo-territorio-un-rischio-sottovalutato|work=Ferrara, voci di una città|publisher=[[Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara]]| access-date= July 21, 2011 <!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref> |
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* [[December 13]] – The [[Treaty of Stettin (1570)|Treaty of Stettin]] ends the [[Northern Seven Years' War]]. |
* [[December 13]] – The [[Treaty of Stettin (1570)|Treaty of Stettin]] ends the [[Northern Seven Years' War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lavery |first1=Jason |title=Germany's Northern Challenge |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-47570-0 |pages=124–144 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004475700/B9789004475700_s013.xml |access-date=24 December 2023 |language=en |chapter=The Peace of Stettin (1570–1576)}}</ref> |
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=== Date unknown === |
=== Date unknown === |
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* Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Juan de Salcedo]] (in the service of [[Miguel López de Legazpi]]) begins the conquest of the [[Kingdom of Maynila]]. |
* Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Juan de Salcedo]] (in the service of [[Miguel López de Legazpi]]) begins the conquest of the [[Kingdom of Maynila]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newson |first1=Linda A. |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |date=16 April 2009 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1 |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&dq=Juan+de+Salcedo+legazpi+maynila+%221570%22&pg=PA115 |access-date=24 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* Construction of the original [[Catedral Nuestra Señora de La Asunción]], the oldest church in [[Venezuela]], begins. |
* Construction of the original [[Catedral Nuestra Señora de La Asunción]], the oldest church in [[Venezuela]], begins.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Branch |first1=Hilary Dunsterville |title=Guide to Venezuela |date=1996 |publisher=Bradt Publications |isbn=978-1-56440-945-4 |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lN1gDNt5s-8C&q=La+Asunci%C3%B3n+Cathedral+oldest+church+%221570%22 |access-date=24 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* The [[Whitechapel Bell Foundry]] is known to be in existence in London. By [[2017]], when it closes its premises in Whitechapel, it will be the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain. |
* The [[Whitechapel Bell Foundry]] is known to be in existence in London.<ref>{{cite news |title=Big Ben bell foundry plan approved by government |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-57121049 |access-date=24 December 2023 |date=14 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Moore |first1=Rowan |title=Ringing the changes at the Whitechapel bell foundry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/mar/03/whitechapel-bell-foundry-plans-royal-college-of-pathologists |access-date=24 December 2023 |work=The Observer |date=3 March 2019}}</ref> By [[2017]], when it closes its premises in Whitechapel, it will be the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain. |
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* [[Andrea Palladio]] publishes ''[[I quattro libri dell'architettura]]'' in [[Venice]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kim Williams|title=Nexus Network Journal 10,2: Architecture and Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWNOouWFZTYC&pg=PA227|date=16 December 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7643-8766-2|pages=227}}</ref> |
* [[Andrea Palladio]] publishes ''[[I quattro libri dell'architettura]]'' in [[Venice]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kim Williams|title=Nexus Network Journal 10,2: Architecture and Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWNOouWFZTYC&pg=PA227|date=16 December 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7643-8766-2|pages=227}}</ref> |
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* [[Volcanic eruption]] in the [[Santorini caldera]] begins. |
* [[Volcanic eruption]] in the [[Santorini caldera]] begins.<ref>{{cite web |title=Santorini |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=212040 |website=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=24 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* The [[Andean]] population of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] reaches 1.3 million.</onlyinclude> |
* The [[Andean]] population of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] reaches 1.3 million.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masterson |first1=Daniel |title=The History of Peru |date=30 April 2009 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-57356-746-6 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBTHEAAAQBAJ&dq=andeans+peru+1.3+million+%221570%22&pg=PA48 |access-date=January 10, 2024}}</ref></onlyinclude> |
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== Births == |
== Births == |
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[[File:Guy Fawkes by Cruikshank.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Guy Fawkes]]]] |
[[File:Guy Fawkes by Cruikshank.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Guy Fawkes]]]] |
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[[File:Lipperhey portrait.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Hans Lippershey]]]] |
[[File:Lipperhey portrait.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Hans Lippershey]]]] |
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* [[January 1]] – [[Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], Spouse of Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d. [[1649]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Georg Lehmann |first1=Johann |title=Vollständige Geschichte des Herzogthums Zweibrücken und seiner Fürsten |date=1867 |publisher=Christian Railer |location=Munich |page=518 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfvNBYkVntYC&dq=Dorothea+von+Braunschweig+%E2%80%9E1.+Januar+1570%E2%80%9C&pg=PT9 |access-date=24 December 2023 |language=de}}</ref> |
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* [[January 1]] |
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* [[Jacob Dircksz de Graeff]], Dutch politician, burgomaster of Amsterdam (d. [[1638]]) |
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** [[Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], Spouse of Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d. [[1649]]) |
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** [[John Dackombe]], Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (d. [[1618]]) |
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* [[January 19]] – [[Wolfgang Hirschbach]], German legal scholar (d. [[1620]]) |
* [[January 19]] – [[Wolfgang Hirschbach]], German legal scholar (d. [[1620]]) |
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* [[March 25]] – [[Henry Lennard, 12th Baron Dacre]], English baron and politician (d. [[1616]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lamb |first1=Francis Joseph |title=Your Ancestry |date=1 July 2022 |publisher=Green Cat Books |isbn=978-1-913794-39-2 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mR54EAAAQBAJ&dq=Henry+Lennard+%2225+march+1570%22&pg=PA83 |access-date=8 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[January 22]] – [[Robert Bruce Cotton]], English politician (d. [[1631]]) |
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* [[February]] – [[Henry Balnaves]], Scottish politician and religious reformer (b. [[1512]]) |
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* [[March 25]] – [[Henry Lennard, 12th Baron Dacre]], English baron and politician (d. [[1616]]) |
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* [[April 13]] – [[Guy Fawkes]], English conspirator (d. [[1606]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Chase's Calendar of Events 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eFrAAAAQBAJ|date=4 October 2013|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-183091-1|page=221}}</ref> |
* [[April 13]] – [[Guy Fawkes]], English conspirator (d. [[1606]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Chase's Calendar of Events 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eFrAAAAQBAJ|date=4 October 2013|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-183091-1|page=221}}</ref> |
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* [[May 8]] – [[Tamás Esterházy (1570–1616)|Tamás Esterházy]], Hungarian writer (d. [[1616]]) |
* [[May 8]] – [[Tamás Esterházy (1570–1616)|Tamás Esterházy]], Hungarian writer (d. [[1616]]) |
||
* [[May 22]] – [[Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar]], German duke (d. [[1605]]) |
* [[May 22]] – [[Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar]], German duke (d. [[1605]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Brockhaus' kleines Conversations-lexikon: Encyklopädisches Handwörterbuch |date=1886 |publisher=F.A. Brockhaus |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mesUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Johann+III+%2222+mai+1570%22&pg=PA110 |access-date=8 January 2024 |language=de}}</ref> |
||
* [[June 7]] – [[Sultan Murad Mirza]], Mughal prince (d. [[1599]])<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |date=1999 |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ&q=1570 |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[June 7]] – [[Sultan Murad Mirza]], Mughal prince (d. [[1599]]) |
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* [[June 13]] – [[Paul Peuerl]], German organist (d. [[1625]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Musikwissenschaft |date=1973 |publisher=Österreichische Gesellschaft für Musikwissenschaft. |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3I9AQAAIAAJ&q=Paul+Peuerl+%2213+juni+1570%22 |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=de}}</ref> |
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* [[June 13]] – [[Paul Peuerl]], German organist (d. [[1625]]) |
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* [[August 10]] – [[Philip, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]] (1587–1590) (d. [[1590]]) |
* [[August 10]] – [[Philip, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]] (1587–1590) (d. [[1590]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Johann Friderich |title=Vollständigere Staatsbeschreibung des Herzogthums Schleswig |date=1770 |publisher=J.C. Korte |page=192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sJCAAAAcAAJ&dq=Philipp+Herzog+von+Schleswig+%2210+august+1570%22&pg=PA192 |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=de}}</ref> |
||
* [[August 19]] – [[Salamone Rossi]], Italian violinist and composer (d. [[1630]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Rossi, Salamone |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000023896 |website=Grove Music Online |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[August 21]] – [[Christopher, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg]], co-ruler of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (1603–1606) (d. [[1606]]) |
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* [[August 21]] – [[Christopher, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg]], co-ruler of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (1603–1606) (d. [[1606]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Steinmann |first1=Karl |last2=Steinmann |first2=Carl |title=Die Grabstätten der Fürsten des Welfenhauses von Gertrudis, der Mutter Heinrichs des Löwen bis auf Herzog Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg |date=1885 |publisher=Goeritz |page=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q85DAAAAYAAJ&dq=Christoph+von+Braunschweig+%2221+august+1570%22&pg=PA221 |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=de}}</ref> |
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* [[August 22]] – [[Franz von Dietrichstein]], German Catholic bishop (d. [[1636]]) |
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* [[August 22]] – [[Franz von Dietrichstein]], German Catholic bishop (d. [[1636]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neugebauer |first1=Ignaz |title=Chronikalische Notizen aus der Vorzeit der Stadt und Herrschaft Nikolsburg |date=1861 |publisher=Bezdieka |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hk9rmf7PitYC&dq=Franz+von+Dietrichstein+%2222+august+1570%22&pg=PA11 |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=de}}</ref> |
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* [[August 31]] – [[Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg]], German noble (d. [[1597]]) |
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* [[August 31]] – [[Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg]], German noble (d. [[1597]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Nordisk familjebok |date=1883 |publisher=Gernandts boktryckeri-aktiebolag |location=Stockholm |page=282 |url=https://runeberg.org/nfaf/0145.html |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=sv}}</ref> |
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* [[September 28]] – [[Sir Richard Hoghton, 1st Baronet]], English politician (d. [[1630]]) |
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* [[October 3]] – [[George Coke]], British bishop (d. [[1646]]) |
* [[October 3]] – [[George Coke]], British bishop (d. [[1646]])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Coke, George|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-5827|year=2004 |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/5827}}</ref> |
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* [[October 4]] – [[Péter Pázmány]], Hungarian cardinal and statesman (d. [[1637]])<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of November 19, 1629 |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1629.htm#Pazmany |website=cardinals.fiu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwicker |first1=Johann Heinrich |title=Peter Pázmány: Cardinal-Erzbischof und Primas von Ungarn und seine Zeit |date=1888 |publisher=Bachem |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaG0EbC32SEC&dq=P%C3%A9ter+P%C3%A1zm%C3%A1ny+%224+october+1570%22&pg=PA17 |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=de}}</ref> |
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* [[October 4]] – [[Péter Pázmány]], Hungarian cardinal and statesman (d. [[1637]]) |
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* [[October 7]] |
* [[October 7]] – [[Volkert Overlander]], Dutch mayor (d. [[1630]]) |
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* [[November 1]] – [[Phineas Pett]], English shipwright and member of the Pett Dynasty (d. [[1647]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pett |first1=Phineas |last2=Perrin |first2=W. G. |title=The autobiography of Phineas Pett |date=1918 |publisher=Navy records society |location=London |page=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp00pettuoft/page/civ/mode/2up?q=november |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref> |
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** [[Volkert Overlander]], Dutch mayor (d. [[1630]]) |
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* [[November 15]] – [[Francesco Curradi]], Italian painter (d. [[1661]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bellesi |first1=Sandro |title=Il seicento a Prato |date=1998 |publisher=CariPrato |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcrpAAAAMAAJ&q=Francesco+Curradi+%2215+novembre+1570%22 |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=it}}</ref> |
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** [[Jean Richardot the Younger]], Belgian politician (d. [[1614]]) |
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* [[November 20]] – [[Giovanni Battista Agucchi]], Italian churchman, papal diplomat, and writer on art theory (d. [[1632]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Agucchi, Giovanni Battista |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-battista-agucchi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |website=Treccani |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=it}}</ref> |
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* [[November 1]] – [[Phineas Pett]], English shipwright and member of the Pett Dynasty (d. [[1647]]) |
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* [[November 26]] – [[Christian, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Ærø]] (1622–1633) (d. [[1633]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bricka |first1=Carl Frederik |title=Dansk biografisk Lexikon |date=1887 |publisher=F. Hegel & Søn |location=Copenhagen |page=530 |url=https://runeberg.org/dbl/3/0532.html |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=da}}</ref> |
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* [[November 15]] – [[Francesco Curradi]], Italian painter (d. [[1661]]) |
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* [[November 28]] – [[James Whitelocke]], English judge (d. [[1632]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitelocke |first1=Sir James |title=Liber Famelicus of Sir James Whitelocke: A Judge of the Court of King's Bench in the Reigns of James I. and Charles I. Now First Pub. from the Original Manuscript |date=1858 |publisher=Camden Society |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhYpAAAAYAAJ&dq=James+Whitelocke+%2228+november+1570%22&pg=PA5 |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[November 20]] – [[Giovanni Battista Agucchi]], Italian churchman, papal diplomat, and writer on art theory (d. [[1632]]) |
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* [[December 7]] – [[Richard Cecil (died 1633)|Richard Cecil]], English politician (d. [[1633]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Cecil, Richard (1570-1633), of Wakerley, Northants |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/cecil-richard-1570-1633 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref> |
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* [[November 26]] – [[Christian, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Ærø]] (1622–1633) (d. [[1633]]) |
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* [[December 29]] – [[Wilhelm Lamormaini]], Luxembourgian theologian (d. [[1648]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duhr |first1=Bernhard |title=Geschichte der Jesuiten in den Ländern Deutscher Zunge |date=1913 |publisher=Herder |page=691 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqRlAAAAMAAJ&dq=Wilhelm+Lamormaini++%2229+dezember+1570%22&pg=PA691 |access-date=11 January 2024 |language=de}}</ref> |
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* [[November 28]] – [[James Whitelocke]], English judge (d. [[1632]]) |
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* [[December 7]] – [[Richard Cecil (died 1633)|Richard Cecil]], English politician (d. [[1633]]) |
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* [[December 29]] – [[Wilhelm Lamormaini]], Luxembourgian theologian (d. [[1648]]) |
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* ''date unknown'' |
* ''date unknown'' |
||
** [[Diego Aduarte]], Prior of Manila (d. [[1637]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Emma Helen |last2=Robertson |first2=James Alexander |title=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 |date=1902 |publisher=Cachos Hermanos |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KNuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Diego+Aduarte+%221570%22+zaragoza&pg=RA2-PA81 |access-date=11 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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** [[Diego Aduarte]], Prior of Manila (d. [[1637]]) |
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** [[Robert Aytoun]], Scottish poet (d. [[1638]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayton |first1=Sir Robert |title=The Poems of Sir Robert Aytoun |date=1844 |publisher=A. & C. Black |page=xlvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxQ5AAAAMAAJ&dq=Robert+Aytoun+%221570%22&pg=PR46 |access-date=11 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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** [[Robert Aytoun]], Scottish poet (d. [[1638]]) |
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** [[Ebba Bielke]], Swedish baroness and conspirator (d. [[1618]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elgenstierna |first1=Gustaf Magnus |title=Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor med tillägg och rättelser |date=1925 |publisher=P.A. Norstedt |page=360 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdeCxbDD0B4C&dq=Ebba+Bielke+%221570%22&pg=PA360 |access-date=11 January 2024 |language=sv}}</ref> |
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** [[Ebba Bielke]], Swedish baroness and conspirator (d. [[1618]]) |
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** [[John Cooper (composer)|John Cooper]], English composer and lutenist (d. [[1626]]) |
** [[John Cooper (composer)|John Cooper]], English composer and lutenist (d. [[1626]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Coprario [Coperario, Cooper, Cowper], John |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000006428 |website=Grove Music Online |access-date=11 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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** [[Simon Grahame]], Scottish-born adventurer (d. [[1614]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cousin |first1=John William |title=A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature |date=1916 |publisher=Dent |page=165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05VDAQAAMAAJ&dq=Simon+Grahame+%221570%22&pg=PA165 |access-date=11 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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** [[John Farmer (composer)|John Farmer]], English composer (d. c.1601) |
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** [[Nakagawa Hidenari]], Japanese daimyō (d. [[1612]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Papinot |first1=Edmond |title=Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan: With 300 Illustrations, 18 Appendixes and Several Maps |date=1909 |publisher=Librairie Sansaisha |page=428 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIxOAQAAMAAJ&dq=Nakagawa+Hidenari+%221570%22&pg=PA428 |access-date=11 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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** [[Simon Grahame]], Scottish-born adventurer (d. [[1614]]) |
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** [[Hans Lippershey]], Dutch lensmaker (d. [[1619]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gregersen |first1=Erik|title=The Britannica Guide to Sound and Light |date=15 January 2011 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-1-61530-300-7 |page=309 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMBelfRf6dkC&dq=Hans+Lipperhey+%221570%22+wesel&pg=PA309 |access-date=11 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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** [[Nakagawa Hidenari]], Japanese daimyō (d. [[1612]]) |
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** [[Asprilio Pacelli]], Italian Baroque composer (d. [[1623]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Asprilio Pacelli in Poland: Compositions, Techniques, Reception |url=https://www.fondazionelevi.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Italian_Music-Patalas-Asprilio-Pacelli-in-Poland-compositions-techniques-reception.pdf |website=fondazionelavi.it |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> |
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** [[Hans Lippershey]], Dutch lensmaker (d. [[1619]]) |
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** [[Girolamo Rainaldi]], Italian architect (d. [[1655]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainaldi, Girolamo|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/girolamo-rainaldi/ |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref> |
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** [[Asprilio Pacelli]], Italian Baroque composer (d. [[1623]]) |
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** [[Claudia Sessa]], Italian composer (d. 1617/19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sessa, Claudia |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0002021327 |website=Grove Music Online |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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** [[Girolamo Rainaldi]], Italian architect (d. [[1655]]) |
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** [[Katharina Henot]], German General Postmaster and alleged witch (d. [[1627]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Friedrich Spee, Priester, Mahner und Poet (1591-1635): eine Ausstellung der Diözesan- und Dombibliothek Köln in Zusammenarbeit mit der Friedrich-Spee-Gesellschaft Düsseldorf, 11. Juni bis 9. Oktober 2008 |date=2008 |publisher=Erzbischöfliche Diözesan- und Dombibliothek |isbn=978-3-939160-16-8 |page=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_AfAQAAIAAJ&q=Katharina+Henot+%221570%22 |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=de}}</ref> |
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** [[Salamone Rossi]], Italian violinist and composer (d. [[1630]]) |
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** [[Urszula Meyerin]], politically influential Polish courtier (d. [[1635]])<ref>{{cite book |title="Spisek orleański" w latach 1626-1628 |date=1990 |publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. |isbn=978-83-01-09218-4 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5ZFAAAAIAAJ&q=Urszula+Meierin+%221570%22 |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=pl}}</ref> |
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** [[John Smyth (Baptist minister)|John Smyth]], English Baptist minister (d. [[1612]]) |
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** [[Chief Powhatan]], Algonquin chief (d. [[1620]]) |
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** [[Claudia Sessa]], Italian composer (d. 1617/19) |
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** [[Katharina Henot]], German General Postmaster and alleged witch (d. [[1627]]) |
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** [[Urszula Meyerin]], politically influential Polish courtier (d. [[1635]]) |
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** [[Christina Rauscher]], German official and critic of witchcraft persecutions (d. [[1618]]) |
** [[Christina Rauscher]], German official and critic of witchcraft persecutions (d. [[1618]]) |
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** [[John Dackombe]], Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (d. [[1618]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Dackombe, John (c.1570-1618), of the Middle Temple, London; the Savoy, Westminster; Wanstead, Essex and Templecombe, Som. |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/dackombe-john-1570-1618 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref> |
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== Deaths == |
== Deaths == |
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Line 107: | Line 97: | ||
[[File:Nobrega2.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Manuel da Nobrega]]]] |
[[File:Nobrega2.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Manuel da Nobrega]]]] |
||
[[File:Fryderyk III legnicki.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|Duke [[Frederick III of Legnica]]]] |
[[File:Fryderyk III legnicki.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|Duke [[Frederick III of Legnica]]]] |
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* [[January 8]] – [[Philibert de l'Orme]], French architect (b. [[1510]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=L'Orme |first1=Philibert de |last2=Nizet |first2=C. |title=L'oeuvre de Philibert de L'Orme comprenant Le premier tome de l'architecture|date=1894 |publisher=Libraries-imprimeries réunies |page=viii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uA_AQAAMAAJ&dq=Philibert+de+l%27Orme+%228+janvier+1570%22&pg=PP14 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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* [[January 8]] – [[Philibert de l'Orme]], French architect (b. [[1510]]) |
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* [[February]] – [[Henry Balnaves]], Scottish politician and religious reformer (b. [[1512]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rogers |first1=Charles |title=Three Scottish Reformers: Alexander Cunningham, Fifth Earl of Glencairn, Henry Balnaves of Halhill and John Davidson, Minister of Pretonpans: With Their Poetical Remains and Mr. Davidson's "Helps for Young Scholars in Christianity" |date=1876 |publisher=Grampian club |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyALAAAAYAAJ&dq=Henry+Balnaves+%22february+1570%22&pg=PA23 |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[January 23]] – [[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray]], regent of Scotland (assassinated) (b. c.[[1531]]) |
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* [[January 23]] – [[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray]], regent of Scotland (assassinated) (b. c.[[1531]])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Stewart, James|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26479|year=2004 |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/26479}}</ref> |
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* [[February 13]] – [[Eleonora Gonzaga, Duchess of Urbino]], politically active Italian duchess (b. [[1493]]) |
* [[February 13]] – [[Eleonora Gonzaga, Duchess of Urbino]], politically active Italian duchess (b. [[1493]]) |
||
* [[February 20]] – [[Johannes Scheubel]], German mathematician (b. [[1494]]) |
* [[February 20]] – [[Johannes Scheubel]], German mathematician (b. [[1494]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Day |first1=Mary Sarilda |title=Scheubel as an Algebraist: Being a Study of Algebra in the Middle of the Sixteenth Century|date=1926 |publisher=Teachers College, Columbia University |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msCgAAAAMAAJ&q=1570 |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
||
* [[March 1]] – [[Bernhard VII, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst]] (b. [[1540]]) |
* [[March 1]] – [[Bernhard VII, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst]] (b. [[1540]]) |
||
* [[March 16]] – [[Ippolita Gonzaga]], Italian nun (b. [[1503]]) |
* [[March 16]] – [[Ippolita Gonzaga]], Italian nun (b. [[1503]]) |
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* [[April 13]] – [[Daniele Barbaro]], Italian architect (b. [[1514]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Autotraduzione: Teoria ed esempi fra Italia e Spagna (e oltre) |date=12 December 2012 |publisher=LED Edizioni Universitarie |isbn=978-88-7916-617-1 |page=217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnbQDwAAQBAJ&dq=Daniele+Barbaro+%2213+aprile+1570%22&pg=PA217 |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=it}}</ref> |
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* [[April 13]] – [[Daniele Barbaro]], Italian architect (b. [[1514]]) |
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* [[July 3]] – [[Aonio Paleario]], Italian humanist and reformer (executed) (b. c. [[1500]]) |
* [[July 3]] – [[Aonio Paleario]], Italian humanist and reformer (executed) (b. c. [[1500]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dini |first1=Francesco |title=Aonio Paleario E La Sua Famiglia in Colle Val D'elsa |journal=Archivio Storico Italiano |date=1897 |volume=20 |issue=207 |pages=1–32 |jstor=44456853 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44456853 |access-date=12 January 2024 |issn=0391-7770}}</ref> |
||
* [[July 25]] – [[Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi]], Russian diplomat<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perrie |first1=Maureen |last2=Pavlov |first2=Andrei |title=Ivan the Terrible |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-89468-1 |page=157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mooABAAAQBAJ&dq=Ivan+Mikhailovich+Viskovatyi+%2225+july+1570%22&pg=PA157 |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[July 25]] – [[Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi]], Russian diplomat |
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* [[August 4]] – [[Marie Catherine Gondi]], French court official (b. c. [[1500]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Jacques Le |title=Bibliothèque historique de la France: contenant le catalogue des ouvrages, imprimés & manuscrits, qui traitent de h'histoire de ce royaume, ou qui y ont rapport; avec des notes critiques et historiques |date=1775 |publisher=Impr. Herissant |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B35aAAAAYAAJ&dq=Marie-Catherine+Pierrevive+%224+aout+1570%22&pg=RA4-PA202 |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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* [[August 4]] – [[Marie Catherine Gondi]], French court official (b. c. [[1500]]) |
|||
* [[September 11]] – [[Johannes Brenz]], German theologian and Protestant Reformer (b. [[1499]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Estes |first1=James Martin |title=Christian Magistrate and Territorial Church: Johannes Brenz and the German Reformation |date=2007 |publisher=Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies |isbn=978-0-7727-2034-4 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VxWdVP8TKQC&dq=Johannes+Brenz+%2211+september+1570%22&pg=PA41 |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
|||
* [[September 6]] – [[Agostino Gallo]], Italian agronomist (b. [[1499]]) |
|||
* [[October 1]] – [[Frans Floris]], Flemish painter (b. [[1520]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mander |first1=Carel van |title=The Lives of the Illustrious Netherlandish and German Painters|date=1994 |publisher=Davaco |isbn=978-90-70288-93-8 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BvrAAAAMAAJ&q=Frans+Floris+%221+october+1570%22 |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
|||
* [[September 11]] – [[Johannes Brenz]], German theologian and Protestant Reformer (b. [[1499]]) |
|||
* [[October 18]] – [[Manuel da Nóbrega]], Portuguese [[Jesuit]] missionary in Brazil (b. [[1517]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David |last2=Chesworth |first2=John A. |title=Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 7 Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500-1600): Volume 7. Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500-1600) |date=17 August 2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-29848-4 |page=816 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nohjCgAAQBAJ&dq=Manoel+da+N%C3%B3brega+%2218+october+1570%22+rio+de+janeiro&pg=PA816 |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[October 1]] – [[Frans Floris]], Flemish painter (b. [[1520]]) |
|||
* [[October 18]] – [[Manuel da Nóbrega]], Portuguese [[Jesuit]] missionary in Brazil (b. [[1517]]) |
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* [[October 20]] |
* [[October 20]] |
||
** [[João de Barros]], Portuguese historian (b. [[1496]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faria |first1=Manoel Severim de |title=Vida de João de Barros |date=1778 |publisher=Regia Officina Typografica |page=lvii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vdgAAAAcAAJ&dq=Jo%C3%A3o+de+Barros+%2220+de+outubro+de+1570%22&pg=PR57 |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> |
|||
** [[João de Barros]], Portuguese historian (b. [[1496]]) |
|||
** [[Francesco Laparelli]], Italian architect (b. [[1521]]) |
** [[Francesco Laparelli]], Italian architect (b. [[1521]]) |
||
* [[November]] – [[Jacques Grévin]], French dramatist (b. [[1539]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pinvert |first1=Lucien |title=Jacques Grévin (1538-1570): étude biographique et littéraire |date=1899 |publisher=A. Fontemoing |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HJDAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jacques+Gr%C3%A9vin+%225+novembre+1570%22&pg=PA21 |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> |
|||
* [[November]] – [[Jacques Grévin]], French dramatist (b. [[1539]]) |
|||
* [[November 21]] – [[Ruxandra Lăpușneanu]], Moldavian regent (b. [[1538]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mihăescu-Gruiu |first1=Constantin |title=Moldova 1359-1859: spicuiri din istoria statului de sine stătător |date=1998 |publisher=Europa în România |isbn=978-973-97881-2-0 |page=189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srEmAAAAMAAJ&q=Ruxandra+L%C4%83pu%C8%99neanu+%2212+noiembrie+1570%22 |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=ro}}</ref> |
|||
* [[November 21]] – [[Ruxandra Lăpușneanu]], Moldavian regent (b. [[1538]]) |
|||
* [[November 27]] – [[Jacopo Sansovino]], Italian sculptor and architect (b. [[1486]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Sir John Wyndham Pope-Hennessy|title=An Introduction to Italian Sculpture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xW3qAAAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Phaidon Press|page=51}}</ref> |
* [[November 27]] – [[Jacopo Sansovino]], Italian sculptor and architect (b. [[1486]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Sir John Wyndham Pope-Hennessy|title=An Introduction to Italian Sculpture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xW3qAAAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Phaidon Press|page=51}}</ref> |
||
* [[December 15]] – [[Frederick III of Legnica]], Duke of Legnica (b. [[1520]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boniecki |first1=Michał |title=Książęta szlązcy z domu Piastów: przyczynek do historyi rodzin panujących w Polsce, zebrany i ułożony przewaźnie z niemieckich źródeł. Zawiera okres od 1339 do 1612 roku. Część II-ga |date=1875 |publisher=Ed. Wende |page=351 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NJhAAAAcAAJ&dq=Fryderyk+III+%2215+grudnia+1570%22&pg=PA351 |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=pl}}</ref> |
|||
* [[December 15]] – [[Frederick III of Legnica]], Duke of Legnica (b. [[1520]]) |
|||
* ''date unknown'' |
* ''date unknown'' |
||
** [[François Bonivard]], Swiss patriot and historian (b. [[1496]]) |
** [[François Bonivard]], Swiss patriot and historian (b. [[1496]])<ref>{{cite web |title=François Bonivard |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/014729/2008-01-21/ |website=hls-dhs-dss.ch |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref> |
||
** [[Francesco Primaticcio]], Italian painter, architect, and sculptor (b. [[1504]]) |
** [[Francesco Primaticcio]], Italian painter, architect, and sculptor (b. [[1504]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Primaticcio, Francesco, detto il Bologna |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/primaticcio-francesco-detto-il-bologna_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |website=Treccani |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=it}}</ref> |
||
** [[Tomás de Santa María]], Spanish music theorist<ref>{{cite web |title=Santa María, Tomás de |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000024534 |website=Grove Music Online |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
|||
** [[Tomás de Santa María]], Spanish music theorist |
|||
** [[Agostino Gallo]], Italian agronomist (b. [[1499]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Gallo, Agostino |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/agostino-gallo_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |website=Treccani |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=it}}</ref> |
|||
== References == |
== References == |
Latest revision as of 21:30, 19 March 2024
Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
---|---|
Centuries: | |
Decades: | |
Years: |
1570 by topic |
---|
Arts and science |
Leaders |
Birth and death categories |
Births – Deaths |
Establishments and disestablishments categories |
Establishments – Disestablishments |
Works category |
Gregorian calendar | 1570 MDLXX |
Ab urbe condita | 2323 |
Armenian calendar | 1019 ԹՎ ՌԺԹ |
Assyrian calendar | 6320 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1491–1492 |
Bengali calendar | 977 |
Berber calendar | 2520 |
English Regnal year | 12 Eliz. 1 – 13 Eliz. 1 |
Buddhist calendar | 2114 |
Burmese calendar | 932 |
Byzantine calendar | 7078–7079 |
Chinese calendar | 己巳年 (Earth Snake) 4267 or 4060 — to — 庚午年 (Metal Horse) 4268 or 4061 |
Coptic calendar | 1286–1287 |
Discordian calendar | 2736 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1562–1563 |
Hebrew calendar | 5330–5331 |
Hindu calendars | |
- Vikram Samvat | 1626–1627 |
- Shaka Samvat | 1491–1492 |
- Kali Yuga | 4670–4671 |
Holocene calendar | 11570 |
Igbo calendar | 570–571 |
Iranian calendar | 948–949 |
Islamic calendar | 977–978 |
Japanese calendar | Eiroku 13 / Genki 1 (元亀元年) |
Javanese calendar | 1489–1490 |
Julian calendar | 1570 MDLXX |
Korean calendar | 3903 |
Minguo calendar | 342 before ROC 民前342年 |
Nanakshahi calendar | 102 |
Thai solar calendar | 2112–2113 |
Tibetan calendar | 阴土蛇年 (female Earth-Snake) 1696 or 1315 or 543 — to — 阳金马年 (male Iron-Horse) 1697 or 1316 or 544 |
1570 (MDLXX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar.
Events
January–March
- January 8 – Ivan the Terrible begins the Massacre of Novgorod.[2]
- January 23 – The assassination of Scottish regent James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, by James Hamilton, the first known shooting of a national leader, throws Scotland into civil war. Having loaded a carbine rifle and carried it into the Linlithgow home of his uncle, the Archbishop of St Andrews, Hamilton stands at an upstairs window overlooking the street where Moray will ride by on horseback as part of cavalcade. Once Moray comes into range, Hamilton fires and fatally wounds the regent for King James VI.[3]
- February 8 – An estimated 8.3 magnitude earthquake occurs in Concepción, Chile.[4]
- February 5 – Venus occults Jupiter; this will next happen in 1818.[5]
- March 28 – The ambassador of the Ottoman Sultan Selim II goes before the governing Council of the Venetian Republic and requests that Venice surrender the island of Cyprus.[6] The Council rejects the demand and prepares to go to war with the Ottoman Empire.
April–June
- April 7 – In Scotland, Colin Campbell of Glenorchy receives permission from the Regent, the Earl of Morton, to execute the chief of Clan Gregor, his son-in-law Gregor Roy MacGregor,[7] and carries out MacGregor's beheading at Balloch in front of the Earl of Atholl.
- April 27 – Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England, and all persons who show allegiance to her, with the bull Regnans in Excelsis.[8]
- May 20 – Abraham Ortelius publishes the first modern atlas, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, in Antwerp.[9]
- May 24 – Battle of Manila: The Spanish, led by Martín de Goiti, defeat the forces of Raja Sulayman.[10]
- June 10 – The Kingdom of Livonia is established.[11]
July–September
- July 3 – The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus begins as more than 350 Ottoman ships and over 60,000 troops land near Larnaca and then march toward the Cypriot capital, Nicosia.[12]
- July 14 – Pope Pius V issues Quo primum, promulgating the 1570 edition of the Roman Missal.[13]
- July 22
- Thomson Snell & Passmore is founded, the oldest law firm in operation.
- The siege of Nicosia by the Ottoman Empire begins in Cyprus and lasts for seven weeks.[12]
- July 30 &ndash (28th day of 6th month of Genki 1 Battle of Anegawa: The allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu defeat the combined forces of the Azai and Asakura clans.[14]
- August 8 – The Peace of Saint-Germain ends the Third War of Religion in France. Again, the Huguenots are promised religious freedom and political autonomy.[15]
- August 16 – The Treaty of Speyer is signed between John Sigismund Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania and Maximilian II, King of Hungary.[16]
- September 9 – Nicosia falls to the Turks under the command of General Lala Mustafa Pasha. After the Ottomans breach the walls, the Venetian defenders are massacred and the women and boys are sold into slavery.[12]
- September 10 – A party of ten Spanish Jesuit missionaries land on the Virginia Peninsula of North America to establish the Ajacán Mission, which will be massacred in February 1571.[17]
- September 25 (26th day of 8th month of Genki 1 – The 10-year-long Ishiyama Hongan-ji War begins in Japan as Oda Nobunaga stages simultaneous attacks on two fortresses (Ishiyama Hongan-ji and Nagashima) of the Ikkō-ikki faction near Osaka.[18]
October–December
- October 3 – Princess Anna of Austria arrives in Spain to become the Queen Consort of Spain as the bride of her uncle King Philip of Spain,[19] whom she had married by proxy on May 4.[20] Having traveled through the Netherlands, she asks King Philip to spare the life of the rebel Floris of Montmorency, but the King arranges the strangulation of Floris on October 14.
- November 17 – A major earthquake strikes the Italian city of Ferrara at 3:00 in the morning local time, destroying 40 percent of the buildings in the city, but causing only 171 deaths.[21] After the initial shocks, a sequence of aftershocks continue for four years, with over 2,000 in the period from November 1570 to February 1571.[22]
- December 13 – The Treaty of Stettin ends the Northern Seven Years' War.[23]
Date unknown
- Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo (in the service of Miguel López de Legazpi) begins the conquest of the Kingdom of Maynila.[24]
- Construction of the original Catedral Nuestra Señora de La Asunción, the oldest church in Venezuela, begins.[25]
- The Whitechapel Bell Foundry is known to be in existence in London.[26][27] By 2017, when it closes its premises in Whitechapel, it will be the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain.
- Andrea Palladio publishes I quattro libri dell'architettura in Venice.[28]
- Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins.[29]
- The Andean population of the Viceroyalty of Peru reaches 1.3 million.[30]
Births
- January 1 – Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Spouse of Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d. 1649)[31]
- January 19 – Wolfgang Hirschbach, German legal scholar (d. 1620)
- March 25 – Henry Lennard, 12th Baron Dacre, English baron and politician (d. 1616)[32]
- April 13 – Guy Fawkes, English conspirator (d. 1606)[33]
- May 8 – Tamás Esterházy, Hungarian writer (d. 1616)
- May 22 – Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German duke (d. 1605)[34]
- June 7 – Sultan Murad Mirza, Mughal prince (d. 1599)[35]
- June 13 – Paul Peuerl, German organist (d. 1625)[36]
- August 10 – Philip, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1587–1590) (d. 1590)[37]
- August 19 – Salamone Rossi, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1630)[38]
- August 21 – Christopher, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, co-ruler of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (1603–1606) (d. 1606)[39]
- August 22 – Franz von Dietrichstein, German Catholic bishop (d. 1636)[40]
- August 31 – Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg, German noble (d. 1597)[41]
- October 3 – George Coke, British bishop (d. 1646)[42]
- October 4 – Péter Pázmány, Hungarian cardinal and statesman (d. 1637)[43][44]
- October 7 – Volkert Overlander, Dutch mayor (d. 1630)
- November 1 – Phineas Pett, English shipwright and member of the Pett Dynasty (d. 1647)[45]
- November 15 – Francesco Curradi, Italian painter (d. 1661)[46]
- November 20 – Giovanni Battista Agucchi, Italian churchman, papal diplomat, and writer on art theory (d. 1632)[47]
- November 26 – Christian, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Ærø (1622–1633) (d. 1633)[48]
- November 28 – James Whitelocke, English judge (d. 1632)[49]
- December 7 – Richard Cecil, English politician (d. 1633)[50]
- December 29 – Wilhelm Lamormaini, Luxembourgian theologian (d. 1648)[51]
- date unknown
- Diego Aduarte, Prior of Manila (d. 1637)[52]
- Robert Aytoun, Scottish poet (d. 1638)[53]
- Ebba Bielke, Swedish baroness and conspirator (d. 1618)[54]
- John Cooper, English composer and lutenist (d. 1626)[55]
- Simon Grahame, Scottish-born adventurer (d. 1614)[56]
- Nakagawa Hidenari, Japanese daimyō (d. 1612)[57]
- Hans Lippershey, Dutch lensmaker (d. 1619)[58]
- Asprilio Pacelli, Italian Baroque composer (d. 1623)[59]
- Girolamo Rainaldi, Italian architect (d. 1655)[60]
- Claudia Sessa, Italian composer (d. 1617/19)[61]
- Katharina Henot, German General Postmaster and alleged witch (d. 1627)[62]
- Urszula Meyerin, politically influential Polish courtier (d. 1635)[63]
- Christina Rauscher, German official and critic of witchcraft persecutions (d. 1618)
- John Dackombe, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (d. 1618)[64]
Deaths
- January 8 – Philibert de l'Orme, French architect (b. 1510)[65]
- February – Henry Balnaves, Scottish politician and religious reformer (b. 1512)[66]
- January 23 – James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland (assassinated) (b. c.1531)[67]
- February 13 – Eleonora Gonzaga, Duchess of Urbino, politically active Italian duchess (b. 1493)
- February 20 – Johannes Scheubel, German mathematician (b. 1494)[68]
- March 1 – Bernhard VII, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1540)
- March 16 – Ippolita Gonzaga, Italian nun (b. 1503)
- April 13 – Daniele Barbaro, Italian architect (b. 1514)[69]
- July 3 – Aonio Paleario, Italian humanist and reformer (executed) (b. c. 1500)[70]
- July 25 – Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi, Russian diplomat[71]
- August 4 – Marie Catherine Gondi, French court official (b. c. 1500)[72]
- September 11 – Johannes Brenz, German theologian and Protestant Reformer (b. 1499)[73]
- October 1 – Frans Floris, Flemish painter (b. 1520)[74]
- October 18 – Manuel da Nóbrega, Portuguese Jesuit missionary in Brazil (b. 1517)[75]
- October 20
- João de Barros, Portuguese historian (b. 1496)[76]
- Francesco Laparelli, Italian architect (b. 1521)
- November – Jacques Grévin, French dramatist (b. 1539)[77]
- November 21 – Ruxandra Lăpușneanu, Moldavian regent (b. 1538)[78]
- November 27 – Jacopo Sansovino, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1486)[79]
- December 15 – Frederick III of Legnica, Duke of Legnica (b. 1520)[80]
- date unknown
- François Bonivard, Swiss patriot and historian (b. 1496)[81]
- Francesco Primaticcio, Italian painter, architect, and sculptor (b. 1504)[82]
- Tomás de Santa María, Spanish music theorist[83]
- Agostino Gallo, Italian agronomist (b. 1499)[84]
References
- ^ attribution:Kim Traynor
- ^ The Gentleman's Magazine. F. Jefferies. 1967. p. 174.
- ^ "Stewart, James, first earl of Moray (1531/2–1570)", by Mark Loughlin, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004) accessed January 24, 2011
- ^ "GHEA - Global Historical Earthquake Archive". www.emidius.eu. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
- ^ "List of Mutual Planetary Occultations 2BC to 2250". www.bogan.ca. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
- ^ Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. London: John Murray. p. 160.
- ^ "Clan Campbell". The University of Edinburgh. July 25, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
- ^ Sidney Z. Ehler, Church and State Through the Centuries, (Biblo-Moser, 1988) p.180
- ^ Marijke Donkersloot-de Vrij; Y. Marijke Donkersloot-De Vrij (1967). The World on Paper: A Descriptive Catalogue of Cartographical Material Published in Amsterdam During the Seventeenth Century. Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. p. 27.
- ^ Lorelei D. C. De Viana (2001). Three Centuries of Binondo Architecture, 1594-1898: A Socio-historical Perspective. University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. p. 6. ISBN 978-971-506-169-8.
- ^ Madariaga, Isabel de (September 25, 2006). Ivan the Terrible. Yale University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-300-11973-2. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
- ^ a b c Turnbull, Stephen (2003). The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699 (Essential Histories Series #62). Osprey Publishing. pp. 57–58.
- ^ Smolarski, Dennis Chester (2003). The General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 1969-2002: A Commentary. Liturgical Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8146-2936-9. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
- ^ Glenn, Chris (January 5, 2023). The Samurai Castle Master: Warlord Todo Takatora. Frontline Books. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-1-3990-9661-4. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
- ^ Mack P. Holt (October 13, 2005). The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-139-44767-6.
- ^ Cservak, Csaba (2023). "The Constitutional Development of Transylvania". Journal on European History of Law. 14 (2): 97–103. ISSN 2042-6402. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
- ^ Lewis, Clifford; Loomie, Albert (January 1, 1953). The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia, 1570-1572. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 36, 96, 158. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
- ^ Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan 1334–1615. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 283–284. ISBN 0804705259.
- ^ Mira, Jenaro Alenda y; Roca, Pedro (1903). Relaciones de solemnidades y fiestas públicas de España (in Spanish). Sucesores de Rivadeneyra. p. 79. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
- ^ Estela, Emilio Callado (August 24, 2021). El advenimiento de la Casa de Austria a los Reinos Hispánicos (in Spanish). Dykinson. p. 397. ISBN 978-84-1377-693-4. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
- ^ "Terremoto di Ferrara del 1570" from the CFTI5 Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500) Guidoboni E., Ferrari G., Mariotti D., Comastri A., Tarabusi G., Sgattoni G., Valensise G. (2018) (in Italian)
- ^ Guidoboni, Emanuela. "Terremoti a Ferrara e nel suo territorio: un rischio sottovalutato". Ferrara, voci di una città. Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
- ^ Lavery, Jason (January 1, 2002). "The Peace of Stettin (1570–1576)". Germany's Northern Challenge. Brill. pp. 124–144. ISBN 978-90-04-47570-0. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
- ^ Newson, Linda A. (April 16, 2009). Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. University of Hawaii Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8248-6197-1. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
- ^ Branch, Hilary Dunsterville (1996). Guide to Venezuela. Bradt Publications. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-56440-945-4. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
- ^ "Big Ben bell foundry plan approved by government". May 14, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
- ^ Moore, Rowan (March 3, 2019). "Ringing the changes at the Whitechapel bell foundry". The Observer. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
- ^ Kim Williams (December 16, 2008). Nexus Network Journal 10,2: Architecture and Mathematics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 227. ISBN 978-3-7643-8766-2.
- ^ "Santorini". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
- ^ Masterson, Daniel (April 30, 2009). The History of Peru. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-57356-746-6. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
- ^ Georg Lehmann, Johann (1867). Vollständige Geschichte des Herzogthums Zweibrücken und seiner Fürsten (in German). Munich: Christian Railer. p. 518. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
- ^ Lamb, Francis Joseph (July 1, 2022). Your Ancestry. Green Cat Books. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-913794-39-2. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
- ^ Chase's Calendar of Events 2014. McGraw Hill Professional. October 4, 2013. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-07-183091-1.
- ^ Brockhaus' kleines Conversations-lexikon: Encyklopädisches Handwörterbuch (in German). F.A. Brockhaus. 1886. p. 110. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
- ^ The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. 1999. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-19-512718-8. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Musikwissenschaft (in German). Österreichische Gesellschaft für Musikwissenschaft. 1973. p. 16. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ Hansen, Johann Friderich (1770). Vollständigere Staatsbeschreibung des Herzogthums Schleswig (in German). J.C. Korte. p. 192. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ "Rossi, Salamone". Grove Music Online.
- ^ Steinmann, Karl; Steinmann, Carl (1885). Die Grabstätten der Fürsten des Welfenhauses von Gertrudis, der Mutter Heinrichs des Löwen bis auf Herzog Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (in German). Goeritz. p. 221. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ Neugebauer, Ignaz (1861). Chronikalische Notizen aus der Vorzeit der Stadt und Herrschaft Nikolsburg (in German). Bezdieka. p. 11. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). Stockholm: Gernandts boktryckeri-aktiebolag. 1883. p. 282. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ "Coke, George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5827. Retrieved January 9, 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of November 19, 1629". cardinals.fiu.edu.
- ^ Schwicker, Johann Heinrich (1888). Peter Pázmány: Cardinal-Erzbischof und Primas von Ungarn und seine Zeit (in German). Bachem. p. 17. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ Pett, Phineas; Perrin, W. G. (1918). The autobiography of Phineas Pett. London: Navy records society. p. 1. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ Bellesi, Sandro (1998). Il seicento a Prato (in Italian). CariPrato. p. 40. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
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