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* [[September 28]] – [[Battle of Preveza]]: The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fleet of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], under the command of [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], defeats the Holy League of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]], under the command of [[Andrea Doria]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Selcuk Aksin Somel|title=The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C&pg=PA39|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-7579-1|pages=39}}</ref> |
* [[September 28]] – [[Battle of Preveza]]: The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fleet of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], under the command of [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], defeats the Holy League of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]], under the command of [[Andrea Doria]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Selcuk Aksin Somel|title=The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C&pg=PA39|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-7579-1|pages=39}}</ref> |
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* [[September 29]]–[[October 6]] – The last significant volcanic eruption in the [[Phlegraean Fields]] of Italy creates [[Monte Nuovo]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Di Vito |first1=Mauro |last2=Lirer |first2=Lucio |last3=Mastrolorenzo |first3=Giuseppe |last4=Rolandi |first4=Giuseppe |title=The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption (Campi Flegrei, Italy) |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |date=1 August 1987 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=608–615 |doi=10.1007/BF01079966 |bibcode=1987BVol...49..608D |s2cid=128745563 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01079966 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Campi Flegrei: The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption |url=https://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/boris/mirror/mirrored_html/Montenuovo.html |website=www.geo.mtu.edu |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref> |
* [[September 29]]–[[October 6]] – The last significant volcanic eruption in the [[Phlegraean Fields]] of Italy creates [[Monte Nuovo]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Di Vito |first1=Mauro |last2=Lirer |first2=Lucio |last3=Mastrolorenzo |first3=Giuseppe |last4=Rolandi |first4=Giuseppe |title=The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption (Campi Flegrei, Italy) |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |date=1 August 1987 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=608–615 |doi=10.1007/BF01079966 |bibcode=1987BVol...49..608D |s2cid=128745563 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01079966 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Campi Flegrei: The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption |url=https://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/boris/mirror/mirrored_html/Montenuovo.html |website=www.geo.mtu.edu |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[October 28]] – The first university of the [[New World]], the [[Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino]], is founded on the island of [[Hispaniola]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jiminez |first1=F. A. |title=University rivalry in Hispaniola. |journal=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine |date=1979 |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=700–707 |pmid=393344 |pmc=1808221 |issn=0028-7091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Universidades españolas y americanas: época colonial |date=1987 |publisher=CSIC Press |isbn=978-84-7579-444-0 |page=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWYZ_ExqymkC&dq=Universidad+Santo+Tom%C3%A1s+de+Aquino+%22primera+universidad%22+28+de+octubre+de+1538&pg=RA19-PA10 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=es}}</ref> |
* [[October 28]] – The first university of the [[New World]], the [[Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino]], is founded on the island of [[Hispaniola]] in [[Santo Domingo]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jiminez |first1=F. A. |title=University rivalry in Hispaniola. |journal=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine |date=1979 |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=700–707 |pmid=393344 |pmc=1808221 |issn=0028-7091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Universidades españolas y americanas: época colonial |date=1987 |publisher=CSIC Press |isbn=978-84-7579-444-0 |page=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWYZ_ExqymkC&dq=Universidad+Santo+Tom%C3%A1s+de+Aquino+%22primera+universidad%22+28+de+octubre+de+1538&pg=RA19-PA10 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=es}}</ref> |
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* [[November 5]] – The end of the [[Siege of Diu]] as the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces withdraw from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]-held city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benians |first1=Ernest Alfred |last2=Newton |first2=Arthur Percival |last3=Rose |first3=John Holland |title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire |date=1940 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=15 |url=https:// |
* [[November 5]] – The end of the [[Siege of Diu (1538)|Siege of Diu]] as the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces withdraw from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]-held city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benians |first1=Ernest Alfred |last2=Newton |first2=Arthur Percival |last3=Rose |first3=John Holland |title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire |date=1940 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&dq=Siege+of+Diu+Gujarat+%225+november+1538%22&pg=PA15 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[November 30]] |
* [[November 30]] |
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** [[Sucre]], Bolivia, is founded under the name ''Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo''. |
** [[Sucre]], Bolivia, is founded under the name ''Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo''. |
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** Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: [[Byland Abbey]] is dissolved.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newsome |first1=Clive |title=The Abbey Trail |date=July 2003 |publisher=SIGMA PRESS |isbn=978-1-85058-803-0 |page=79 |url=https:// |
** Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: [[Byland Abbey]] is dissolved.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newsome |first1=Clive |title=The Abbey Trail |date=July 2003 |publisher=SIGMA PRESS |isbn=978-1-85058-803-0 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Syg8cN9n6XgC&dq=Byland+Abbey+%2230+november+1538%22&pg=PA79 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of Byland Abbey |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/byland-abbey/history/ |website=English Heritage |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[December 17]] – [[Pope Paul III]] confirms the [[excommunication]] of [[Henry VIII of England]] from the Roman Catholic church.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scarisbrick|first=J. J.|author-link=Jack Scarisbrick|year=1997|title=Henry VIII|publisher=Yale University Press|edition=2nd|location=New Haven|isbn=0-300-07158-2|page=361}}</ref> |
* [[December 17]] – [[Pope Paul III]] confirms the [[excommunication]] of [[Henry VIII of England]] from the Roman Catholic church.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scarisbrick|first=J. J.|author-link=Jack Scarisbrick|year=1997|title=Henry VIII|publisher=Yale University Press|edition=2nd|location=New Haven|isbn=0-300-07158-2|page=361}}</ref> |
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===Date unknown=== |
===Date unknown=== |
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* [[Michelangelo]] starts work on the ''[[Piazza del Campidoglio]]'' on the [[Capitoline Hill]] in Rome.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zirpolo |first1=Lilian H. |title=Michelangelo: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works |date=9 August 2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-2304-1 |page=139 |url=https:// |
* [[Michelangelo]] starts work on the ''[[Piazza del Campidoglio]]'' on the [[Capitoline Hill]] in Rome.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zirpolo |first1=Lilian H. |title=Michelangelo: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works |date=9 August 2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-2304-1 |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Michelangelo+Piazza+del+Campidoglio+Capitoline+Hill+%221538%22&pg=PA139 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ackerman |first1=James S. |title=The Architecture of Michelangelo: Catalogue |date=1964 |publisher=A. Zwemmer |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyURAQAAMAAJ&q=%20%221538%22%20piazza |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* The first in a decade-long series of severe famines and epidemics sweep central and southeastern [[China]] during the [[Ming dynasty]], made worse by a decision of [[1527]] to cut back on the intake of grain quotas for [[granary|granaries]]. |
* The first in a decade-long series of severe famines and epidemics sweep central and southeastern [[China]] during the [[Ming dynasty]], made worse by a decision of [[1527]] to cut back on the intake of grain quotas for [[granary|granaries]]. |
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* In China, a [[tsunami]] floods over the [[seawall]] in [[Haiyan County, Zhejiang|Haiyan County]] of [[Zhejiang]] province, inundating fields with saltwater, ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of foodstuffs, and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds (as Wang Wenlu states in his writing of [[1545]]). |
* In China, a [[tsunami]] floods over the [[seawall]] in [[Haiyan County, Zhejiang|Haiyan County]] of [[Zhejiang]] province, inundating fields with saltwater, ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of foodstuffs, and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds (as Wang Wenlu states in his writing of [[1545]]). |
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* While living in [[Villach]] after arriving in 1537, [[Paracelsus]] writes the book "Chronicle of Carinthia."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stoddart |first1=Anna M. |title=The Life of Paracelsus : Theophrastus Von Hohenheim, 1493-1541 |date=1915 |publisher=Rider |pages=278-280 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Life_of_Paracelsus_Theophrastus_Von/SWV-AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%221538%22%20villach |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref></onlyinclude> |
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==Births== |
==Births== |
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[[File:Turibius3.JPG|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Turibius of Mongrovejo]]]] |
[[File:Turibius3.JPG|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Turibius of Mongrovejo]]]] |
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* [[January 6]] – [[Jane Dormer]], English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (d. [[1612]]) |
* [[January 6]] – [[Jane Dormer]], English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (d. [[1612]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clifford |first1=Henry |title=The Life of Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria |date=1887 |publisher=Burns and Oates |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzy-buiQLGEC&q=1538 |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[January 10]] – [[Louis of Nassau]], Dutch general (d. [[1574]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kindermann |first1=Jan Christiaan |title=Lodewijk van Nassau de volmaakte ridder |date=1874 |publisher=Beijers |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QhWAAAAcAAJ&dq=Lodewijk+van+Nassau+%2210+januari+1538%22&pg=PA10 |access-date=12 September 2023|language=nl}}</ref> |
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* [[January 10]] – [[Louis of Nassau]], Dutch general (d. [[1574]]) |
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* [[January 13]] – [[Udai Singh of Marwar]], Ruler of Marwar (d. [[1595]]) |
* [[January 13]] – [[Udai Singh of Marwar]], Ruler of Marwar (d. [[1595]]) |
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* [[January 15]] – [[Maeda Toshiie]], Japanese samurai and warlord (d. [[1599]]) |
* [[January 15]] – [[Maeda Toshiie]], Japanese samurai and warlord (d. [[1599]]) |
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* [[January 16]] – [[John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony]] and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d. [[1565]]) |
* [[January 16]] – [[John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony]] and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d. [[1565]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stichart |first1=Franz Otto |title=Galerie der sächsischen Fürstinnen biographische Skizzen sämmtlicher Ahnfrauen des königlichen Hauses Sachsen |date=1857 |publisher=Fleischer |page=173 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XH8AAAAAcAAJ&dq=Johann+Friedrich+III+%2216+januar+1538%22&pg=PA173 |access-date=12 September 2023|language=de}}</ref> |
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* [[February 23]] – [[Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach]] (d. [[1604]]) |
* [[February 23]] – [[Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach]] (d. [[1604]]) |
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* [[March 25]] – [[Christopher Clavius]], German mathematician and astronomer (d. [[1612]]) |
* [[March 25]] – [[Christopher Clavius]], German mathematician and astronomer (d. [[1612]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lattis |first1=James M. |title=Between Copernicus and Galileo Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology |date=2010 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=12 |isbn=9780226469263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtJlV4DvFYYC&dq=Christopher+Clavius+%2225+march+1538%22&pg=PA12 |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[April 24]] – [[Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua]] (d. [[1587]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pescasio |first1=Luigi |title=Cardinale Ercole Gonzaga presidente del Concilio di Trento (1505-1563) |date=1999 |publisher=Bottazzi |page=163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShQmAQAAIAAJ&q=%20%2224%20aprile%201538%22 |access-date=12 September 2023|language=it}}</ref> |
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* [[April 24]] – [[Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua]] (d. [[1587]]) |
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* [[April 26]] – [[Gian Paolo Lomazzo]], Italian painter (d. [[1600]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Merzario |first1=Giuseppe |title=I maestri comacìni storia artistica di mille duecento anni (600-1800) |date=1893 |publisher=G. Agnelli |page=687 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSpAAAAAYAAJ&dq=Gian+Paolo+Lomazzo+%2226+aprile+1538%22&pg=PA687 |access-date=12 September 2023|language=it}}</ref> |
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* [[April 26]] – [[Gian Paolo Lomazzo]], Italian painter (d. [[1600]]) |
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* [[June 30]] – [[Bonaventura Vulcanius]], Flemish Renaissance humanist (d. [[1614]]) |
* [[June 30]] – [[Bonaventura Vulcanius]], Flemish Renaissance humanist (d. [[1614]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cazes |first1=Hélène |title=Bonaventura Vulcanius, Works and Networks Bruges 1538 - Leiden 1614 |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |page=79 |isbn=9789004192096 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ExHmVzu2HsC&q=%20%2230%20june%201538%22 |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[July 8]] – [[Alberto Bolognetti]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1585]]) |
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* [[July 12]] – [[Infanta Maria of Guimarães]], Portuguese infanta (d. [[1577]]) |
* [[July 12]] – [[Infanta Maria of Guimarães]], Portuguese infanta (d. [[1577]]) |
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* [[July 28]] – [[Alberto Bolognetti]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1585]])<ref>{{cite web |title=BOLOGNETTI, Alberto |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alberto-bolognetti_(Dizionario-Biografico) |website=www.treccani.it |access-date=12 September 2023|language=it}}</ref> |
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* [[September 21]] – [[Lewis Mordaunt, 3rd Baron Mordaunt]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1601]]) |
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* [[September 29]] |
* [[September 29]] |
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** Count [[Johan II of East Frisia]] (d. [[1591]]) |
** Count [[Johan II of East Frisia]] (d. [[1591]]) |
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** [[Joan Terès i Borrull]], [[Viceroy of Catalonia]] (d. [[1603]]) |
** [[Joan Terès i Borrull]], [[Viceroy of Catalonia]] (d. [[1603]]) |
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* [[October 2]] – Saint [[Charles Borromeo]], Spanish saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. [[1584]]) |
* [[October 2]] – Saint [[Charles Borromeo]], Spanish saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. [[1584]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Celier |first1=Leonzio |title=San Carlo Borromeo, 1538-1584 |date=1912 |publisher=Desclee |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYbCYCiaJ3AC&dq=Carlo+Borromeo+%222+ottobre+1538%22&pg=PA22 |access-date=12 September 2023|language=it}}</ref> |
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* October 17 – [[Irene di Spilimbergo]], Italian Renaissance poet and painter (d. [[1559]]) |
* [[October 17]] – [[Irene di Spilimbergo]], Italian Renaissance poet and painter (d. [[1559]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kessel |first1=Elsje van |title=The Lives of Paintings Presence, Agency and Likeness in Venetian Art of the Sixteenth Century |date=2017 |publisher=De Grutyer |page=135 |isbn=9783110495775 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVmtDgAAQBAJ&dq=Irene+di+Spilimbergo+%2217+october+1538%22&pg=PA135 |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[November 16]] – Saint [[Turibius of Mongrovejo]], Spanish Grand Inquisitor, missionary Archbishop of Lima (d. [[1606]]) |
* [[November 16]] – Saint [[Turibius of Mongrovejo]], Spanish Grand Inquisitor, missionary Archbishop of Lima (d. [[1606]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Valencia |first1=Vicente Rodríguez |title=Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, organizer and apostle of South America |date=1956 |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Santo Toribio de Mogrovej |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AG1XAAAAMAAJ&q=%2216%20de%20noviembre%20de%201538%22 |access-date=13 September 2023|language=es}}</ref> |
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* [[ |
* [[June 12]] – [[Francesco Gonzaga (1538-1566)|Francesco Gonzaga]], Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. [[1566]])<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of February 26, 1561 (II) |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1561.htm#Gonzaga |website=cardinals.fiu.edu |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[July 25]] – [[Diane de France]], illegitimate daughter of [[Henry II of France]] (d. [[1619]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Library of the Ecole des Chartes |date=1849 |publisher=Droz Bookstore |page=160 |isbn=9782600051699 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YT11oyCFfZ8C&dq=Diane+de+France+%2225+juillet+1538%22&pg=PA160 |access-date=13 September 2023|language=fr}}</ref> |
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* [[December 8]] – [[Miklós Istvánffy]], Hungarian politician (d. [[1615]]) |
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* [[December 8]] – [[Miklós Istvánffy]], Hungarian politician (d. [[1615]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moenich |first1=Karoly |title=Magyar irok nevtara |date=1876 |publisher=Nirschy |page=389 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5fCUJuIimcC&dq=Mikl%C3%B3s+Istv%C3%A1nffy+8+december+1538&pg=PA389 |access-date=13 September 2023|language=hu}}</ref> |
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* [[December 10]] – [[Giovanni Battista Guarini]], Italian poet (d. [[1612]]) |
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* [[December 10]] – [[Giovanni Battista Guarini]], Italian poet (d. [[1612]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800 |date=2004 |publisher=Gale Research Company |page=69 |isbn=9780787669683 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpBkAAAAMAAJ&q=%2210%20december%201538%22 |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[December 11]] – [[Sigismund of Brandenburg]], Archbishop of Magdeburg, Administrator of Halberstadt (d. [[1566]]) |
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* [[December 11]] – [[Sigismund of Brandenburg]], Archbishop of Magdeburg, Administrator of Halberstadt (d. [[1566]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clemen |first1=Otto |last2=Koch |first2=Ernst |title=Kleine Schriften zur Reformationsgeschichte |date=1982 |publisher=Zentralantiquariat der DDR |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1MXAAAAIAAJ&q=%2211%20dezember%201538%22 |access-date=13 September 2023|language=de}}</ref> |
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* [[December 13]] – [[Sigrid Sture]], Swedish Governor (d. [[1613]]) |
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* [[December 13]] – [[Sigrid Sture]], Swedish Governor (d. [[1613]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Sigrid Svantesdotter Sture |url=https://www.skbl.se/en/article/SigridSture |website=www.skbl.se |access-date=13 September 2023|language=sv}}</ref> |
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* [[December 19]] – [[Jan Zborowski]], Polish noble (d. [[1603]]) |
* [[December 19]] – [[Jan Zborowski]], Polish noble (d. [[1603]]) |
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* [[December 21]] – [[Luigi d'Este]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1586]]) |
* [[December 21]] – [[Luigi d'Este]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1586]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Atti della R. Accademia delle scienze di Torino |date=1883 |publisher=Stamperia Reale |page=1087 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9tDAQAAMAAJ&dq=Luigi+d%27Este+%2221+dicembre+1538%22&pg=PA1087 |access-date=13 September 2023|language=it}}</ref> |
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* ''date unknown'' |
* ''date unknown'' |
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** [[François de Bar]], French scholar (d. [[1606]]) |
** [[François de Bar]], French scholar (d. [[1606]]) |
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** [[Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], Welsh-born statesman (d. [[1601]])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Herbert, Henry, second earl of Pembroke |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-13028|year=2004 |access-date=21 August 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/13028}}</ref> |
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** [[Diane de France]], illegitimate daughter of [[Henry II of France]] (d. [[1619]]) |
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** [[Ashikaga Yoshihide]], Japanese shōgun (d. [[1568]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frédéric |first1=Louis |title=Japan encyclopedia |date=2002 |publisher=Harvard Press |page=56 |isbn=9780674017535 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq=Ashikaga+Yoshihide+%221538%22&pg=PA56 |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref> |
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** [[Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], Welsh-born statesman (d. [[1601]]) |
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** [[Caesar Baronius]], Italian cardinal and historian (d. [[1607]])<ref>{{cite book |title=The Catholic Encyclopedia |date=1913 |publisher=Encyclopedia Press |page=304 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwIjAQAAIAAJ&dq=Caesar+Baronius+%2230+august+1538%22&pg=PA304 |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of June 5, 1596 (II) |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1596.htm#Baronio |website=cardinals.fiu.edu |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref> |
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** [[Ashikaga Yoshihide]], Japanese shōgun (d. [[1568]]) |
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** [[Lewis Mordaunt, 3rd Baron Mordaunt]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1601]])<ref>{{cite web |title=MORDAUNT, Lewis (1538-1601) |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/mordaunt-lewis-1538-1601 |website=historyofparliament.org |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> |
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** [[Caesar Baronius]], Italian cardinal and historian (d. [[1607]]) |
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== Deaths == |
== Deaths == |
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[[File:Diego de Almagro.JPG|thumb|110px|right|[[Diego de Almagro]]]] |
[[File:Diego de Almagro.JPG|thumb|110px|right|[[Diego de Almagro]]]] |
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* [[January 8]] – [[Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy]] (b. [[1504]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benevides |first1=Francisco da Fonseca |title=Rainhas de Portugal: estudo historico com muitos documentos |date=1878 |publisher=Castro Irmâo |page=348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIVBFHonjg0C&dq=Beatriz+de+Portugal+%228+de+janeiro+de+1538%22&pg=PA348 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> |
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* [[January 8]] – [[Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy]] (b. [[1504]]) |
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* [[February 3]] – [[John III of the Palatinate]], Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (b. [[1488]]) |
* [[February 3]] – [[John III of the Palatinate]], Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (b. [[1488]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frind |first1=Anton |title="Die" Kirchengeschichte Böhmens im Allgemeinen und mit besonderer Beziehung auf die jetzige Leitmeritzer Diöcese |date=1878 |publisher=Tempsky |page=454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbR-irxtstsC&dq=Johann+von+der+Pfalz+%223+februar+1538%22&pg=PA454 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=de}}</ref> |
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* [[February 7]] – [[Olav Engelbrektsson]], Archbishop of Norway (born c. 1480).<ref name=nbl>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Olav Engelbrektsson |encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|first=Øystein |last=Rian |editor=Helle, Knut |editor-link=Knut Helle |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=https://nbl.snl.no/Olav_Engelbrektsson | language=no |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> |
* [[February 7]] – [[Olav Engelbrektsson]], Archbishop of Norway (born c. 1480).<ref name=nbl>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Olav Engelbrektsson |encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|first=Øystein |last=Rian |editor=Helle, Knut |editor-link=Knut Helle |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=https://nbl.snl.no/Olav_Engelbrektsson | language=no |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> |
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* [[February 12]] – [[Albrecht Altdorfer]], German painter (b. c. [[1480]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Ernst Buchner|title=German Painting at the Time of Dürer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lp3qAAAAMAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Hirmer|page=26|language=en}}</ref> |
* [[February 12]] – [[Albrecht Altdorfer]], German painter (b. c. [[1480]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Ernst Buchner|title=German Painting at the Time of Dürer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lp3qAAAAMAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Hirmer|page=26|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[March 18]] – [[Érard de La Marck]], prince-bishop of Liège (b. [[1472]]) |
* [[March 18]] – [[Érard de La Marck]], prince-bishop of Liège (b. [[1472]]) |
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* [[April 3]] – [[Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire]] (b. [[1480]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Neha |title=Henry VIII's Imprisoned Women: The Women of the Tower |date=6 April 2023 |publisher=Pen and Sword History |isbn=978-1-3990-9579-2 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRayEAAAQBAJ&dq=Elizabeth+Boleyn+%223+april+1538%22&pg=PA50 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[April 3]] – [[Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire]] (b. [[1480]]) |
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* [[April 4]] – [[Elena Glinskaya]], Regent of Russia (b. c. [[1510]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Нечаев |first1=Сергей |title=Иван Грозный. Жены и наложницы «Синей Бороды» |date=20 September 2011 |publisher=Litres |isbn=978-5-457-17297-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Im2JSEjmSnYC&dq=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F,+%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%22+4+%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F+1538%22&pg=PT5 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=ru|quote=And on April 4, 1538, Elena Vasilyevna Glinskaya herself, who was only thirty years old, suddenly died.}}</ref> |
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* [[April 4]] – [[Elena Glinskaya]], Regent of Russia (b. c. [[1510]]) |
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* [[May 8]] – [[Edward Foxe]], English churchman (b. [[1496]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elton |first1=G. R. |title=Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell |date=7 November 1985 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-31309-4 |page=255 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6o5AAAAIAAJ&dq=Edward+Foxe+%228+may+1538%22&pg=PA255 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[May 8]] – [[Edward Foxe]], English churchman (b. [[1496]]) |
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* [[May 15]] – [[Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg]] (b. [[1482]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schaible |first1=Joseph |title=Geschichte des badischen Hanauerlandes nebst einer medizinisch-statistischen topographie des|date=1855 |publisher=Malsch und Vogel |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpFaAAAAcAAJ&dq=Philipp+III+%2215+mai+1538%22&pg=PA50 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=de}}</ref> |
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* [[May 15]] – [[Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg]] (b. [[1482]]) |
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* [[May 22]] – [[John Forest]], English Franciscan friar (martyred) (b. [[1471]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Makens |first1=Judith |title=Hugh Latimer and John Forest: Rituals of Martyrdom |journal=Reformation |date=January 2002 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1179/ref_2002_6_1_003 |s2cid=145394860 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/ref_2002_6_1_003 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=en |issn=1357-4175}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dillon |first1=Anne |title=John Forest and Derfel Gadarn: A Double Execution |journal=British Catholic History |date=May 2006 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1017/S003419320001102X |s2cid=163270338 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-catholic-history/article/abs/john-forest-and-derfel-gadarn-a-double-execution/5157085B2FCB72E66ECC18B072644B9E |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=en |issn=0034-1932}}</ref> |
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* [[May 22]] – [[John Forest]], English Franciscan friar (martyred) (b. [[1471]]) |
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* [[June 22]] – [[Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode]] (1511–1538) (b. [[1467]]) |
* [[June 22]] – [[Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode]] (1511–1538) (b. [[1467]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Zeitschrift des Harz-Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde |date=1907 |publisher=Selbstverlag des Vereins |page=273 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFtEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Botho+zu+Stolberg+%2222+juni+1538%22&pg=PA273 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=de}}</ref> |
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* [[June 30]] – [[Charles II, Duke of Guelders]] (b. [[1467]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Royen |first1=Laetitia V. G. Gorter-Van |title=Maria van Hongarije, regentes der Nederlanden: een politieke analyse op basis van haar regentschaps-ordonnanties en haar correspondentie met Karel V |date=1995 |publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren |isbn=978-90-6550-394-7 |page=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-94RKP-Lc4UC&dq=Karel+van+Gelre+%2230+juni+1538%22&pg=PA230 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=nl}}</ref> |
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* [[June 30]] – [[Charles II, Duke of Guelders]] (b. [[1467]]) |
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* [[July 8]] – [[Diego de Almagro]], Spanish conquistador (b. [[1475]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Valdés |first1=Gerardo Larraín |title=Dios, Sol Y Oro Diego de Almagro Y El Descubrimiento de Chile |date=1987 |publisher=Andres Bello |page=306 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V51PtGWb88UC&dq=Diego+de+Almagro+%228+de+julio+de+1538%22&pg=PA306 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=es}}</ref> |
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* [[July 8]] – [[Diego de Almagro]], Spanish conquistador (b. [[1475]]) |
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* [[September 14]] – [[Henry III of Nassau-Breda]], Baron of Breda (b. [[1483]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Publications de la Section historique de l'Institute G.-D. de Luxembourg |date=1853 |publisher=Institut grand-ducal de Luxembourg Section historique |page=234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mps6AQAAMAAJ&dq=Heinrich+III+von+nassau+%2214+september+1538%22&pg=RA4-PA234 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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* [[September 14]] – [[Henry III of Nassau-Breda]], Baron of Breda (b. [[1483]]) |
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* [[September 28]] – [[Mary of Bourbon]], daughter of [[Charles, Duke of Vendôme]] (b. [[1515]]) |
* [[September 28]] – [[Mary of Bourbon]], daughter of [[Charles, Duke of Vendôme]] (b. [[1515]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Achaintre |first1=Nicolas Louis |title=Histoire Généalogique Et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de Bourbon |date=1825 |publisher=Mansut |page=383 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzwWAAAAYAAJ&dq=Marie+de+Bourbon-Vend%C3%B4me+%2228+septembre+1538%22&pg=PA383 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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* [[October 20]] – [[Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino]], condottiero (b. [[1490]]) |
* [[October 20]] – [[Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino]], condottiero (b. [[1490]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Miscellanea di storia italiana |date=1913 |publisher=Fratelli Bocca. |page=286 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnkKAAAAIAAJ&dq=Francesco+Maria+I+%2220+ottobre+1538%22&pg=PA286 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=it}}</ref> |
||
* [[November 22]] – [[John Lambert (Protestant martyr)|John Lambert]], English Protestant martyr (burned at stake) |
* [[November 22]] – [[John Lambert (Protestant martyr)|John Lambert]], English Protestant martyr (burned at stake)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Womersley |first1=David |title=Divinity and State |date=18 February 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-925564-1 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZ8VDAAAQBAJ&dq=John+Lambert+%2222+november+1538%22&pg=PA22 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[December 28]] – [[Andrea Gritti]], Doge of Venice (b. [[1455]])<ref name="BDI">{{DBI|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/andrea-gritti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|title=GRITTI, Andrea|volume=59|first=Gino |last=Benzoni}}</ref> |
* [[December 28]] – [[Andrea Gritti]], Doge of Venice (b. [[1455]])<ref name="BDI">{{DBI|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/andrea-gritti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|title=GRITTI, Andrea|volume=59|first=Gino |last=Benzoni}}</ref> |
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* ''date unknown'' |
* ''date unknown'' |
||
** [[Pierre Gringoire]], French poet and playwright (b. [[1475]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gringore |first1=Pierre |last2=Brown |first2=Cynthia Jane |title=Œuvres polémiques rédigées sous le règne de Louis XII |date=2003 |publisher=Librairie Droz |isbn=978-2-600-00836-5 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noVZXWZlpg4C&q=%221538%22&pg=PA7 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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** [[Pierre Gringoire]], French poet and playwright (b. [[1475]]) |
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** [[Isabella Hoppringle]], Scottish abbess and spy (b. [[1460]]) |
** [[Isabella Hoppringle]], Scottish abbess and spy (b. [[1460]]) |
||
** [[Paganino Paganini]], Italian publisher (b. c. [[1450]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Magno |first1=Alessandro Marzo |title=Bound in Venice: The Serene Republic and the Dawn of the Book |date=1 October 2013 |publisher=Europa Editions |isbn=978-1-60945-152-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcS2DwAAQBAJ&dq=Paganino+Paganini+died+%221538%22&pg=PT69 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=en|quote=The year 1538 is also the death of Paganino Paganini.}}</ref> |
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** [[Paganino Paganini]], Italian publisher (b. c. [[1450]]) |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 18:09, 5 December 2023
Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
---|---|
Centuries: | |
Decades: | |
Years: |
1538 by topic |
---|
Arts and science |
Leaders |
Birth and death categories |
Births – Deaths |
Establishments and disestablishments categories |
Establishments – Disestablishments |
Works category |
Gregorian calendar | 1538 MDXXXVIII |
Ab urbe condita | 2291 |
Armenian calendar | 987 ԹՎ ՋՁԷ |
Assyrian calendar | 6288 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1459–1460 |
Bengali calendar | 945 |
Berber calendar | 2488 |
English Regnal year | 29 Hen. 8 – 30 Hen. 8 |
Buddhist calendar | 2082 |
Burmese calendar | 900 |
Byzantine calendar | 7046–7047 |
Chinese calendar | 丁酉年 (Fire Rooster) 4235 or 4028 — to — 戊戌年 (Earth Dog) 4236 or 4029 |
Coptic calendar | 1254–1255 |
Discordian calendar | 2704 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1530–1531 |
Hebrew calendar | 5298–5299 |
Hindu calendars | |
- Vikram Samvat | 1594–1595 |
- Shaka Samvat | 1459–1460 |
- Kali Yuga | 4638–4639 |
Holocene calendar | 11538 |
Igbo calendar | 538–539 |
Iranian calendar | 916–917 |
Islamic calendar | 944–945 |
Japanese calendar | Tenbun 7 (天文7年) |
Javanese calendar | 1456–1457 |
Julian calendar | 1538 MDXXXVIII |
Korean calendar | 3871 |
Minguo calendar | 374 before ROC 民前374年 |
Nanakshahi calendar | 70 |
Thai solar calendar | 2080–2081 |
Tibetan calendar | 阴火鸡年 (female Fire-Rooster) 1664 or 1283 or 511 — to — 阳土狗年 (male Earth-Dog) 1665 or 1284 or 512 |
Year 1538 (MDXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
- February 24 – Treaty of Nagyvárad: Peace is declared between Ferdinand I, future Holy Roman Emperor and the Ottoman Empire. John Zápolya is recognized as King of Hungary (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne.[1]
- April 26 – Battle of Las Salinas: Almagro is defeated by Francisco Pizarro, who then seizes Cusco.[2]
- June 18 – Truce of Nice: Peace is declared between Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France.[3]
- June 19 – Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: The newly founded Bisham Abbey is dissolved.[4]
July–December
- August 6 – Bogotá, Colombia is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.[5]
- September 28 – Battle of Preveza: The Ottoman fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent, under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa, defeats the Holy League of Emperor Charles V, under the command of Andrea Doria.[6]
- September 29–October 6 – The last significant volcanic eruption in the Phlegraean Fields of Italy creates Monte Nuovo.[7][8]
- October 28 – The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded on the island of Hispaniola in Santo Domingo.[9][10]
- November 5 – The end of the Siege of Diu as the Gujarat and Ottoman forces withdraw from the Portuguese-held city.[11]
- November 30
- Sucre, Bolivia, is founded under the name Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo.
- Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: Byland Abbey is dissolved.[12][13]
- December 17 – Pope Paul III confirms the excommunication of Henry VIII of England from the Roman Catholic church.[14]
Date unknown
- Michelangelo starts work on the Piazza del Campidoglio on the Capitoline Hill in Rome.[15][16]
- The first in a decade-long series of severe famines and epidemics sweep central and southeastern China during the Ming dynasty, made worse by a decision of 1527 to cut back on the intake of grain quotas for granaries.
- In China, a tsunami floods over the seawall in Haiyan County of Zhejiang province, inundating fields with saltwater, ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of foodstuffs, and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds (as Wang Wenlu states in his writing of 1545).
Births
- January 6 – Jane Dormer, English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (d. 1612)[17]
- January 10 – Louis of Nassau, Dutch general (d. 1574)[18]
- January 13 – Udai Singh of Marwar, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1595)
- January 15 – Maeda Toshiie, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1599)
- January 16 – John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d. 1565)[19]
- February 23 – Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1604)
- March 25 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1612)[20]
- April 24 – Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1587)[21]
- April 26 – Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Italian painter (d. 1600)[22]
- June 30 – Bonaventura Vulcanius, Flemish Renaissance humanist (d. 1614)[23]
- July 12 – Infanta Maria of Guimarães, Portuguese infanta (d. 1577)
- July 28 – Alberto Bolognetti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)[24]
- September 29
- Count Johan II of East Frisia (d. 1591)
- Joan Terès i Borrull, Viceroy of Catalonia (d. 1603)
- October 2 – Saint Charles Borromeo, Spanish saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1584)[25]
- October 17 – Irene di Spilimbergo, Italian Renaissance poet and painter (d. 1559)[26]
- November 16 – Saint Turibius of Mongrovejo, Spanish Grand Inquisitor, missionary Archbishop of Lima (d. 1606)[27]
- June 12 – Francesco Gonzaga, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1566)[28]
- July 25 – Diane de France, illegitimate daughter of Henry II of France (d. 1619)[29]
- December 8 – Miklós Istvánffy, Hungarian politician (d. 1615)[30]
- December 10 – Giovanni Battista Guarini, Italian poet (d. 1612)[31]
- December 11 – Sigismund of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Magdeburg, Administrator of Halberstadt (d. 1566)[32]
- December 13 – Sigrid Sture, Swedish Governor (d. 1613)[33]
- December 19 – Jan Zborowski, Polish noble (d. 1603)
- December 21 – Luigi d'Este, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1586)[34]
- date unknown
- François de Bar, French scholar (d. 1606)
- Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, Welsh-born statesman (d. 1601)[35]
- Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shōgun (d. 1568)[36]
- Caesar Baronius, Italian cardinal and historian (d. 1607)[37][38]
- Lewis Mordaunt, 3rd Baron Mordaunt, English Member of Parliament (d. 1601)[39]
Deaths
- January 8 – Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (b. 1504)[40]
- February 3 – John III of the Palatinate, Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (b. 1488)[41]
- February 7 – Olav Engelbrektsson, Archbishop of Norway (born c. 1480).[42]
- February 12 – Albrecht Altdorfer, German painter (b. c. 1480)[43]
- March 18 – Érard de La Marck, prince-bishop of Liège (b. 1472)
- April 3 – Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (b. 1480)[44]
- April 4 – Elena Glinskaya, Regent of Russia (b. c. 1510)[45]
- May 8 – Edward Foxe, English churchman (b. 1496)[46]
- May 15 – Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1482)[47]
- May 22 – John Forest, English Franciscan friar (martyred) (b. 1471)[48][49]
- June 22 – Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (1511–1538) (b. 1467)[50]
- June 30 – Charles II, Duke of Guelders (b. 1467)[51]
- July 8 – Diego de Almagro, Spanish conquistador (b. 1475)[52]
- September 14 – Henry III of Nassau-Breda, Baron of Breda (b. 1483)[53]
- September 28 – Mary of Bourbon, daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme (b. 1515)[54]
- October 20 – Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, condottiero (b. 1490)[55]
- November 22 – John Lambert, English Protestant martyr (burned at stake)[56]
- December 28 – Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (b. 1455)[57]
- date unknown
- Pierre Gringoire, French poet and playwright (b. 1475)[58]
- Isabella Hoppringle, Scottish abbess and spy (b. 1460)
- Paganino Paganini, Italian publisher (b. c. 1450)[59]
References
- ^ Kenneth M. Setton (1984). The Papacy and the Levant, (1204-1571).: The sixteenth century to the reign of Julius III. American Philosophical Society. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-87169-161-3.
- ^ Victor Wolfgang Von Hagen (1976). The Royal Road of the Inca. Gordon & Cremonesi. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-86033-009-7.
- ^ Tracy, James D. (November 14, 2002). Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-521-81431-7. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ Research Volume of the Surrey Archaeological Society. Survey Archaeological Society. 1988. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-9501345-8-1. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ Woods, Sarah (September 1, 2015). Colombia. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-84162-921-6. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8108-7579-1.
- ^ Di Vito, Mauro; Lirer, Lucio; Mastrolorenzo, Giuseppe; Rolandi, Giuseppe (August 1, 1987). "The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption (Campi Flegrei, Italy)". Bulletin of Volcanology. 49 (4): 608–615. Bibcode:1987BVol...49..608D. doi:10.1007/BF01079966. S2CID 128745563. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ "Campi Flegrei: The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption". www.geo.mtu.edu. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ Jiminez, F. A. (1979). "University rivalry in Hispaniola". Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 55 (7): 700–707. ISSN 0028-7091. PMC 1808221. PMID 393344.
- ^ Universidades españolas y americanas: época colonial (in Spanish). CSIC Press. 1987. p. 452. ISBN 978-84-7579-444-0. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ Benians, Ernest Alfred; Newton, Arthur Percival; Rose, John Holland (1940). The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive. p. 15. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ Newsome, Clive (July 2003). The Abbey Trail. SIGMA PRESS. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-85058-803-0. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ "History of Byland Abbey". English Heritage. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ Scarisbrick, J. J. (1997). Henry VIII (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 361. ISBN 0-300-07158-2.
- ^ Zirpolo, Lilian H. (August 9, 2020). Michelangelo: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-5381-2304-1. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ Ackerman, James S. (1964). The Architecture of Michelangelo: Catalogue. A. Zwemmer. p. 50. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ Clifford, Henry (1887). The Life of Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria. Burns and Oates. p. 15. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
- ^ Kindermann, Jan Christiaan (1874). Lodewijk van Nassau de volmaakte ridder (in Dutch). Beijers. p. 10. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
- ^ Stichart, Franz Otto (1857). Galerie der sächsischen Fürstinnen biographische Skizzen sämmtlicher Ahnfrauen des königlichen Hauses Sachsen (in German). Fleischer. p. 173. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
- ^ Lattis, James M. (2010). Between Copernicus and Galileo Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology. University of Chicago Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780226469263. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
- ^ Pescasio, Luigi (1999). Cardinale Ercole Gonzaga presidente del Concilio di Trento (1505-1563) (in Italian). Bottazzi. p. 163. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
- ^ Merzario, Giuseppe (1893). I maestri comacìni storia artistica di mille duecento anni (600-1800) (in Italian). G. Agnelli. p. 687. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
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And on April 4, 1538, Elena Vasilyevna Glinskaya herself, who was only thirty years old, suddenly died.
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The year 1538 is also the death of Paganino Paganini.