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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}} |
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}} |
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{{Year dab|1268}} |
{{Year dab|1268}} |
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{{unreferenced|date=August 2017}} |
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{{Year nav|1268}} |
{{Year nav|1268}} |
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{{C13 year in topic}}[[File:Konradin.jpg|thumb|Conradin (right) is executed by Charles I of Sicily, thus extinguishing the Hohenstaufen dynasty.]]Year '''1268''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXVIII]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. |
{{C13 year in topic}}[[File:Konradin.jpg|thumb|Conradin (right) is executed by Charles I of Sicily, thus extinguishing the Hohenstaufen dynasty.]]Year '''1268''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXVIII]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. |
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== Events == |
== Events == |
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<onlyinclude> |
<onlyinclude> |
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=== By topic === |
=== By topic === |
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==== War and politics ==== |
==== War and politics ==== |
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* [[February 18]] – [[Battle of Wesenberg (1268)|Battle of Rakvere]]: The [[Livonian Order]] is defeated by [[Dovmont of Pskov]]. |
* [[February 18]] – [[Battle of Wesenberg (1268)|Battle of Rakvere]]: The [[Livonian Order]] is defeated by [[Dovmont of Pskov]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRX0DQAAQBAJ&q=1268+battle+of+rakvere&pg=PA129|title=The Battle of Kulikovo Refought: "The First National Feat"|last=Parppei|first=Kati M. J.|publisher=BRILL|year=2017|isbn=9789004337947|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=129|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[April 4]] – A [[Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1268|five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty]] is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]]. It is ratified by the [[Doge of Venice]] [[Reniero Zeno]] on 30 |
* [[April 4]] – A [[Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1268|five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty]] is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]]. It is ratified by the [[Doge of Venice]] [[Reniero Zeno]] on [[June 30]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPPELPzrQwYC&q=1268+venetia+byzantine+peace+treaty&pg=PA441|title=History of the Byzantine Empire, from DCCXVI to MLVII|last=Finlay|first=George|publisher=W. Blackwood and Sons|year=1854|location=Edinburgh and London|pages=441|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[August 23]] – [[Battle of Tagliacozzo]]: The army of [[Charles of Anjou]] defeats the [[Ghibellines]] supporters of [[Conradin]] of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the [[Hohenstaufen]] Family from the [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicilian]] thrones, and leading to the new chapter of [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] domination in [[Southern Italy]]. |
* [[August 23]] – [[Battle of Tagliacozzo]]: The army of [[Charles of Anjou]] defeats the [[Ghibellines]] supporters of [[Conradin]] of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the [[Hohenstaufen]] Family from the [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicilian]] thrones, and leading to the new chapter of [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] domination in [[Southern Italy]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=1268+battle+of+tagliacozzo&pg=PT1098|title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia|last=Small|first=Carola M.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9781135948801|editor-last=Kleinhenz|editor-first=Christopher|location=New York and London|pages=1068|language=en|chapter=Battle of Tagliacozzo}}</ref> |
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* [[October 29]] – [[Conradin]], the last legitimate male heir of the [[Hohenstaufen]] Dynasty of [[List of German Kings and Emperors|Kings of Germany]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s, is executed, along with his companion [[Frederick I, Margrave of Baden]], by [[Charles I of Sicily]], a political rival and ally to the hostile [[Roman Catholic Church]]. |
* [[October 29]] – [[Conradin]], the last legitimate male heir of the [[Hohenstaufen]] Dynasty of [[List of German Kings and Emperors|Kings of Germany]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s, is executed, along with his companion [[Frederick I, Margrave of Baden]], by [[Charles I of Sicily]], a political rival and ally to the hostile [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=1268+conradin&pg=PA286|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn=9781851096725|location=Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford|pages=286|language=en}}</ref> |
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* King [[Stephen V of Hungary]] launches a war against [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&q=1268+stephen+V+hungary+bulgaria&pg=PA180|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|last1=Fine|first1=John V. A.|last2=Fine|first2=John Van Antwerp|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1994|isbn=9780472082605|location=Ann Arbor, MI|pages=180|language=en|orig-year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9nzDQAAQBAJ&q=1268+stephen+V+hungary+bulgaria&pg=PA255|title=The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1280)|last=Madgearu|first=Alexandru|publisher=BRILL|year=2016|isbn=9789004333192|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=255|language=en}}</ref> |
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* King [[Stephen V of Hungary]] launches a war against [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]]. |
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* The [[County of Wernigerode]] becomes a vassal state of the [[Margrave of Brandenburg]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmdYAAAAcAAJ&q=1268+Wernigerode+Brandenburg&pg=PA13|title=Versuch einer Territorialgeschichte des preußischen Staates, oder kurze Darstellung des Wachsthums der Besitzungen des Hauses Brandenburg seit dem zwölften Jahrhundert. Mit einer illumin. Karte|last=Möller|first=Arnold Wilhelm|publisher=Schulz u. Wundermann|year=1822|location=Hamm und Münster|pages=13–14|language=de}}</ref> |
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* The [[County of Wernigerode]] becomes a vassal state of the [[Margrave of Brandenburg]]. |
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* [[Doge of Venice#Choosing of the Doge|New election procedures]] for the election of the [[doge of Venice|doge]] are established in [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families. |
* [[Doge of Venice#Choosing of the Doge|New election procedures]] for the election of the [[doge of Venice|doge]] are established in [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular [[Lorenzo Tiepolo]] from becoming elected.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skmMs7TGPZIC&q=1268+electing+doge+venice&pg=PA219|title=The Towns of Italy in the Later Middle Ages|last=Dean|first=Trevor|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780719052040|location=Manchester and New York|pages=219|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[Pope Clement IV]] dies; the following [[Papal election, 1268–71|papal election]] fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures. |
* [[Pope Clement IV]] dies; the following [[Papal election, 1268–71|papal election]] fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gm79HuBY0cC&q=1268+Pope+clement+IV+died&pg=PA106|title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries|last=Setton|first=Kenneth Meyer|publisher=American Philosophical Society|year=1976|isbn=9780871691149|series=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society|volume=I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=106|language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Culture ==== |
==== Culture ==== |
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* [[Nicola Pisano]] completes the famous [[octagon]]al [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]-style [[pulpit]], at the [[Duomo di Siena]]. |
* [[Nicola Pisano]] completes the famous [[octagon]]al [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]-style [[pulpit]], at the [[Duomo di Siena]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvf5ybzFBmIC&q=1268+nicola+pisano+Siena&pg=PA342|title=The A to Z of Renaissance Art|last=Zirpolo|first=Lilian H.|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2009|isbn=9780810870437|location=Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth, UK|pages=342–343|language=en}}</ref> |
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* The [[carnival]] in [[Venice]] is first recorded.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2w2k8sMDCoC&q=1268+carnival+in+venice&pg=PA269|title=Venice: The Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797|last=McNeill|first=William H.|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2009|isbn=9780226561547|location=Chicago and London|pages=269|language=en|orig-year=1974}}</ref> |
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* The [[carnival]] in [[Venice]] is first recorded. |
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* In France, the use of [[hops]] as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of [[beer]] is made compulsory. |
* In France, the use of [[hops]] as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of [[beer]] is made compulsory.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ga4MYyZq-RMC&q=1268+france+hops+in+beer&pg=PA464|title=The Oxford Companion to Beer|last=Oliver|first=Garrett|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|year=2012|isbn=9780195367133|location=Oxford and New York|pages=464|language=en}}</ref> |
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* The town of Guta is founded (currently [[Kolárovo]], [[Slovakia]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/sk-kolar.html|title=Kolárovo city, Slovakia|website=fotw.info|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=April 2019}} |
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* In [[Slovakia]], Guta is founded (currently [[Kolárovo]]). |
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=== By place === |
=== By place === |
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==== Asia ==== |
==== Asia ==== |
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* [[May 18]] – [[ |
* [[May 18]] – [[Siege of Antioch (1268)|Battle of Antioch]]: The [[Principality of Antioch]], a [[crusader states|crusader state]], falls to the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] Sultan [[Baibars]]; his destruction of the city of [[Antioch]] is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FRsBgAAQBAJ&q=1268+Battle+of+Antioch&pg=PA185|title=The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare|last=Bradbury|first=Jim|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9781134598472|location=London and New York|pages=185|language=en}}</ref> |
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* The [[Battle of Xiangyang]], a 6-year battle between the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] and the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] forces of [[Kublai Khan]], begins in what is today [[Hubei]]. |
* The [[Battle of Xiangyang]], a 6-year battle between the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] and the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] forces of [[Kublai Khan]], begins in what is today [[Hubei]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWD4xmLYyXIC&q=1268+Battle+of+Xiangyang&pg=PA141|title=Debating War in Chinese History|last=Curtis Wright|first=David|publisher=BRILL|year=2013|isbn=9789004244795|editor-last=Lorge|editor-first=Peter A.|location=Leiden and Boston|pages=141|language=en|chapter=Debates in the Field During Bayan's Campaigns Against Southern Song China, 1274 - 1276}}</ref> |
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* [[Kublai Khan]] sends an emissary to the [[Kamakura shogunate]] of Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of [[tribute]]; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] attempt to invade in [[1274]]. |
* [[Kublai Khan]] sends an emissary to the [[Kamakura shogunate]] of Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of [[tribute]]; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] attempt to invade in [[1274]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWxN1Fq_ueoC&q=1268+Kublai+Khan+Japan&pg=PA280|title=Sources of Japanese Tradition|last1=Bary|first1=Wm. Theodore de|last2=Gluck|first2=Carol|last3=Tiedemann|first3=Arthur|last4=Varley|first4=Paul|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2002|isbn=9780231518055|edition= Second: From Earliest Times to 1600|location=New York and Chichester, UK|pages=280|language=en|chapter=The Mongol Invasion of Japan}}</ref> |
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* An [[1268 Cilicia earthquake|earthquake in Cilicia]] occurs in 1268 northeast of the city of [[Adana]]. Over 60,000 people perished in the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] in southern Asia Minor.<ref>Walford, Cornelius (1879) ''The famines of the world: past and present'' London, page 55, {{OCLC|38724391}}</ref><ref>Lomnitz, Cinna (1974) ''Global Tectonics and Earthquake Risk'' Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Amsterdam, {{ISBN|0-444-41076-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1sXfJCiCHQC&q=1268+Cilicia+earthquake&pg=PA292|title=Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes|last1=Gates|first1=Alexander E.|last2=Ritchie|first2=David|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2007|isbn=9780816072705|edition= Third|location=New York|pages=292|language=en|orig-year=1994}}</ref> |
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* An earthquake in [[Cilicia]] kills an estimated 60,000 people. |
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* The [[Tibet]]an monk [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa]] of the [[Sakya]] School completes the [['Phags-pa script]], which was sponsored by [[Kublai Khan]] as a new writing system in [[Mongol Empire|his empire]]. |
* The [[Tibet]]an monk [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa]] of the [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] School completes the [['Phags-pa script]], which was sponsored by [[Kublai Khan]] as a new writing system in [[Mongol Empire|his empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C&q=1268+mongol+script&pg=PA224|title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet|last=Shakabpa|first=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden|publisher=BRILL|year=2010|isbn=9789004177321|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=224|language=en}}</ref> |
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</onlyinclude> |
</onlyinclude> |
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== Births == |
== Births == |
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* April/June – [[Philip IV of France]] (d. [[1314]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXllDwAAQBAJ&q=1268+philip+IV+france&pg=RA1-PA326|title=Encyclopedia of World History|last=Delph|first=Ronald K.|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8160-6386-4|editor-last=Ackermann|editor-first=Marsha E.|series=Facts on File Library of World History|pages=326|language=en|editor-last2=Schroeder|editor-first2=Michael J.|editor-last3=Terry|editor-first3=Janice J.|editor-last4=Upshur|editor-first4=Jiu-Hwa Lo|editor-last5=Whitters|editor-first5=Mark F.}}</ref> |
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* April/June – [[Philip IV of France]] (d. [[1314]]) |
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* Saint [[Clare of Montefalco]] (d. [[1308]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hL22AgAAQBAJ&q=1268+Clare+of+montefalco&pg=PA146|title=Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia|last=Renna|first=Thomas|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=9781135459604|editor-last=Schaus|editor-first=Margaret C.|location=New York and London|pages=146|language=en}}</ref> |
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* Saint [[Clare of Montefalco]] (d. [[1308]]) |
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* [[Emperor Duanzong]] of China (d. [[1278]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UAlDwAAQBAJ&q=1268+Duanzong&pg=PA634|title=Encyclopedia of Chinese History|last=Hu|first=Wen|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|isbn=9781317817161|editor-last=Dillon|editor-first=Michael|location=London and New York|pages=634–635|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[Emperor Duanzong]] of China (d. [[1278]]) |
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* [[Mahaut, Countess of Artois]] (d. [[1327]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAKjBQAAQBAJ&q=1268+Mahaut+artois&pg=PA155|title=Translating Resurrection: The Debate between William Tyndale and George Joye in Its Historical and Theological Context|last=Juhász|first=Gergely M.|publisher=BRILL|year=2014|isbn=9789004259522|series=Studies in the History of Christian Traditions|volume=165|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=155|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[Mahaut, Countess of Artois]] (d. [[1327]]) |
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*[[Vedanta Desika]], Indian Hindu poet and philosopher<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edMjFemj7y8C&q=1268+Vedanta+Desika&pg=PA162|title=Ultimate Realities: A Volume in the Comparative Religious Ideas Project|last=Neville|first=Robert C.|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2001|isbn=9780791447758|location=Albany, New York|pages=162|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Deaths == |
== Deaths == |
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* [[May 15]] – [[Peter II, Count of Savoy]] (b. [[1203]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HNFPAAAAMAAJ|quote=1268 peter savoy.|title=Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|last=Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|publisher=Charles Knight|year=1841|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HNFPAAAAMAAJ/page/n443 439]|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[May 15]] – [[Peter II, Count of Savoy]] (b. [[1203]]) |
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* [[July 7]] – [[Reniero Zeno]], Doge of Venice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s903AAAAcAAJ&q=1268+reniero+zeno&pg=PP8|title=History of the Venetian Republic: Her Rise, Her Greatness, and Her Civilization|last=Hazlitt|first=William Carew|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co|year=1860|volume=II|location=London|pages=255|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[August 11]] – [[Agnes of Faucigny]], Dame ruler of Faucigny, countess consort of Savoy |
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* [[August 11]] – [[Agnes of Faucigny]], Dame ruler of Faucigny, countess consort of Savoy<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF19BgAAQBAJ&q=1268+Agnes+of+Faucigny&pg=PA374|title=The Eagles of Savoy: The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe|last=Cox|first=Eugene L.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781400867912|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=374|language=en|orig-year=1974}}</ref> |
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* [[October 29]] |
* [[October 29]] |
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**[[Conradin]], Duke of Swabia (executed) (b. [[1252]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwPLkQVZ1tsC&q=1268+conradin&pg=PA43|title=A Thousand Years in Sicily: From the Arabs to the Bourbons|last=Quatriglio|first=Giuseppe|publisher=Legas / Gaetano Cipolla|year=2005|isbn=9780921252177|edition= Third|location=Mineola, NY and Ottawa|pages=43|language=en|orig-year=1985}}</ref> |
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** [[Conradin]], Duke of Swabia (executed) (b. [[1252]]) |
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** [[Frederick I, Margrave of Baden]] (executed) (b. [[1249]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvk6DQAAQBAJ&q=1268+frederick+baden&pg=PA17|title=The Legislative History of the International Criminal Court|last1=Bassiouni|first1=M. Cherif|last2=Schabas|first2=William A.|publisher=BRILL|year=2016|isbn=9789004322097|edition= Second Revised and Expanded |volume=I|location=Leiden and Boston|pages=17|language=en}}</ref> |
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** [[Frederick I, Margrave of Baden]] (executed) (b. [[1249]]) |
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* [[November 29]] – [[Pope Clement IV]] |
* [[November 29]] – [[Pope Clement IV]]<ref name=":0" /> |
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* [[December 9]] – [[Vaišvilkas]], Prince of Black Ruthenia<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9X3CwAAQBAJ&q=1268+Vai%C5%A1elga&pg=PA58|title=The Lithuanian Millennium: History, Art and Culture|last1=Janonienė|first1=Rūta|last2=Račiūnaitė|first2=Tojana|last3=Iršėnas|first3=Marius|last4=Butrimas|first4=Adomas|publisher=Vilnius Academy of Arts Press|year=2015|isbn=9786094470974|location=Vilnius, Lithuania|pages=58|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[December 9]] – [[Vaišvilkas]], Prince of Black Ruthenia |
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*''date unknown'' |
*''date unknown'' |
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**[[Barral of Baux]], Grand Justiciar of Sicily<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfcmAAAAMAAJ&q=1268+Barral+of+Baux|title=The Poems of the Troubadour, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras|publisher=Mouton|year=1964|editor-last=Linskill|editor-first=Richard|location=The Hague, Netherlands|pages=85|language=en}}</ref> |
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** [[Barral of Baux]], Grand Justiciar of Sicily |
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** [[George (son of David VII of Georgia)]], Crown Prince of Georgia (b. [[1250]]) |
** [[George (son of David VII of Georgia)]], Crown Prince of Georgia (b. [[1250]]){{Citation needed|date=April 2019}} |
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** [[Henry de Bracton]], English jurist<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTw0WNs9x4MC&q=1268+henry+de+bracton|title=Bracton's Note Book: A Collection of Cases Decided in the King's Courts During the Reign of Henry the Third|last=Bracton|first=Henry de|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9781108010290|editor-last=Maitland|editor-first=William Frederick|location=Cambridge and New York|pages=19–20|language=en}}</ref> |
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** [[Henry de Bracton]], English jurist |
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** [[Vedanta Desika]], Indian Hindu poet and philosopher |
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== References == |
== References == |
Latest revision as of 00:21, 22 November 2023
Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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Centuries: | |
Decades: | |
Years: |
1268 by topic |
---|
Leaders |
Birth and death categories |
Births – Deaths |
Establishments and disestablishments categories |
Establishments – Disestablishments |
Art and literature |
1268 in poetry |
Gregorian calendar | 1268 MCCLXVIII |
Ab urbe condita | 2021 |
Armenian calendar | 717 ԹՎ ՉԺԷ |
Assyrian calendar | 6018 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1189–1190 |
Bengali calendar | 675 |
Berber calendar | 2218 |
English Regnal year | 52 Hen. 3 – 53 Hen. 3 |
Buddhist calendar | 1812 |
Burmese calendar | 630 |
Byzantine calendar | 6776–6777 |
Chinese calendar | 丁卯年 (Fire Rabbit) 3965 or 3758 — to — 戊辰年 (Earth Dragon) 3966 or 3759 |
Coptic calendar | 984–985 |
Discordian calendar | 2434 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1260–1261 |
Hebrew calendar | 5028–5029 |
Hindu calendars | |
- Vikram Samvat | 1324–1325 |
- Shaka Samvat | 1189–1190 |
- Kali Yuga | 4368–4369 |
Holocene calendar | 11268 |
Igbo calendar | 268–269 |
Iranian calendar | 646–647 |
Islamic calendar | 666–667 |
Japanese calendar | Bun'ei 5 (文永5年) |
Javanese calendar | 1178–1179 |
Julian calendar | 1268 MCCLXVIII |
Korean calendar | 3601 |
Minguo calendar | 644 before ROC 民前644年 |
Nanakshahi calendar | −200 |
Thai solar calendar | 1810–1811 |
Tibetan calendar | 阴火兔年 (female Fire-Rabbit) 1394 or 1013 or 241 — to — 阳土龙年 (male Earth-Dragon) 1395 or 1014 or 242 |
Year 1268 (MCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By topic
War and politics
- February 18 – Battle of Rakvere: The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont of Pskov.[1]
- April 4 – A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. It is ratified by the Doge of Venice Reniero Zeno on June 30.[2]
- August 23 – Battle of Tagliacozzo: The army of Charles of Anjou defeats the Ghibellines supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the Hohenstaufen Family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.[3]
- October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed, along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic Church.[4]
- King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria.[5][6]
- The County of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the Margrave of Brandenburg.[7]
- New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice, in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular Lorenzo Tiepolo from becoming elected.[8]
- Pope Clement IV dies; the following papal election fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.[9]
Culture
- Nicola Pisano completes the famous octagonal Gothic-style pulpit, at the Duomo di Siena.[10]
- The carnival in Venice is first recorded.[11]
- In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory.[12]
- The town of Guta is founded (currently Kolárovo, Slovakia).[13][better source needed]
By place
Asia
- May 18 – Battle of Antioch: The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars; his destruction of the city of Antioch is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.[14]
- The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.[15]
- Kublai Khan sends an emissary to the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of tribute; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until the Mongols attempt to invade in 1274.[16]
- An earthquake in Cilicia occurs in 1268 northeast of the city of Adana. Over 60,000 people perished in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor.[17][18][19]
- The Tibetan monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya School completes the 'Phags-pa script, which was sponsored by Kublai Khan as a new writing system in his empire.[20]
Births
- April/June – Philip IV of France (d. 1314)[21]
- Saint Clare of Montefalco (d. 1308)[22]
- Emperor Duanzong of China (d. 1278)[23]
- Mahaut, Countess of Artois (d. 1327)[24]
- Vedanta Desika, Indian Hindu poet and philosopher[25]
Deaths
- May 15 – Peter II, Count of Savoy (b. 1203)[26]
- July 7 – Reniero Zeno, Doge of Venice[27]
- August 11 – Agnes of Faucigny, Dame ruler of Faucigny, countess consort of Savoy[28]
- October 29
- November 29 – Pope Clement IV[9]
- December 9 – Vaišvilkas, Prince of Black Ruthenia[31]
- date unknown
- Barral of Baux, Grand Justiciar of Sicily[32]
- George (son of David VII of Georgia), Crown Prince of Georgia (b. 1250)[citation needed]
- Henry de Bracton, English jurist[33]
References
- ^ Parppei, Kati M. J. (2017). The Battle of Kulikovo Refought: "The First National Feat". Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 129. ISBN 9789004337947.
- ^ Finlay, George (1854). History of the Byzantine Empire, from DCCXVI to MLVII. Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood and Sons. p. 441.
- ^ Small, Carola M. (2004). "Battle of Tagliacozzo". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 1068. ISBN 9781135948801.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 286. ISBN 9781851096725.
- ^ Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 180. ISBN 9780472082605.
- ^ Madgearu, Alexandru (2016). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1280). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 255. ISBN 9789004333192.
- ^ Möller, Arnold Wilhelm (1822). Versuch einer Territorialgeschichte des preußischen Staates, oder kurze Darstellung des Wachsthums der Besitzungen des Hauses Brandenburg seit dem zwölften Jahrhundert. Mit einer illumin. Karte (in German). Hamm und Münster: Schulz u. Wundermann. pp. 13–14.
- ^ Dean, Trevor (2000). The Towns of Italy in the Later Middle Ages. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. p. 219. ISBN 9780719052040.
- ^ a b Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. p. 106. ISBN 9780871691149.
- ^ Zirpolo, Lilian H. (2009). The A to Z of Renaissance Art. Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. pp. 342–343. ISBN 9780810870437.
- ^ McNeill, William H. (2009) [1974]. Venice: The Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 269. ISBN 9780226561547.
- ^ Oliver, Garrett (2012). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 464. ISBN 9780195367133.
- ^ "Kolárovo city, Slovakia". fotw.info. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
- ^ Bradbury, Jim (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. London and New York: Routledge. p. 185. ISBN 9781134598472.
- ^ Curtis Wright, David (2013). "Debates in the Field During Bayan's Campaigns Against Southern Song China, 1274 - 1276". In Lorge, Peter A. (ed.). Debating War in Chinese History. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 141. ISBN 9789004244795.
- ^ Bary, Wm. Theodore de; Gluck, Carol; Tiedemann, Arthur; Varley, Paul (2002). "The Mongol Invasion of Japan". Sources of Japanese Tradition (Second: From Earliest Times to 1600 ed.). New York and Chichester, UK: Columbia University Press. p. 280. ISBN 9780231518055.
- ^ Walford, Cornelius (1879) The famines of the world: past and present London, page 55, OCLC 38724391
- ^ Lomnitz, Cinna (1974) Global Tectonics and Earthquake Risk Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-41076-7
- ^ Gates, Alexander E.; Ritchie, David (2007) [1994]. Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes (Third ed.). New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 292. ISBN 9780816072705.
- ^ Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2010). One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 224. ISBN 9789004177321.
- ^ Delph, Ronald K. (2007). Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Janice J.; Upshur, Jiu-Hwa Lo; Whitters, Mark F. (eds.). Encyclopedia of World History. Facts on File Library of World History. Infobase Publishing. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4.
- ^ Renna, Thomas (2006). Schaus, Margaret C. (ed.). Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 9781135459604.
- ^ Hu, Wen (2017). Dillon, Michael (ed.). Encyclopedia of Chinese History. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 634–635. ISBN 9781317817161.
- ^ Juhász, Gergely M. (2014). Translating Resurrection: The Debate between William Tyndale and George Joye in Its Historical and Theological Context. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 165. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 155. ISBN 9789004259522.
- ^ Neville, Robert C. (2001). Ultimate Realities: A Volume in the Comparative Religious Ideas Project. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780791447758.
- ^ Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1841). Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. London: Charles Knight. pp. 439.
1268 peter savoy.
- ^ Hazlitt, William Carew (1860). History of the Venetian Republic: Her Rise, Her Greatness, and Her Civilization. Vol. II. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 255.
- ^ Cox, Eugene L. (2015) [1974]. The Eagles of Savoy: The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 374. ISBN 9781400867912.
- ^ Quatriglio, Giuseppe (2005) [1985]. A Thousand Years in Sicily: From the Arabs to the Bourbons (Third ed.). Mineola, NY and Ottawa: Legas / Gaetano Cipolla. p. 43. ISBN 9780921252177.
- ^ Bassiouni, M. Cherif; Schabas, William A. (2016). The Legislative History of the International Criminal Court. Vol. I (Second Revised and Expanded ed.). Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 17. ISBN 9789004322097.
- ^ Janonienė, Rūta; Račiūnaitė, Tojana; Iršėnas, Marius; Butrimas, Adomas (2015). The Lithuanian Millennium: History, Art and Culture. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Academy of Arts Press. p. 58. ISBN 9786094470974.
- ^ Linskill, Richard, ed. (1964). The Poems of the Troubadour, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton. p. 85.
- ^ Bracton, Henry de (2010). Maitland, William Frederick (ed.). Bracton's Note Book: A Collection of Cases Decided in the King's Courts During the Reign of Henry the Third. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9781108010290.