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==== Mongol Empire ==== |
==== Mongol Empire ==== |
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* Spring – The Polovtsian army assembles on the [[Terek (river)|Terek River]] lowlands and are joined by [[Alans|Alan]], [[Circassians|Circassian]], and Don Kipchak/[[Cumans|Cuman]] forces. The Mongol army crosses the [[Caucasus Mountains]], but is trapped into the narrow mountain passes. The Mongol generals [[Subutai]] and [[Jebe]] (the Arrow) sent an embassy to the Polovtsians and convince them to break their alliance with the Caucasian peoples. The Mongol cavalry invades the [[Caucasus]] region and devastates the local villages, seizing slaves, cattle and horses.<ref>[[David Nicolle]] & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 52. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
* Spring – The Polovtsian army assembles on the [[Terek (river)|Terek River]] lowlands and are joined by [[Alans|Alan]], [[Circassians|Circassian]], and Don Kipchak/[[Cumans|Cuman]] forces. The Mongol army crosses the [[Caucasus Mountains]], but is trapped into the narrow mountain passes. The Mongol generals [[Subutai]] and [[Jebe]] ('''the Arrow''') sent an embassy to the Polovtsians and convince them to break their alliance with the Caucasian peoples. The Mongol cavalry invades the [[Caucasus]] region and devastates the local villages, seizing slaves, cattle and horses.<ref>[[David Nicolle]] & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 52. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
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* The Mongol army invades Polovtsian territory and defeats the Polovtsians in a great battle near the [[Don (river)|Don River]]. Several Polovtsian leaders are killed – while the remainder flees westwards, across the [[Dnieper|Dnieper River]], to seek support by various Russian princes. Steppe lands east of the Dnieper fall under Mongol control, Subutai and Jebe raise the wealthy city of [[Astrakhan]] on the [[Volga|Volga River]]. Subutai now parts his forces, he moves south to the [[Crimea]] (or Tauric Peninsula), while Jebe travels towards the Dnieper.<ref>John Man (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 217. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref> |
* The Mongol army invades Polovtsian territory and defeats the Polovtsians in a great battle near the [[Don (river)|Don River]]. Several Polovtsian leaders are killed – while the remainder flees westwards, across the [[Dnieper|Dnieper River]], to seek support by various Russian princes. Steppe lands east of the Dnieper fall under Mongol control, Subutai and Jebe raise the wealthy city of [[Astrakhan]] on the [[Volga|Volga River]]. Subutai now parts his forces, he moves south to the [[Crimea]] (or '''Tauric Peninsula'''), while Jebe travels towards the Dnieper.<ref>John Man (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 217. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref> |
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* Mongol forces capture the nominally Genoese trading outpost of [[Sudak]], probably with the tacit approval of neighbouring rival Venetian outposts in the Crimea. Subutai promises to destroy any non-Venetian colonies in the area. In return, the Venetians provide Subutai with information about the kingdoms in [[Eastern Europe]]. Meanwhile, [[Köten|Köten Khan]], Cuman/Kipchak chieftain of the Polovtsians, convinces Prince [[Mstislav Mstislavich]] of [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Galicia]] to form an alliance, and informs him of his plight against the Mongols.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 57. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
* Mongol forces capture the nominally Genoese trading outpost of [[Sudak]], probably with the tacit approval of neighbouring rival Venetian outposts in the Crimea. Subutai promises to destroy any non-Venetian colonies in the area. In return, the Venetians provide Subutai with information about the kingdoms in [[Eastern Europe]]. Meanwhile, [[Köten|Köten Khan]], Cuman/Kipchak chieftain of the Polovtsians, convinces Prince [[Mstislav Mstislavich]] of [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Galicia]] to form an alliance, and informs him of his plight against the Mongols.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 57. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
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* February – A council of Russian princes summons at [[Kyiv|Kiev]]; several princes are convinced by Köten Khan to assemble an allied army to drive the Mongols back. During the first half of March, Russian princes return to their principalities and begin to raise forces for the forthcoming campaign. The alliance has a combined force of some 60,000 men, mainly cavalry. Subutai unites his army with Jebe, and sends ambassadors to the [[Kievan Rus']] princes, to tell them to stay out of the conflict as it didn't involve them.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 57. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
* February – A council of Russian princes summons at [[Kyiv|Kiev]]; several princes are convinced by Köten Khan to assemble an allied army to drive the Mongols back. During the first half of March, Russian princes return to their principalities and begin to raise forces for the forthcoming campaign. The alliance has a combined force of some 60,000 men, mainly cavalry. Subutai unites his army with Jebe, and sends ambassadors to the [[Kievan Rus']] princes, to tell them to stay out of the conflict as it didn't involve them.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 57. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
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* April – The Russian princes lead their separate armies from different parts of [[Russia]], to assemble 60 kilometres downriver from Kiev. There are three main groups of princes taking part in the campaign; the Kievan army is represented by Grand Prince [[Mstislav III of Kiev|Mstislav Romanovich]] (the Old). The second group are the [[Chernihiv|Chernigov]] and [[Smolensk]] armies under Prince [[Mstislav II Svyatoslavich|Mstislav II]]. The third group is the Galician-Volhynian army under Mstislav Mstislavich with his son-in-law [[Daniel of Galicia]], leaving from northern [[Ukraine]].<ref>John Man (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 218. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref> |
* April – The Russian princes lead their separate armies from different parts of [[Russia]], to assemble 60 kilometres downriver from Kiev. There are three main groups of princes taking part in the campaign; the Kievan army is represented by Grand Prince [[Mstislav III of Kiev|Mstislav Romanovich]] ('''the Old'''). The second group are the [[Chernihiv|Chernigov]] and [[Smolensk]] armies under Prince [[Mstislav II Svyatoslavich|Mstislav II]]. The third group is the Galician-Volhynian army under Mstislav Mstislavich with his son-in-law [[Daniel of Galicia]], leaving from northern [[Ukraine]].<ref>John Man (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 218. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref> |
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* The Mongol leaders Subutai and Jebe receive news that [[Jochi]], who camps north of the [[Caspian Sea]], will not be able to provide the expected reinforcements due to Jochi's reported illness or suspected refusal to obey his father [[Genghis Khan]]'s orders. Subutai sends an embassy to the Russian princes, to offer peace and perhaps attempt to break the Russian alliance with the Polovtsians. But the Mogol ambassadors are executed – a task eagerly carried out by Köten Khan's followers, by the end of April.<ref>John Man (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 218. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref> |
* The Mongol leaders Subutai and Jebe receive news that [[Jochi]], who camps north of the [[Caspian Sea]], will not be able to provide the expected reinforcements due to Jochi's reported illness or suspected refusal to obey his father [[Genghis Khan]]'s orders. Subutai sends an embassy to the Russian princes, to offer peace and perhaps attempt to break the Russian alliance with the Polovtsians. But the Mogol ambassadors are executed – a task eagerly carried out by Köten Khan's followers, by the end of April.<ref>John Man (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 218. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref> |
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* Late April – The Russian and Polovtsian armies march down the west bank of the Dnieper River. Within a few days of the march beginning, a second group of Mongol ambassadors appear in the Russian camp and again offer peace. When their offers are rebuffed, the ambassadors are allowed to leave unharmed. Meanwhile, Russian forces from Galicia arrive by boat or cart-loads of equipment and food, along the [[Black Sea]] coast and up the Dnieper River. Screened by Mongol forces on the east bank.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 57. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
* Late April – The Russian and Polovtsian armies march down the west bank of the Dnieper River. Within a few days of the march beginning, a second group of Mongol ambassadors appear in the Russian camp and again offer peace. When their offers are rebuffed, the ambassadors are allowed to leave unharmed. Meanwhile, Russian forces from Galicia arrive by boat or cart-loads of equipment and food, along the [[Black Sea]] coast and up the Dnieper River. Screened by Mongol forces on the east bank.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 57. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
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* Late May – The Mongol army under Subutai and Jebe establishes a defensive position on the Kalka River. Increasing disagreements amongst the Russian princes, about the wisdom of continuing to pursue the Mongols deeper into the steppes. By the end of May, the allied forces reach the banks of the Kalka River. The Polovtsian vanguard is way ahead of the rest of the Russian army, which gives them a triumphant feeling. Meanwhile, Subutai and Jebe set up a trap against the Russian forces.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 64. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
* Late May – The Mongol army under Subutai and Jebe establishes a defensive position on the Kalka River. Increasing disagreements amongst the Russian princes, about the wisdom of continuing to pursue the Mongols deeper into the steppes. By the end of May, the allied forces reach the banks of the Kalka River. The Polovtsian vanguard is way ahead of the rest of the Russian army, which gives them a triumphant feeling. Meanwhile, Subutai and Jebe set up a trap against the Russian forces.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 64. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
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* [[May 31]] – [[Battle of the Kalka River]]: The Russian cavalry attacks successful the Mongol vanguard, and crosses the Kalka River. The Polovtsian and Volhynian cavalry led by Daniel of Galicia forms the Russian vanguard. Meanwhile, the army of Kiev waits on the western side of the Kalka River. The Russians fail to co-ordinate their attacks, they advance in separate formations and become divided by the Kalka River. In the afternoon, the Russian army collapses under continuous Mongol attacks.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', pp. 76-77. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
* [[May 31]] – [[Battle of the Kalka River]]: The Russian cavalry attacks successful the Mongol vanguard, and crosses the Kalka River. The Polovtsian and Volhynian cavalry led by Daniel of Galicia forms the Russian vanguard. Meanwhile, the army of Kiev waits on the western side of the Kalka River. The Russians fail to co-ordinate their attacks, they advance in separate formations and become divided by the Kalka River. In the afternoon, the Russian army collapses under continuous Mongol attacks.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', pp. 76-77. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
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* June – Mstislav Mstislavich escapes with the remnants of his Galician army back to the Dnieper River. Mstislav Romanovich (the Old) surrenders and is executed. According to sources, he and other Russian nobles are slowly suffocated to death during a Mongol 'drunken feast', they are tied up and laid flat on the ground beneath what is described as a wooden 'bridge' (or platform), on which Subutai, Jebe and their officers feast. This in revenge for killing the Mongol ambassadors.<ref>John Man (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', pp. 220–221. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref> |
* June – Mstislav Mstislavich escapes with the remnants of his Galician army back to the Dnieper River. Mstislav Romanovich ('''the Old''') surrenders and is executed. According to sources, he and other Russian nobles are slowly suffocated to death during a Mongol 'drunken feast', they are tied up and laid flat on the ground beneath what is described as a wooden 'bridge' (or platform), on which Subutai, Jebe and their officers feast. This in revenge for killing the Mongol ambassadors.<ref>John Man (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', pp. 220–221. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref> |
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* [[Battle of Samara Bend]]: A Volga-Bulgarian army under [[Ghabdula Chelbir]] defeats the Mongols, probably led by Subutai, Jebe and Jochi. The Bulgars retreat during the battle but the Mongols pursue them. Then the main Bulgar forces ambush the Mongols. Subutai and Jebe retreat their forces near the city of [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]] (future capital of the [[Golden Horde]]), not far from where the Volga River empties into the Caspian Sea.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 83. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
* [[Battle of Samara Bend]]: A Volga-Bulgarian army under [[Ghabdula Chelbir]] defeats the Mongols, probably led by Subutai, Jebe and Jochi. The Bulgars retreat during the battle but the Mongols pursue them. Then the main Bulgar forces ambush the Mongols. Subutai and Jebe retreat their forces near the city of [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]] (future capital of the [[Golden Horde]]), not far from where the Volga River empties into the Caspian Sea.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 83. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
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* Autumn – Mongol forces under Jochi, Subutai and Jebe attack and defeat the Qangl Turks (eastern Kipchaks or Wild Polovtsians), killing their ruler. During the winter, they continue eastwards across the [[Eurasian Steppe|Great Steppe]]. Jebe (possibly poisoned) suddenly dies of a fever near the [[Emil (river)|Imil River]].<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 84. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
* Autumn – Mongol forces under Jochi, Subutai and Jebe attack and defeat the Qangl Turks (eastern Kipchaks or '''Wild Polovtsians'''), killing their ruler. During the winter, they continue eastwards across the [[Eurasian Steppe|Great Steppe]]. Jebe (possibly poisoned) suddenly dies of a fever near the [[Emil (river)|Imil River]].<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 84. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref> |
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==== Europe ==== |
==== Europe ==== |
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* [[Livonian Crusade]]: The Estonians revolt against the [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]] and [[Denmark]], and for a brief period reconquer all of their strongholds except for [[Tallinn]]. |
* [[Livonian Crusade]]: The Estonians revolt against the [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]] and [[Denmark]], and for a brief period reconquer all of their strongholds except for [[Tallinn]]. |
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* [[January 29]] – [[Battle of Viljandi (1223)|Battle of Viljandi]]: The [[Sakala County|Sakalians]] attack the Germans inside the stronghold of [[Viljandi Castle]]. The Estonian forces kill Sword Brothers and many merchants. |
* [[January 29]] – [[Battle of Viljandi (1223)|Battle of Viljandi]]: The [[Sakala County|Sakalians]] attack the Germans inside the stronghold of [[Viljandi Castle]]. The Estonian forces kill Sword Brothers and many merchants. |
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* [[March 25]] – King [[Afonso II of Portugal|Afonso II]] (the Fat) dies after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his eldest son, [[Sancho II of Portugal|Sancho II]] ('''the Pious'''), who becomes sole ruler of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]. |
* [[March 25]] – King [[Afonso II of Portugal|Afonso II]] ('''the Fat''') dies after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his eldest son, [[Sancho II of Portugal|Sancho II]] ('''the Pious'''), who becomes sole ruler of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]. |
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* [[July 14]] – King [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] (Augustus) dies of a fever while traveling to [[Paris]]. He is succeeded by his son, [[Louis VIII of France|Louis VIII]] (the Lion), who is crowned ruler of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. |
* [[July 14]] – King [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] ('''Augustus''') dies of a fever while traveling to [[Paris]]. He is succeeded by his son, [[Louis VIII of France|Louis VIII]] ('''the Lion'''), who is crowned ruler of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. |
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==== Asia ==== |
==== Asia ==== |
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* Spring – The Mongol army led by [[Muqali]] (or Mukhali) strikes into [[Shaanxi|Shaanxi Province]], attacking [[Chang'an]] while Genghis khan is invading the [[Khwarazmian Empire]]. The garrison (some 200,000 men) in Chang'an is too strong and Muqali is forced to pillage [[Feng County, Shaanxi|Feng County]]. During the campaign, Muqali becomes seriously ill and dies, while his forces are consolidating their position on both sides of the [[Yellow River]].<ref>Igor de Rachewiltz (1993). ''In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300)'', p. 7. Harrassowitz Verlag.</ref> |
* Spring – The Mongol army led by [[Muqali]] (or '''Mukhali''') strikes into [[Shaanxi|Shaanxi Province]], attacking [[Chang'an]] while Genghis khan is invading the [[Khwarazmian Empire]]. The garrison (some 200,000 men) in Chang'an is too strong and Muqali is forced to pillage [[Feng County, Shaanxi|Feng County]]. During the campaign, Muqali becomes seriously ill and dies, while his forces are consolidating their position on both sides of the [[Yellow River]].<ref>Igor de Rachewiltz (1993). ''In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300)'', p. 7. Harrassowitz Verlag.</ref> |
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=== By topic === |
=== By topic === |
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* [[November 29]] – Pope [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]] approves the [[Rule of Saint Francis#The Rule of 1223|Franciscan Rule]] (also called "Regula Bullata"). The rule set regulations for discipline, preaching, and entering the order for Franciscan friars. |
* [[November 29]] – Pope [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]] approves the [[Rule of Saint Francis#The Rule of 1223|Franciscan Rule]] (also called "Regula Bullata"). The rule set regulations for discipline, preaching, and entering the order for Franciscan friars. |
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</onlyinclude> |
</onlyinclude> |
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== Births == |
== Births == |
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* [[January 25]] – [[Maud de Lacy, Countess of Gloucester|Maud de Lacy]], English noblewoman (d. [[1289]]) |
* [[January 25]] – [[Maud de Lacy, Countess of Gloucester|Maud de Lacy]], English noblewoman (d. [[1289]]) |
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* [[John Fitzalan (1223–1267)|John Fitzalan II]], English nobleman (d. [[1267]]) |
* [[John Fitzalan (1223–1267)|John Fitzalan II]], English nobleman (d. [[1267]]) |
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* [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]], prince of [[Wales]] (d. [[1282]]) |
* [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]], prince of [[Wales]] (d. [[1282]]) |
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* [[Michael VIII Palaiologos|Michael VIII]] (Palaiologos), Byzantine emperor (d. 1282) |
* [[Michael VIII Palaiologos|Michael VIII]] ('''Palaiologos'''), Byzantine emperor (d. 1282) |
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* [[Mugai Nyodai]], Japanese [[Zen master|Zen Master]] (d. 1298) |
* [[Mugai Nyodai]], Japanese [[Zen master|Zen Master]] (d. 1298) |
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* [[Stefan Uroš I]] (the Great), king of [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|Serbia]] (d. 1277) |
* [[Stefan Uroš I]] ('''the Great'''), king of [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|Serbia]] (d. 1277) |
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== Deaths == |
== Deaths == |
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* [[March 8]] – [[Wincenty Kadłubek]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków|Kraków]] (b. [[1150]]) |
* [[March 8]] – [[Wincenty Kadłubek]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków|Kraków]] (b. [[1150]]) |
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* [[March 25]] – [[Afonso II of Portugal|Afonso II]] (the Fat), king of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] (b. [[1185]]) |
* [[March 25]] – [[Afonso II of Portugal|Afonso II]] ('''the Fat'''), king of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] (b. [[1185]]) |
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* [[May 31]] – [[Mstislav II Svyatoslavich|Mstislav Svyatoslavich]], Kievan prince (b. [[1168]]) |
* [[May 31]] – [[Mstislav II Svyatoslavich|Mstislav Svyatoslavich]], Kievan prince (b. [[1168]]) |
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* [[June 4]] – [[Hugh of Beaulieu]], English [[abbot]] and bishop |
* [[June 4]] – [[Hugh of Beaulieu]], English [[abbot]] and bishop |
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* [[July 7]] – [[Ibn Qudamah]], Umayyad theologian (b. [[1147]]) |
* [[July 7]] – [[Ibn Qudamah]], Umayyad theologian (b. [[1147]]) |
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* [[July 8]] – [[Konoe Motomichi]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1160]]) |
* [[July 8]] – [[Konoe Motomichi]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1160]]) |
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* [[July 14]] – [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] (Augustus), king of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] (b. [[1165]]) |
* [[July 14]] – [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] ('''Augustus'''), king of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] (b. [[1165]]) |
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* [[Alamanda de Castelnau]], French [[troubadour]] and writer |
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* [[Fernán Gutiérrez de Castro]], Spanish nobleman (b. [[1180]]) |
* [[Fernán Gutiérrez de Castro]], Spanish nobleman (b. [[1180]]) |
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* [[Gerald of Wales]], Norman archdeacon and writer (b. [[1146]]) |
* [[Gerald of Wales]], Norman archdeacon and writer (b. [[1146]]) |
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* [[Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn|Gille Brigte of Strathearn]], Scottish nobleman (b. 1150) |
* [[Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn|Gille Brigte of Strathearn]], Scottish nobleman (b. 1150) |
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* [[Henry I, Duke of Mödling|Henry I]] (the Elder), German nobleman and knight (b. [[1158]]) |
* [[Henry I, Duke of Mödling|Henry I]] ('''the Elder'''), German nobleman and knight (b. [[1158]]) |
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* [[Ibn Tumlus]], Andalusian scholar and physician (b. [[1164]]) |
* [[Ibn Tumlus]], Andalusian scholar and physician (b. [[1164]]) |
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* [[Jebe]] (the Arrow), Mongol general (approximate date) |
* [[Jebe]] ('''the Arrow'''), Mongol general (approximate date) |
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* [[Mstislav III of Kiev|Mstislav Romanovich]] (the |
* [[Mstislav III of Kiev|Mstislav Romanovich]] ('''the Old'''), Grand Prince of [[Principality of Kiev|Kiev]] |
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* [[Muqali]] (or Mukhulai), Mongol military leader (b. [[1170]]) |
* [[Muqali]] (or '''Mukhulai'''), Mongol military leader (b. [[1170]]) |
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* [[Sancho, Count of Provence|Sancho]] (or Sanche), Aragonese nobleman (b. [[1161]]) |
* [[Sancho, Count of Provence|Sancho]] (or '''Sanche'''), Aragonese nobleman (b. [[1161]]) |
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* [[Unkei]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] monk and sculptor (b. 1150) |
* [[Unkei]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] monk and sculptor (b. 1150) |
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* [[William de Cornhill]], English archdeacon and bishop |
* [[William de Cornhill]], English archdeacon and bishop |
Revision as of 23:40, 29 October 2021
Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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Centuries: | |
Decades: | |
Years: |
1223 by topic |
---|
Leaders |
Birth and death categories |
Births – Deaths |
Establishments and disestablishments categories |
Establishments – Disestablishments |
Art and literature |
1223 in poetry |
Gregorian calendar | 1223 MCCXXIII |
Ab urbe condita | 1976 |
Armenian calendar | 672 ԹՎ ՈՀԲ |
Assyrian calendar | 5973 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1144–1145 |
Bengali calendar | 630 |
Berber calendar | 2173 |
English Regnal year | 7 Hen. 3 – 8 Hen. 3 |
Buddhist calendar | 1767 |
Burmese calendar | 585 |
Byzantine calendar | 6731–6732 |
Chinese calendar | 壬午年 (Water Horse) 3920 or 3713 — to — 癸未年 (Water Goat) 3921 or 3714 |
Coptic calendar | 939–940 |
Discordian calendar | 2389 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1215–1216 |
Hebrew calendar | 4983–4984 |
Hindu calendars | |
- Vikram Samvat | 1279–1280 |
- Shaka Samvat | 1144–1145 |
- Kali Yuga | 4323–4324 |
Holocene calendar | 11223 |
Igbo calendar | 223–224 |
Iranian calendar | 601–602 |
Islamic calendar | 619–620 |
Japanese calendar | Jōō 2 (貞応2年) |
Javanese calendar | 1131–1132 |
Julian calendar | 1223 MCCXXIII |
Korean calendar | 3556 |
Minguo calendar | 689 before ROC 民前689年 |
Nanakshahi calendar | −245 |
Thai solar calendar | 1765–1766 |
Tibetan calendar | 阳水马年 (male Water-Horse) 1349 or 968 or 196 — to — 阴水羊年 (female Water-Goat) 1350 or 969 or 197 |
Year 1223 (MCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Mongol Empire
- Spring – The Polovtsian army assembles on the Terek River lowlands and are joined by Alan, Circassian, and Don Kipchak/Cuman forces. The Mongol army crosses the Caucasus Mountains, but is trapped into the narrow mountain passes. The Mongol generals Subutai and Jebe (the Arrow) sent an embassy to the Polovtsians and convince them to break their alliance with the Caucasian peoples. The Mongol cavalry invades the Caucasus region and devastates the local villages, seizing slaves, cattle and horses.[1]
- The Mongol army invades Polovtsian territory and defeats the Polovtsians in a great battle near the Don River. Several Polovtsian leaders are killed – while the remainder flees westwards, across the Dnieper River, to seek support by various Russian princes. Steppe lands east of the Dnieper fall under Mongol control, Subutai and Jebe raise the wealthy city of Astrakhan on the Volga River. Subutai now parts his forces, he moves south to the Crimea (or Tauric Peninsula), while Jebe travels towards the Dnieper.[2]
- Mongol forces capture the nominally Genoese trading outpost of Sudak, probably with the tacit approval of neighbouring rival Venetian outposts in the Crimea. Subutai promises to destroy any non-Venetian colonies in the area. In return, the Venetians provide Subutai with information about the kingdoms in Eastern Europe. Meanwhile, Köten Khan, Cuman/Kipchak chieftain of the Polovtsians, convinces Prince Mstislav Mstislavich of Galicia to form an alliance, and informs him of his plight against the Mongols.[3]
- February – A council of Russian princes summons at Kiev; several princes are convinced by Köten Khan to assemble an allied army to drive the Mongols back. During the first half of March, Russian princes return to their principalities and begin to raise forces for the forthcoming campaign. The alliance has a combined force of some 60,000 men, mainly cavalry. Subutai unites his army with Jebe, and sends ambassadors to the Kievan Rus' princes, to tell them to stay out of the conflict as it didn't involve them.[4]
- April – The Russian princes lead their separate armies from different parts of Russia, to assemble 60 kilometres downriver from Kiev. There are three main groups of princes taking part in the campaign; the Kievan army is represented by Grand Prince Mstislav Romanovich (the Old). The second group are the Chernigov and Smolensk armies under Prince Mstislav II. The third group is the Galician-Volhynian army under Mstislav Mstislavich with his son-in-law Daniel of Galicia, leaving from northern Ukraine.[5]
- The Mongol leaders Subutai and Jebe receive news that Jochi, who camps north of the Caspian Sea, will not be able to provide the expected reinforcements due to Jochi's reported illness or suspected refusal to obey his father Genghis Khan's orders. Subutai sends an embassy to the Russian princes, to offer peace and perhaps attempt to break the Russian alliance with the Polovtsians. But the Mogol ambassadors are executed – a task eagerly carried out by Köten Khan's followers, by the end of April.[6]
- Late April – The Russian and Polovtsian armies march down the west bank of the Dnieper River. Within a few days of the march beginning, a second group of Mongol ambassadors appear in the Russian camp and again offer peace. When their offers are rebuffed, the ambassadors are allowed to leave unharmed. Meanwhile, Russian forces from Galicia arrive by boat or cart-loads of equipment and food, along the Black Sea coast and up the Dnieper River. Screened by Mongol forces on the east bank.[7]
- May 15 – The Russian army gathers on the island of Khortytsia, later to become a famous Cossack base, at the mouth of the Dnieper River, next to modern-day Zaporizhzhia (Ukraine). The main Polovtsian forces led by Köten Khan, join the Russians here, which consist entirely of mounted archers. Compare to this, some 20,000–25,000 Mongols assemble and build a defensive encampment on the high ground, probably on the northern slopes of the Mohila Bel'mak hills, located near the Konka River.[8]
- May 16 – Mstislav Mstislavich leads a small detachment of his own men, and some Polovtsians to the far bank of the Dnieper River – where they attack a part of the Mongol advance guard. The Mongols promptly fleeing into the steppes. Mstislavich pursues them and captures their commander named Gemyabek or Hamabek who seeks refuge behind a wooden fence surrounding a Polovtsian burial site. The captive's fate is sealed when the Polovtsians ask Mstislavich to hand him over – to execute.[9]
- May 17 – Daniel of Galicia leads a reconnaissance in force east of the Dnieper River, using a bridge of boats. He defeats a Mongol detachment, who abandons their herds and local prisoners. Following these successful sorties, the entire Russian and Polovtsian armies start a 9-days march towards the main Mongol army. Numerous carts move across the steppes, loaded with mail, heavy armour, as well as shields, protected by Russian cavalry. The Mongol forces retreat towards the Kalka River.[10]
- Late May – The Mongol army under Subutai and Jebe establishes a defensive position on the Kalka River. Increasing disagreements amongst the Russian princes, about the wisdom of continuing to pursue the Mongols deeper into the steppes. By the end of May, the allied forces reach the banks of the Kalka River. The Polovtsian vanguard is way ahead of the rest of the Russian army, which gives them a triumphant feeling. Meanwhile, Subutai and Jebe set up a trap against the Russian forces.[11]
- May 31 – Battle of the Kalka River: The Russian cavalry attacks successful the Mongol vanguard, and crosses the Kalka River. The Polovtsian and Volhynian cavalry led by Daniel of Galicia forms the Russian vanguard. Meanwhile, the army of Kiev waits on the western side of the Kalka River. The Russians fail to co-ordinate their attacks, they advance in separate formations and become divided by the Kalka River. In the afternoon, the Russian army collapses under continuous Mongol attacks.[12]
- June – Mstislav Mstislavich escapes with the remnants of his Galician army back to the Dnieper River. Mstislav Romanovich (the Old) surrenders and is executed. According to sources, he and other Russian nobles are slowly suffocated to death during a Mongol 'drunken feast', they are tied up and laid flat on the ground beneath what is described as a wooden 'bridge' (or platform), on which Subutai, Jebe and their officers feast. This in revenge for killing the Mongol ambassadors.[13]
- Battle of Samara Bend: A Volga-Bulgarian army under Ghabdula Chelbir defeats the Mongols, probably led by Subutai, Jebe and Jochi. The Bulgars retreat during the battle but the Mongols pursue them. Then the main Bulgar forces ambush the Mongols. Subutai and Jebe retreat their forces near the city of Sarai (future capital of the Golden Horde), not far from where the Volga River empties into the Caspian Sea.[14]
- Autumn – Mongol forces under Jochi, Subutai and Jebe attack and defeat the Qangl Turks (eastern Kipchaks or Wild Polovtsians), killing their ruler. During the winter, they continue eastwards across the Great Steppe. Jebe (possibly poisoned) suddenly dies of a fever near the Imil River.[15]
Europe
- Livonian Crusade: The Estonians revolt against the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and Denmark, and for a brief period reconquer all of their strongholds except for Tallinn.
- January 29 – Battle of Viljandi: The Sakalians attack the Germans inside the stronghold of Viljandi Castle. The Estonian forces kill Sword Brothers and many merchants.
- March 25 – King Afonso II (the Fat) dies after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his eldest son, Sancho II (the Pious), who becomes sole ruler of Portugal.
- July 14 – King Philip II (Augustus) dies of a fever while traveling to Paris. He is succeeded by his son, Louis VIII (the Lion), who is crowned ruler of France.
Asia
- Spring – The Mongol army led by Muqali (or Mukhali) strikes into Shaanxi Province, attacking Chang'an while Genghis khan is invading the Khwarazmian Empire. The garrison (some 200,000 men) in Chang'an is too strong and Muqali is forced to pillage Feng County. During the campaign, Muqali becomes seriously ill and dies, while his forces are consolidating their position on both sides of the Yellow River.[16]
By topic
Religion
- November 29 – Pope Honorius III approves the Franciscan Rule (also called "Regula Bullata"). The rule set regulations for discipline, preaching, and entering the order for Franciscan friars.
Births
- January 25 – Maud de Lacy, English noblewoman (d. 1289)
- Baibars, Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria (d. 1277)
- Eleanor of Provence, queen of England (d. 1291)
- Frederick of Castile, Spanish nobleman (d. 1277)
- Guido I da Montefeltro, Italian nobleman (d. 1298)
- Hugh le Despencer, English nobleman (d. 1265)
- Ibn Abd al-Zahir, Egyptian historian (d. 1293)
- Ichijō Sanetsune, Japanese nobleman (d. 1284)
- John Fitzalan II, English nobleman (d. 1267)
- Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales (d. 1282)
- Michael VIII (Palaiologos), Byzantine emperor (d. 1282)
- Mugai Nyodai, Japanese Zen Master (d. 1298)
- Stefan Uroš I (the Great), king of Serbia (d. 1277)
Deaths
- March 8 – Wincenty Kadłubek, bishop of Kraków (b. 1150)
- March 25 – Afonso II (the Fat), king of Portugal (b. 1185)
- May 31 – Mstislav Svyatoslavich, Kievan prince (b. 1168)
- June 4 – Hugh of Beaulieu, English abbot and bishop
- July 7 – Ibn Qudamah, Umayyad theologian (b. 1147)
- July 8 – Konoe Motomichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 1160)
- July 14 – Philip II (Augustus), king of France (b. 1165)
- Alamanda de Castelnau, French troubadour and writer
- Fernán Gutiérrez de Castro, Spanish nobleman (b. 1180)
- Gerald of Wales, Norman archdeacon and writer (b. 1146)
- Gille Brigte of Strathearn, Scottish nobleman (b. 1150)
- Henry I (the Elder), German nobleman and knight (b. 1158)
- Ibn Tumlus, Andalusian scholar and physician (b. 1164)
- Jebe (the Arrow), Mongol general (approximate date)
- Mstislav Romanovich (the Old), Grand Prince of Kiev
- Muqali (or Mukhulai), Mongol military leader (b. 1170)
- Sancho (or Sanche), Aragonese nobleman (b. 1161)
- Unkei, Japanese Buddhist monk and sculptor (b. 1150)
- William de Cornhill, English archdeacon and bishop
- Ye Shi, Chinese philosopher and politician (b. 1150)
References
- ^ David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 52. ISBN 1-84176-233-4.
- ^ John Man (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 217. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
- ^ David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 57. ISBN 1-84176-233-4.
- ^ David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 57. ISBN 1-84176-233-4.
- ^ John Man (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 218. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
- ^ John Man (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 218. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
- ^ David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 57. ISBN 1-84176-233-4.
- ^ David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 61. ISBN 1-84176-233-4.
- ^ David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, pp. 61–62. ISBN 1-84176-233-4.
- ^ John Man (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 220. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
- ^ David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 64. ISBN 1-84176-233-4.
- ^ David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, pp. 76-77. ISBN 1-84176-233-4.
- ^ John Man (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, pp. 220–221. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
- ^ David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 83. ISBN 1-84176-233-4.
- ^ David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 84. ISBN 1-84176-233-4.
- ^ Igor de Rachewiltz (1993). In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300), p. 7. Harrassowitz Verlag.