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The '''Torwali people''' are an ethnic group located in the [[Swat District|Swat]] district of [[Pakistan]].<ref name=" |
The '''Torwali people''' are an ethnic group located in the [[Swat District|Swat]] district of [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Scerrato|first=Umberto|date=1983|title=Labyrinths in the Wooden Mosques of North Pakistan. A Problematic Presence|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756645|journal=East and West|volume=33|issue=1/4|pages=21–29|issn=0012-8376}}</ref> The Torwali people have a culture the values the telling of folktales and music that is played using the [[sitar]].<ref name="Torwali2016"/> The [[Torwali language|tongue]] of the Torwali belongs to the Dardic sub-group of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language family]].<ref name="Shah2013"/> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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== History == |
== History == |
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{{POV section|talk=Relevance - Torwal?|date=December 2020}} |
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[[File:Raja Gira Castle.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the fort of Raja Gira, who according to local tradition was the last Hindu ruler of Swat<ref name="Khaliq2016">{{cite web |last1=Khaliq |first1=Fazal |title=Castle of last Hindu king Raja Gira in Swat crumbling |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1243844 |publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=25 December 2020 |language=en |date=6 March 2016}}</ref>]] |
[[File:Raja Gira Castle.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the fort of Raja Gira, who according to local tradition was the last Hindu ruler of Swat<ref name="Khaliq2016">{{cite web |last1=Khaliq |first1=Fazal |title=Castle of last Hindu king Raja Gira in Swat crumbling |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1243844 |publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=25 December 2020 |language=en |date=6 March 2016}}</ref>]] |
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The Torwali people are believed to be among the earliest migrants to the region of [[Swat District|Swat]].<ref name="Shah2013"/><ref name="UrRahimViaro2002" /> However, doubts exist.<ref name="UrRahimViaro2002" /> |
The Torwali people are believed to be among the earliest migrants to the region of [[Swat District|Swat]].<ref name="Shah2013"/><ref name="UrRahimViaro2002" /> However, doubts exist.<ref name="UrRahimViaro2002" /> |
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According to a local and "deeply rooted oral tradition", there was a Hindu king of Swat, Raja Gira, who was attacked by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in the early 11th century during the [[ Islamic conquest of India| Islamic conquest of mediaeval India]]; as he was defeated, a mosque was constructed (third-oldest in Pakistan) and Islam went on to replace the [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] of the Torwali people.<ref name="UrRahimViaro2002">{{cite book|last1=ur-Rahim|first1=Inam|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/files/downloads/0/0/0/2/6/4/5/3/unige_26453_attachment01.pdf|title=Swat: An Afghan society in Pakistan: Urbanisation and Change in a Tribal Environment|last2=Viaro|first2=Alain M.|date=2002|publisher=[[Graduate Institute of Development Studies]]|page=34, 36, 60-61|quote=The conquest of the Peshawar basin in 1001 marks the beginning of the Muslim invasions into northern India. The Peshawar plain was annexed to the Ghaznavid kingdom, and the Afghan tribesmen in the Bannu area were soon subdued. Swat, Dir and Bajour, cut off from the eastern Hindu Shahi territories succumbed quickly to Mahmud's army (1021?). Two thousand feet above the plain at Udigram in Swat stands a massive ruined fort. The grand staircase leading up to Raja Gira, the last Hindu defender of Swat, who was defeated after a long siege, built the fort. According to local tradition, Mahmud's commander Khushhal Khan died during this siege and is buried where the shrine of Pir Khushhal Khan Baba stands in a grove of trees. After the conquest of Swat, the Ghaznavids strengthened and extended the defences at Udigram. Other local forts and castles were also turned into garrison towns. The Hindu and Buddhist local population had no choice, either to convert to Islam or to be killed. The part of population, which did not convert to Islam, was driven into the mountains north of Madyan. Dilazak Afghans, allied to Mahmud, took over the land and settled there.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Bagnera|first=Alessandra|date=2006|title=Preliminary Note on the Islamic Settlement of Udegram, Swat: The Islamic Graveyard (11th-13th century A.D.)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757687|journal=East and West|volume=56|issue=1/3|pages=205–228|issn=0012-8376}}</ref> The historical evidence documenting the details of pre-Islamic phase in Swat, its encounters with Islam and subsequent Islamisation remains scarce.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> In any case, by the 17th century, in the aftermath of [[Yusufzai|Yusufzai invasions]], most of the Torwalis had converted from [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] to Islam; however, the strand was mostly superficial and elements of traditional culture were still heavily practiced.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Language == |
== Language == |
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The Torwali people speak the [[Torwali language]], an [[Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] (Kohistani) branch; the language was first documented by colonial archaeologist [[Aurel Stein]] in around 1925, and the records were published by [[George Abraham Grierson]] as 'Torwali: An Account of a Dardic Language of the Swat Kohistan''<nowiki/>''' in 1929.<ref name="Shah2013">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Danial |title=Torwali is a language |url=https://www.himalmag.com/torwali-is-a-language/ |publisher=[[Himal Southasian]] |access-date=3 December 2020 |language=en |date=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|year=2020|editor-last=Eberhard|editor-first=David M.|editor2-last=Simons|editor2-first=Gary F.|editor3-last=Fennig|editor3-first=Charles D.|title=Torwali|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/trw|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|language=en|publication-place=Dallas, Texas|edition=23}}</ref> |
The Torwali people speak the [[Torwali language]], an [[Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] (Kohistani) branch; the language was first documented by colonial archaeologist [[Aurel Stein]] in around 1925, and the records were published by [[George Abraham Grierson]] as 'Torwali: An Account of a Dardic Language of the Swat Kohistan''<nowiki/>''' in 1929.<ref name="Shah2013">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Danial |title=Torwali is a language |url=https://www.himalmag.com/torwali-is-a-language/ |publisher=[[Himal Southasian]] |access-date=3 December 2020 |language=en |date=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|year=2020|editor-last=Eberhard|editor-first=David M.|editor2-last=Simons|editor2-first=Gary F.|editor3-last=Fennig|editor3-first=Charles D.|title=Torwali|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/trw|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|language=en|publication-place=Dallas, Texas|edition=23}}</ref> |
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It had approximately 102,000 speakers in 2016<ref name=":0" /> and by 2017, eight schools with instruction in the Torwali language had been established for Torwali students.<ref name=" |
It had approximately 102,000 speakers in 2016<ref name=":0" /> and by 2017, eight schools with instruction in the Torwali language had been established for Torwali students.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Torwali|first=Zubair|title=Teaching Writing to Children in Indigenous Languages : Instructional Practices from Global Contexts|date=2019-02-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-04967-2|editor-last=Sherris|editor-first=Ari|language=en|chapter=Early Writing in Torwali in Pakistan|doi=10.4324/9781351049672-3|editor-last2=Peyton|editor-first2=Joy Kreeft|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/early-writing-torwali-pakistan-zubair-torwali/10.4324/9781351049672-3}}</ref> Before 2007, the language did not have a written tradition.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Culture == |
== Culture == |
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Unique to the Torwali people are traditional games, which were abandoned for more than six decades.<ref name=" |
Unique to the Torwali people are traditional games, which were abandoned for more than six decades.<ref name=":1" /> A festival held in [[Bahrain]] known as ''Simam'' attempted to revive them in 2011.<ref name=":1" /> The Torwali people have a tradition of telling [[folklore|folktales]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Torwali|first1=Zubair|date=12 February 2016|title=Fading songs from the hills|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/fading-songs-from-the-hills/|access-date=25 December 2020|publisher=[[The Friday Times]]|language=en}}</ref> |
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=== Music === |
=== Music === |
Revision as of 22:45, 28 December 2020
Regions with significant populations | |
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Swat | |
Languages | |
Torwali | |
Religion | |
Predominantly Islam | |
Related ethnic groups | |
other Dardic peoples |
The Torwali people are an ethnic group located in the Swat district of Pakistan.[1] The Torwali people have a culture the values the telling of folktales and music that is played using the sitar.[2] The tongue of the Torwali belongs to the Dardic sub-group of the Indo-Aryan language family.[3]
Description
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Swat_%28rivi%C3%A8re%29.png/250px-Swat_%28rivi%C3%A8re%29.png)
The Torwalis inhabit the Swat River valley between Laikot (a little south of Kalam) down to and including the village of Bahrein (60 km north of Mingora). The Torwalis live in compact villages of up to 600 houses, mainly on the west bank of the Swat River. Fredrik Barth estimated that they constituted about 2000 households in all in 1956. All the Torwalis he met were bilinguial, speaking Pashto and Torwali.[4]
History
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Raja_Gira_Castle.jpg/220px-Raja_Gira_Castle.jpg)
The Torwali people are believed to be among the earliest migrants to the region of Swat.[3][6] However, doubts exist.[6]
According to a local and "deeply rooted oral tradition", there was a Hindu king of Swat, Raja Gira, who was attacked by Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century during the Islamic conquest of mediaeval India; as he was defeated, a mosque was constructed (third-oldest in Pakistan) and Islam went on to replace the Hinduism and Buddhism of the Torwali people.[6][7] The historical evidence documenting the details of pre-Islamic phase in Swat, its encounters with Islam and subsequent Islamisation remains scarce.[1][7] In any case, by the 17th century, in the aftermath of Yusufzai invasions, most of the Torwalis had converted from Hinduism and Buddhism to Islam; however, the strand was mostly superficial and elements of traditional culture were still heavily practiced.[1]
Language
The Torwali people speak the Torwali language, an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic (Kohistani) branch; the language was first documented by colonial archaeologist Aurel Stein in around 1925, and the records were published by George Abraham Grierson as 'Torwali: An Account of a Dardic Language of the Swat Kohistan' in 1929.[3][8]
It had approximately 102,000 speakers in 2016[8] and by 2017, eight schools with instruction in the Torwali language had been established for Torwali students.[9] Before 2007, the language did not have a written tradition.[9]
Culture
Unique to the Torwali people are traditional games, which were abandoned for more than six decades.[9] A festival held in Bahrain known as Simam attempted to revive them in 2011.[9] The Torwali people have a tradition of telling folktales.[10]
Music
The Torwali people play music using the traditional South Asian instrument known as the sitar.[2] Modern Torwali songs influenced by Urdu or Pashtu music are known as phal.[2]
References
- ^ a b c Scerrato, Umberto (1983). "Labyrinths in the Wooden Mosques of North Pakistan. A Problematic Presence". East and West. 33 (1/4): 21–29. ISSN 0012-8376.
- ^ a b c Torwali, Zubair (12 February 2016). "Fading songs from the hills". The Friday Times. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ a b c Shah, Danial (30 September 2013). "Torwali is a language". Himal Southasian. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Barth 1956, p. 69.
- ^ Khaliq, Fazal (6 March 2016). "Castle of last Hindu king Raja Gira in Swat crumbling". Dawn. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ a b c ur-Rahim, Inam; Viaro, Alain M. (2002). Swat: An Afghan society in Pakistan: Urbanisation and Change in a Tribal Environment (PDF). Graduate Institute of Development Studies. p. 34, 36, 60-61.
The conquest of the Peshawar basin in 1001 marks the beginning of the Muslim invasions into northern India. The Peshawar plain was annexed to the Ghaznavid kingdom, and the Afghan tribesmen in the Bannu area were soon subdued. Swat, Dir and Bajour, cut off from the eastern Hindu Shahi territories succumbed quickly to Mahmud's army (1021?). Two thousand feet above the plain at Udigram in Swat stands a massive ruined fort. The grand staircase leading up to Raja Gira, the last Hindu defender of Swat, who was defeated after a long siege, built the fort. According to local tradition, Mahmud's commander Khushhal Khan died during this siege and is buried where the shrine of Pir Khushhal Khan Baba stands in a grove of trees. After the conquest of Swat, the Ghaznavids strengthened and extended the defences at Udigram. Other local forts and castles were also turned into garrison towns. The Hindu and Buddhist local population had no choice, either to convert to Islam or to be killed. The part of population, which did not convert to Islam, was driven into the mountains north of Madyan. Dilazak Afghans, allied to Mahmud, took over the land and settled there.
- ^ a b Bagnera, Alessandra (2006). "Preliminary Note on the Islamic Settlement of Udegram, Swat: The Islamic Graveyard (11th-13th century A.D.)". East and West. 56 (1/3): 205–228. ISSN 0012-8376.
- ^ a b Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2020). "Torwali". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (23 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d Torwali, Zubair (18 February 2019). "Early Writing in Torwali in Pakistan". In Sherris, Ari; Peyton, Joy Kreeft (eds.). Teaching Writing to Children in Indigenous Languages : Instructional Practices from Global Contexts. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781351049672-3. ISBN 978-1-351-04967-2.
- ^ Torwali, Zubair (12 February 2016). "Fading songs from the hills". The Friday Times. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
Further reading
- Rehman, Abdur (1976), The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis (PDF), Australian National University
- Barth, Fredrik (1956), "Torwali", Indus and Swat Kohistan: An ethnographic survey, Oslo: Forenede Trykkerier – via archive.org
- Stein, Aurel (1930), An Archaeological Tour in Upper Swat and Adjacent Hill Tracts, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India, Central Publication Branch