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On 16 November 2018, the Polish Orthodox Church issued an official communiqué after the meeting of its synod on 15 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orthodox.pl/41419-2/|title=Komunikat<br />Kancelarii Św. Soboru Biskupów<br />Polskiego Autokefalicznego Kościoła Prawosławnego<br />15 listopada 2018 roku|last=|first=|date=16 November 2018|website=www.orthodox.pl|language=pl-PL|access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref> The Polish Orthodox Church declared in this communiqué that it did not recognize the rehabilitation of the UAOC and the UOC-KP and that the synod "forbids the priests of the Polish Orthodox Church from having liturgical and prayerful contact with the ‘clergy’ of the so-called Kiev Patriarchate and the so-called ‘Autocephalous Orthodox Church,’ which have committed much evil in the past". The communiqué also stated that "[o]nly the observance of the dogmatic and canonical norms of the Church and the preservation of the centuries-old tradition will protect Orthodoxy from severe ecclesiastical consequences on an international scale."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spzh.news/en/news/57585-polyskaja-cerkovy-otkazalasy-priznavaty-vosstanovlenije-filareta-i-makarija|title=Polish Church refuses to recognize reinstation of Filaret and Makariy|last=|first=|date=16 November 2018|website=spzh.news|language=en|access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/11/16/news166738/|title=Bishops' Council of Polish Orthodox Church bans its clerics from entering into liturgical communion with Ukrainian schismatics that received Constantinople's recognition {{!}} The Russian Orthodox Church|last=|first=|date=16 November 2018|website=mospat.ru|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> |
On 16 November 2018, the Polish Orthodox Church issued an official communiqué after the meeting of its synod on 15 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orthodox.pl/41419-2/|title=Komunikat<br />Kancelarii Św. Soboru Biskupów<br />Polskiego Autokefalicznego Kościoła Prawosławnego<br />15 listopada 2018 roku|last=|first=|date=16 November 2018|website=www.orthodox.pl|language=pl-PL|access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref> The Polish Orthodox Church declared in this communiqué that it did not recognize the rehabilitation of the UAOC and the UOC-KP and that the synod "forbids the priests of the Polish Orthodox Church from having liturgical and prayerful contact with the ‘clergy’ of the so-called Kiev Patriarchate and the so-called ‘Autocephalous Orthodox Church,’ which have committed much evil in the past". The communiqué also stated that "[o]nly the observance of the dogmatic and canonical norms of the Church and the preservation of the centuries-old tradition will protect Orthodoxy from severe ecclesiastical consequences on an international scale."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spzh.news/en/news/57585-polyskaja-cerkovy-otkazalasy-priznavaty-vosstanovlenije-filareta-i-makarija|title=Polish Church refuses to recognize reinstation of Filaret and Makariy|last=|first=|date=16 November 2018|website=spzh.news|language=en|access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/11/16/news166738/|title=Bishops' Council of Polish Orthodox Church bans its clerics from entering into liturgical communion with Ukrainian schismatics that received Constantinople's recognition {{!}} The Russian Orthodox Church|last=|first=|date=16 November 2018|website=mospat.ru|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> |
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On 18 December, [[Onufriy (Berezovsky)|Onufriy]] received a letter from the [[Sawa (Hrycuniak)|primate of the POC]] in which the primate of the POC announced his unequivocal support for [[Onufriy (Berezovsky)|Metropolitan Onufriy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spzh.news/en/news/58436-predstojately-polyskoj-cerkvi-vyrazil-podderzhku-upc-i-blazhennejshemu-onufriju|title=Primate of Polish Church voices support for UOC and His Beatitude Onufriy|last=|first=|date=18 December 2018|website=spzh.news|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/12/18/news168061/|title=Primate of Polish Orthodox Church expresses support for Metropolitan Onufriy of Kiev and All Ukraine {{!}} The Russian Orthodox Church|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref> |
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==== Serbian Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch ==== |
==== Serbian Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch ==== |
Revision as of 23:13, 25 December 2018
Part of a series on the |
Eastern Orthodox Church |
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Overview |
The Moscow–Constantinople schism,[a] also known as the Orthodox Church schism of 2018,[b][1] is a schism which began on 15 October 2018 when the Russian Orthodox Church unilaterally severed full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[2] This was done in response to a decision of the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate on 11 October 2018 which confirmed the intention of moving towards granting autocephaly (independence) to the orthodox Church of Ukraine, to reestablish a stauropegion[3] of the Ecumenical Patriarch in Kiev, to revoke the legal binding of the letter of 1686[4] which led to the Russian Orthodox Church establishing jurisdiction over the Ukrainian Church and to lift the excommunications which affected clergy and faithful of two unrecognized Orthodox churches in Ukraine.[5][6] Those two churches, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate (UOC-KP) were competing with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) (UOC-MP) and were, and still are, considered schismatics by the Patriarchate of Moscow.[7]
In their synod on 14 September 2018, the Moscow Patriarchate had broken off participation in any episcopal assemblies, theological discussions, multilateral commissions, and any other structures that are chaired or co-chaired by representatives of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[8] In itd statement of 15 October, the Russian Orthodox Church barred all members of the Moscow Patriarchate from taking part in communion, baptism, and marriage at any church controlled by the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[2]
On 15 December, the UAOC, the UOC-KP, and two bishops of the UOC-MP united into one single church: the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU), whose elected primate is Metropolitan Epiphanius, previously Metropolitan of Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky and Bila Tserkva. The primate is to visit Constantinople on 6 January 2019, with Ukrainian President Poroshenko, to receive the tomos (formal decree of autocephaly) for the OCU from Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I.
The schism forms part of a wider political conflict involving Russia's 2014 annexation of the Crimea and its military intervention in Ukraine, as well as Ukraine's desire to join the European Union and NATO.[9][10]
On 28 November 2018, Ukrainian President Poroshenko declared the 2018 Kerch Strait incident was provoked by Russia in order to force Ukraine to declare martial law and therefore to prevent Ukraine from receiving its tomos of autocephaly.[11][12]
This schism is reminiscent of the Moscow–Constantinople schism of 1996 over canonical jurisdiction over Estonia, which was however ended after less than three months.[13]
Background
After the baptism of Rus', its lands were under the control of the Metropolitan of Kiev. Among the 24 metropolitans who held the throne before the Mongol invasion, only two were of local origin and the rest were Greek. Usually, they were appointed by Constantinople and were not chosen by the bishops of their dioceses, as it should be done according to the Canon.[14] After the Mongol invasion, the southern part of Rus' was heavily devastated and the disintegration of Kievan Rus' accelerated. Metropolitan Kirill III, who occupied the throne for 30 years, spent almost all of his time in the lands of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' and visited Kiev only twice, although earlier he had come from Galicia and had been nominated for the post of Metropolitan by the prince Daniel of Galicia.[15] After the new Mongol raid in 1299, Metropolitan Maksim finally moved to Vladimir in the north, and did not even leave a bishop behind. In 1303 a new cathedra was created for south-west Rus' in Galicia and the new Metropolitan was consecrated by Constantinople,[16] but its existence ended in 1355 after the Galicia–Volhynia Wars. In 1325, Metropolitan Peter moved to Moscow, thus greatly contributing to the rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which gradually conquered other Russian principalities in the northeast of the former Kievan Rus'. Another part of Kievan Rus' gradually came under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, which entered into rivalry with Moscow. In particular, the Grand Dukes of Lithuania sought from Constantinople a separate Metropolitan for the Orthodox who lived in their lands. Although the Metropolitan in Moscow continued to retain the title of "Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'", he could not rule the Orthodox outside the borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Constantinople twice agreed to create a separate Metropolitan for Lithuania, but these decisions were not permanent, Constantinople being inclined to maintain a single church government on the lands of the former Kievan Rus'.[17][18]
In 1439, Constantinople entered into union with the Roman Catholic Church. In Moscow, this decision was rejected outright, and Metropolitan Isidor, consecrated by Constantinople, was accused in heresy, imprisoned, and later expelled.[19] In 1448, the council of north-eastern Russian clergy in Moscow, at the behest of prince Vasily II of Moscow, elected Jonah the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' without the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople. In 1469 Patriarch Dionysius I stated that Constantinople would not recognize any metropolitan ordained without its blessing.[20] Meanwhile, the metropolis of Kiev (de facto in Novogrudok) stayed under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, and in 1458, bishop Gregory became the Uniate Metropolitan in Kiev with the title of the "Metropolitan of Kiev, Galich and All Rus'". Moscow's de facto independence from Constantinople remained unrecognized until 1589 when Patriarch of Constantinople Jeremiah II approved the creation of a new, fifth Orthodox Patriarchate in Moscow. This decision was finally confirmed by the four older Patriarchs in 1593.[21]
The Patriarch of Moscow became the head of "all Russia and Northern countries",[22][23] and Chernihiv (now in Ukraine) was one of his dioceses.[24] However, he had no power among the Orthodox bishops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, who remained under the rule of Constantinople. At the same time, the Orthodox hierarchs of those lands were inclined to the Union with Rome, despite the resistance of their parishes, who formed the Orthodox brotherhoods (or fraternities) to keep their identity. On the way from Moscow, Jeremiah II visited the lands of present-day Ukraine and committed an unprecedented act, granting Stauropegia (direct subordination to Patriarch) to many Orthodox brotherhoods. This provoked the anger of the local bishops and soon the Union of Brest was proclaimed, which was supported by the majority of the Orthodox bishops of the Commonwealth, including Metropolitan Michail Rogoza. Officially, the Orthodox (but not the Uniate) Metropolis of Kiev in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was eliminated and re-established only in 1620, in subsequent co-existence with Uniate Metropolis. That led to sharp conflict and numerous revolts culminating in the Khmelnytsky Uprising.
In 1654, Russia entered the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; it quickly occupied, for a while, the lands of present Belarus, and gained some power over the Hetmanate pursuant to the Pereyaslav Agreement (1654). The official title of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow was "Patriarch of Moscow and all Great, Lesser, and White Russia". However, the Metropolitan of Kiev Sylvester Kossov had managed to defend his independence from the Moscow Patriarchate. The Moscow government, which needed the support of the Orthodox clergy, postponed the resolution of this issue.
In 1686, Ecumenical Patriarch Dionysius IV approved the new Metropolitan of Kiev, Gedeon Chetvertinsky, who would be ordained by the Moscow Patriarchate and thus transferred, albeit with certain qualifications, a part of the Kiev ecclesiastical province to the jurisdiction of Patriarchate of Moscow (the Russian Orthodox Church).[25]
Russkiy Mir vs Romiosyne
The historical rivalry between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church intensified after the Cold War. Indeed, after the Cold War, Moscow and Istanbul both emerged as "two centers of Orthodox power".[26] Those two Orthodox churches, with two different ideologies, are trying to get back the preeminence they had in the past.
Russkiy Mir
Russkiy Mir (literally "Russian world") is an ideology promoted by many in the leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church. "This ideology, concocted as a reaction to the loss of Russian control over Ukraine and Belarus after the fall of the Soviet Union, seeks to assert a spiritual and cultural unity of the peoples descended from the Kievan Rus, presumably under Russian leadership."[27][28][29][30] Patriarch Kiril of Moscow also shares this Ideology; for the Russian Orthodox Church, Russkiy Mir is also "a spiritual concept, a reminder that through the baptism of Rus, God consecrated these people to the task of building a Holy Rus."[31]
Romiosyne
The dominant ideology of the Patriarchate of Constantinople is the ideology of Romiosyne ("greekness" including Christian Orthodoxy[32]). Romiosyne is a "culturally and ecclesiastically irredentist ideology [which] seeks to regain the preeminence in the Orthodox world that the Greeks of Constantinople enjoyed under the Ottomans, just as the Russkiy Mir attempts to regain the preeminence that Russia held under the Soviets."[27][33]
1996 schism over Estonia
The Moscow–Constantinople schism of 1996 began on 23 February 1996, when the Russian Orthodox Church severed full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople,[34] and ended on 16 May 1996 when the Russian Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate reached an agreement establishing parallel jurisdictions.[35][36] The excommunication was in response to the Ecumenical Patriarchate's decision on 20 February 1996 to reestablish an autonomous Orthodox church in Estonia under the Ecumenical Patriarchate's canonical jurisdiction.[37][38][39] The 1996 schism has similarities with the schism of October 2018. Both schisms were caused by a dispute between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate concerning the canonical jurisdiction over a territory in Eastern Europe upon which the Russian Orthodox Church claimed to have the exclusive canonical jurisdiction, territory which after the collapse of the Soviet Union had become an independent state (Ukraine, Estonia). The break of communion in 1996 was made by Moscow unilaterally, as in 2018.[13]
Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine
Break of communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate by the Russian Orthodox Church
On 15 October 2018, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, meeting in Minsk, decided to cut all ties with the Constantinople Patriarchate. This decision forbade joint participation in all sacraments, including communion, baptism, and marriage, at any church worldwide controlled by Constantinople.[2] At the time of the schism, the Russian Orthodox Church had over 150 million followers, more than half of all Eastern Orthodox Christians.[40] The same day, after the synod, a briefing for journalists was given by Metropolitan Hilarion, chairman of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church, in which he declared that "[t]he decision on complete cessation of the Eucharistic communion with the Patriarchate of Constantinople was taken today."[41]
Declarations by the Russian Orthodox Church
The next day, Metropolitan Hilarion, chairman of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church, explained on Russian television that the decisions of the Patriarch of Constantinople "run contrary to the canonical Tradition of the Orthodox Church".[42] Moreover, an official communicate from the External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church published the same day quoted Hilarion saying: "we no longer have a single coordinating center in the Orthodox Church, and we should very clearly realize that the Patriarchate of Constantinople has self-destructed as such [because] having invaded the canonical boundaries of another Local Church, by legitimatizing a schism it [the Ecumenical Patriarchate] has lost the right to be called the coordinating center for the Orthodox Church[.]"[43]
On 17 October, Metropolitan Hilarion was interviewed by the BBC Russian Service; this interview was published on the official website of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church the very same day. Hilarion declared that "the fact that the Patriarchate of Constantinople has recognized a schismatic structure means for us that Constantinople itself is now in schism. It has identified itself with a schism. Accordingly, we cannot have the full Eucharistic communion with it." Hilarion added that when members of the Russian Orthodox of Moscow Patriarchate pay visits to the monasteries on Mount Athos, they cannot participate in the sacraments (for example, receive communion), and promised punishment to any priests who participate in the divine services together with the local clergy. It is known that Russia makes large donations to the monasteries on Athos (the sum of $200 million was announced), and the highest Russian officials and oligarchs run charitable foundations and make pilgrimages to Athos. Hilarion hinted that "[h]istory shows that when Athos is concerned over something, the monasteries on the Holy Mountain do find ways to inform the Patriarch of Constantinople about it" and called on Russian businessmen to switch donations to Russian sacred places.[44][45][46]
On 19 October, during a meeting with Pope Francis, Hilarion announces him that "because of the actions of the Patriarchate of Constantinople the Russian Orthodox Church had to suspend its participation in the work of the Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church".[47] Hilarion explained on November that is was due to the fact that the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church had previously, on 14 September, decided "to break off the participation of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Episcopal Assemblies and in the theological dialogues, multilateral commissions and any other structures chaired or co-chaired by representatives of the Patriarchate of Constantinople."[8][48]
On 22 October, Hilarion published a declaration on the same official website which stipulates that according to the Russian Orthodox Church, Filaret "was and remains a schismatic" despite the recognition of Filaret by the Patriarch of Constantinople. In the declaration, Hilarion also expressed his fears that, since on the 20 October 2018 the UOC-KP had decided to give the title of archimandrite of the Kiev Pechersk and Pochayiv Lavras to Filaret,[49][50][51] Filaret could be planning to seize "the main holy sites of the canonical Ukrainian Church [i.e. the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]".[52] On 30 October Filaret declared that after the unification council "there would be no violence against the canonical UOC, including in resolving property issues."[53]
On 23 October, Archpriest Igor Yakimchuk, from the Moscow Patriarchate Department for External Church Relations secretary for far abroad,[54] told Interfax that "[g]iven that the Byzantine Empire long ago ceased to exist and that Istanbul is not even the capital of Turkey now, there are no more canonical foundations even for the symbolic primacy of the Constantinople Patriarchate in the Orthodox world", and that the ROC would not comply to the Ecumenical Patriarch's decision.[55]
On 28 October, the Patriarch of Moscow Kirill stated in a speech, which was two days later published on the official website of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church, that there was "no conflict whatsoever between Constantinople and Moscow! There is Moscow’s defense of the inviolable canonical norms [...] If one of the Churches supports the schismatics, if one of the Churches violates canons, then she ceases to be an Orthodox Church. Therefore, the position of the Russian Orthodox Church today, which has stopped the liturgical mention of the Patriarch of Constantinople, has to do not only with the relationships between the two Patriarchs – the point is the very nature of the Orthodox Churc[h]."[56]
In an interview given to Orthodoxia.info published on 6 November 2018, Metropolitan Onufriy’s spokesman, Archbishop Kliment (Vecheria), declared that the Ecumenical Patriarch should have remembered that "Byzantium ended 500 years ago" and added that the Church "lives according to the gospel and not based on 'prerogatives' rooted in a nonexistent empire"[57]
On November, the Moscow Patriarchate established a parish in Constantinople, a territory under the canonical jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[58]
During the month of November, Metropolitan Hilarion gave some interviews to news agencies from different countries which were published on the official website of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church. He declared that "the mechanisms of inter-Orthodox dialogue and cooperation, which were developing for a long while, have been destroyed. [...] [T]he Patriarchate of Constantinople, first in honour, acted as coordinator of the inter-Orthodox activities. Yet, now, when over a half of all the Orthodox Christians in the world are not in communion with it, Constantinople has lost this role".[48][59] In another interview he said that the Ecumenical Patriarch "claims the power over history itself by revoking decisions made over three centuries ago", that "[t]he danger of destruction of ages-old traditions has been more and more clearly realized now by Primates and hierarchs of Local Orthodox Churches, who speak out in favour of a pan-Orthodox discussion on the Ukrainian problem. In the new situation, which has shaped now, we have to search for new forms of communication of Churches adequate to it", and that the Ecumenical Patriarch could not chair a Pan-Orthodox Council since "[t]he coordinating role that the Throne of Constantinople played, though not without difficulties, in the Orthodox world in the second part of the 20th century, cannot be played by it now" because "[t]he Patriarchate of Constantinople has self-destructed as the coordinating center for Orthodox Churches."[60] In his last interview he declared that the Ecumenical Patriarch's actions "allegedly aimed to heal the Ukrainian schism [...] [a]ctually lead to the deepening of the schism in Ukraine and to creating for the Orthodox Church an unprecedented situation when the whole body of the world Orthodoxy may find itself split into pieces."[61]
On 22 November, Metropolitan Hilarion said on the channel Russia-TV 24 that Ukraine would never get its autocephaly.[62]
On 26 November, Metropolitan Hilarion declared that the ROC would send a priest in South Korea and declared the plans "to create a full-fledged parish", because until the 1950s in Korea was a Russian Spiritual Mission whose faithfuls were in the 1950s transferred to the Ecumenical Patriarchate's jurisdiction. The priest is scheduled to be sent by the end of the year.[63]
On 28 November, the ROC officials reacted at the announce of the Ecumenical Patriarchate's decision (taken on 27 November 2018) to dissolve the Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe. The ROC officials reminded that during the spring of 2003, Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow proposed to all bishops and Orthodox parishes of Russian tradition in Western Europe to unite as part of the self-governing metropolitan district of the Russian Orthodox Church.[64]
On 4 December, in an interview given to Orthodoxie.com, Metropolitan Hilarion declared that the fact the Patriarch of Constantinople had fallen in schism "was not without precedents in the history of the Constantinople Patriarchate" and gave the example of Nestorius and the Patriarchs of Constantinople who accepted the union with the Catholic Church after the Council of Florence.[65] He also said the Ecumenical Patriarchate's actions in Ukraine were a "revenge" on Patriarch Kirill of Moscow because, according to Hilarion, the Ecumenical Patriarch believes that it is the Russian Orthodox Church who incited some Orthodox churches not to participate in the Pan-Orthodox Council of Crete.[66]
On 14 December, ROC claimed that Patriarch Kirill sent messages to the Primates of the Local Orthodox Churches, to Pope Francis, to Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby, head of the Anglican Communion, to Rev. Dr. Olav Fykse Tveit, General Secretary of the World Council of Churches, to António Guterres, United Nations Secretary-General, and to Thomas Greminger, Secretary General of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. He also sent messages to Emmanuel Macron, President of France, and to Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany, as they were both heads of the Normandy format. Patriarch Kirill wanted to draw their attention to what he perceived as "the large-scale violations of the rights and freedom of hierarchs, clergy and laity of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church."[67][68][69][70] However, UN Secretary-General António Guterres did not receive such a letter.[71]
On 15 December, after the election of Epiphany at the unification council, archpriest Nikolay Balashov, deputy head of the Moscow Patriarchate Department for External Church Relations, told Interfax that this election "means nothing" for the ROC.[72]
After the unification council, the Patriarch of Moscow sent a letter to the primates of all the autocephalous local Orthodox churches (but not to the Ecumenical Patriarchate nor to the OCU), urging them not to recognize the OCU and that "there was no unification. The schismatics were and still are outside the Church."[73]
On 21 December, after the diocesan assembly of Moscow, the Patriarch of Moscow declared that the Patriarchate of Constantinople "took away" the territories of Estonia, Finland, Poland, and Latvia, from the ROC.[c][74][75][76]
Declarations by the Ecumenical Patriarchate
On 22 October, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew declared "Whether our Russian brothers like it or not, soon enough they will get behind the Ecumenical Patriarchate’s solution, as they will have no other choice”. The Ecumenical Patriarch added he was aware Russia was doing efforts to thwart the Ecumenical PAtriarchate's plans.[77]
On 13 December 2018, in his homily, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew declared the decision by the ROC to break communion was "extreme", and "unacceptable" as a lever of pressure.[78]
On 14 December, the Ecumenical Patriarchate published on its official website a comment by Metropolitan Sotirios of Pisidia regarding the celebration of a mass at Belek by a priest of the ROC with the support of the Russian consulate in Antalya. In said commentary, the Metropolitan said this region was part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate's jurisdiction and that the priest of the ROC had not asked the Ecumenical Patriarchate to conduct this mass on the Ecumenical Patriarchate's territory. Therefore, according to the Metropolitan, the priest had transgressed some canons, and such a behavior could create a schism among the faithfuls of the region of Belek.[79]
On 24 December 2018, Patriarch Bartholomew responded to the allegations made by the ROC that he had been bribed. Bartholomew responded by making a joke saying he had not been bribed with money, but with "lots of candy and chocolates from [Ukrainian President Petro] Poroshenko’s factory. I already distributed them all. I have the last two left. Now, I'm going to open them, I'm going to throw them away and those who are lucky will be able to catch them"[80][81][82] (for the reference of the joke, see: Petro Poroshenko#Business career). The video of this speech was published on the official Facebook page of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[80][83]
Events in Ukraine
Transfer of St Andrew's church
On 18 October 2018, the Ukrainian parliament gave approval to give permanent use of the St Andrew's Church in Kiev to the Patriarch of Constantinople for him to hold "worships, religious ceremonies and processions"[84] in the said church, provided that St Andrew's church is also used as a museum and still belongs to the Ukrainian state.[85][86][87][88] St Andrew's church will also serve, according to an official, as the Ecumenical Patriarchate's embassy in Ukraine.[89] St Andrew's church previous owner was the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church which accepted the transfer.[90] The parliament had to vote on this decision because the church is part of a national heritage site owned by the state.[91][92] The goal of this vote was, according to the KyivPost, to "speed up the receipt of a tomos (ordinance) – [the] recognition of a local Orthodox church in Ukraine by the global Orthodoxy"[86] Iryna Lutsenko, the representative of the Ukrainian president in parliament, declared the goal of this action was to make a "sign of solidarity with this process [of Ukraine receiving a tomos]" as well as "a symbolic gesture of unity with the Mother-Church [Constantinople]".[84] However, on the same day the Opposition Bloc introduced a motion to repeal the transfer, which meant that the Ukrainian President would not be able to sign the motion to transfer the St Andrew's church until the motion of repeal is reviewed by the Ukrainian parliament.[93] Finally, President Poroshenko signed the law of transfer on 7 November 2018[94][85][95][96][97] and the law took effect on 10 November 2018.[94][85][98][99] On 28 November 2018, in conformity with the law on religious organizations, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the transfer of the St Andrew's church to the Ecumenical Patriarchate's permanent use.[100]
On the morning of November 15, four unknown persons threw Molotov cocktails at the St Andrew's church (but they didn't explode) and attacked the priest with a spray.[101][102][103] On 27 November one of the suspects was arrested.[104] The first liturgy presided by the members of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in this church took place on 13 December 2018.[105][106] This liturgy chaired by hierarchs of the Ecumenical Patriarchate was condemned by the UOC-MP.[107][108]
Cancellation of the transfer of the Pochayiv Lavra
On 16 November 2018 Ukrinform reported that the Ukrainian Culture Ministry had challenged the legality of the transfer of the Pochayiv Lavra, located in the Ternopil Oblast, to the UOC-MP. The Pochayiv Lavra is a historic site of Ukraine.[109] It is only in 2018 that a local deputy of Pochayevsky city council found out that Yanukovych’s 2003 order on the transfer of the Lavra until 2052 to the UOC-MP (№ 438)[110] was carried out in an unknown way. The police of the Ternopil region opened proceedings in this case.[111] Should the illegality of the transfer be established, the transfer would be cancelled.[112] On 23 November 2018, the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice cancelled the transfer of the Pochayiv Lavra to the UOC-MP.[113][114][115] On the next day, the UOC-MP monks of the Pochayiv Lavra clarified that "the commission of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, in response to the complaint from the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, has cancelled the registration of the contract for the right to use the Assumption Cathedral, the Trinity Cathedral, monastic cells, the bell tower, the bishop's house and the Holy Gates."[116][117] On 28 November, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the return of the Pochayiv Lavra to the Kremenets-Pochaev State Historical and Architectural Reserve by cancelling the 2003 transfer law which gave the use of the lavra to the UOC-MP and excluded the lavra from the Pochayiv Lavra to the Kremenets-Pochaev State Historical and Architectural Reserve.[118][119][120][121]
Law on the churches' names
On 15 December, Filaret requested parliament speaker Andriy Parubiy that the laws 5309 and 4128 be voted in parliament.[122]
It was expected that on 20 December 2018, the Ukrainian Parliament was going vote a law to force the UOC-MP to change its name (law n. 5309[123]).[124][125] This law concerns the name of religious organizations (associations) that are part of a religious organization (association) whose governing center is outside the borders of Ukraine, in a State which, according to the Law of Ukraine, is recognized as carrying out military aggression against Ukraine and/or temporarily occupying part of the territory of Ukraine.[123] In October 2018, the press secretary of the UOC-KP had already called the Ukrainian Parliament to pass this law.[126] On 19 December 2018, Filaret declared himself in favor of this law.[127] On 20 December, the law was successfully voted,[128] while members of the UOC-MP were holding a protest outside the parliament.[129] Soon after the law was passed, a brawl erupted in the parliament between the deputies.[130][131][132] On 20 December, the UOC-MP called the Ukrainian President to veto the law.[133] The next day, Epiphany, primate of the OCU, declared his support for this law.[134] On 22 December, President Poroshenko signed the law and said that those changes in the law created "better conditions" for the exercise of freedom of choice of religion "for those who decide which Orthodox jurisdiction to belong to ... Either to the newly created autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine, or to the church that insists on maintaining its connection and dependence on ROC"[135]
The law 4128, which concerns churches communities who want to be put under another jurisdiction, was momentarily postponed.[122]
On 25 December, the UOC-MP said it would appeal to Constitutional Court to invalidate the law 5309.[136]
Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) raids
Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.[when?] According to Metropolitan Pavel, "There is a pressure on me personally, threats are being heard, all sorts of attacks not only on me, but also on other bishops and priests. For what reason I do not know."[137][138][139]
Kerch Strait incident
On 27 November, parliament speaker Andriy Parubiy announced that the martial law declared in some regions of Ukraine would not delay the receiving of the tomos of autocephaly (independence) and that, if anything, the martial law was going to speed up the process of Ukraine receiving its tomos.[140][141][142][143] On 28 November 2018, Ukrainian President Poroshenko declared the 2018 Kerch Strait incident was provoked by Russia in order to force Ukraine to declare martial law and therefore to prevent Ukraine from receiving its tomos of autocephaly.[11][12]
Reactions
International community
- Russia: On 12 October 2018, the Russian president, Vladimir Putin, "held an operational meeting with the permanent members of the Security Council" (the Security Council of Russia) that discussed "a wide range of domestic and foreign policy issues, including the situation around the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine", according to Putin's press secretary Dmitry Peskov.[144][145] On 17 December 2018, it was reported that the Federal Security Service of Russia, along with members of the Moscow Patriarchate, had created mobile groups to prevent communities in Ukraine from switching from the UOC-MP to the OCU. Thoses groups are present in each diocoese of the UOC-MP and are composed of a lawyer and several sporty men.[146][147] On 20 December, Russian President Putin condemned the creation of the OCU.[131][148]
- Ukraine: Ukraine's president, Petro Poroshenko, enthusiastically welcomed Constantinople's October decision,[149][150] and presented the Ukrainian Church's independence as part of Ukraine's wider conflict with Russia, and Ukraine's desire to integrate with the West by joining the European Union and NATO.[151][9][10] Later, during various official speeches, Poroshenko stressed the importance of Ukraine receiving its tomos of autocephaly which Ukraine "deserved",[152] is the equivalent of "a charter of [Ukraine's] spiritual independence"[153] and was comparable to a referendum on Ukraine's independence[154] and would be "another pillar of Ukrainian independence".[155] On the 27th anniversary of the referendum on independence of Ukraine, Poroshenko declared the tomos of autocephaly was the equivalent of Ukraine saying ""Away from Moscow!" - "Europe now!""[154] After the election of Epiphany as primate of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine on 15 December, Poroshenko declared: "This day will go into history as a sacred day... the day of the final independence from Russia"[156]
- United States: The Secretary of State, Mike Pompeo, urged all sides to respect the independence of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, reiterating the United States' "strong support for religious freedom and the freedom of members of religious groups".[157] On 15 December, the U.S. embassy in Kiev congratulated, via Twitter, Ukraine for having elected the primate of the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine.[158] On 17 December, the U.S. Department of State officially congratulated Metropolitan Epiphany for his election.[159]
- Belarus: the President of Belarus, the country in which the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church took place, met members of the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church on 15 October 2018 after the ROC's decision to sever communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[160][161]
- Montenegro: On 21 December 2018, the Montenegrin President said he would seek autocephaly for the unrecognized Montenegrin Orthodox Church.[162][163]
Responses from other autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches
Church of Cyprus
On 26 September, the head of the Church of Cyprus, Archbishop Chrysostomos II, had a meeting with the Ukrainian ambassador in Cyprus, Borys Humeniuk; during this meeting, the question of the ecclesiastical problems in Ukraine was discussed. During the meeting, Chrysostomos II "expressed his worry and concern about the latest events in the Ukrainian Church and the possibility of the creation of a schism that would harm the unity of all Orthodoxy" and declared that the Church of Cyprus was ready to be a "bridge for the normalization of the unstable situation" between the Patriarchets of Moscow and Constantinople concerning the question of the Orthodoxy in Ukraine. Those declarations were published on the official website of the Church of Cyprus.[164][165]
Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Polish Orthodox Church
On 14 October 2018, the Polish Orthodox Church (POC) declared that "[c]onsent of all the Local Churches is needed in order to grant the autocephaly to the Ukrainian Church, and a hasty decision can deepen the schism ... autocephaly is granted by the Mother Church after reaching agreement with the Primates of all the Local Churches[.]"[166]
On 22 October 2018, the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and the Polish Orthodox Church issued a joint statement in which they "call upon all those on whom it depends to eliminate church misunderstandings associated with the bestowal of autocephaly to the Ukrainian Church; to please do whatever is within their might to avoid conflict over this issue in order to establish church order on Ukrainian territory."[167][168][169][170][171][172]
On 16 November 2018, the Polish Orthodox Church issued an official communiqué after the meeting of its synod on 15 November 2018.[173] The Polish Orthodox Church declared in this communiqué that it did not recognize the rehabilitation of the UAOC and the UOC-KP and that the synod "forbids the priests of the Polish Orthodox Church from having liturgical and prayerful contact with the ‘clergy’ of the so-called Kiev Patriarchate and the so-called ‘Autocephalous Orthodox Church,’ which have committed much evil in the past". The communiqué also stated that "[o]nly the observance of the dogmatic and canonical norms of the Church and the preservation of the centuries-old tradition will protect Orthodoxy from severe ecclesiastical consequences on an international scale."[174][175]
On 18 December, Onufriy received a letter from the primate of the POC in which the primate of the POC announced his unequivocal support for Metropolitan Onufriy.[176][177]
Serbian Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
Not so long before the schism, head of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Irinej, considered the presumable schism between Moscow and Constantinople would be the hardest of all those that have ever been, even greater quantitatively than the schism of 1054. He stated that the Serbian Church does not accept the existence of two Orthodox Christianities - "Fanariotic" (i.e. Constantinople's) and "Moscow’s". He added his church did not stand for Moscow nor was against Constantinople, but supported the established order and opposed any decisions that would certainly lead to dire consequences. He also declared that if non-canonical churches were recognized, a similar phenomenon would happen "in Macedonia, but also in Montenegro, Abkhazia, and wherever the contracting authorities and perpetrators have imagined, even, perhaps, in Greece."[178]
On 6 October, the synod of the Greek Patriarchate of Antioch announced its support for a pan-Orthodox synaxis on the question.[179]
After the schism, Patriarch Irinej gave an interview in which he condemned the 11 October decision of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In his opinion, this decision increases the risks of new divisions in the Local Churches, while the Ecumenical Patriarch had no right to recognize the schismatic church and grant it an autocephaly.[180][181][182][183][184] Some Serbian Church officials also expressed concerns that this decision would be followed by recognition of the Macedonian Orthodox Church, which had previously split from the Serbian Orthodox Church.[185]
On 20 October, the Serbian and Antiochian patriarchs made a common declaration in which they "appeal to their brother, His All Holiness the Ecumenical Patriarch, to restore the fraternal dialogue with the Orthodox Church of Russia in order to, with the fraternal assistance and participation of all the other primates of the Local Orthodox Autocephalous Churches, resolve the conflict between the Patriarchates of Constantinople and Moscow and to restore back the bond of peace in the Orthodox Church".[186][187]
On 12 November 2018, the synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church published a communiqué in which they declared they considered the reinstatement of Filaret and Makariy as "non-binding for the Serbian Orthodox Church" and that they would therefore not communiate with them or their supporters. Synod also requested convocation of a Pan-Orthodox Synod over the issue.[188][189][190]
Georgian Orthodox Church
On 30 September, the Georgian Orthodox Church published a statement on its website in which it encouraged the Patriarchates of Moscow and Constantinople to work together on the dispute over Ukraine.[191]
Although Ukrainian parliament chairman Andriy Parubiy stated after an October 5 visit to Tbilisi that the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) was in support of Kiev, Georgian Patriarch Ilia II later denied this, and church spokesman Mikhail Botkoveli said: "We need more time to discuss the arguments of the Russian Orthodox Church, after which the Georgian Orthodox Church will announce its position". It is reported that there are sharp divisions within the Georgian Orthodox Church, which analysts see as "the most pro-Russian institution in an anti-Russian country". A major factor in the dispute within the GOC is the role of the Abkhazian Orthodox Church (AOC) which itself broke from the GOC, the Russian Orthodox Church has offered to mediate the dispute between the GOC and the AOC. Some clerics see this as a reason to maintain the goodwill of the Russian Orthodox Church and others viewed the Abkhazian church as already "under the control of Moscow"; some accused Moscow of hypocrisy, with one theologian arguing publicly that "The (Moscow) patriarchate is betraying the biblical principle of ‘do unto others as you would have them do unto you'".[192][193]
Romanian Orthodox Church
The Romanian Orthodox Church on 26 October called for Constantinople to co-operate with Moscow in resolving the issue, and stated that "unity is preserved through co-responsibility and cooperation between the Local Orthodox Churches, by cultivating dialogue and synodality at the pan-Orthodox level, this being a permanent necessity in the life of the Church."[194]
On 23 November 2018, the Ecumenical Patriarch arrived in Romania to lead the consecration of the Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral which was planned on Sunday 25 November; the Ecumenical Patriarch was officially welcomed by Patriarch Daniel of Romania.[195][196] On Sunday 25 November, the Ecumenical Patriarch and Patriarch Daniel of Romania consecrated together the Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral.[197][198][199] The Ecumenical Patriarch chaired the first mass of the Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral.[200][201][202][203] Both the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and the Patriarch Daniel of Romania led the church service this day; it was the very first church service in the cathedral.[204][203][205][206][207] The presence of Bartholomew and the absence of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow at the cathedral inauguration "appears to suggest that Romania is siding with Constantinople in the dispute."[208][209]
To the questions: "Will Patriarch Kiril in Romania come to the sanctification of the painting?" and "How will the presence of His Holiness Bartholomew I affect the relationship between the ROC and the ROC?", the Patriarchate spokesman answered: "I am absolutely convinced that Patriarch Kiril will return to Romania on the occasion of the sanctification of the painting and will not withdraw because the ROC had the wisdom to plead for a dialogue to heal the wound of this separation between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Patriarchate of Moscow and All Russia. [...] We hope that this relationship, currently interrupted, will be resumed. The Romanian Patriarchate has a natural relationship with the Moscow Patriarchate and there are no tensions at the moment".[210]
Albanian Orthodox Church
On 10 October, Archbishop Anastasios, head of the autocephalous Albanian Orthodox Church, sent a letter to the Moscow Patriarch. Extracts of this letter have been published on 22 November on the official website of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church. In those extracts, the head of the Albanian Church declared that granting autocephaly to Ukraine was a "dangerous undertaking" and that "instead of the unity of Orthodox Christians in Ukraine, there has appeared a danger of schism in the unity of the universal Orthodoxy". He also said they should do everything to hold a pan-Orthodox Council.[211]
The next day, the official website of the Albanian Orthodox Church published the full text of the letter of October 10, as well as the second letter, dated November 7,[212] through the hosting service DocDroid, in English[213][214] and in Greek.[215][216] In his first letter, Archbishop Anastasios declared the 14 September decision of Moscow had "dangerously complicated the whole matter" concerning Ukraine[213] - this passage had not been released among the extracts on the official website of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church. In his second letter, Archbishop Anastasios disagreed with the decisions of the Moscow Patriarchate to break communion with the Church of Constantinople, stating: "It is unthinkable that the Divine Eucharist [...] could be used as a weapon against another Church. [...] We proclaim it is impossible for us to agree to such decisions." He also added that recent developments have made the convocation of a Pan-Orthodox synaxis "extremely difficult" but that the Albanian Orthodox Church was willing to participate in it, if the Pan-Orthodox synaxis was convoked canonically.[214][217] The second letter was not published by Moscow.[212][218]
Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia
On 10 November, the head of the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia (OCCLS), Archbishop Rastislav of Prešov (cs), met with the head of the UOC-MP, Metropolitan Onufry. On this occasion, Archbishop Rastislav of Prešov declared his concern about the situation in Ukraine and condemned the Ecumenical Patriarchate's actions, stating that "it is impossible to create even a temporary good on the violation of the sacred canons of the Orthodox Church".[219]
On 24 November, Archbishop of Prague of the OCCLS, Michael, met with Metropolitan Agafangel of Odessa of the UOC-MP. Said Archbishop of Prague declared to the UOC-MP members: "We have arrived to show our unity with you, as representatives of an autocephalous Church".[220][221][222][223]
Bulgarian Orthodox Church
The Bulgarian Orthodox Church (BOC) first said it could not comment.[224][225] On 15 December, Bishop Daniil of the BOC, in an interview published on the official website of the BOC, declared the Ukrainian unification council was uncanonical and that the project to create an autocephalous church in Ukraine was only political.[226][227][228]
Unrecognized or partially recognized Orthodox churches
The uncanonical Macedonian and Montenegrin Orthodox churches have stated that they cannot yet comment.[224]
The Macedonian Orthodox Church has asked to be canonically recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarch but was met with a harsh refusal, "Constantinople insisted on drawing a distinction between the situation with the Ukrainian Church and the Macedonian church[:] Constantinople had never given up its own jurisdiction over Ukraine in favour of Moscow, whereas it did so with the Macedonian eparchies in favour of the Serbian Church in 1922, when a Macedonian state did not exist."[229]
On 22 October 2018, the unrecognized Abkhazian Orthodox Church declared in an official statement: "We raise a prayer voice, because the actions of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which are aimed at taking the Orthodox Church all over the world, violate church canons. Such an initiative of Patriarch Bartholomew will lead to a catastrophe for the Slavic peoples and the entire Orthodox world."[230]
On 26 October, Metropolitan Tikhon, head of the Orthodox Church in America issued an archpastoral letter in which he supported the idea of a pan-Orthodox synaxis on the question of Ukraine.[231]
Responses from churches under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church
Belarusian Orthodox Church
On 11 September 2018, the synod of the Belarusian Orthodox Church (the Exharcate of the Russian Orthodox Church in Belarus) issued a statement proclaiming their "unanimous support" for the position of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, protesting the actions of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[232]
On 5 October, the Metropolitan Pavel of the Belarusian Orthodox Church "urge[d] the Patriarch Bartholomew [of Constantinople] and the synod of the Church of Constantinople to review their decisions and do everything possible to either disavow the previous decision or withdraw it, stopping this process, which [...] is taking absolutely distinct forms of church schism throughout Eastern Orthodoxy[.]"[233]
After the schism the Belarusian Orthodox Church has not released an official statement about the break of communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Since it is the exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, it obeys the decisions of the Holy Synod of the ROC.[193][234]
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
On 25 September 2018, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (an autonomous church of the Moscow Patriarchate) (ROCOR) "suspended concelebration with the bishops of the Constantinople Patriarchate and participation in the work of the Episcopal Assemblies with their membership".[235][236]
On 10 October 2018, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia has "express[ed] [its] profound indignation at the blatant violation of the Holy Canons by the Orthodox Church of Constantinople. The decision of its hierarchy to send its ‘exarchs’ into the canonical territory of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, without the agreement and permission of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia and His Beatitude Metropolitan Onufry of Kiev and All Ukraine, is a gross and unprecedented incursion by one Local Church into a distant canonical territory[.]"[237]
On 18 October 2018, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia has expressed "complete support of the position taken by the Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Moscow, following its meeting of 15th October 2018" and severed Eucharistic communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[238]
On 8 December 2018, the ROCOR released a communiqué in which it states that if fully supports Onufriy and considers the Ecumenical Patriarchate's actions in Ukraine as illegal.[239][240][241]
After a meeting on the 29 November 2018 between the Diocese of Berlin and Germany of the MP and the German diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia , both decided to follow the decision of the ROC to sever eucharistic communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[242][243][244]
As a result of the decision to sever communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate taken by the Russian Orthodox Church on October 15, 2018, Archbishop Mark announced that the ROC would resign from participation in the Orthodox Bishops' Conference in Germany (OBKD).[245], Thus, the former Secretary General, Ipodiakon Nikolaus Thon , until further notice. For the first time, on December 5, the OBKD held its autumn plenary assembly in Bonn without the members of the two Russian Orthodox dioceses. The present bishops of the Greek, Romanian and Serbian Orthodox dioceses regretted the absence of Russian bishops and expressed the hope of overcoming intra-Orthodox tensions, as the communiqué shows.[246]
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)
On 13 September, secretary for Inter-Orthodox Affairs of the Department for External Church Relations of the ROC, Archpriest Igor Yakimchuk, urged the UOC-MP believers to unite around Metropolitan Onufriy.[247] The eparchies who pledged support to Onufriy were (in chronological order): Rivne,[248] Odessa,[249][250] Zaporizhia,[251][252] Poltava,[253][254] Sievierodonetsk,[255][256] Kamianske,[257][258] Kharkiv,[259][260] Luhansk,[261][262] Oleksandriya,[263][264] Mukachevo,[265][266] Zhytomyr,[267][268] Kropyvnytsky,[269][270] Chernihiv,[271][272] Crimea,[273][274][275] Izium,[276][277] Nova Kakhovka,[278][279] Mykolaiv,[280][281] and Nizhyn.[282][283] The three dioceses of Sumy, Konotop, and Romny, also declared their support for Onufriy.[284][285]
On 13 November, the synod of the UOC-MP (an autonomous church of the Moscow Patriarchate[286]) officially declared in a resolution that they considered the 11 October declaration of the Ecumenical Patriarchate "invalid" and canonically "null and void", and that the communion between the UOC-MP and the Ecumenical Patriarchate "is deemed impossible at present and thereby ceases".[287][288] Two bishops of the UOC-MP did not sign the resolution, one of them being Metropolitan Simeon of Vinnytsia and Bar.[289]
In an interview given on 14 November to the Vinnytsia Press Club, Metropolitan Simeon of Vinnytsia and Bar of the UOC-MP said he did not sign the UOC-MP resolution as he disagreed with some statements in the resolution and considered this resolution as "bad".[290] He also said he would participate in the unification council.[291][292] On 15 November, most of the clergy of Vinnytsia of the UOC-MP met in emergency, spontaneously and without the prior consent of its hierarchy. Most of the clergy of Vinnytsia publicly expressed its support to the 13 November resolution of the UOC-MP, and made an appeal to Metropolitan Simeon to ask him to hold a general meeting of the Vinnytsia eparchy.[293] On 17 November, in a semon, Metropolitan Simeon clarified that his refusal was his own decision, because, he stated, "not a single bishop represented the opinion of his eparchy or people at the Council, everyone spoke for themselves".[294] On 20 November, an official monthly general meeting of the Vinnytsia eparchy chaired by Metropolitan Simeon was held; the Eparchial Council "categorically condemned the unauthorized assemblies held in the Vinnytsia eparchy" and "stated that the Resolution of the Bishops’ Council of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, taken on November 13, 2018, is a document binding on all bishops, clergy and laity of the UOC and confirmed its readiness to comply with the Resolution by the entire Vinnytsia eparchy."[295][296][297]
On 16 November 2018 Metropolitan Sophroniy (Dmitruk) of Cherkasy and Kaniv in his interview to BBC expressed his support for the creation of an autocephalous Church in Ukraine. He also said that he was going to participate in the unification council, and perhaps he would join the new autocephalous Church.[298][299]
On 20 November 2018, chancellor of the UOC-MP, Metropolitan Anthony of Boryspil and Brovary, declared in an interview that "[s]anctions will be applied to the members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church [of the Moscow Patriarchate] who participate in the 'Unification Council'".[300][301]
On 7 December, the UOC-MP synod declared the unification council conveyed by the Ecumenical Pariarchate as unlawful.[302][303][304][305][306]
On 17 December 2018, it was reported that the Federal Security Service of Russia, along with members of the Moscow Patriarchate, had created mobile groups to prevent communities in Ukraine from switching from the UOC-MP to the OCU. Thoses groups are present in each diocoese of the UOC-MP and are composed of a lawyer and several sporty men.[146][147]
Archdiocese of Chersonesus
The Archdiocese of Chersonesus (fr) is an archidiocese under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate. The Archdiocese of Chersonesus takes charge of the Orthodox communities of the Moscow Patriarchate in France, Swiss, Portugal and Spain.[307] On 22 November 2018, during its annual session, the Archdiocese of Chersonesus unanimously declared its support of the decision made by the ROC on 15 October 2018 to break communion with Constantinople. On the next day, this decision was announced throught an official communiqué on the archbishopric's official website in which they stated that the action of the Ecumenical Patriarch in Ukraine was "anti-canonical".[308][309]
Responses from churches under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate
Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe
The Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe (AROCWE) was an exarchate of the Ecumenical Patriarchate,[310][311] its primate at the time the archidiocese's dissolution was announced was Archbishop John of Charioupolis (ru).[312][313][314] On 18 October 2018, in reaction to the 15 October decision of the Russian Orthodox Chruch to sever communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the AROCWE released a communiqué. In this communiqué, the AROCWE declared that the AROCWE, "Archdiocese-Exarchate under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate", was "in full communion with the whole Orthodox Church. Indeed, the Ecumenical Patriarchate did not break communion with the Patriarchate of Moscow and continues to commemorate it according to the order of the diptychs. All the Orthodox faithful can therefore participate fully in the liturgical and sacramental life of our parishes." The communiqué concluded by asking all the priests, deacons, monks, nuns and faithful of the AROCWE to pray for the unity of the Church.[315][316][317]
On 21 November, the rector of the Russian Church of the Transfiguration in Stockholm expelled 16 faithfuls from the parish because they had publicly "ceased to recognize the legitimacy and spiritual authority of [...] Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and [...] Archbishop John of Chariopoulis" after the 15 October.[318]
Defection of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Nativity of Christ
On Sunday 28 October 2018, the Archpriest George Blatinsky of the AROCWE, rector of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Nativity of Christ and Saint Nicholas the Thaumaturge (fr) in Florence,[319][320] ceased commemorating during the liturgy the canonical authorities to whom he is responsible, the Ecumenical Patriarch and the archbishop of the AROCWE John of Charioupolis. At the end of the celebration, Blatinsky told the faithful present that from that Sunday onward the parish had been placed under the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Hilarion of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR) of the Patriarchate of Moscow. He justified this change of jurisdiction by saying that the Ecumenical Patriarchate had fallen into "schism" as a result of its intervention in Ukraine. According to the AROCWE's information, this decision, which was taken unilaterally by George Blatinsky, was thereafter been presented as being the result of a unanimous vote of a "general assembly of the parish", which was contrary to ecclesiastical norms and the civil statutes of the parish since no assembly had been convened for that day in accordance with the rules.[321][322][323] Metropolitan Hilarion of the ROCOR assured archpriest George Blatinsky by telephone that he did not need any letter of canonical release from the AROCWE in order to be received into the ROCOR's jurisdiction since, according to Met. Hilarion, "all those who depend on Constantinople are schismatics".[321]
Archbishop John imposed the sanctions of a ban a divinis (suspension of priestly functions), which took effect on 1 November 2018, upon Archpriest George Blatinsky and Priest Oleg Turcan, the second priest of the parish; on 1 November, a commmuniqué announcing their suspension was published on the AROCWE's official websites.[324][325] Archbishop John also sent a letter of protestation to Metropolitan Hilarion of the ROCOR, in New York, on 5 November 2018. On 22 November, the AROCWE released a commmuniqué explaining the situation;[321] in said communiqué, the AROCWE also published the letter Archbishop John had sent to Metropolitan Hilarion of the ROCOR, in French,[326] Russian[327] and English,[328] and said the AROCWE had not yet received an answer from Metropolitan Hilarion of the ROCOR.
Dissolution of the archdiocese
On 27 November the Ecumenical Patriarchate decided unanimously to dissolve its exarchate of the Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe (AROCWE).[329][330][331]
On 28 November, a communiqué concerning the Ecumenical Patriarchate's decision to dissolve its exarchate of the AROCWE was published in French on the Phanarion blog[332] and on the official Facebook page of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[333] The communiqué says the Ecumenical Patriarchate "decided to revoke the patriarchal tomos of 1999 by which it granted pastoral care and administration of orthodox parishes of Russian tradition in Western Europe to His Archbishop-Exarch. [...] [T]he ecumenical patriarchate has decided to integrate and connect parishes to the various holy Metropolises of the ecumenical patriarchate in the countries where they are located."[334][335] On the same day, a communiqué on the website of the AROCWE exarchate was published. In the AROCWE communiqué, it is stated: that the AROCWE had "in no way" requested the Ecumenical Patriarchate's decision, that the AROCWE primate, Archbishop John of Charioupolis,[312][313][314] had not been consulted prior to this decision being taken, and that said primate had learned about the decision during a private conversation with the Ecumenical Patriarch in Istanbul. The communiqué also asked the faithfuls of the AROCWE to maintain their calm.[336]
On 28 November, the St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute, which is was under the ajurisdiction of the AROCWE, published a communiqué in which it declared it "renews today its faithful attachment to the person and action of His All-Holiness Bartholomew I and reaffirms its attentive following in the spirit of unity called by the Holy and Great Council of Crete."[337][338]
On 29 November, after the synod had ended, the same communiqué which had been released one day prior concerning the Ecumenical Patriarchate's decision to dissolve the AROCWE was released, in French, on the official website of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[339]
On 30 November, the council of the AROCWE declared in a communiqué that this decision of the Ecumenical Patriarchate was "unforeseen". The communiqué added that since the AROCWE had not requested this decision, two things should be done before the AROCWE would comply to this decision: Arbishop John of Charioupolis, as the head of the AROCWE, will have to "invite the priests of the Archdiocese to a pastoral assembly, on December 15, 2018, to discuss with those who carry with him the spiritual responsibility of the parishes and faithful of the Archdiocese" and the AROCWE council will have to "convene a general assembly of the Archdiocese, in which all the clergy and lay delegates elected by the parishes and communities, which are the adherent associations of the Diocesan Union, will take part." The communiqué concluded that since John of Charioupolis had not requested this decision, he still remained fully in pastoral charge of the Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe.[340][341]
On 10 December, the AROCWE published a communiqué saying the 15 December Pastoral Assembly of the 15 December was not a "a statutory decision-making body regarding the future of the Archdiocese [...] The legitimate collegial bodies to which our statutes [...] entrust the administrative responsibility for any decisions are the General Assembly [...] and, between two assemblies, the Archdiocesan Council."[342][343] After the 15 December Pastoral Assembly, the AROCWE released a communiqué in which it states that it decided to call an extraordinary General Assembly, scheduled for 23 February 2019. This General Assembly will discuss the November 2018 desision of the Ecumenical Patriarchate to dissolve the AROCWE.[344][345]
American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese
2 priests of the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese left the Ecumenical Patriarchate to join the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia in response to the Ecumenical Patriarchate's decision concerning Ukraine.[346][347]
Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Germany
On October 16, the head of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Germany published a statement on the Metropolis' website saying: "With disappointment and grief I have noted yesterday's decision of the Holy Synod of the Moscow Patriarchate to sever the eucharistic communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, whose metropolitan in Germany I am. [...] As was the case then, this time too applies: particularly affected are the parishes in the so-called diaspora, where there is a coexistence between the two patriarchates, in other words also in Germany. [...] As far as Ukraine is concerned, it is the common concern of all Orthodox Christians how to succeed in solving ecclesiastical cleavages ecclesiastically, not politically; it has to be non-violent and effective. This is the determined and irrevocable intention of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, which, as a mother church, has the right to do so and, I believe, is obliged to have the daughter Ukraine grown up into self-employment. That the older daughter Moscow does not recognize it is regrettable."[348]
Canonical issues
The schism has its root in a dispute over who between the Patriarchate of Moscow and the Patriarchate of Constantinople has canonical jurisdiction over the See of Kyiv (Kiev) and, therefore, which patriarchate has canonical jurisdiction over the territory of Ukraine. "[T]he principal argument proposed [concerning the granting of the ecclesiastical status of autocephaly to Ukraine by the Ecumenical Patriarchate] is that Ukraine "constitutes the canonical territory of the Patriarchate of Moscow” and that, consequently, such an act on the part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate would comprise an "intervention" into a foreign ecclesiastical jurisdiction."[349] The Patriarchate of Moscow's claim of canonical jurisdiction is based mostly on two documents: the Patriarchal and Synodal “Act” or “Letter of Issue” of 1686, and a 1686 Patriarchal Letter to the Kings of Russia. Both those documents are reproduced in the "Appendix" section of a study published by the Ecumenical Patriarch called The Ecumenical Throne and the Ukrainian Church - The Documents Speak.[349] The Church of Constantinople claims the Church of Constantinople has canonical jurisdiction over the See of Kyiv and that the documents upon which the Russian Orthodox Church bases its claim of jurisdiction over said See of Kyiv do not support the ROC's claim.
On 1 July 2018, the Ecumenical Patriarch said that Constantinople was the Mother Church of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and declared that "Constantinople never ceded the territory of Ukraine to anyone by means of some ecclesiastical Act, but only granted to the Patriarch of Moscow the right of ordination or transfer of the Metropolitan of Kiev on the condition that the Metropolitan of Kiev should be elected by a Clergy-Laity Congress and commemorate the Ecumenical Patriarch. [It is written] in the Tome of autocephaly, which was granted by the Mother Church [Constantinople] to the Church of Poland: “[...] original separation from our Throne of the Metropolis of Kiev and of the two Orthodox churches of Lithuania and Poland, which depend on it, and their annexation to the Holy Church of Moscow, in no way occurred according to the binding canonical regulations, nor was the agreement respected concerning the full ecclesial independence of the Metropolitan of Kiev, who bears the title of Exarch of the Ecumenical Throne...”[350]"[351] The ROC considers this argument "groundles[s]".[8]
Ecumenical Patriarchate's claims
The Ecumenical Patriarchate issued a document authored by various clerics and theologians called The Ecumenical Throne and the Ukrainian Church - The Documents Speak.[349] This document analyzes canonical historic documents (namely the Patriarchal and Synodal "Act" or "Letter of Issue" of 1686 and the 1686 Patriarchal Letter to the Kings of Russia) to see if the claim over the See of Kyiv by the Patriarch of Moscow is canonical or not. The date of publication of this document is unknown, but the earliest online version can be found on 28 September 2018 on the website of the Greek Orthodox Archidiocese of America[352] in PDF in English[353] as well as in Greek.[354] In September 2018, the Holy Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta issued a translation[355][356] which was on 17 October published on the official Italian website of the Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe.[357] The Ecumenical Throne and the Ukrainian Church was translated in Ukrainian as of 6 October 2018.[358]
The Ecumenical Throne and the Ukrainian Church concludes that:
"[T]hrough the autocratic abolition of the commemoration of the Ecumenical Patriarch by each Metropolitan of Kyiv, the de jure dependence of the Metropolis of Kyiv (and the Church of Ukraine) on the Ecumenical Patriarchate was arbitrarily rendered an annexation and amalgamation of Ukraine to the Patriarchate of Moscow. [...] All these events took place in a period when the Ecumenical Throne was in deep turmoil and incapable “on account of the circumstances of the time to raise its voice against such capricious actions[.]” [...] The Church of Ukraine never ceased to constitute de jure canonical territory of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. [...] The Ecumenical Patriarchate was always aware of this despite the fact that, “on account of the circumstances of the time”, it tolerated the arbitrary actions by the Patriarchate of Moscow. [...] [T]he Ecumenical Patriarchate is entitled and obliged to assume the appropriate maternal care for the Church of Ukraine in every situation where this is deemed necessary."
Constantin Vetochnikov, two PhD in theology, PhD in history and member of the Collège de France,[359] who participated in Augustus 2016 to the 23rd International Congress of Byzantine Studies in Belgrade where he made a report on the subject of the transfer of the See of Kyiv,[360] and who helped the Ecumenical Patriarchate on The Ecumenical Throne and the Ukrainian Church,[361] declared on 27 December 2016 that the transfer of the See of Kyiv from the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarchate to the authority of the Russian Orthodox Church "never took place"[362]
Later, Vetoshnikov made an analysis of the arguments of the Russian Orthodox Church. He pointed out that, according to the strict dogmatic approach (akribeia, ἀκρίβεια), the whole territory of Russia was originally subjected to the Ecumenical Patriarchate. After the Muscovy had gone into the schism in the XV century, it received autocephaly according to a more flexible approach (oikonomia, οἰκονομία) to heal this schism. The Metropolitan of Kiev at the same time remained within the jurisdiction of Constantinople. Then, also according to the oikonomia approach, the right to ordain Metropolitans of Kiev was transferred to the Patriarch of Moscow. This was not a change in the boundaries of the Moscow Patriarchate eparchy, as it was issued by a document of a lower level (ekdosis, ἐκδόσεως), which was used for various temporary solutions. For pastoral reasons, the Ecumenical Patriarchate subsequently did not assert its rights to this territory. But after the collapse of the Soviet Union there was a split among the Orthodox of Ukraine and the Russian Church for 30 years failed to overcome this split. And now, also for pastoral reasons, the Ecumenical Patriarchate was forced to act in accordance with the principle of akribeia, and so it decided to abolish the right to ordain Metropolitans of Kiev which had been earlier transferred to the Moscow Patriarchate in accordance with oikonomia.[363][364]
Arguments against the Ecumenical Patriarchate's claims
On 20 August 2018, the pro-Moscow anonymous site Union of Orthodox Journalists[365] analysed the Ecumenical Patriarchate's claim of jurisdiction over Ukraine and concluded the See of Kyiv had been transfered to the Patriarchate of Moscow. They added that even if the Ecumenical Patriarchate decided to abrogate the 1686 transfer, the territory covered in 1686 by the See of Kyiv's territory was "a far cry from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of today" and covered less than half of Ukraine's current territory.[366]
In its 15 October 2018 official statement, the Russian Orthodox Church gave counterarguments to the Ecumenical Patriarch's arguments.[2]
Metropilitan Hilarion, chairman of the Moscow Patriarchate’s Department for External Church Relations, declared in an interview that Constantinople's plan to "grant Autocephaly to a part of the Russian Orthodox Church [...] that once was subordinate to Constantinople [...] runs counter to historic truth". His argumument is that the entire territory of Ukraine has not been under Constantinople’s jurisdiction for 300 because the Kiev metropolis that was incorporated into the Moscow Patriarchate in 1686 was much smaller (it did not include Donbass, Odessa and some other regions) and therefore does not coincide with the present-day territory of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.[367] A smiliar argument was given on 13 November in a live phone interview to Radio Liberty by the Head of the Information and Education Department of the UOC-MP, Archbishop Clement.[368][369]
Archbishop Clement of the UOC-MP considers that "to revoke the letter on the transfer of the Kiev Metropolis in 1686 is the same as to cancel the decisions of the Ecumenical Councils of the 4th or 7th centuries."[370][371]
On 8 November the pro-Moscow anonymous website Union of Orthodox Journalists[365] analyzed the same documents as The Ecumenical Throne and the Ukrainian Church (the Patriarchal and Synodal "Act" or "Letter of Issue" of 1686 and the 1686 Patriarchal Letter to the Kings of Russia) and concluded that the See of Kyiv had been "completely transferred to the jurisdiction of the Russian Church in 1686".[372]
Possibility of a pan-Orthodox synaxis on the question of Ukraine
The possibility of a pan-Orthodox synaxis has been raised before and after the official break of communion.
On 29 September 2018, the Reverend Alexander Volkov, the press secretary of the Patriarch of Moscow, declared the "[l]ocal [national [- TASS]] Orthodox Churches may initiate a pan-Orthodox Synaxis - consultative assembly or conference - on the problem of the Ecumenical Patriarch’s decision to grant autocephaly to the Church in Ukraine", however the problem was that conveneing such a synaxis is "a prerogative of the First among the Equals, that is, the Ecumenical Patriarch". Volkov noted there was "[o]thers forms [of pan-Orthodox synaxis]. There are the elders of the Church who can take this task upon themselves. [...] If you look at the Diptychs [the table specifying the order of commemorating the Primates of Orthodox Churches - TASS], the next in line [after the Ecumenical Patriarch - TASS] is the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria. Or else, there is the so-called synaxis of the eldest Patriarchs - of Alexandria, Jerusalem and Antioch[.]"[373]
Thus far, Patriarch John X of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch,[374][186] Patriarch Irinej of the Serbian Orthodox Church,[186] Archbishop Chrysostomos II of the Church of Cyprus,[375] the Polish Orthodox Church primate Metropolitan Sawa (Hrycuniak),[376] the Orthodox Church in America primate Metropolitan Tikhon,[d][231] Archbishop Anastasios, primate of the Albanian Orthodox Church,[213][214][215][216] and three hierarchs of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Metropolitans Gabriel of Lovech, John of Varna and Veliki Preslav, and Daniel of Vedin)[377] have expressed their desire for a pan-Orthodox synaxis or pan-Orthodox council over the question of Ukraine in various statements. On 12 November 2018, the synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church published a communiqué in which they requested the convocation of a Pan-Orthodox Synod.[188][378]
On 7 November, answering the question "Who could, for instance, convene a Pan-Orthodox Council and chair it?", Metropolitan Hilarion declared in an interview, which was published on the official website of the ROC Department for External Church Relations, that it was "obvious" that the Ecumenical Patriarch could not chair a Pan-Orthodox Council since "the most important problems in the Orthodox world are linked with precisely his [Ecumenical Patriarch] anti-canonical activity"[60]
On 4 December, in an interview, when asked about the fact that convoking a pan-Orthodox council was "according to the canons" a prerogative of the Ecumenical Patriarch, Metropolitan Hilarion replied: "which canons ? [...] I believe those canons do not exist, the Ecumenical councils were not convoked by the Ecumenical Patriarch, they were convoked by the emperor. The fact the Patriarch of Constantinople has been given the right to convey councils in the 20th century is the result of a consensus reached by all the local churches. It is not at a personnal initiative that the council is convoked, but only with the consent of all the local churches. We had, until recently, the first among equals, that is the Patriarch of Constantinople, who convoked the councils [...] in the name of the local Orthodox churches. Now, the unifiying element is no more the Patriarchate of Constantinople which, so to speak, autodestroyed itself. It is its decision. [...] We have to think about the future: who will convoke the councils, will it be the Patriarch of Alexandria, or another Patriarch, or else we will generally not have a council? Whatever. The Patriarch of Constantinople, as long as he stays in schism, even if he convokes a council the Russian Orthodox Church will not take part in it."[379]
See also
- 1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism
- Bulgarian schism
- Schism of 1054
- Eastern Orthodox Church organization
- Phyletism
- Russian irredentism
- Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)
- Russia–Ukraine relations
- Russian nationalism
- Ukrainian nationalism
References
Notes
- ^ Russian: Раскол между РПЦ и Константинопольским; Ukrainian: Розкол між РПЦ і Константинопольським, lit. 'ROC–Constantinople split'
- ^ Russian: Раскол Православной церкви; Ukrainian: Розкол Православної церкви, lit. 'split of the Orthodox Church'
- ^ The ROC considers in its 14 September 2018 statemet that "the Patriarchate of Constantinople, behind [the ROC's] back and without its consent, took uncanonical actions against [the ROC's] parts – the autonomous Churches in the territory of the young states formed on the borders of the former Russian Empire: in 1923 it transformed the autonomous Churches in the territory of Estonia and Finland into its own metropolias, in 1924 granted the autocephaly to the Polish Orthodox Church[i], and in 1936 proclaimed its jurisdiction in Latvia. [...]" In the same statement, the ROC remind that "the Moscow Patriarchate, on its turn, in 1948 granted the autocephalous rights to the Orthodox Church in Poland and confirmed the autonomous status of the Orthodox Church in Finland, granted by His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon in 1921, having agreed in 1957 to consign to oblivion all canonical disputes and misunderstandings between the Orthodox Church of Finland and the Russian Orthodox Church"[8]
- ^ Autocephaly for the Orthodox Church in America was granted by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1970 and is not yet fully recognized by all the other Orthodox Churches (including the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople).
References
- ^ "Moscow weighs up the consequences of Orthodox Church schism". The Independent. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Statement by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church concerning the encroachment of the Patriarchate of Constantinople on the canonical territory of the Russian Church | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018. see also: MacFarquhar, Neil (15 October 2018). "Russia Takes Further Step Toward Major Schism in Orthodox Church". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ Zhukovsky, Arkadii. "Stauropegion". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
- ^ "Patriarchal Letter to the Kings of Russia", THE ECUMENICAL THRONE AND THE CHURCH OF UKRAINE - The Documents Speak (September 2018), pp. 35–39 (English translation based on the text published in: Собрание государственных грамот и договоров, хранящихся в государственной коллегии иностранных дел [Collection of state documents and treaties kept in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs], Part Four, Moscow, 1826, 514–517).
- ^ "Statement by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church concerning the encroachment of the Patriarchate of Constantinople on the canonical territory of the Russian Church | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018. "the report of the Patriarchate of Constantinople published on October 11, 2018, about the following decisions of the Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Constantinople: confirming the intention ‘to grant autocephaly to the Ukrainian Church; opening a ‘stauropegion’ of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in Kiev; ‘restoring in the rank of bishop or priest’ the leaders of the Ukrainian schism and their followers and ‘returning their faithful to church communion’; ‘recalling the 1686 patent of the Patriarchate of Constantinople on the transfer of the Metropolis of Kiev to the Moscow Patriarchate as its part."
- ^ "Announcement (11/10/2018). - Announcements - The Ecumenical Patriarchate". www.patriarchate.org. 11 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ^ "Statement by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church concerning the encroachment of the Patriarchate of Constantinople on the canonical territory of the Russian Church | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
To admit into communion schismatics and a person anathematized in other Local Church [Filared, head of the UOC-KP] with all the 'bishops' and 'clergy' consecrated by him, the encroachment on somebody else's canonical regions, the attempt to abandon its own historical decisions and commitments – all this leads the Patriarchate of Constantinople beyond the canonical space and, to our great grief, makes it impossible for us to continue the Eucharistic community with its hierarch, clergy and laity. From now on until the Patriarchate of Constantinople's rejection of its anti-canonical decisions, it is impossible for all the clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church to concelebrate with the clergy of the Church of Constantinople and for the laity to participate in sacraments administered in its churches.
See also: "The Ecumenical Patriarchate recognises the independence of the Orthodox metropolis of Kiev". OSW. 12 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.The recognition of the canonical legitimacy of the two church structures (the KP UOC and the UAOC), which had hitherto been regarded as schismatic, may be assumed to be just a temporary step, aimed at facilitating the reunification of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church into a single organisation.
"Metropolitan Hilarion: Filaret Denisenko was and remains a schismatic | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 29 October 2018., "Russian Orthodox Church Breaks Ties With Constantinople Patriarchate". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 29 October 2018. - ^ a b c d "Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church concerning the uncanonical intervention of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the canonical territory of the Russian Orthodox Church | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. 14 September 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ a b Max Seddon; Roman Olearchyk (14 October 2018). "Putin suffers Crimea blowback with Orthodox Church schism". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
But both sides acknowledge the canonical dispute is a proxy for a wider battle over Kiev's independence from Moscow. ... Speaking in front of Kiev's oldest church on Sunday, Mr Poroshenko cast "autocephaly", or autonomy for the Ukrainian church, as part of Kiev's broader push for integration with the west through EU and Nato membership while withdrawing from agreements with Russia
- ^ a b Volodomyr Shuvayev (19 October 2018). "How Geopolitics Are Driving the Biggest Eastern Orthodox Schism in a Millennium". Stratfor. AFP. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ a b "Poroshenko explains timing of Russia's attack on Ukrainian ships near Kerch Strait". UNIAN. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ a b "Порошенко сказав, чому Путін напав в Керченській протоці саме зараз". espreso.tv. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ a b ERR, Jason Van Boom, PhD candidate, University of Tartu | (21 October 2018). "Moscow-Constantinople split highlighting Estonia's role in Orthodox church". ERR. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Shubin 2004, p. 39-41.
- ^ Shubin 2004, p. 87-88.
- ^ Shubin 2004, p. 94.
- ^ Rowell, S. C. (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45011-9.
- ^ Hosking 1991, p. 4-5.
- ^ Shubin 2004, p. 124-129.
- ^ Shubin 2004, p. 130-132.
- ^ Shubin 2005, p. 17,35.
- ^ Jenny Berglund; Thomas Lundén; Peter Strandbrink (19 May 2015). Crossings and Crosses: Borders, Educations, and Religions in Northern Europe. De Gruyter. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-61451-655-2.
- ^ In Russian translation Патриарх Московский и всея России и северных стран
- ^ Shubin 2005, p. 26.
- ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 255–256. ISBN 978-0-8020-0830-5. Kubijovyc, Volodymyr (1988). Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Volume II: G-K. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442651180.
- ^ Bilge, Aslı. "MOSCOW AND GREEK ORTHODOX PATRIARCHATES: TWO ACTORS FOR THE LEADERSHIP OF WORLD ORTHODOXY IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA" (PDF). www.esiweb.org. Turkish Policy Quarterly. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ a b Antiochenus, Petrus (5 December 2018). ""Precedence" of "our people" in Orthodoxy: Patriarch Bartholomew's 21 October speech". Orthodox Synaxis. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ Payne, Daniel P. (October 2015). "Spiritual Security, the Russkiy Mir, and the Russian Orthodox Church: The Influence of the Russian Orthodox Church on Russia's Foreign Policy regarding Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, and Armenia". Traditional religion and political power: Examining the role of the church in Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and.
- ^ Payne, Daniel P. (October 2015). "Spiritual Security, the Russkiy Mir, and the Russian Orthodox Church: The Influence of the Russian Orthodox Church on Russia's Foreign Policy regarding Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, and Armenia". In Hug, Adam (ed.). Traditional religion and political power: Examining the role of the church in Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova (PDF). The Foreign Policy Center. pp. 65–70.
- ^ Bekus, Nelly; Wawrzonek, Michał; Korzenewska-Wisznewska, Mirella (1 September 2016). Orthodoxy Versus Post-Communism? Belarus, Serbia, Ukraine and the Russkiy Mir. ResearchGate: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- ^ Petro, Nicolai N. (23 March 2015). "Russia's Orthodox Soft Power". www.carnegiecouncil.org. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ "Don't cry for romiosyne (Τη ρωμιοσύνη μην την κλαις) - lyrics translation from greek". hellas-songs.ru. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ Loudaros, Andreas (22 October 2018). "Russia paying big money for articles, black propaganda in light of Ukraine developments: Patriarch Bartholomew". Orthodoxia.info. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ "Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church 8 November 2000 : Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
Patriarch Bartholomew issued an 'Act' on 20 February 1996 on the renewal of the 1923 Tomos of Patriarch Meletius IV and on the establishment of the 'Autonomous Orthodox Estonian Metropolia' on the territory of Estonia. Temporal administration was entrusted to Archbishop John of Karelia and All Finland. A schismatic group headed by the suspended clergymen was accepted into canonical communion. Thus the schism in Estonia became a reality.
On 23 February 1996, in response to the one-sided and illegal actions of Patriarch Bartholomew the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church resolved to recognize them 'as schismatic and compelling our Church to suspend canonical and Eucharistic communion with the Patriarchate of Constantinople… and to omit the name of the Patriarch of Constantinople in the diptych of the Primates of the Local Orthodox Churches'. - ^ "Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church 8 November 2000 : Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
The text of the memorandum was agreed upon and included into the decisions taken by the Synods of the Orthodox Churches of Constantinople and Moscow on 16 May 1996. The document restored the interrupted communion between the two Patriarchates.
- ^ "CNEWA - The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church". www.cnewa.org. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
On May 16 both Holy Synods formally adopted the recommendations made at the Zurich meeting. The agreement provided for parallel jurisdictions in Estonia, and allowed individual parishes and clergy to join either the Estonian autonomous church under Constantinople or the diocese that would remain dependent on Moscow. For its part, Constantinople agreed to a four-month suspension of its February 20th decision to re-establish the Estonian autonomous church. Moscow agreed to lift the penalties that had been imposed on clergy who had joined the autonomous church. Both Patriarchates agreed to work together with the Estonian government, so that all Estonian Orthodox might enjoy the same rights, including rights to property. As a result of this agreement, full communion was restored between Moscow and Constantinople, and the name of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew was again included in the diptychs in Moscow.
- ^ "Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church 8 November 2000 : Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ "communiqué of the Ecumenical Patriarchate on the autonomy of the Church of Estonia". www.orthodoxa.org. 24 February 1996. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
- ^ Steinfels, Peter (28 February 1996). "Russian Church Breaks Off From Orthodoxy's Historic Center". Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ Peter, Laurence (17 October 2018). "Orthodox Church split: Five reasons why it matters". BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
- ^ "Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk: Decision demanded by church canons was taken today | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ "Metropolitan Hilarion: Decisions taken by Constantinople run contrary to canonical Tradition of the Orthodox Church | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ "Metropolitan Hilarion: the Patriarchate of Constantinople has lost the right to be called the coordinating center for the Orthodox Church | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ "Metropolitan Hilarion: The fact that the Patriarchate of Constantinople has recognized a schismatic structure means for us that it itself is now in schism | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ Голубева, Анастасия; Рейтер, Светлана (16 October 2018). ""Мы и без них проживем". Интервью митрополита Илариона после решений синода". BBC Russian Service. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ "The Real Russia. Today. Millions of Russian dollars on Mount Athos, tabloid shenanigans against Yuri Dmitriev, and Olga Oliker on 'Moscow's nuclear enigma'". Meduza. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ "Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk meets with Pope Francis | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ a b "Interview given by Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk, DECR chairman, to Italian news agency SIR | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ^ "ЖУРНАЛ №17 ЗАСІДАННЯ СВЯЩЕННОГО СИНОДУ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ПРАВОСЛАВНОЇ ЦЕРКВИ КИЇВСЬКОГО ПАТРІАРХАТУ". www.cerkva.info. Українська Православна Церква Київський Патріархат (УПЦ КП). Retrieved 27 October 2018.
- ^ ""Metropolitan" and "patriarch" rolled into one: KP changes its head's title". spzh.news. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ "Is the Ecumenical Patriarchate Fine with St. Andrew's Church in Kyiv? - Modern Diplomacy". moderndiplomacy.eu. 26 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
On October 20, the UOC KP Synod changed the title of its head [Filaret]. Now the Church's Primate will also be called the Archimandrite of Kyiv-Pechersk and Pochaiv Lavras, which seemingly reflects Filaret's desire to get them at his disposal. At the moment both Lavras belong to the UOC MP [the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)], so it looks like the "Archimandrite" doesn't want to comply with the fifth point of the Constantinople Synod decree in which the Patriarchate appeals to all sides involved that they avoid appropriation of Churches, Monasteries and other properties.
- ^ "Metropolitan Hilarion: Filaret Denisenko was and remains a schismatic | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
Filaret's appropriation of the title of archimandrite of the Kiev Caves and Pochaev Lavras falls in line with his many times announced claims to these monasteries sacred for the millions of Orthodox Ukrainians. When Constantinople took decision on reinstating him (though it is not clear in which rank – patriarch? metropolitan?) it called upon "all involved parties to avoid the appropriation of churches, monasteries and other property, and any other acts of violence and retaliation." And Ukrainian President Poroshenko has assured that no property redistribution would occur. However, can one believe these calls and assurances when the chief leader of the schism, now justified by Constantinople, does not hide his plans of seizing the main holy sites of the canonical Ukrainian Church, while the nationalistic groups are ready to commit the seizure with his 'blessing'? It seems that only the absence of tomos of autocephaly still deters from violent actions those willing to do away with the canonical Church as quickly as possible.
- ^ "Filaret sees no rivals in the race for SLC primacy". spzh.news. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ^ "Secretariat to inter-Orthodox relations | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ "Russian Orthodox Church tells Patriarch Bartholomew it's not obliged to obey him". www.interfax-religion.com. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
"The Russian Church, like any other local Orthodox Church, is not obliged to obey the Patriarch of Constantinople's decisions, as the canons of the Ecumenical Councils, to which Patriarch Bartholomew has referred, do not invest him with any powers beyond his patriarchate," Archpriest Igor Yakimchuk, the Moscow Patriarchate Department for External Church Relations secretary, told Interfax on Tuesday.
The priest was commenting on Patriarch Bartholomew's remark on Monday that his privileges are based on Ecumenical Council canons, that everyone in the Orthodox world has to respect them, and that the Russian Orthodox Church will therefore follow Constantinople's decisions on Ukraine sooner or later.
The priest argued that the canons mentioned by Patriarch Bartholomew ranked the bishop of Constantinople second, following the bishop of Rome, on a list of Churches existing when the canons were drawn up, on the grounds that Constantinople was the seat of the czar and the Senate.
"Given that the Byzantine Empire long ago ceased to exist and that Istanbul is not even the capital of Turkey now, there are no more canonical foundations even for the symbolic primacy of the Constantinople Patriarchate in the Orthodox world," he said. - ^ "Patriarch Kirill: There is no conflict between Constantinople and Moscow but there is Moscow's defence of inviolable canonical norms | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ^ Loudaros, Andreas (6 November 2018). "EXCLUSIVE: UOC-MP perspective on Ukraine issue". Orthodoxia.info. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ Loudaros, Andreas (13 November 2018). "Moscow Patriarchate establishes parish in Constantinople". Orthodoxia.info. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ "Scisma ortodosso, parla Mosca. Hilarion: "Costantinopoli ha perso il suo ruolo. Metà dei cristiani ortodossi non sono più in comunione con lei" | AgenSIR". AgenSIR - Servizio Informazione Religiosa (in Italian). 6 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ^ a b "Metropolitan Hilarion: Patriarch of Constantinople claims power over history itself | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. 7 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ^ "Metropolitan Hilarion: Patriarch Bartholomew's actions do not heal the schism but rather deepen it | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ^ "Ukrainian autocephaly project flopped - Russian Orthodox Church". www.interfax-religion.com. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ "Russian Church sends a priest to South Korea because of the break with Constantinople". www.interfax-religion.com. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ "Russian Church reminds Constantinople's Russian parishes in Western Europe about the propose of transition to Moscow Patriarchate". www.interfax-religion.com. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ Orthodoxie.com, Entretien avec le métropolite Hilarion (Alfeyev) de Volokolamsk, retrieved 5 December 2018 (12 minutes, 21 seconds)
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Besides, a special agreement will be signed between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the sanctuary complex according to which the church will operate both as a place of worship and a museum (like the Refectory Church of St. Sophia's Monastery where services are held from 8 till 10 AM, and later it is open as a museum). [...] The representatives of the world Orthodox leader would reside in a museum – and that, as politicians think, also shouldn't confuse the Phanar. Moreover, the church won't be owned but only used by Constantinople.
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Also, Makariy Maletich noted that he had acted consistently in the matter of transferring St. Andrew's Church to the Constantinople Patriarchate unlike President Petro Poroshenko, who on the eve stressed that the temples belong to the state and will not be transferred to anyone.
"I replied that I personally agreed, but I will gather the bishops, because it's not solely I who makes decisions," explained the "metropolitan". "We give it away, but you have to give us something in return.<...> There is a church of St. Cyril, there is a reserve, there is a church of the Savior on Berestov – here we go. And in the ZIK program, the president said he'd promised to make it up for both Filaret and Makariy, but it will be one church to get by. So, one has to be consistent. I can be deceived once, twice, but it will not work anymore."
"Moscow (temples – Ed.) won't be transferred, whereas the only cathedral of the UAOC can be. Such justice we have, complained Makariy. " Filaret also has monasteries, churches, serves in Little Sofia. So the president is not acting in good faith, even though I praised him." - ^ "Is the Ecumenical Patriarchate Fine with St. Andrew's Church in Kyiv? - Modern Diplomacy". moderndiplomacy.eu. 26 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
Now it is the cathedral of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC), but it's a state property and part of the Sophia of Kyiv National Sanctuary. That is why the decision to hand over the church was reviewed by members of Parliament. [...] Obviously, the UAOC's consent was also obtained. Its primate Metropolitan Makarios said that if the UAOC was part of the new Local Orthodox Church he agreed to give his cathedral to the Exarch of Constantinople.
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"The property belongs to the communities as the property of religious communities, and the property belongs to the state, which gives churches, temples, monasteries, lavras for use," says the head of the Kiev Patriarchate.
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- ^ "Komunikat
Kancelarii Św. Soboru Biskupów
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15 listopada 2018 roku". www.orthodox.pl (in Polish). 16 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018. - ^ "Polish Church refuses to recognize reinstation of Filaret and Makariy". spzh.news. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
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For the first time in the history of the Orthodox Church, it is faced with a real danger of a new big schism, this time not between the Christian East and West, but within the East itself. If that were to happen, and I hope that, despite everything, it will not, it would be a bigger and harder schism than all the previous ones in the history of the Church, quantitatively greater than the schism of 1054, given the present number of Orthodox churches and their widespread distribution in the world," Bishop Irinej has told the daily Politika.
[...]
He also noted that the Serbian Orthodox Church does not accept the existence of two different and bickering Orthodox Christianities, one "Phanariotic", and the other of "Moscow" - but instead believes in one, holy, communal and apostolic Church of Christ.
"In short: we are not for Moscow, but for the full respect of the centuries-old canonical order, and we are not against Constantinople, but against any initiative that, even independently of good intentions, would certainly cause even more severe shocks and divisions than we already have," he said. - ^ "Statement of the Holy Synod of Antioch". antiochpatriarchate.org. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
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- ^ Panagiotisandriopoulos (28 November 2018). "Φως Φαναρίου : Η Αγία και Ιερά Σύνοδος ήρε τον Τόμο για την Εξαρχία των Ορθοδόξων Παροικιών Ρωσικής Παραδόσεως". Φως Φαναρίου. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ "Ecumenical Patriarchate". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "IT'S OFFICIAL: ECUMENICAL PATRIARCHATE DISSOLVES RUSSIAN ARCHDIOCESE OF WESTERN EUROPE". ORTHODOXY IN DIALOGUE. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "Archevêché des églises russes en Europe occidentale - Communiqué du Bureau de l'Administration Diocésaine du 28 novembre 2018". www.exarchat.eu. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ Cazabonne, Emma (28 November 2018). "Paris: Saint Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute Communiqué". Orthodoxie.com. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
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(help) - ^ "Institut de Théologie Orthodoxe Saint-Serge - Evenements passés". www.saint-serge.net. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ "Communiqué au sujet des églises orthodoxes de tradition russe en Europe occidentale". www.patriarchate.org. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
- ^ "Communiqué of the Council of the Archdiocese of 30th November 2018 | Deanery of Great Britain and Ireland". www.exarchate.org.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ "Archevêché des églises russes en Europe occidentale - Communiqué du Conseil de l'Archevêché du 30 novembre 2018". www.exarchat.eu. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ "Communique of the Diocesan Administration | Deanery of Great Britain and Ireland". www.exarchate.org.uk. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
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(help) - ^ "Communique of the Diocesan Administration". exarchat.eu. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
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(help) - ^ "Archevéché des Églises russes en Europe occidentale - Communiqué of the Council of the Archdiocese of 15th December 2018". www.archeveche.eu. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Communiqué of the Council of the Archdiocese of 15th December 2018 | Deanery of Great Britain and Ireland". www.exarchate.org.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ "Orthodox Priest Abandons Patriarch of Constantinople, Joins Russian Church". Russian Faith. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Another Constantinople priest in America switches to ROCOR". OrthoChristian.Com. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Stellungnahme am 16. Oktober 2018". orthodoxie.net. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "THE ECUMENICAL THRONE AND THE CHURCH OF UKRAINE - THE DOCUMENTS SPEAK - Theological and Other Studies - The Ecumenical Patriarchate". www.patriarchate.org/. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
- ^ "Tomos". Orthodox Church of America - UAOC - Standing Episcopal Conference of Orthodox Bishops. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ "Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew: "As the Mother Church, it is reasonable to desire the restoration of unity for the divided ecclesiastical body in Ukraine" - News Releases - The Ecumenical Patriarchate". www.patriarchate.org. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ "The Ecumenical Throne and the Church of Ukraine". www.goarch.org. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ https://www.goarch.org/documents/32058/4830467/The+Ecumenical+Throne+and+the+Church+of+Ukraine+%28ENGLISH%29.pdf/8c509846-38e4-4610-a54e-30121eec77ef
- ^ https://www.goarch.org/documents/32058/4830467/The+Ecumenical+Throne+and+the+Church+of+Ukraine+-+Greek.pdf/
- ^ "IL TRONO ECUMENICO E LA CHIESA DI UCRAINA PARLANO I TESTI" (PDF). ortodossia.it. September 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ Yfantidis, Evangelos. "IL TRONO ECUMENICO E LA CHIESA Di UCRAINA - PARLANO I TESTI". www.ortodossia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "IL TRONO ECUMENICO E LA CHIESA DI UCRAINA – PARLANO I TESTI". www.esarcato.it (in Italian). 17 October 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "Canon lawyers of Constantinople lay out arguments in favor of canonical affiliation of Ukraine to Ecumenical Patriarchate". risu.org.ua. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
The Kyiv Orthodox Theological Academy of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kyiv Patriarchate translated into Ukrainian the study The Ecumenical Throne and the Ukrainian Church
- ^ "KONSTANTINOS VETOCHNIKOV
Ingénieur d'études
(Bibliothèque Byzantine du Collège de France)
Curriculum vitae [Résumé]" (PDF). - ^ Vetochnikov, Konstantinos (August 2016). "La "concession" de la métropole de Kiev au patriarche de Moscou en 1686 : Analyse canonique". Les Frontières et les Limites du Patriarcat de Constantinople (in French): 744–784 – via Academia.edu.
- ^ "THE ECUMENICAL THRONE AND THE CHURCH OF UKRAINE - THE DOCUMENTS SPEAK - Theological and Other Studies - The Ecumenical Patriarchate". Retrieved 31 October 2018.
Finally, we convey our fervent gratitude to the erudite scholar, Mr. Konstantinos Vetochnikov, who placed his invaluable knowledge on the issue of this publication at the disposal of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
- ^ "The See of Kyiv never transferred to Moscow, Constantin Vetochnikov says". risu.org.ua. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ^ Vetoshnikov, Konstantine (28 November 2018). Ответ на аргументы представителей РПЦ о "полной передаче" Москве юрисдикции над Киевской митрополией в 1686 г.. cerkvarium.org (in Russian). Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ "Ответ на аргументы представителей РПЦ о "полной передаче" Москве юрисдикции над Киевской митрополией в 1686 г - Константин Ветошников". esxatos.com. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ a b Goble, Paul A. (18 January 2016). "Moscow Patriarchate beefs up its staff for hybrid operations against Ukraine-- EUROMAIDAN PRESS". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ Aleksandrov, Kirill (20 August 2018). "Will Constantinople bring Kiev Metropolia into its fold?". spzh.news. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Constantinople's annulment of 1686 decision counter to historic truth —Moscow Patriarchate". TASS (in Russian). 15 October 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ "Hierarch: Phanar - separatists who are trying to divide church Ukraine". spzh.news. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
"We are talking about the Kiev Metropolis of the XVII century, which occupied a third of the current territory of Ukraine. And then how can they claim entire Ukraine? And if we are talking only about the Kiev Metropolis of the XVII century, then they, obviously, suggest dividing our country into some kind of "old" and "new" territories. This is a clear appeal to separatism," said the bishop.
- ^ "Hierarch: Phanar - separatists who are trying to divide church Ukraine". spzh.news. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
"We are talking about the Kiev Metropolis of the XVII century, which occupied a third of the current territory of Ukraine. And then how can they claim entire Ukraine? And if we are talking only about the Kiev Metropolis of the XVII century, then they, obviously, suggest dividing our country into some kind of "old" and "new" territories. This is a clear appeal to separatism," said the bishop.
- ^ "Arch. Clement: There is no direct subordination between UOC and Phanar". spzh.news. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ^ В УПЦ МП ответили на заявление представителя Константинополя о церкви. RT на русском (in Russian). 2 November 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ^ "The very same Letter: Did Constantinople transfer the Church of Ukraine?". spzh.news. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ "Russian Church awaiting initiative from local Church on pan-Orthodox assembly". TASS. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ "Patriarch John X of Antioch and All the East calls for convocation of a Pan-Orthodox Council | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. 15 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ "Archbishop of Cyprus objects to politics' interference in affairs of Orthodox Church in Ukraine – Stepashin". www.interfax-religion.com. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ "Primate of the Polish Orthodox Church calls upon His Holiness Patriarch Bartholomew to convene inter-Orthodox synaxis to discuss the Ukrainian issue | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. 5 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ "Three hierarchs of Bulgarian Orthodox Church make statement on situation in Ukraine | The Russian Orthodox Church". mospat.ru. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ Papageorgiou, Spiros (13 November 2018). "Calls for pan-Orthodox synod from Serbian church". Orthodoxia.info. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ Orthodoxie.com, Entretien avec le métropolite Hilarion (Alfeyev) de Volokolamsk, retrieved 5 December 2018 (14 minutes, 31 seconds)
Literature
- Shubin, Daniel (2004). A History of Russian Christianity. Volume I: From the Earliest Years through Tsar Ivan IV. New York: Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-289-7.
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(help) - Shubin, Daniel (2005). A History of Russian Christianity. Volume II: The Patriarchal Era through Peter the Great, 1586 to 1725. New York: Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-348-1.
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(help) - Hosking, Geoffrey, ed. (1991). Church, Nation and State in Russia and Ukraine. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-349-21566-9.
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(help) - Antiochenus, Petrus. "The Trump Administration, Ukrainian Autocephaly, and Secular Governments". orthodoxsynaxis.org. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
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(help) (a summary of the role of the secular governments in this schism)