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{{Infobox settlement |
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<!--See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields that may be available--> |
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<!--See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |
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<!-- Basic info -----------------> |
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|name = Santiago de Compostela |
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|other_name = |
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|settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Spain|City (Municipality)]] |
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|total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |
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|motto = |
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<!-- images and maps ------------> |
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|image_skyline = File:Calle de San Francisco, Santiago de Compostela, España, 2015-09-23, DD 07.jpg |
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|image_caption = Old Town of Santiago, an [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] |
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|image_flag = Bandera de Santiago de Compostela.svg |
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|flag_size = |
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|image_shield = Coat of Arms of Santiago de Compostela.svg |
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|shield_size = |
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|image_blank_emblem = |
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|blank_emblem_type = |
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|blank_emblem_size = |
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|image_map = Location Santiago de Compostela.svg |
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|mapsize = |
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|map_caption = Location of the municipality of Santiago de Compostela within Galicia |
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|image_map1 = |
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|mapsize1 = |
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|map_caption1 = |
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|image_dot_map = |
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|dot_mapsize = |
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|dot_map_caption = |
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|dot_x = |dot_y = |
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|pushpin_map = Spain |
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|pushpin_label_position = |
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|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Santiago de Compostela within Spain |
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|pushpin_mapsize = |
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<!-- Location -------------------> |
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|coordinates_display = inline,title |
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|coordinates_region = ES |
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|subdivision_type = [[Country]] |
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|subdivision_name = [[Spain]] |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous Community]] |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] |
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|subdivision_type2 = [[Province]] |
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|subdivision_name2 = [[A Coruña (province)|A Coruña]] |
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|subdivision_type3 = [[Comarca]] |
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|subdivision_name3 = [[Santiago (comarca)|Santiago]] |
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|parts_type = [[Parroquia (Spain)|Parishe]]s |
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|parts_style = coll |
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|parts = {{nobold|30}} |
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|p1 = Aríns |
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|p2 = Bando |
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|p3 = A Barciela |
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|p4 = Busto |
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|p5 = O Carballal |
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|p6 = O Castiñeiriño |
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|p7 = Cesar |
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|p8 = Conxo |
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|p9 = O Eixo |
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|p10= A Enfesta |
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|p11= Fecha |
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|p12= Figueiras |
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|p13= Fontiñas |
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|p14= Grixoa |
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|p15= Laraño |
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|p16= Marantes |
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|p17= Marrozos |
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|p18= Nemenzo |
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|p19= A Peregrina |
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|p20= Sabugueira |
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|p21= San Caetano |
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|p22= San Lázaro |
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|p23= San Paio |
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|p24= Santa Cristina de Fecha |
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|p25= Santiago de Compostela |
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|p26= Sar |
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|p27= Verdía |
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|p28= Vidán |
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|p29= Villestro |
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|p30= Vista Alegre |
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<!-- Politics ------------------> |
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|government_footnotes = |
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|government_type = [[Mayor-council government|Mayor-council]] |
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|governing_body = Council of Santiago <!-- Concello de Santiago --> |
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|leader_party = [[Compostela Aberta]] |
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|leader_title = [[Alcalde|Mayor]] |
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|leader_name = Martiño Noriega Sánchez |
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|leader_title1 = Councillors |
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|leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list |
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|title = |
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|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |
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|title_style = <!-- (optional) --> |
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|list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |
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|1 = |
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|2 = |
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|3 = |
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|4 = |
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|5 = |
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|6 = |
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|7 = |
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|8 = |
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}} |
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|established_title = <!-- Settled --> |
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|established_date = |
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<!-- Area ----------------------> |
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|area_magnitude = |
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|unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> |
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|area_footnotes = |
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|area_total_km2 = 220 |
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|area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on unit conversion--> |
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|area_water_km2 = |
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|area_water_percent = |
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<!-- Elevation ---------------------------> |
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|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> |
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|elevation_m = 260 |
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|elevation_ft = |
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<!-- Population ------------------------> |
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|population_as_of = 2012 |
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|population_footnotes = [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]] |
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|population_note = |
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|population_total = 95,671 |
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|population_metro = |
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|population_density_km2 = 428.81 |
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|population_demonym = Santiagan <br> {{nowrap|''santiagués'', ''-guesa'' ([[Galician language|gl]] / [[Spanish language|es]])}} <br> ''compostelán'', ''-ana'' ([[Galician language|gl]]) <br> ''compostelano'', ''-na'' ([[Spanish language|es]]) <!-- Informal: ''picheleiro'', ''-ra'' --> |
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<!-- General information ---------------> |
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|timezone1 = CET (GMT +1) |
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|utc_offset1 = |
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|timezone1_DST = CEST (GMT +2) |
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|utc_offset1_DST = |
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|latd= 42|latm=52 |lats=40 |latNS=N |
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|longd=8|longm=32 |longs=40 |longEW=W |
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<!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |
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|postal_code_type = |
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|postal_code = 15700 |
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|area_code = +34 |
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|website = {{URL|http://www.santiagodecompostela.org}} |
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|footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''Santiago de Compostela''',{{efn|Pronunciation: |
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*{{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|s|æ|n|t|ɪ|ˈ|ɑː|ɡ|oʊ|_|d|eɪ|_|ˌ|k|ɒ|m|p|ɒ|ˈ|s|t|ɛ|l|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|æ|n|t|ɪ|ˈ|ɑː|ɡ|oʊ|_|d|ə|_|ˌ|k|ɒ|m|p|ɒ|ˈ|s|t|ɛ|l|ə}} |
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*{{IPA-gl|sanˈtjaɣo ðe komposˈtɛla|lang}} |
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*{{IPA-es|sanˈtjaɣo ðe komposˈtela|lang}}}} |
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commonly known as '''Santiago''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|æ|n|t|ɪ|ˈ|ɑː|ɡ|oʊ}}, {{IPA-gl|sanˈtjaɣo|lang}}, {{IPA-es|sanˈtjaɣo|lang}}), is the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] in northwestern [[Spain]]. |
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The city has its origin in the shrine of [[Saint James the Great]], now [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela|the city's cathedral]], as destination of the [[Way of St. James]], a leading Catholic [[pilgrimage]] route originated in the {{date|9th century|link}}. In 1985 the city's Old Town was designated a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. |
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==Toponym== |
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''Santiago'' is the local Galician evolution of [[Vulgar Latin]] ''Sanctus Iacobus'' "[[Saint James (disambiguation)|Saint James]]". According to legend, ''Compostela'' derives from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''Campus Stellae'' (i.e., "field of the star"); it seems unlikely, however, that this phrase could have yielded the modern ''Compostela'' under normal evolution from Latin to [[Medieval Galician]]. Other etymologies derive the name from Latin ''compositum'', local [[Vulgar Latin]] ''Composita Tella'', meaning "burial ground", or simply from Latin ''compositellam'', meaning "the well-composed one". Other sites in Galicia share this [[toponym]], akin to ''Compostilla'' in the province of [[León (province)|León]]. |
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==The city== |
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The [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela|cathedral]] borders the main plaza of the old and well-preserved city. Legend has it that the remains of the apostle [[James, son of Zebedee|James]] were brought to Galicia for burial. In 813, according to medieval legend, the light of a bright star guided a shepherd who was watching his flock at night to the burial site in Santiago de Compostela.<ref>Marilyn Stokstad,''Santiago de Compostela In the Age of the Great Pilgrimages.''(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978), 7.</ref> The shepherd quickly reported his discovery to the bishop of Iria, Bishop Teodomiro.<ref name="ReferenceA">Stokstad, ''Santiago de Compostela'', 8.</ref> The bishop declared that the remains were those of the apostle James and immediately notified King Alfonso II in [[Oviedo]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> To honour St. James, the cathedral was built on the spot where his remains were said to have been found. The [[legend]], which included numerous miraculous events, enabled the Catholic faithful to bolster support for their stronghold in northern Spain during the Christian crusades against the Moors, but also led to the growth and development of the city.<ref>Stokstad, ''Santiago de Compostela'', 6.</ref> |
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Along the western side of the ''Praza do Obradoiro'' is the elegant 18th century Pazo de Raxoi, now the city hall. Across the square is the Pazo de Raxoi (Raxoi's Palace), the town hall, and on the right from the cathedral steps is the [[Hostal dos Reis Católicos]], founded in 1492 by the [[Catholic Monarchs]], [[Isabella of Castille]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]], as a pilgrims' hospice (now a [[parador]]). The Obradoiro façade of the cathedral, the best known, is depicted on the [[Spanish euro coins]] of 1 cent, 2 cents, and 5 cents ([[euro|€]]0.01, €0.02, and €0.05). |
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Santiago is the site of the [[University of Santiago de Compostela]], established in the early 16th century. The main campus can be seen best from an alcove in the large municipal park in the centre of the city. |
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Within the old town there are many narrow winding streets full of historic buildings. The new town all around it has less character though some of the older parts of the new town have some big flats in them. |
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Santiago de Compostela has a substantial nightlife. Both in the new town (''a zona nova'' in [[Galician language|Galician]], ''la zona nueva'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or ''ensanche'') and the old town (''a zona vella'' in Galician or ''la zona vieja'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], trade-branded as ''zona monumental''), a mix of middle-aged residents and younger students maintain a lively presence until the early hours of the morning. Radiating from the centre of the city, the historic cathedral is surrounded by paved granite streets, tucked away in the old town, and separated from the newer part of the city by the largest of many parks throughout the city, ''Parque da Alameda''. |
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Santiago gives its name to one of the four military orders of Spain: [[Order of Santiago|Santiago]], [[Order of Calatrava|Calatrava]], [[Order of Alcantara|Alcántara]] and [[Order of Montesa|Montesa]]. |
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One of the most important economic centres in Galicia, Santiago is the seat for organisations like [[Association for Equal and Fair Trade Pangaea]]. |
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===Climate=== |
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Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Santiago de Compostela has a temperate [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] (''Cfb'') climate, with cool and somewhat dry summers and cool and cold, wet winters. The prevailing winds from the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and the surrounding mountains combine to give Santiago some of Spain’s highest rainfall: about {{convert|1545|mm|in|1}} annually. The climate is mild: frosts are common only in December, January and February, with an average of just 8 days per year,<ref>In the five years 2006-2010, cf. [http://www2.meteogalicia.es/galego/observacion/estacions/DatosHistoricosTaboas_mensualInv.asp?est=10124¶m=10119,10006,10001,10125&data1=01/1/2006&data2=01/12/2010&tiporede=automaticas&red=102&idprov=0 Meteogalicia].</ref> while snow is rare; temperatures over {{convert|30|C|F}} are exceptional. |
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{{Weather box |
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|location = Santiago de Compostela (1981-2010) |
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|metric first = yes |
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|single line = yes |
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|Jan record high C = 20.0 |
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|Feb record high C = 23.2 |
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|Mar record high C = 27.6 |
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|Apr record high C = 30.2 |
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|May record high C = 34.0 |
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|Jun record high C = 37.8 |
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|Jul record high C = 39.4 |
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|Aug record high C = 39.0 |
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|Sep record high C = 37.6 |
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|Oct record high C = 30.4 |
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|Nov record high C = 24.2 |
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|Dec record high C = 23.4 |
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|year record high C = 39.4 |
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|Jan high C = 11.2 |
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|Feb high C = 12.5 |
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|Mar high C = 15.0 |
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|Apr high C = 16.1 |
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|May high C = 18.6 |
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|Jun high C = 22.2 |
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|Jul high C = 24.3 |
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|Aug high C = 24.7 |
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|Sep high C = 22.8 |
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|Oct high C = 18.1 |
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|Nov high C = 14.1 |
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|Dec high C = 11.9 |
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|year high C = 17.6 |
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|Jan mean C= 7.7 |
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|Feb mean C= 8.3 |
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|Mar mean C= 10.2 |
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|Apr mean C= 11.2 |
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|May mean C= 13.6 |
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|Jun mean C= 16.8 |
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|Jul mean C= 18.6 |
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|Aug mean C= 19.0 |
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|Sep mean C= 17.4 |
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|Oct mean C= 13.8 |
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|Nov mean C= 10.4 |
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|Dec mean C= 8.5 |
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|year mean C= 13.0 |
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|Jan low C = 4.1 |
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|Feb low C = 4.1 |
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|Mar low C = 5.4 |
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|Apr low C = 6.2 |
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|May low C = 8.5 |
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|Jun low C = 11.3 |
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|Jul low C = 13.0 |
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|Aug low C = 13.3 |
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|Sep low C = 11.9 |
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|Oct low C = 9.5 |
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|Nov low C = 6.7 |
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|Dec low C = 5.0 |
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|year low C = 8.3 |
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|Jan record low C = -7.0 |
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|Feb record low C = -9.0 |
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|Mar record low C = -5.6 |
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|Apr record low C = -3.0 |
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|May record low C = -2.0 |
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|Jun record low C = 3.4 |
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|Jul record low C = 3.4 |
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|Aug record low C = 1.0 |
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|Sep record low C = 3.0 |
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|Oct record low C = -1.6 |
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|Nov record low C = -3.2 |
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|Dec record low C = -6.5 |
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|year record low C = -9.0 |
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|Jan rain mm = 210 |
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|Feb rain mm = 167 |
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|Mar rain mm = 146 |
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|Apr rain mm = 146 |
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|May rain mm = 135 |
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|Jun rain mm = 72 |
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|Jul rain mm = 43 |
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|Aug rain mm = 57 |
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|Sep rain mm = 107 |
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|Oct rain mm = 226 |
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|Nov rain mm = 217 |
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|Dec rain mm = 261 |
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|year rain mm = 1787 |
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|Jan precipitation days= 15.2 |
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|Feb precipitation days= 12.6 |
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|Mar precipitation days= 12.8 |
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|Apr precipitation days= 14.4 |
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|May precipitation days= 12.7 |
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|Jun precipitation days= 7.6 |
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|Jul precipitation days= 5.7 |
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|Aug precipitation days= 5.5 |
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|Sep precipitation days= 8.4 |
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|Oct precipitation days= 14.0 |
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|Nov precipitation days= 14.9 |
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|Dec precipitation days= 15.9 |
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|year precipitation days= 139.5 |
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|unit precipitation days= 1 mm |
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|Jan snow days= 1.0 |
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|Feb snow days= 0.7 |
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|Mar snow days= 0.2 |
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|Apr snow days= 0.3 |
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|May snow days= 0 |
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|Jun snow days= 0 |
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|Jul snow days= 0 |
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|Aug snow days= 0 |
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|Sep snow days= 0 |
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|Oct snow days= 0 |
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|Nov snow days= 0.1 |
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|Dec snow days= 0.3 |
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|year snow days= 2.7 |
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|Jan sun= 93 |
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|Feb sun= 114 |
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|Mar sun= 151 |
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|Apr sun= 165 |
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|May sun= 187 |
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|Jun sun= 225 |
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|Jul sun= 243 |
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|Aug sun= 237 |
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|Sep sun= 184 |
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|Oct sun= 132 |
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|Nov sun= 95 |
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|Dec sun= 85 |
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|year sun= 1911 |
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|Jan humidity = 84 |
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|Feb humidity = 79 |
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|Mar humidity = 75 |
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|Apr humidity = 76 |
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|May humidity = 76 |
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|Jun humidity = 74 |
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|Jul humidity = 74 |
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|Aug humidity = 74 |
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|Sep humidity = 75 |
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|Oct humidity = 82 |
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|Nov humidity = 86 |
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|Dec humidity = 85 |
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|year humidity = 78 |
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|source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>{{cite web |
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| url= http://www.aemet.es/en/conocermas/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 |
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| title = Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010)}}</ref> |
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|date=August 2015}} |
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{{wide image|Nevada en Compostela (Panoramica).jpg|1200px|In Compostela it rarely snows more than once or twice a year}} |
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{{Infobox World Heritage Site |
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| WHS = Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) |
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| Image = [[File:Basílica de Santiago 02.JPG|220px|The Obradoiro façade of the grand Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela: an all-but-Gothic composition generated entirely of classical details]] |
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| State Party = Spain |
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| Type = Cultural |
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| Criteria = i, ii, vi |
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| ID = 347 |
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| Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Continental Europe]] |
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| Year = 1985 |
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| Session = 9th |
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| Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/347 |
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}} |
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==Population== |
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The population of the city in 2012 was 95,671 inhabitants, while the metropolitan area reaches 178,695. |
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In 2010 there were 4,111 foreigners living in the city, representing a 4,3% of the total population. The main nationalities are [[Brazilians]] (11%), [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] (8%) and [[Colombian diaspora|Colombians]] (7%). |
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By language, according to 2008 data, 21% of the population always speak in Galician, 15% always speak in Spanish and the rest use both interchangeably. {{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} |
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==History== |
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[[File:Catedral, Santiago de Compostela, España, 2015-09-22, DD 12.jpg|thumbnail|Interior of the Cathedral.]] |
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[[File:Picaportes eue.jpg|thumb|left|knockers in the city's old quarter]] |
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[[File:065 Santiago (da Compostela) Die Bibliothek und der Capitelsaal neben der Kathedrale.jpg|left|thumb|The Library and the Chapter at the Cathedral, Collotype 1889]] |
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[[File:Monasterio de San Francisco, Santiago de Compostela, España, 2015-09-22, DD 02.jpg|thumbnail|left|Calvary of St Franciscus church.]] |
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[[File:Interior Catedral Santiago de Compostela.jpg|thumb|''Portico da Groria'', old façade of the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] cathedral, 12th century]] |
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[[File:Sepulcro de Fernando II de León (Capilla de las Reliquias de la catedral de Santiago de Compostela).jpg|thumb|Sepulcher of king [[Ferdinand II of León|Ferdinand II]] (d. 1187), in the Royal Pantheon of the [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela|cathedral]]]] |
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The area of Santiago de Compostela was a Roman cemetery by the 4th century<ref>{{cite book|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Saint James's catapult: the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela|year=1984|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|isbn=978-0-19-822581-2|url=http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc.htm|pages=57–59}}</ref> and was occupied by the [[Suebi]] in the early 5th century, when they settled in Galicia and Portugal during the initial [[Migration Period|collapse of the Roman Empire]]. The area was later attributed to the [[bishopric]] of [[Iria Flavia]] in the 6th century, in the partition usually known as Parochiale Suevorum, ordered by king [[Theodemar]]. In 585, the settlement was annexed along with the rest of [[Suebi Kingdom]] by [[Liuvigild|Leovigild]] as the sixth province of the [[Visigothic Kingdom]]. |
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Possibly raided from 711 to 739 by the [[Arabs]],{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} the bishopric of Iria was incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Asturias]] c. 750. At some point between 818 and 842,<ref>{{cite book|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Saint James's catapult : the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela|year=1984|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|isbn=978-0-19-822581-2|url=http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc.htm}}</ref> during the reign of [[Alfonso II of Asturias]], bishop [[Theodemar of Iria]] (d. 847) claimed to have found some remains which were attributed to [[Saint James the Greater]]. This discovery was accepted in part because the [[Pope]]{{which|date=December 2013}} and [[Charlemagne]]—who had died in 814—had acknowledged Asturias as a kingdom and Alfonso II as king, and had also crafted close political and ecclesiastic ties.<ref>{{cite book | author = Collins, Roger| year = 1983 | title = Early Medieval Spain | publisher = St. Martin's Press |location = New York|isbn= 0-312-22464-8|page = 232}}</ref> Around the place of the discovery a new settlement and centre of pilgrimage emerged, which was known to the author [[Usuard]] in 865<ref>{{cite book|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Saint James's catapult: the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela|year=1984|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|isbn=978-0-19-822581-2|url=http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc.htm|page=56}}</ref> and which was called ''Compostella'' by the 10th century. |
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The cult of Saint James of Compostela was just one of many arising throughout northern Iberia during the 10th and 11th centuries, as rulers encouraged their own region-specific cults, such as [[Eulalia of Mérida|Saint Eulalia]] in Oviedo and [[Emilian of Cogolla|Saint Aemilian]] in Castile.<ref name="Collins, Roger 1983 238">{{cite book | author = Collins, Roger| year = 1983 | title = Early Medieval Spain | publisher = St. Martin's Press |location = New York|isbn= 0-312-22464-8|page = 238}}</ref> After the centre of Asturian political power moved from Oviedo to León in 910, Compostela became more politically relevant, and several [[list of monarchs of Galicia|kings of Galicia]] and [[List of Leonese monarchs|of León]] were acclaimed by the Galician noblemen and crowned and anointed by the local bishop at the cathedral, among them [[Ordoño IV of León|Ordoño IV]] in 958,<ref>{{cite book|last=Portela Silva|first=Ermelindo|title=García II de Galicia, el rey y el reino (1065-1090)|year=2001|publisher=La Olmeda|location=Burgos|isbn=84-89915-16-4|pages=165}}</ref> [[Bermudo II of León|Bermudo II]] in 982, and [[Alfonso VII of León|Alfonso VII]] in 1111, by which time Compostela had become capital of the [[Kingdom of Galicia]]. Later, 12th-century kings were also sepulchered in the cathedral, namely [[Fernando II of León|Fernando II]] and [[Alfonso IX]], last of the Kings of León and Galicia before both kingdoms were united with the [[Kingdom of Castile]]. |
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During this same 10th century and in the first years of the 11th century [[Viking]] raiders tried to assault the town<ref>{{cite book|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Saint James's catapult : the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela|year=1984|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-822581-2|pages=23}}</ref>—Galicia is known in the Nordic sagas as ''Jackobsland'' or ''Gallizaland''—and bishop Sisenand II, who was killed in battle against them in 968,<ref>{{cite book|last=Morales Romero|first=Eduardo|title=Os viquingos en Galicia|year=1997|publisher=USC|location=Santiago de Compostela|isbn=84-8121-661-5|pages=125}}</ref> ordered the construction of a walled fortress to protect the sacred place. In 997 Compostela was assaulted and partially destroyed by [[Almanzor|Ibn Abi Aamir]] (known as al-Mansur), Andalusian leader accompanied in his raid by Christian lords, who all received a share of the booty.<ref>{{cite book | author = Collins, Roger| year = 1983 | title = Early Medieval Spain | publisher = St. Martin's Press |location = New York|isbn= 0-312-22464-8|page = 199}}</ref> However, the Andalusian commander showed no interest in the alleged relics of St James. In response to these challenges bishop [[Cresconio]], in the mid-11th century, fortified the entire town, building walls and defensive towers. |
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According to some authors, by the middle years of the 11th century the site had already become a pan-European [[Way of Saint James|place of peregrination]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Saint James's catapult : the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela|year=1984|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|isbn=978-0-19-822581-2|url=http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc.htm|page=53}}</ref> while others maintain that the cult to Saint James was before 11-12th centuries an essentially Galician affair, supported by Asturian and Leonese kings to win over faltering Galician loyalties.<ref name="Collins, Roger 1983 238"/> Santiago would become in the course of the following century a main Catholic shrine second only to [[Rome]] and [[Jerusalem]]. In the 12th century, under the impulse of bishop [[Diego Gelmírez]], Compostela became an archbishopric, attracting a large and multinational population. Under the rule of this [[prelate]], the townspeople rebelled, headed by the local council, beginning a secular tradition of confrontation by the people of the city—who fought for self-government—against the local bishop, the secular and jurisdictional lord of the city and of its fief, the semi-independent ''Terra de Santiago'' ("land of Saint James"). The culminating moment in this confrontation was reached in the 14th century, when the new prelate, the Frenchman [[Bérenger de Landore]], treacherously executed the counselors of the city in his castle of ''A Rocha Forte'' ("the strong rock, castle"), after inviting them for talks. |
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Santiago de Compostela was captured and sacked by the French during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]; as a result, the remains attributed to the apostle were lost for near a century, hidden inside a [[cist]] in the [[crypt]]s of the cathedral of the city. |
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The excavations conducted in the cathedral during the 19th and 20th centuries uncovered a Roman ''cella memoriae'' or [[Martyrium (architecture)|martyrium]], around which grew a small cemetery in Roman and [[Suebi|Suevi]] times which was later abandoned. This ''martyrium'', which proves the existence of an old Christian [[Holy places#Christianity|holy place]], has been sometimes attributed to [[Priscillian]], although without further proof.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Saint James's catapult: the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela|year=1984|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|isbn=978-0-19-822581-2|url=http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc.htm|pages=59–60}}</ref> |
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==Economy== |
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Santiago's economy, although still heavily dependent on public administration (i.e. being the headquarters of the autonomous government of Galicia), cultural tourism, industry, and higher education through its [[University of Santiago de Compostela|university]], is becoming increasingly diversified. New industries such as timber transformation (FINSA), the automotive industry ([[Uro (trucks)|UROVESA]]), and telecommunications and electronics (Blusens and Televés) have been established. Banco Gallego, a banking institution owned by [[Novacaixagalicia]], has its headquarters in downtown ''rúa do Hórreo''. |
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Tourism is very important thanks to the [[Way of St. James]], particularly in Holy Compostelan Years (when 25 July falls on a Sunday). Following the Xunta's considerable investment and hugely successful advertising campaign for the Holy Year of 1993, the number of pilgrims completing the route has been steadily rising. More than 272,000 pilgrims made the trip during the course of the Holy Year of 2010. Following 2010, the next Holy Year will not be for another 11 years when St James feast day again falls on a Sunday. Outside of Holy Years, the city still receives a remarkable number of pilgrims. |
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Editorial Compostela owns daily newspaper [http://www.elcorreogallego.es/ El Correo Gallego], a local [[TV]], and a [[radio station]]. Galician language online news portal [http://www.galiciahoxe.com/ Galicia Hoxe] is also based in the city. [[Televisión de Galicia]], the [[public broadcaster]] corporation of Galicia, has its headquarters in Santiago. |
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==Way of St. James== |
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{{main|Way of St. James}} |
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[[File:Stjacquescompostelle1.png|thumb|Way of St. James]] |
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[[File:Santiago de Compostela view.jpg|thumb|A partial view of Santiago de Compostela, with the ''Pico Sacro'' in the background]] |
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[[File:Codex Calixtinus.jpg|thumb|left|Depiction of Saint James in the 12th century [[Codex Calixtinus]]]] |
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The legend that St James found his way to the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and had preached there is one of a number of early traditions concerning the missionary activities and final resting places of the apostles of [[Jesus]]. Although the 1884 [[Papal Bull|Bull]] of [[Pope Leo XIII]] ''Omnipotens Deus'' accepted the authenticity of the relics at Compostela, the [[Holy See|Vatican]] remains uncommitted as to whether the relics are those of [[Saint James the Greater]], while continuing to promote the more general benefits of pilgrimage to the site. Pope Benedict XVI under went a ceremonial pilgrimage to the site on his visit to Spain in 2010.<ref>http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2010/november/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20101106_welcome-compostela.html</ref> |
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===Legends=== |
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According to a tradition that can be traced back at least to the 12th century, when it was recorded in the [[Codex Calixtinus]], Saint James decided to return to the [[Holy Land]] after preaching in Galicia. There he was beheaded, but his disciples managed to get his body to [[Jaffa]], where they found a marvelous [[stone ship]] which miraculously conducted them and the apostle's body to [[Iria Flavia]], back in Galicia. There, the disciples asked the local pagan queen ''Loba'' ('She-wolf') for permission to bury the body; she, annoyed, decided to deceive them, sending them to pick a pair of oxen she allegedly had by the ''Pico Sacro'', a local sacred mountain where a [[dragon]] dwelt, hoping that the dragon would kill the Christians, but as soon as the beast attacked the disciples, at the sight of the cross, the dragon exploded. Then the disciples marched to collect the oxen, which were actually wild bulls which the queen used to punish her enemies; but again, at the sight of the Christian's cross, the bulls calmed down, and after being subjected to a yoke they carried the apostle's body to the place where now Compostela is. The legend was again referred with minor changes by the [[Czech Republic|Czech]] traveller [[Jaroslav Lev of Rožmitál]], in the 15th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garrido Bugarín|first=Gustavo A.|title=Aventureiros e curiosos : relatos de viaxeiros estranxeiros por Galicia, séculos XV - XX|year=1994|publisher=Ed. Galaxia|location=Vigo|isbn=84-7154-909-3|pages=35–37}}</ref> |
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The relics were said to have been later rediscovered in the 9th century by a hermit named Pelagius, who after observing strange lights in a local forest went for help after the local bishop, [[Theodemar of Iria]], in the west of Galicia. The legend affirms that Theodemar was then guided to the spot by a star, drawing upon a familiar myth-element, hence "Compostela" was given an [[etymology]] as a corruption of Campus Stellae, "Field of Stars." |
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In the 15th century, the red banner which guided the Galician armies to battle, was still preserved in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, in the centre Saint James riding a white horse and wearing a white cloak, sword in hand:<ref>{{cite book|last=Garrido Bugarín|first=Gustavo A.|title=Aventureiros e curiosos : relatos de viaxeiros estranxeiros por Galicia, séculos XV - XX|year=1994|publisher=Ed. Galaxia|location=Vigo|isbn=84-7154-909-3|pages=40}}</ref> The legend of the miraculous armed intervention of Saint James, disguised as a white knight to help the Christians when battling the Muslims, was a recurrent myth during the High Middle Ages. |
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===Establishment of the shrine=== |
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[[File:Spain Leon - Santiago Shell.jpg|thumb|upright|The Scallop Shell, emblem of [[James, son of Zebedee|St James]], worn by pilgrims]] |
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The 1,000-year-old pilgrimage to the shrine of [[Saint James the Great|St. James]] in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is known in English as the [[Way of St. James]] and in Spanish as the ''Camino de Santiago''. Over 100,000 pilgrims travel to the city each year from points all over Europe and other parts of the world. The pilgrimage has been the subject of many books, television programmes, and films, notably [[Brian Sewell]]'s ''[[The Naked Pilgrim]]'' produced for the British television channel [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] and the [[Martin Sheen]]/[[Emilio Estevez]] collaboration ''[[The Way (film)|The Way]]''. |
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===Pre-Christian legends=== |
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As the lowest-lying land on that stretch of coast, the city's site took on added significance. Legends supposed of [[celtic mythology|Celtic]] origin made it the place where the [[Soul (spirit)|soul]]s of the dead gathered to follow the sun across the sea. Those unworthy of going to the Land of the Dead haunted Galicia as the ''[[Santa Compaña]]'' or ''Estadea''. |
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===In popular culture=== |
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Santiago de Compostela is featured prominently in the 1988 [[historical fiction]] novel ''[[Sharpe's Rifles (novel)|Sharpe's Rifles]]'', by [[Bernard Cornwell]], which takes place during the French Invasion of Galicia, January 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars. |
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==Main sights== |
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* [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]] |
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* 12th century [[Church of Santa María a Real do Sar|Colexiata de Santa María do Sar]] |
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* 16th century [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] [[Monasterio de San Martín Pinario|Abbey of San Martín Pinario]] |
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* [[University of Santiago de Compostela]] |
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* Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea (Galician Center for Contemporary Art), designed by [[Alvaro Siza Vieira]] |
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* Parque de San Domingos de Bonaval, redesigned by [[Eduardo Chillida]] and [[Alvaro Siza Vieira]] |
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* [[City of Culture of Galicia]], designed by [[Peter Eisenman]] |
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* Parque de la Alameda (Alameda's Park) |
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* Parque de Carlomagno (Carlomagno's Park) |
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* 17th century Convent and Church of San Francisco |
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==Transport== |
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[[File:Stazione ferroviaria di Santiago di Compostela.JPG|thumb|Santiago de Compostela Rail Station]] |
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Santiago de Compostela is served by [[Santiago de Compostela Airport]] and a [[RENFE|rail service]]. The town is linked to the [[AVE|Spanish High Speed Railway Network]]. On 24 July 2013 there was a [[Santiago de Compostela derailment|serious rail accident]] near the city in which 79 people died and at least 130 were injured when a train derailed on a bend as it approached Compostela station.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23465992 "Spain train crash: Driver formally detained"], BBC News, 26 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.</ref> |
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==International relations== |
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{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain}} |
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===Twin towns/Sister cities=== |
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{{Refimprove section|date=March 2015}} |
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Santiago de Compostela is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with: |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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|- valign="top" |
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*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]<ref name="São Paulo twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|title = Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal - No 14471|accessdate=2013-08-23|work=Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo]|language=Portuguese|trans_title=Research Municipal Legislation - No 14471|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|archivedate = 2011-10-18}}</ref><ref name="São Paulo WikiSource">[http://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Municipal_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_14471_de_2007 Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007] WikiSource {{pt icon}}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|COL}} [[Santiago de Cali]], [[Colombia]] |
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*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Coimbra]], [[Portugal]], since 1994 |
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*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Santiago do Cacém]], [[Portugal]], since the 1980s |
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*{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]] |
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*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]], since the 1980s |
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*{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Qom]], [[Iran]] |
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*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Santiago de Querétaro]], [[México]] (2005) |
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*{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Santiago de los Caballeros]], [[Dominican Republic]] (2004)<ref>[[Hispaniola]] was under the rule of the [[Dominican Order]] and [[Order of Alcántara]], therefore, the name of [[Santiago, Dominican Republic|Santiago]] as a city in the [[Dominican Republic]] could be applied later</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Assisi]], [[Italy]] (2008) |
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*{{flagicon|URU}} [[Las Piedras, Uruguay|Las Piedras]], [[Uruguay]] (2010) |
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*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Pisa]], [[Italy]] (2010) |
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*{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Santiago de Cuba]], Cuba |
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|} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Auditorio Monte do Gozo]] |
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*[[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]] |
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*''[[Música en Compostela]]'' |
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*[[Order of Santiago]] |
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*[[Santiago de Compostela derailment]] |
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*[[Las Huérfanas]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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*{{EB1911}} |
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* Meakin, Annette M. B. (1909). [https://archive.org/stream/galiciaswitzerla00meakuoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Galicia. The Switzerland of Spain'']. London: Methuen & Co. |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category}} |
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{{Wikivoyage}} |
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*[http://www.santiagodecompostela.org/english.php?lg=ing City Council of Santiago de Compostela] |
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*[http://www.santiagoturismo.com/idiomas/establecer/en Santiago Tourism] |
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Revision as of 11:05, 31 January 2016
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