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The '''Imamate of Aussa''' also spelled '''Imamate of Awsa''' was a medieval [[imamate]] in present-day eastern [[Ethiopia]] becoming the the capital of [[Adal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harbeson |first1=John |title=Territorial and Development Politics in the Horn of Africa: The Afar of the Awash Valley |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=486 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/721961}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lindahl |first1=Bernhard |title=Local History of Ethiopia |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |page=37 |url=https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248c17/1580827183104/ORTAST05.pdf}} |
The '''Imamate of Aussa''' also spelled '''Imamate of Awsa''' was a medieval [[imamate]] in present-day eastern [[Ethiopia]] becoming the the capital of [[Adal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harbeson |first1=John |title=Territorial and Development Politics in the Horn of Africa: The Afar of the Awash Valley |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=486 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/721961}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lindahl |first1=Bernhard |title=Local History of Ethiopia |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |page=37 |url=https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248c17/1580827183104/ORTAST05.pdf}}</ref> |
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{{Infobox former country |
{{Infobox former country |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Harar which had held the position of the capital for 58 years (926-984 Hegira), was too exposed to the frequent Oromo attacks and as a result, lost its strategic importance. Consequently, the new Imamate decided to relocate its capital to Aussa, which was better defensible and provided a more secure location to govern from. This decision was made in light of the challenging circumstances that the Imamate was facing at the time and the need for a more secure and stable capital that could withstand external threats. As a result, Aussa became the new seat of power and played a critical role in the history and development of the Imamate.<ref>Paulitschke, Carl. ''Harar: Geschichte der Stadt Harar und des Harergebiets''. Vienna: Alfred Hölder, 1888.</ref> |
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This polity was marred with internal conflicts between [[Harla]] and [[Arabs]].<ref>{{cite book |title=IslHornAfr – 3rd Field Mission Report Djibouti |publisher=University of Copenhagen |url=http://www.islhornafr.eu/Report2016DEF.pdf}}</ref> In 1647, the rulers of the [[Emirate of Harar]] broke away to form their own polity. [[Harari people|Harari]] imams continued to have a presence in the southern [[Afar Region]] until they were overthrown in the eighteenth century by the [[Mudaito dynasty]] of [[Afar people|Afar]] who later established the [[Sultanate of Aussa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Page |first1=Willie |title=Encyclopedia of African History and Culture |publisher=Facts on File inc |page=4 |url=http://31.210.87.4/ebook/pdf/Encyclopedia_of_African_History_and_Culture.pdf |access-date=2019-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142435/http://31.210.87.4/ebook/pdf/Encyclopedia_of_African_History_and_Culture.pdf |archive-date=2019-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The last ruler of the dynasty, Imam Selman was killed in 1750.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fani |first1=Sara |title=IslHornAfr 6thField Mission Report |publisher=University of Copenhagen |page=8 |url=http://www.islhornafr.eu/ReportAwsa2017.pdf}}</ref> According to Heloise Mercier, the inhabitants of [[Harar]] who had migrated to Aussa were unable to maintain their customs and dialect contrary to those who lingered in Harar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MERCIER |first1=HÉLOÏSE |title=The Awsa Oasis (Eastern Ethiopia): historiographical assessment and new historical milestones |date=2020 |publisher=Hypotheses |url=https://cfee.hypotheses.org/7549}}</ref> In the seventeenth century the induction of upland populations of Harla and [[Doba (historical region)|Doba]] into Afar identity would lead to the emergence of [[Sultanate of Aussa|Aussa Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bausi |first1=Alessandro |title=Ethiopia History, Culture and Challenges |publisher=Michigan State University Press |page=83 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Ethiopia/h-g7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=were+reclaimed+by+migrant+populations+from+the+highlands+(Haralla,+Dobaa)+who+were+integrated+into+Afar+ethnicity&pg=PA83&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> [[Enrico Cerulli]] asserts although Aussa became dominated by Afar people, the ancient Semitic speaking Muslim kingdom survived in the form of the Emirate of Harar post 1700s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cerulli |first1=Enrico |title=Islam Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber |publisher=Istituto Per L'Oriente |page=387 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g-LkxaXWZopjLCFEuWm8wnly2lh4WvFp/view}}</ref> According to professor Lapiso Delebo, the contemporary Semitic [[Harari people]] are the heirs of the former Aussa Adal state which subjugated the Cushitic [[Afar people|Afar]] and [[Somali people]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dilebo |first1=Lapiso |title=An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D. |quote="Like their direct descendants, the Adares of today , the people of ancient Shewa, Yifat, Adal, Harar and Awssa were semitic in their ethnic and linguistic origins. They were neither Somalis nor Afar. But the Somali and Afar nomads were the local subjects of the Adal." |date=2003 |publisher=Commercial Printing Enterprise |page=41 |url=https://emu.tind.io/record/42082?ln=en}}</ref> |
This polity was marred with internal conflicts between [[Harla]] and [[Arabs]].<ref>{{cite book |title=IslHornAfr – 3rd Field Mission Report Djibouti |publisher=University of Copenhagen |url=http://www.islhornafr.eu/Report2016DEF.pdf}}</ref> In 1647, the rulers of the [[Emirate of Harar]] broke away to form their own polity. [[Harari people|Harari]] imams continued to have a presence in the southern [[Afar Region]] until they were overthrown in the eighteenth century by the [[Mudaito dynasty]] of [[Afar people|Afar]] who later established the [[Sultanate of Aussa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Page |first1=Willie |title=Encyclopedia of African History and Culture |publisher=Facts on File inc |page=4 |url=http://31.210.87.4/ebook/pdf/Encyclopedia_of_African_History_and_Culture.pdf |access-date=2019-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142435/http://31.210.87.4/ebook/pdf/Encyclopedia_of_African_History_and_Culture.pdf |archive-date=2019-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The last ruler of the dynasty, Imam Selman was killed in 1750.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fani |first1=Sara |title=IslHornAfr 6thField Mission Report |publisher=University of Copenhagen |page=8 |url=http://www.islhornafr.eu/ReportAwsa2017.pdf}}</ref> According to Heloise Mercier, the inhabitants of [[Harar]] who had migrated to Aussa were unable to maintain their customs and dialect contrary to those who lingered in Harar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MERCIER |first1=HÉLOÏSE |title=The Awsa Oasis (Eastern Ethiopia): historiographical assessment and new historical milestones |date=2020 |publisher=Hypotheses |url=https://cfee.hypotheses.org/7549}}</ref> In the seventeenth century the induction of upland populations of Harla and [[Doba (historical region)|Doba]] into Afar identity would lead to the emergence of [[Sultanate of Aussa|Aussa Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bausi |first1=Alessandro |title=Ethiopia History, Culture and Challenges |publisher=Michigan State University Press |page=83 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Ethiopia/h-g7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=were+reclaimed+by+migrant+populations+from+the+highlands+(Haralla,+Dobaa)+who+were+integrated+into+Afar+ethnicity&pg=PA83&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> [[Enrico Cerulli]] asserts although Aussa became dominated by Afar people, the ancient Semitic speaking Muslim kingdom survived in the form of the Emirate of Harar post 1700s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cerulli |first1=Enrico |title=Islam Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber |publisher=Istituto Per L'Oriente |page=387 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g-LkxaXWZopjLCFEuWm8wnly2lh4WvFp/view}}</ref> According to professor Lapiso Delebo, the contemporary Semitic [[Harari people]] are the heirs of the former Aussa Adal state which subjugated the Cushitic [[Afar people|Afar]] and [[Somali people]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dilebo |first1=Lapiso |title=An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D. |quote="Like their direct descendants, the Adares of today , the people of ancient Shewa, Yifat, Adal, Harar and Awssa were semitic in their ethnic and linguistic origins. They were neither Somalis nor Afar. But the Somali and Afar nomads were the local subjects of the Adal." |date=2003 |publisher=Commercial Printing Enterprise |page=41 |url=https://emu.tind.io/record/42082?ln=en}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 06:06, 9 April 2023
The Imamate of Aussa also spelled Imamate of Awsa was a medieval imamate in present-day eastern Ethiopia becoming the the capital of Adal.[1][2]
Imamate of Aussa | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1577–1734 | |||||||||||
Flag | |||||||||||
Status | Sovereign State | ||||||||||
Capital | Asaita | ||||||||||
Common languages | |||||||||||
Religion | Islam | ||||||||||
Government | Imamate | ||||||||||
Imam | |||||||||||
• ?-1734 | Selman (last) | ||||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||||
• Established | 1577 | ||||||||||
• Harar Emirate splits from Imamate | 1647 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1734 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Today part of | Ethiopia |
History
Harar which had held the position of the capital for 58 years (926-984 Hegira), was too exposed to the frequent Oromo attacks and as a result, lost its strategic importance. Consequently, the new Imamate decided to relocate its capital to Aussa, which was better defensible and provided a more secure location to govern from. This decision was made in light of the challenging circumstances that the Imamate was facing at the time and the need for a more secure and stable capital that could withstand external threats. As a result, Aussa became the new seat of power and played a critical role in the history and development of the Imamate.[3] This polity was marred with internal conflicts between Harla and Arabs.[4] In 1647, the rulers of the Emirate of Harar broke away to form their own polity. Harari imams continued to have a presence in the southern Afar Region until they were overthrown in the eighteenth century by the Mudaito dynasty of Afar who later established the Sultanate of Aussa.[5] The last ruler of the dynasty, Imam Selman was killed in 1750.[6] According to Heloise Mercier, the inhabitants of Harar who had migrated to Aussa were unable to maintain their customs and dialect contrary to those who lingered in Harar.[7] In the seventeenth century the induction of upland populations of Harla and Doba into Afar identity would lead to the emergence of Aussa Sultanate.[8] Enrico Cerulli asserts although Aussa became dominated by Afar people, the ancient Semitic speaking Muslim kingdom survived in the form of the Emirate of Harar post 1700s.[9] According to professor Lapiso Delebo, the contemporary Semitic Harari people are the heirs of the former Aussa Adal state which subjugated the Cushitic Afar and Somali people.[10]
Rulers
Name | Reign | Note | |
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1 | Imām Maḥamed "Jāsa" Ibrahim | 1577 - 1583 | A relative of Imām Aḥmed Gurēy, he moved the capital to Awsa and appointed his brother (also named Maḥamed) to be Wazir of Harar. He was killed in battle with the Warra Daya in 1583. |
2 | Imām Saʿadaddīn Maḥamed | 1583 - 1585 | Son of Imām Maḥamed "Jāsa" Ibrahim |
3 | Imām Ṣabraddīn Ādan | 1585 - 1613 | Grandson of Imām Maḥamed "Jāsa" Ibrahim, nephew of Imām Saʿadaddīn Maḥamed. |
4 | Imām Ṣadiq Ṣabraddīn | 1613 - 1632 | Son of Imām Ṣabraddīn Ādan |
5 | Malāq Ādan Ṣadiq | 1632 - 1646 | Son of Imām Ṣadiq Ṣabraddīn.[11] |
6 | Imām Aḥmed Abrām | 1646 - 1647 | Grandson of Imām Ṣadiq Ṣabraddīn, Nephew of Malāq Ādan Ṣadiq. |
7 | Imām ʿUmardīn Ādan | 1647 - 1672 | Son of Malāq Ādan Ṣadiq, his Imamate was destroyed by the Mudaito Afars and Harla.[12] |
See also
References
- ^ Harbeson, John. Territorial and Development Politics in the Horn of Africa: The Afar of the Awash Valley. Oxford University Press. p. 486.
- ^ Lindahl, Bernhard. Local History of Ethiopia (PDF). Nordic Africa Institute. p. 37.
- ^ Paulitschke, Carl. Harar: Geschichte der Stadt Harar und des Harergebiets. Vienna: Alfred Hölder, 1888.
- ^ IslHornAfr – 3rd Field Mission Report Djibouti (PDF). University of Copenhagen.
- ^ Page, Willie. Encyclopedia of African History and Culture (PDF). Facts on File inc. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-17. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
- ^ Fani, Sara. IslHornAfr 6thField Mission Report (PDF). University of Copenhagen. p. 8.
- ^ MERCIER, HÉLOÏSE (2020). The Awsa Oasis (Eastern Ethiopia): historiographical assessment and new historical milestones. Hypotheses.
- ^ Bausi, Alessandro. Ethiopia History, Culture and Challenges. Michigan State University Press. p. 83.
- ^ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber. Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 387.
- ^ Dilebo, Lapiso (2003). An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D. Commercial Printing Enterprise. p. 41.
Like their direct descendants, the Adares of today , the people of ancient Shewa, Yifat, Adal, Harar and Awssa were semitic in their ethnic and linguistic origins. They were neither Somalis nor Afar. But the Somali and Afar nomads were the local subjects of the Adal.
- ^ Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. p. 134. ISBN 9782845864924.
- ^ Fani, Sara (2017). HornAfr 6thField Mission Report (PDF). University of Copenhagen. p. 8.